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Alright.

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Let's report. Yeah. My presentation outline is, firstly I'll give my, paper introduction then.

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Why and what robot in 100 video we is? Then I'll talk about 2 pieces of conflict in the recording hunting is of for the paper context.

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Then my key findings and discussion were finally tentative conclusion. Yes, for interaction the my people it seems to explore the causes of causes of conflict between state authorities.

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I call state authorities to hunting reserves and it's part estate parts governing parts I call the state authorities and local indigenous people in the Thorp and Huntary job.

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Based on longtime observation as a local citizens. I belongs to this area. So I call local citizen.

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Then, of those were partner and purposefully selected key informant interview. Based on those, Metrology, I try to explore the causes of conflict between estate authorities and indigenous people in the in that context.

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Yes, why it's required in a hunting region. This is a The part in hunting reserve is the only hunting region in Nepal.

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It's a only hunting job. Established in 1,987 to meet the demands for controlled wildlife hunting especially for BUSYKH.

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The third part in hunting is have located in the lab of Balagi Himala rans.

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Of Western Nepal covering 2032 5 square kilometer of Bag Lung Magdi and Rukon is districts.

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3 districts cover these hunting reserves. Robot in Honduras is famous for trophy hunting of blue sheep, blue sheep hunting.

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It's famous for bullshit on Dings. Every year in 2 sessions more than a dozen of foreign hunters.

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I don't know Australian citizens may go or not. I have here for the Bulose Pro Fienti and Nepal government collects a good amount of revenues from them since it's its establishment.

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This is my history area. Troopani Hunting River, Rigup. It covers 13, 25 square kilometer of 3 districts.

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Yes, I talk about tree context. Why conflict of course in this region. Post, kiss one. Providing Honduras of established in 1,987 but the local indigenous people of the part in 100 years were probably not Informed about who comes to blue seponte.

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How and why they come to hunt. Or what exactly the haunting reserve does. Because, you don't part in hunting is established for the royal family's interest of wanting.

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People people properly not informed since long time. It's a And for my second context, case 2.

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After 29 years of its establishment, the government of Nepal established the Nepal Army Camp in 2,016.

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Decided to declare the Bukharzun area and mobilize army to maintain security in the region.

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Due to the Nepal Rby plijents, local people are unhappy. Because Army started to control over the natural resources right of local indigenous peoples.

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Second and toward Case 3, Nepal government declared Uttaranga stories, hydroelectric project of 128, MERWARD.

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Which originated from Durapar and Mali, this project will not only sink the measure part of Durham Valley, but also displace all local peoples from their ancestor lands.

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Therefore, local indigenous people are protesting in organized way frequently. These 3 cases are the root cause of conflict.

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I discuss in my paper. So what are my key findings are? The local people in the Durban 100 is a protected areas oppose the government decision to the army mobilization in the region because they believe that the decision is against UN declaration on the right of indigenous peoples.

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Even RIP and I/O Convention, 169, which gives It is as local people's primary rights over natural resources.

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Nepal ratified the UN RIP in 2,007. September. Likewise, Nepal Army and Durban, under is a as state authorities.

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I call what is Susan as a state authorities, Nepal Army and Hunting Ridge are border Gorman in Susan.

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Authorities are controlling the right to use natural resources, especially forest and land use for their animal and everyday life.

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Due to the local people professed, the government has not been able to announce the Bophurst project at in Thorpar in Hunting Ridge area.

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However, buffer zone project is useful to facilitate between government authority and local people in protected area.

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Or foreign organs. So, as I mentioned in, in three, Instead of what Eastern authorities call and what local indigenous people call, both foreign and against, I'm going to present here.

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Estate Ordurity, Durpaton economy reserved to meet the demands for controlled while of hunting and bridge up biodiversity.

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Whereas local indigenous people, you know. Assume that the problem under is is to preserve right to local indigenous people and protected area.

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So these are first foreign against question. So again, army move license for control to the illegal land acquisition.

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Is it's a state aimson but local people in indigenous people as I'm an army meal hasn't directly controlled indigenous people right to natural resources including water, forest and land use in everyday life.

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In the name of Army Mimi L license, they controlling the natural resources indigenous peoples.

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Version. Likewise, Utranga Eyropa project for countries economic development which directly benefits to the local peoples too.

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It's a state. idea, but what local indigenous people call Othranga Aleppo project will displace the Majority of Indigenous peoples from their ancestor land.

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That this project will displace the displacements from their ancestors land. So this 3 points is for an organized question.

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So what you even dream, even DIGLER reasons for right or right of indigenous peoples on indigenous peoples tried.

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The even declare this in article 7 recognize that indigenous people have the collective right to live in freedom, peace and security.

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Number one. Normal to on development, Article 32 states. That indigenous people had the right to determination, determine and develop priority and strategies for the development.

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Or use of their lands or territory in order resources. Or he states south and salt and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples.

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Confront their own representative institution in order to obtain their fee and income consent prior to the approval. Of any project or painting affecting their lands or territories and other resources.

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On military activities, article 30 of declaration of homes that this sound takes place in the lands or territories of Indigenous peoples unless justified by a relevant public interest or otherwise purely agreed with or requested by the Indigenous people concerned.

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So based on this discussion my conclusion is on resolution of conflicts according to UN Drip Article 14.

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Indigenous people have the right to access and prom decision through just and pay procedures for the resolution of conflict and disputes with state or other parties.

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Despite this poor reason, The history founded, instead of who did not consult with the local indigenous peoples.

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In a book mention 3 cases. This thing led to the conflict between estate authorities. And local indigenous people in the durability of area Nepal.

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Thank you. My President is.

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Push it.

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Thank you for making your presentation very concise. I'm within time limits. I really appreciate that.

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Next, we are going to go to Portugal, I guess, and then we are going to have Cora to make a representation.

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I will. Oh you are, I'm sorry.

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Oh, thank you. I'm from Brazil. Because II did my paging in part to go but now I'm in Brazil.

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Okay, all right. This is this is how it is written here. So I will make your screen a full screen.

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Okay.

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Hey, which I will hopefully do. The zoom is here escape there we are all right and I'm stop sharing yes and you are now if you are ready to share your screen we are seeing you.

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On the screen right now.

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Hey.

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I'm trying. That's not. That's okay.

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Okay, thank you.

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We'll make our screen full screen, it may be easy. Thank you.

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Thank you. So my name is Kara. I am professor at University Federal of Jizzi for a Brazilian and I am past doctoral research at university federal flu.

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Here in Brazil as well. I would talk about, I beach Park in Inunise, Brazil and its privatization conflicts and resistance.

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So, I need to do introduction. I you talk about the objects of this research? There is the environmental conflicts that occur in a bit Parker State Park.

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It's basically a with the pre-vexation process of the protected area. This first photo.

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Is the main place of the park that is really famous this colored like window for for the sky because of the view.

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And, you can see in the second photo one waterfall because, the color. Of the water is like, like a coke.

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And the buddy's natural and it's really clean and it attracts a lot of tourists in Brazil.

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A bit poker Park is located in. Between 3 largest cities. We are, some Paulo and Belarusonti, it receives almost 8,000 tourists in a year.

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Here there is a map of Brazil because it's so big a miniature eyes is from, the red one state.

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And here we have, you can say, sound a bit poker, whereas there is the park between Mini Eye.

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So about the there is a park was created in 1973. And there is a 1,488, It was administered by the state institute of forests of miniature eyes.

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Before privatization. In 2,000 and I need Tiny Bitch Parker Park receive it's almost 19,000 visitors.

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And raise a 2 million realise. I put not, recently off the, The informations because, the pandemics times impact the tourism.

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But in 2,009 that was before pandemic time so we have A lot of visitors and it received a lot of money by the ticks as well.

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About the relevance of this research. We have here and Bromelio of the park of course so we put some photos of the park And, the relevance of this, research.

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Is because. Sorry. It's because, arise from the need to preserve the park environment for the present.

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And future generations. In addition to the importance of making environmental protection comfortable with the creation of jobs and income for the local population.

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Through sustainable development.

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So my to write code from your work. I use moving through the sound tools. There is a source solid from Portugal.

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And he works about the concept of a college in global self. And I use, There is Brazilian and work with with social and environmental conflicts and rock represent that give did some studies in about methodology.

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I'm using Quality Resort with interviews from the management of the park and Document analysis.

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Including judicial actions. And, me too. Documents. So there is a cases study.

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And this is our working progress. I pretend to do observation. In this park in 2,024 this results for 3 years.

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It's financed by Fapimi. That is a ages of research from the state of Malaysia.

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And here we have another photos of the parks of the park. We have a forest and waterfall a lot of water there.

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About social environmental conflicts. Analyzing this social environmental. Is for those involved in the search for more democratic process of territorial organization and opportunity to give greater visibility.

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To the debate or environmental management and to the different social actors who aim to resist the process of monopolization by of environmental resources into the hands of the great economic interests.

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Okay, out and tourism in protected areas. Tourism in conservation areas, especially parks, interferes with the internal territorial ordering.

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And in their neighborhoods. In addition to economic and social change. This occur in line to use. Naturally arising due to conflicts over territorial planning.

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In addition to this conflict, there are 2 other involving the environmental policy of granting parks to the private sector that what happened it with a bit poker park.

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So in 2,019, in a state, created a state park concessions program. Which had selected to any protected areas to be granted to the private sector.

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This is part of an early BRA agenda in Brazil. The same program was created before for ex-presidents both on in Brazil and today we have a great news from Brazil because Bonaro cannot be eligible for 8 years here.

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So for people like me, there works with education. With science, with environmental questions, are great news.

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I'm very happy.

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So, about We have the Beach Park State Park. This part of our list of protected areas.

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In the account so that we will be granted to the private sector for the exploration of tourism. Because this governor and is how can I say it's supported by both on our by the way.

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And he's from, and he's from, so this project, come to Luis Emery.

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So Bitcoin is the first one. That will be, that was, that was, and you have more.

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19. Protected areas that they want to do the same. And this change has been debated in court after.

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A public view action elaborated by the prosecutors. The problem was there was no public participation in Brazil law.

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And said that there is, that have to be, public parts based in the process and there wasn't.

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So, and there was no broad public participation for first, the first concession option for the beach poker park was challenging in court.

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By the public key prosecutors off of Minage. And here we have people from the city. Saying that the party is, is for everyone.

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Not, not to concession. The concession of park. Sorry. However, after looting a new public notice, the bit poker pack together with another park at concession process was concluded.

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It was concluded in 2,022. After an action for the amounts of 3,000,500 and anything 1,000 highs.

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This concession is for 30 years. You can say no, there's a lot of money, but not because only one pack like a bitch Parker in 2,019 received almost 2 million so 3 million they they can find this in tickets off for 2 years.

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In a bit park or park. And you are not talking about the economy path that receives a lot of money because of the tickets as well.

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So it's a lucrative business. From the private sector.

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And here in the conclusion we have some questions that are that I can. There is some preliminary conclusion, but I can talk.

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The concession of the park to the private sector. Can impact tourism and local commerce in addition to transforming a public place into an area of private initiative.

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Who's interest is commonly differ from the public interest. For example, number of touristies per day.

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And now we have a discussion with Bitchcock right now about this because today it's premature right now about this because today it's permitted 1,000 people per day.

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And there is a lot of people and 5 years ago was 500 and now the company that's demonstrating the park wants more people per day but biologists people from university and council are taught there is so much and there is no studies that can prove that it can be effective and animals.

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And the And the. The vegetables and all the ecosystems. You know other locations where the concession to the private initiative took place in Brazil such as the National Park of Fosu and Park of Tachiyau.

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There is an expectation of increase in the interest fee. Making access select TV for people with a grading financial resource.

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There is another problem because, people from That's the local people that know are poor. The most part of the population.

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So they don't have so much money to pay expensive chickens to go to the park. So if it will be more expensive, these people cannot use.

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This area that Oh, his grandmother, grandfather, usually to, go. So there is another problem.

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The transportation of tourism in the park intensified by the private sector. Can compromise the founder and flora as well as the local economy.

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Which is based on community tourism and small business. It is possible that the main the management of protected areas through the private initiative may transform the tourist activity.

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Into a commodity generating private profits and environment impacts for present and future regeneration. And I wanna talk because, the Pre-vax Stage Park.

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It's not, any selected case, but there isn't, an only, And we have now a lot of protected areas.

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Then can be provided as well. And they are in the most preserved areas in Brazil. So it can be, the most preserved areas in Brazil.

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So it can be a really important affecting in a lot of things like for example climate change. Like the forests and the animals that lives there for example.

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So here we have the Lobu, there's a kind of wolf. There is extinction and that leave is in pack of beach parka and a waterfall here.

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So, there is this symbol of the park, is this, animal, this wolf, So thank you very much.

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Good.

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Cora, thank you so much as well for you know really be within time the time limits. The presenters have been the best I think in the conference in terms of their time use.

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I really appreciate that you are the dream presenters or any chair who would be sharing in a panel. So we are going to open the floor.

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We have some audience in the room. But also we have, let me see, there's a chat message if there's a Question there.

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No, that's the technical chat. All right. So yes, we are going to open the floor for questions for those who are in the room or joining us online right now if you would like to Take any questions, ask any questions for our presenters.

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The floor is open.

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If the presenters have any questions for each other, that's definitely perfectly fine too. So that we can think together.

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Oh.

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The case, the case studies seem to be very, very similar, aren't they? I have one question but I'll definitely let you go ahead.

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Cora, I think do you have any comments or questions? You would like to go first? Yes.

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Of course, of course, please go ahead.

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Yeah, yes, if you if it's possible. Yeah. I wanna do question to Jakandra.

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I don't know if the correct pronunciation. I like it so much the work and I think that we can do some kind of dialogue.

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Because we're talking about a park different parts of your, your kids are about to renting, but, and about the local population in your case about indigenous people here in Brazil.

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We have a lot of problems in parks, there's vessels, indigenous people. Because we created a lot of parks in the model of American, not American model of Yellowstone but the reality here in Brazil we have people living in the forests.

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Okay.

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We have indigenous people, toambala, Skysatra, a lot of people. That's using these natural resources and when you put a parking and say you cannot live here anymore, these people that always protected this area.

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Our explicit of your home. So I would ask you about. Nipau and you talk about these conflicts about a state authorities vessels indigenous people.

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And, if there is, cases of it utilizations if they go to the courts to discuss about this.

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Okay.

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Because in Brazil a lot of this case are going to the courts. So to the Supreme Court, for example, I, so I would like to know about the case of Nepal or how indigenous people is finding to to guarantee that the right that's it is in

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For example, you say in. Er, 106 9 9 1 6 9.

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Thank you for your question. Would you like to come answer from here maybe? So she can see you as well.

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Take a good question and comments. I accept your solution. Yeah, yes. The conflict between park in local people is occurring in around the world.

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In case of Nepal as you mentioned not only in this hunting region. It's only 100 years within a country or a particular area also there.

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But only Ontario Reserve is the part in Ontario. Or there are conservation area mostly in the continent.

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So, as you, ILO Convention, 1 69 and, and you and reap, united nation declaration on indigenous people rights.

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Board document ratified by Nepal Goldman and documents protect to the indigenous rights in terms of their right in terms of what are waste and land.

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So on degrees of due to the hunting reserve and other hydropower project in the area most of the indigenous people.

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As you ask the population, the majority of population in protected area area is indigenous peoples. So, 100 which have displaced them or they control their right to use natural resources.

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There's ILO Convention and UN RIP, they assume that they believe that this document piece up their right or suit their right but in implementation it's not effective one since 2,007 it's it's ratified by the government Thank you, Cora.

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I can answer your question.

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Yeah, thank you very much.

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Yeah, thank you.

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Thank you for the question and for the answer. I am wondering if there are any other questions for yes please.

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Would you like to come here?

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Yes.

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Good morning to everyone present and thank you so much to go to presenters. To Professor Cora and Professor Mugger.

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It is not my field but then I thought it was really interesting. And I just wanted to As both of you, in terms of Reservation and sustenance.

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What do you think about the stakeholders that are there other than the state and the people if they are and how Do we medicate it?

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The question is to both. Thank you. Yeah, I just wanted to know like what if there are stakeholders what if there are like stakeholders yeah what are their like stakeholders yeah what are their rules like aside from the stakeholders, what are their rules, aside from the state and the people?

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If there are like, oh, I don't know. Middle presence or One. Yeah, so I mean.

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The music microphone. Project what I think yes There is some rules, there is some reasons. Oh, further.

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Local people. So II just talked about the. One concept is, actually for the, for the facilitation, between, state and local people.

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The because in protected area there are many problems from the wildlife perspective And other estate rule, are we controlling their everyday life if somebody go goes to the jungle for the timber and other daily use things but are we controlled without RB permission they cannot do that so some mediation needed and population concept is if implemented it's a

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good for their right. In a in our case, but I don't know in, Professor Korak, can explain more about it.

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Thank you.

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I'm so sorry, I didn't listen so much the question because there was So if you could repeat the question.

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Sorry.

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Sure. Would you like to, would you like sort of it? He's asking you about stakeholders, but if you would like to say a little more.

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Not to listen.

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Can you hear us?

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Hello? Now I can.

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Now you can. Would you like to come here? Maybe this microphone might work a little better. Thank you.

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Sorry because

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That's okay. Thank you. No, no, definitely. If you would like to come a little closer.

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Yeah, thank you so much. I hope you can hear me now. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.

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Yeah, I can.

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So, thank you so much for the presentation to, both the presenters and since I'm not from this field I will be asking a very generalized question.

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So regarding preservation and sustenance Like you mentioned that there was the state and then there was the people.

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So I wanted to know if there are like intermediaries or I don't know stakeholders middlemen and what are their rules and how do you negotiate this?

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Yeah, I don't know if that makes sense, but yeah, thank you.

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I

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No, yeah, yeah, of course. So, can I, can I reach out?

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Please, Ms. Guy.

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Yeah. About this case of, of course there is a conflict between the state and local population.

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And in the most part of. Protected areas in Brazil, I already work not only in these protected areas, but I have been working about protected areas in Brazil like 15 years.

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Always has conflict between local population. And the state. And, because sometimes the language are not the same.

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The interests are not the same. But in this case, we have another problem. Because the private sector has another interest.

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So, when talking about a protected area, you are talking about, this, forest we've found, Florida.

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That's not only for today. And the private sector is. You thinking about how to remot more money in 1020 years, not talking about preservation for 100 years, 1,000 years.

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So you have a different thinking of of environmental questions. And from local population, is more complex because, they need the pack.

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Because they are they are living from the tourism Like it's my restaurants like a small, places of, like small campings.

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Or places of selling things like small things of from souvenirs for example.

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So, and they are not listened by the states in this process. So I think here in Brazil we have lost a lot that say that people have to do the real participation in the process but is not true.

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The most part of population do not patch off this process of debate of the protected area. So, for example, these kinds of privatization, they are being done a lot of protected area.

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And the population is a lot to listed. They sometimes like, my colleague from Nepal.

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They don't know what's happening. And when they discover, everything is changing and they and change their lives including.

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So, and we have no intermediating to do, for example, what we had in Brazil was prosecutors, the people of prosecutors.

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That try to do some. Transform me this conflict in a A lot conflict. So the conflict from.

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Continue existing but now it is in the in in Brazil. I don't know if I respond to you.

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If you could understand, yeah.

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Yes, thank you so much Any other questions from the audience in the room or maybe from those who are joining us online?

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I have a quick question for both of you if you don't mind since we have the whole world's time just to continue thinking and talking together maybe I'm not an expert in environmental justice movements obviously but we know for sure that environmental movements are one of those that have the best global connections in terms of global support, you know, actions of

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solidarity. I was wondering if you could talk about if there exists any sorts of global solidarity actions if there's any global support that is coming for these cases and in this particular you know struggles I'm wondering how the world knows about it are there efforts to make the world know about it?

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Are there any instances where there is global cooperation and you know collective solidarity actions? I'm wondering if you would talk about like a bit about that as well.

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Maybe we can start with Cora if you don't mind and then I'll ask you to join us.

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All right? Is that okay with you? Thank you.

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Yeah, okay. So thank you for the question. Professor and I'll talk about this in this case it specifically about Bitcoin and these privatizations.

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There is no global connections. Here in Brazil I can talk a little bit from the dynamic of the environmental.

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Things and the most parts of the the global connections. Are, in Amazon areas that the father is really important and has been attacked for the last 4 years because of X our ex president.

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Jay And, today there was an important day because it was recognized that he committed a lot of, electoral crimes.

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So he cannot be an eligible for 8 years. So it's really important. So our, global connections, the most part of has visibility.

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In environmental issues in Brazil are related to to Amazon because They are the most, how can I say expressive?

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Connections with the NGOs and this line. Miniatureize, these kinds of, of conflicts are local.

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And they They do not have the same projection in international panorama.

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So I finish.

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Hello?

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People.

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Are you listening to me?

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Yeah, they're muted on site. It's not you, it's them. Sorry.

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Okay. Okay.

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Yes, it's a globally, globally used and as you ask, is there any global solidarity in session?

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In case of my history this doorbar hunting user is not at. Not any kind of global solidarity or a global connection on these issues.

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So I think as we see our photo resource is a why why not in global studies or global cases around the world.

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The same cases as Professor Cora mentioned in the case of Nepal or India or other countries we can do research and talk about it.

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So in in my cases not at such a kind of initiation. Thank you. Thank you for your answer.

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Interesting. Yes, any other comments? Any other questions before? Hey we close the session I guess Yes, we have so much time more than we may ask for, which doesn't happen in this Congress more often.

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Which is a good thing I guess not having this great time. But for anyone who has any questions for this really complementing 2 cases.

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With you know interesting twists

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We share your I mean I personally share your happiness cora in terms of the both scenario decision. I hope that the same thing happens to the other countries as well like mine from Turkey or you know India or wherever those terrible authoritarian people are.

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I hope they get what they deserve. So that's in the records to it's recorded so I might be in trouble I don't know what we'll see about that.

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Yes, any comments, any questions, anything you would like to share with our amazing presenters and great cases.

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I don't see anything. I don't see anything online. Nothing on the chat. Then I think yes I think then we are going to end this session.

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With little bit of bitterness. So I wish we had more comments and input from us or for each other.

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But I want to thank both of our presenters for being today for making their presentations, making us know about these cases.

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I would like to thank the audience as well for being here asking questions. And hopefully we'll see each other again in some other Congresses or other meetings.

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Okay, alright, thank you Cora. Thank you so much for being here.

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Thank you very much.