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Awesome thanks. Well, Hi, Ron, so yeah, my name is Mitch Mick Sweeney. I'm assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. I've been a mistaken a few times as being American this week, so I am actually from Canada. I just want to clarify that and I'll be presenting on some of my Phd research, constructing dice for communities through sport for refugee belonging and livelihoods in Uganda.

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So right now we're facing the highest records of forest migrants ever around 110 million people in the world have been displaced, including 35 million refugees.

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So there's been an increased research on force, migration, and sport. This includes both the positive benefits. As for it. So, for example, social inclusion and conflict, resolution, but also some of the potential barriers. So how sport could potentially perpetuate existing inequalities?

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So some of these guys have used the

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the concept of diaspora, and, generally speaking, diaspora refers to a dispersed people who have been displaced from a homeland or a nation of origin, and have resettled or are currently living in a new homeland or where they resettled.

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There's also been calls for further research into livelihood opportunities, and and through sport specifically from sport for development scholars. So the purpose of this study was really to explore a refugee-led organization in Kampala, Uganda.

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and look at their use of sport and other economic programs to construct diaspora, but also create livelihood opportunities.

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So for the study, I did use a vert of X kind of classification of the fora, and it includes 3 kind of components. One is cultural prices that could be traditions that could be language that could be sport. that are used to connect to a sense of a homeland. and these are often not confined to a nation state and usually unite certain dispersed people.

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The second category is a social community or form relating back to this idea of being displaced from their homeland the nation of origin. But then relating back to a home space, this sense of belonging is crafted and where they have resettled, and this is usually usually crafted through social networks. memories. but also economic strategies is something that verdict specifically highlights.

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And then the third category

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mit ctl, and the third category is a sense of consciousness, or this type of consciousness which specifically refers to the sense of belonging through narratives, through memories and the sense of collective identity between, for example, refugees relating usually to one's cultural heritage one.

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So these 3 categories are also all intertwined and interrelated as well, and sometimes overlap.

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So in terms of context.

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Like I said, I did conduct this study in Uganda, Kampala, and Uganda is actually one of the highest refugee hosting nations in the world. It has a very open door refugee policy.

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I partnered with a refugee-led organization, a young African refugees for integral development, or yarred which was created by 3 Congolese refugees, in 2,007. It actually began just as football activities bring people together to enhance social inclusion, and that included both refugees, but also Ugandans.

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And then it kind of became more formalized over the years. And as part of that, there's 4 kind of program areas. One was education, women's empowerment and innovations hub and then sport for development.

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And there are some pictures just of their program activities.

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So a participatory action research approach was used, and this included creating a community advisory board, but also involving individuals participating in the study in decision, making and collaboration. So I do refer to individuals who participate in the study as co- researchers.

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multiple methods were used, including semi-structured interviews, photo voice and photo collaging.

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photo voice was particularly really useful for refugees to be able to autonomously decide what they would like to discuss in regard to their narratives as well as represent the construction of dice for, and you'll see this, and some of the finding slides. And then also, if there's any pictures without a caption those were captured by me.

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That analysis followed the the classic Bron and Clark. thematic analysis, and then, in-depth analysis, after leaving the field, occurred. looking specifically at vertex kind of classifications and components within that.

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So in the next couple of slides, I'm going to specifically first talk about the construction of diaspora through the use of sport. And then I'm going to focus more on the intersection of livelihood, sport and diaspora.

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So first is like some other research has found. is that sport has been used to create a sense of home and specifically for yard. This involved the creation of sport teams

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a as well as sport groups that were specific to nationality. So this quote here from the Shimway, talking of Burundi and sport team about, we narrate home stories. stories back to Burundi and this was really a way for many refugees, experience longing us being separated from their family and friends upon displacement.

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And this was a way to kind of gather, reflect back on their homeland, but also to engage in multiple cultural practices. So, as Vertex says, in relation to constructing that home space.

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There was also a number of cultural prices that took place to kind of construct that home space and this collective identity and diasporic consciousness.

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So a couple cultural practices that were used

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included prayer language. In some cases language was kind of used, both, for example, French for Congolese refugees, but then also switching to English back and forth. in regard to those kind of hybrid identities.

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songs were used. dress, as you can see in the photo by Amy

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dance

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stories and then food. and you can kind of see that in the photo by Moise. So the interesting thing about this was that you know, as has been found in other studies, too, is that it was both on the playing field or the football field but also outside of the football setting the sports setting So, for example, this photo by Moyes he talked about visiting with the sports and the group congregations restaurant

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which had the Colonies flag on it. Kong Lee's food, which also, kind of meshed, together with some Ugandan food metoe, which is a traditional Ugandan food. And then he also talked about how this kind of he specifically said it reconnected back to Congolese culture and a lot of co- researchers had specific similar kind of insights about how they kept up with their culture through sport and these cultural practices that they engaged in.

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So I'm going to move to the intersections of sport and livelihoods and diaspora. Now.

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so one of the things that was really highlighted by a lot of co- researchers was kind of discrimination from the host community. and this often involved you know, not being able to apply to jobs or being stopped by police. And so this really presented a barrier to livelihood activities making a living. And so what Yard did was actually implemented a number of different strategies.

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One of those was more traditional in terms of vocational training and programming. Another was more about really computer practice and education.

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Yeah.

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thanks.

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There we go good now and then.

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And then another big emphasis they made was using sport to really build social connections and networks. and so in this way you can kind of see from this quote here from Gloria, is that these sport teams and groups kind of made it to be a meeting space to discuss more about job opportunities, for example, brick making

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which it occurs a lot in Uganda, and this kind of informal many male co- researchers engaged in that and finding opportunities to really just engage in livelihood activities through sport.

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One of the more like interesting things about what co- researchers discussed, though, was the way in which the sport teams and the sport groups actually led to job opportunities or having a job that related back to their homeland.

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So one of the things that was discussed was that in these sport groups and teams everyone sometimes had more specific jobs, that they were kind of experts at. You can see in this quote from Judith, just talking about. Some are tailors, some are hairdressers, sometimes. This was more of a bartering system. where, say, for example, you made a dress? then you would get a haircut. Other times it was more

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really in regard to just an exchange of money. But when the most prominent kind of livelihood activities that many of the co- researchers did, was tailoring. So Yard had provided sewing machines, you saw that photo by Amy earlier with address. to make traditional con, please dress And so this picture by David is really notable.

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because in this photo. He kind of explained that tailoring is very popular activity. back home. But he also would create sport jackets for clothing with the Congolese plague on it. Another really interesting activity that he did was he started to make clothing for Ugandans with, for example, you gone and plagues using a curated fabric from the Drco Democratic Republic of Congo. So, again, seeing kind of this hybrid nature of identities.

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so to conclude, there's kind of 2 things theoretically take away. One is as has been found in other research about the use of sport for kind of producing diaspora consciousness. as well as the sense of identity, collective identity. But then, also, in regard to connecting this with livelihoods through sport, and and relating that to diaspora

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And you know, Ron has called for moving beyond the nation state. So this study kind of looks more closely at how diaspora speaks more to transnational kind of nature of diaspora. And then the other thing in regard to this is that some livelihood activities that have been reported and support for development has been found in this study by smarting colleagues 250.

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So being not really effective for actually producing opportunities for livelihood activities. Whereas this study in this context in Kampala was notable that co- researchers reported that quite a bit.

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So to conclude in terms of practical contributions in future research. it's just the importance of diaspora consciousness for sport and livelihoods, and looking at that more, and the consideration of homeland and host, land and hybrid identities for support, for development and peace programs, particularly because

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you know, a lot of these work for development programs are sometimes more concerned about integration into the host community rather than looking more at about the transnational nature of diaspor and thinking about homeland.

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The future research is to look more at the diverse dimensions of dice for us foreign livelihoods. and then using dies for, for, for for development and peace research, especially as there's been an increase again in force, migration and and sport programs. But there hasn't been much use of dice for to actually study that.

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So thanks so much. Thank you. Especially to the co- researchers of the study and thanks for listening.

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You know all that. Yeah.

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sure.

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Hi, thank you. That was really fascinating. I found it really interesting because I'm studying my Phd. At the moment, and my research concerns women's social, economic projects in Uganda as well. But rural Uganda. I also run a charity there that helps to empower women. And so one of our projects is a women's football team, a girls, football team, and it's helped to keep girls in school through peer support and economic projects as well.

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And so I don't know how much this relates to your presentation, but something that I've found quite hard when I've been doing my research in Uganda is my positionality somebody that's known to the participants, but also obviously an outsider because of my skin colour. I was just wondering if you came across any issues like that during your research, and how you overcame them, and how you put them into your

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a Phd. As well how you narrated them, if you like, with your Phd, yeah, great question. And thanks for that. So yeah, I mean, positionality was a huge factor in terms of, I did engage in a lot of reflexivity. But part of the reason that a participatory approach was used was because my positionality.

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and so some of the things that came up in terms of issues was, for example, during initial research orientations.

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There was questions. We sat down with all the the co- researchers and talked about compensation, and fair compensation across all these activities, such as you know, photo voice photo collection, and so on. so that was an issue that came up and we discussed that fairly and kind of a collaborative process. but this I I would say, you know, the participatory approach taken was really important, because, for example, knowledge, mobilization. we engaged in and this has been a kind of long term relationship. Now about 7 years.

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and one of the things about knowledge. Translation was, think about action strategies from that. So photo voices actually use for their evaluative purposes. Now for the program but also another issue that came up was once I was out of the field.

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it was mostly me communicating with Staff rather than the actual participants of the sport for development programs, and that became an issue as well. So

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I mean any participatory project. And the positionality of me did come up, and I tried to navigate that, but still issues arose just because of where I live and going back and forth. So, yeah.

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thanks.

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Thank you. Thanks, Mitch. It's fantastic to to here, and what I one of the things I particularly like is that, like you said a long, longer term partnership. So 7 years that you've built and maintained.

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So you talked a little bit about my question was about the knowledge, mobilization aspect.

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Has any of that led to sort of knowledge, translation or mobilization activities beyond the program. For example, influencing policy. we either locally or nationally. And that's a conversation. Now that we often have. Yeah, I think it's really interesting sort of how can this kind of work also influence and help shape policy? And we know that it's can be challenging. Yeah, yeah, I like that. We just discussed this earlier, too. so

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I mean, I, one of the big things that came out of this was that they have been using. We created a digital story, too, and they use that to actually inform a class at Macarre University in Uganda, And although that is in policy. This organization Yard has really grown in recent years. So it's not just due to sport for development or this research. But

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one of the big things that this project kind of emphasized was that it was refugee led a lot of critiques in sport for development, but also in general about international development is this global north dominance regimony. And this being at actually refugee led and being able to show the impact, whether it be sport for development, whether it be the vocational programs.

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they've been able to get a a massive grant to be honest, 10 million dollars. And they have influence policy around refugee-led programs getting funding rather than international organizations are not led by refugees. So that's where they've kind of moved with some of the findings of this research.

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They also partner with other researchers for their other programs. so it's not just this, I'm saying, but I would say it plays a very small role. But it it's still very hard and difficult to influence policy, I would say, at least for for myself, like we kind of discussed But I do hope that this in some way played a part, using, you know, the digital story, but also emphasizing this refugee, let approach. So yeah.

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thank you. And you kind of anticipated a a question that I was going to ask, but maybe we could.

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I have to pursue a little further, further, which is

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whenever I see something like sport for development and aid, you know, like lots of other people who's being developed, you know what what is being developed and for whom I know that that's a big debate

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in the field and

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in Australia we have a sport and diplomacy strategy, and there's a lot of

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written into that as sport for element, and a particularly in the Pacific

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region and and during numbers

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limitations, I think. Think of that approach, I just wondered, is there. You think there's a way we could.

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Can you think of a better descriptor of what is happening in that field rather than calling it development, which has a lot of

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ideological package, I think. Yeah, for sure.

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I know there is a recent paper calling it Sportland. by people. I'm not sure exactly. If that's a a proper term for it, either. but I do think, you know, because development and the word development carries so many connotations, it's very important to maybe move away from that one of the things that

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you know has been proposed, you know, support for social change. But is it really achieving social change at that kind of level it's hard to discover as well.

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So I think we're, generally speaking, you know, if we talk about sport just in a general sense, without the development piece. I'm thinking about how for example, in the study the local community of the refugees themselves describe what is actually being so called developed. is perhaps the best way to go about it. I'm not sure

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if that's a good way to go about it. But I do know what you mean in terms of this use of sport for development, and then going back to what does that term mean? What's being growth is, it doesn't mean growth doesn't mean progress. And with modernity and such. So yeah, I'm not. Really. It's a tough question to think about. But I think it's a really important question to try and consider.

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I sorry I was late, but following up on the question it was just asked, I was wondering, how is the people in Uganda calling these kind of programs

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in, for example, in Latin America, specifically in Mexico and Brazil, we have found that in in Colombia. They have other names to call that kind of program. So I was wondering

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if it's something in no hand that's happening like in American countries. Thank you. Yeah, no, thank you. So Yard did call it score for development. They called it that since about around 2,010 it wasn't. They didn't start calling them in 2,007. They were just using football for social inclusion.

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And then they haven't moved away from that term actually at all. But I do know other organizations who they've partnered with in Uganda are still using the term support for development, too. One thing in like recent

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discussions I've had with other people in the field of sport for development is to stop framing it around sport at all, and just talking about the kind of different social issues that are trying to be addressed. So whether that be conflict, resolution.

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gender, equality, whatever it is, but stop using even the term support sometimes that's because for is kind of seen as like a dirty word itself is too and not getting funding from that but just stop framing around sport and development. and so they did use the term support for development. But and they still use it today. So

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many of what's the language you now? Are you being like?

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Yeah. So the official language of Ukanda is English. but that's because of the colonial history. and they have a number of different local languages. in this study they spoke, you know the refugees as well. spokes with Healy. They spoke French. They spoke Somali, and Kurundi as well. So there's a a number of different languages. There was a I worked with a translator, who spoke all different, like 6 languages, super impressive

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but that so

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that that the English they use the English terms for for development. Thank you.

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Is that 15Â min there?

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It

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awesome.

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Thank you. Thanks. Everyone.

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We go to you. No.

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okay.

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yeah. no, sir. not that presenter who's missing.

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Okay. Sophie.

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lovely!

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Good.

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amazing! All right.

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yes, welcome. Thank you so much for having me. My name is Sophie Burns. My pleasure to be here presenting. So it's presenting today my first international conference as well, so

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equal parts, exciting and very much nervous at the same time. But thank you very much.

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I'm here to share. My master's project, which I completed last year, called the process of co-creating sustainable solutions for female basketball participation in Melbourne's West. So here we go.

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So just to start off. And before I go into the research side of things, I just want to tell you a bit about myself, and how I got into the research space here. So

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by the age of 2 years old, I was found bouncing a ball, and that's where basketball was a sport for me.

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From there I grew a love for it. I ended up playing in what we call domestic basketball. It's this community grassroots, basketball here in Melbourne. So I started my first team at about 6 years old. From there I progress to the representative level, which was Victorian statewide.

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which we called rep for short. So by 10 years old I was travelling around Victoria, playing you know, teams across all Victoria, so it's safe to say I was. I thought I was a pretty big deal and go

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that was until in year 5. So again, I was around 10 years old in our PA class, where we were playing a modified form of basketball, and they had to pick 2 shooters, so I thought me playing rep. I thought I had a pretty good chance.

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One boy was chosen, also played Rep. I thought fair enough. So the second shooter, I thought, Here's my time, and the rest of the boys in the team pick someone else, and I thought he doesn't even play basketball. Why has he chosen over me? So that was sort of my earliest memory of being overlooked and undervalued just because I was a girl.

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So the great thing about that story is that

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one. It shows my passion for gender equality is stemmed from a very young age.

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It also shows the gender inequalities that are evident within social structures. So a little bit about why I'm here today.

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So over the last 40 years or so, previous research has emphasized that there is a problem. But what we don't know is why is gender equitable change so hard to achieve.

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Therefore my research aim to explore and document the process of co-creating and implementing gender equity strategies with community basketball members.

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I place myself at the heart of change in basketball

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to see what happens when well intentioned and well supported individuals are empowered through a gender inclusion program

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to make a difference within their domestic clubs.

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I designed my gender inclusion program drawing from inspiration from a change-makers project designed to encourage and support sporting clubs, and this was done by the sport and social change. Living lab at Victoria University.

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My program involved 4 collaborative group sessions as well as one on one meetings to support individuals.

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So I broke up the process of facilitating the gender inclusion program into 3 distinct stages. You can see. So the first stage I call preparing for the Gender Inclusion program

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which occurred prior to the actual commencement. So this included the scheduling of the sessions and the recruitment of participants. My second stage planning for gender equitable change. This included the first 2 sessions of the program, as well as one on one self-reflection meetings with all the participants.

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and lastly, the third stage, creating and implementing gender equitable strategies. This involved the sessions 3 and 4, as well as one on one, meetings with individuals to plan for their strategies.

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So I look to answer, what were the facilitators and challenges that were faced when designing and implementing gender equity strategies at the following levels. So we start at the individual level. So these are what I faced as an individual who was a facilitator of the program.

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then the interpersonal level. And this represents the participants of the program at an organizational level. This details the effect, the actual basketball organization had

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the external level whereby factors outside of my control, the participants and the organization were categorized.

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So to address this aim of exploring the process of change, I use participatory action research with my research taking place at an organization we call Wba. It's community basketball organization with 3 participants, a part of my program.

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They had a wide range of roles within their domestic clubs in the organization as well. So in my presentation today, I'm going to take you through the process of each of these stages

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so as you can see, and as I'll highlight through the stages, there were many facilitators and many, many challenges that I face, so if I had the time I would take you through each one. But unfortunately I don't.

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So what I'm going to talk about is sort of the most significant challenge that I faced at varying levels across 3 stages.

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and that is the tension between gender inclusion efforts at a community level and the dominance of the high performance model.

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Now, while I argue the importance of pathways for women and girls in improving these pathways. If the aim is gender equity across all levels of basketball, the over emphasis on better elite pathways does not address the number of female participants who play for social or enjoyment reasons.

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The importance of domestic basketball is providing a competition. Children can play in that is enjoyable and sociable.

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This was highlighted by the participants. Many times.

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however, the deeply rooted structural skew towards elite development is evident in all levels of competition. But no matter what the point of the competition is.

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the evidence from my research suggests the detrimental impact that the emphasis of elite development had on our gender equity strategies.

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Beginning with the underlying reason as to why Wba allowed the gender inclusion program to be conducted within their organization. Although express in a very well-intentioned matter. To do what's best for the participation of women and girls.

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The essence of their drive to increase participation and retention at a domestic level was an underlying focus on retaining the highly skilled female participants. To ensure Wba can continue to develop as a high achieving female representative program that rep program

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their attention to turns to what they deem as retention of female domestic players when really their attention is so solely drawn to the retention of the good female domestic players once again buying into the model of sport with a dominant focus on elite. Elite performance as opposed to participation.

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The findings also showed the organizational appetite, but no investment for change with the organization outlining their solidarity with gender equity work.

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However, the translation of this talk into practice is missing

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as a leader within the basketball organization to be seen doing gender equity work allows a community to align their values and support

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and support their sorry. Yeah. And support with the organization

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from the outside leaders are seen to be doing something when, as seen from the process and my observation, they ended up proving to be more of a challenge when doing gender equity work.

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The outcome is they get to stay in these positions of power without giving up the benefits of upholding this nationalized sporting space.

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So moving on to the next stage, planning for gender equitable change. This was the apparent professionalization of the association with their newly developed framework called the Wyndham Way.

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This newly developed philosophy created a clear pathway for juniors to move up the ranks to the senior level

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with an emphasis on elite development promoting competitive success. Unfortunately, this directly opposes participation model of sport, and especially and ignoring any effort for gender equality.

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Unfortunately, this way of thinking filters down from the organizational level to the interpersonal level with an emphasis on pathways being the solution to gender inclusion.

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although the aim of the gender inclusion program was to improve participation and the experiences of women and girls. The direction of the Wyndham way had already taken its toll on the mindset of the participants, when one participant, as she was talking about the increased workload, the players under this new framework, she stated hopefully, it might shake out some of those who are there because they've always played. They don't really want to, but they've always played end quote.

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So once again, this goes directly against a participation based model of sport and then promoting elite excellence.

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So, as the program developed and we moved into creating and implementing gender equitable strategies.

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it was apparent there were certain forms of resistance to change at play.

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For example, while I was working with one of one of the participants and her coach development strategies that we worked together.

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Even when I emphasized to her. That was clear that the Wba staff really took care of the technical knowledge side of basketball.

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and that our strategy should probably more look at the inclusive practices of coaching. She came back with quote. I just wonder how much of that filters down. To be honest with you, I did a level one coaching course and got nothing out of it. End quote. So even when I'm encouraging the participants to look at inclusive practice strategies.

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Their priority was more thinking about the translation of that technical knowledge, even though it's been already done by the organization

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so as much as I had issues with sticking to the inclusive practice of the coaches

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while working with the participants. The takeover of the Wba organization through Vice President led the direction of the strategies to include the ideas and beliefs of the organization

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I can attest to the leaders of the organization appealing to the members by promoting their own ideas as a best-case scenario. For the community.

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however, also proven through the change of direction, is the power dynamic evident that allows leaders in the organization to make these changes with the consent of those it affects. If this power dynamic, was seen through over dominance, it would be obvious to see from the surrounding members.

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It is the not so obvious structure of power that was evident, and once again attests to why the Wba members not only consent to this over emphasis of elite development, but wholeheartedly support it.

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Now, I don't want to leave you on this negative note. Okay, so with these findings does come the opportunity to do better.

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I came up with recommendations for each challenge that I did face as well as facilitators, but I just thought about focusing on 2. For now.

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so thinking about the bigger picture. the term pathways is multi-dimensional.

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The meaning can and should be used to define multiple opportunities that women and girls can play basketball, taking into considerations their motivations to play as well.

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I found that there was an emphasis on only one pathway, and that is to achieve elite excellence. So what I believe should be encouraged

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is using a multiple pathways that can still provide opportunities to participate at basketball at any point at once in an individual's life.

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Part of the issue in achieving this kind of model is the people in positions of power that have a major impact on the changes to be made.

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As is to be said, all kinds of power is contested, and so is gendered power, a requirement. To make this shift in the space for women in sport is a solidarity between members of sporting organisations

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by having a unified vision to gender equality. Organizational leaders have no choice but to follow the beliefs of their members if they want to stay in power.

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even if that means giving up on the ideas and beliefs that will benefit them most in these positions.

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Needless to say, it is not an easy task to do, however, by building a community of practice within an organization who are willing to sacrifice the small wins for a select few elite players

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can and will benefit the majority and the cause to gender equality. In this instance sport can become a more inclusive and supportive place for all members to enjoy.

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Now, something I didn't quite touch on in this presentation or the explanation of my findings, but feel the need to address here in the next. In my next recommendation.

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was what was probably the most evident and traumatic challenge that me personally face as a change facilitator was basically my complete burnout, and what I like to call death by a thousand cuts.

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So, thinking about the sheer number of challenges I faced on my journey. And you probably saw from some of the slides.

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basically, I lost all motivation for my program.

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I lost any confidence that there would be any positive change at all, and, in fact, I thought I might be making things worse.

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So each challenge I faced each one of those 1,000 cuts led me to the point where I didn't have much care anymore. Even admitting to my supervisors in a meeting. I don't care about gender equality and sport anymore.

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So I began this process passionate, all right, thinking about little ten-year-old me as well.

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and I was left utterly defeated. At the end of this process.

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The issue, I realized, was that there was no real support during the gender inclusion program

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within the sessions or working with Wba or the participants.

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The only times I felt optimistic was when I felt supported. However, this was external support from family friends, supervisors. So on, nothing from actually within the program.

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So in comparison, I think about my experience with the Changemakers project, as I mentioned at the start.

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where the main difference is the sheer number of facilitators within this program. It's not all up to one person to take all the responsibility. If one change facilitator is having issues with participants. There are multiple support networks within the program there to assist

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something I found to be lacking while facilitating the gender inclusion program.

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So there needs to be a share of the load when facilitating a change program and not allowing what happened to me occur to anyone else. It's fair to say, this entire research process made me question just about every single life choice I had made up until that point.

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But there are so many lessons I have learned, and I'm thankful for for this opportunity.

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What I hope to achieve in this research is that sports spaces wanting to make things different, to not give up, not make the same mistakes I made, and to create something better for women and girls in sport.

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Thank you very much.

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So

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I

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thanks. Sophie and I have to confess. Of course, I've had the privilege of reading your masterpiece as well. And it's really interesting. I mean, there's so much I'm just thinking like, Ok, how does your experience speak back to

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 Contemporary conversations in socially of sport, but also beyond. So around co-creation, I'm thinking, back, connecting that back to Mitch, where

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it's all sort of the trend towards co-creation and kind of you're showing right. But actually, you know, there's serious pitfalls around this, and particularly, I don't really like that terminology. But about what is the role of organizational readiness or the intentional motivations of those who you partner with.

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And yeah, how do you get it? Sort of that support at you. And and to to make that happen so, because obviously, I'm involved in in some of the the other changemakers work that we do. Is that what what do you think? Is there any sort of key lesson that you would like to give back to researchers in, wanted to engage in co-creation of what they might potentially learn from, and preventing, maybe, or or being better equipped, I guess, to

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to manage some of those experiences. Yeah, definitely. And that's, you know, was a key part of the development of my masters research. I found participatory action research. And I love the fact that I was there as a support. But the participants were what was driving it. You know they're immersed in the space. They know better than me, so they completely drove it.

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But, as you can see from what actually eventuated some. Sometimes it was to the detriment, because they don't have that sociological lens. They don't understand, you know, the research or things that I'm seeing. So yeah, exactly right. There were points where I was there observing and taking notes, and thinking, this isn't the direction that

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personally, I would like to go in. you know, thinking of a broader picture. But who am I that come in and say, Stop! No, I don't want you know. Let's not do that. you know it's probably going to end up worse when these are real, well-meaning individuals. So

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you know, volunteers that they have a gender equity program. They really want to do what's best. And they think that this is the best option. so I definitely found that sort of in reflection at the you know the end of the program, whereas

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probably having more of an input. Okay, not in the sense of being that authoritarian. This is what we're doing, but more of the educative process which I felt that maybe I was lacking throughout the program, and I probably gave them a little bit too much power in that sense. So yeah, that was definitely a reflection that I had towards the end. Or you know, when the program sort of finished up that. Yeah, I think from my end to be a little bit more educative.

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throughout all sort of helping them understand why, looking at the elite pathway of the women and girls, why, that might not be best, for you know, the 100% might be great for 10, but not for the rest of this

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takes me back to that old sort of

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the political sociology work by delaying in extin around the the publicly funded stadiums. And they've got this great article about how social science research is ignored, or worse, right deliberately kind of

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I say, it's sort of blacklisted, or whatever things like that. And it's it's kind of interesting. So that that particular sort of

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evidence or research, or or or or sociologically informed knowledge that you bring when it doesn't basically resonate kind of. So you know, it's it's quite interesting how that's sort of the we're trying to build what they call those local growth coalition. So the co-creation kind of can actually, yeah, really go wrong.

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I'm sorry to hear that you became so

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jaded as a result of the project. How long ago was the project? so the actual program itself I delivered at the end of 2021. but yeah, the actual completion of my masses was the end of 2022. So have you had a chance to follow up since the completion of the data collection. Sort of yeah. So again, and this was

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you know, the timeframe for a Masses project I was. I had a lot more plans. Obviously I wanted to do a lot more. But with the time that I had obviously had to kind of cut it short. But I always said to them throughout the program, I'm not doing this for the masters. If I wanted to do a masses I would have. I could have done absolutely anything. But I chose to do this program because of the passion that I had So following up from the end of the program. It was meant to be sort of ongoing support.

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I did have communications with them that from the program I had one participant that ended up withdrawing just because of the overload. And we think about volunteer capacity, how much you can expect from volunteers as well. and then.

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basically, with ghost in a little bit. yeah, trying to sort of keep those connections. as much as I could, and again not putting it all on them. I probably could have done better as well. my own burnout as well. But yeah, a lot of no replies, which kind of takes a toll. I I guess the reason I ask is because I don't

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in in a static policy. So generally there's kind of a there's a saying that all policies failed. It's just a matter of degrees, because otherwise there'd be no poverty, you know. Inflation would be right. so it's it's and I don't think you can necessarily under sell the fact that you got your foot in there, because those

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those dialogues would have kept going, undoubtedly, and so it's a matter of

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timing and

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capacity as you suggest. So I just hope you don't. Yeah.

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don't get crushed by that. No, I have recovered definitely. But no, I think that was a big part of it as well. From what I imagined at the very start.

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all I thought about was the positive change that I was going to make, and I think by the end of it.

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as much as you know, it was heartbreaking that you know I may not have seen, you know, great strategies implemented and things like that. The actual you know, the knowledge that I created even just from my own burnout. that was, you know, worth more, and sort of being able to share that as well, even though I didn't get the positive change that I want. At least, you know.

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newfound knowledge as well as to why change is so hard. That's why it's been 40 years of us, you know, knowing the barriers, but for some reason we still can't. yeah, still, can't get a lot of inroads there, so

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you could easily teach about a three-hour lecture on this. And

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thank you so here.

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I mean. So I think we all kind of feel, feel your pain, and to some degree, and and

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when we ventured action and try to do some applied sociology.

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I bear the scars. I was just wondering just the thing that struck me with you said, this is tension between the kind of the elite pathway and the kind of

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participatory moments

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I mean. People don't use this language much anymore, but I mean, no one ever

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uses the term amateur very much. I mean, when I first started doing socio-economic sport, we we talked about professionals and images and

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and the conflict between them

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actually. but

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that the idea of amateur which lift you me to of pain for the love of it, kind of thing.

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maybe in a dirkhmian sense.

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playing for the social when compared compared to Korea.

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and in a sense.

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and I'm sure you would know that the population you were working with regarded as an untapped rip source in the elite.

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and it's for

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 And

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do you think that it's really possible to

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to bridge that divide which made you want to call a community, an elite or professional, an amateur, whatever that it still is.

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it still marks the institution of sport in a way that makes it very difficult to do kind of

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work that you that you're involved in? Yeah, definitely. And I think just because and we still continue to, even though we might not realize as well. But we go under this pyramid system where it's you start at the bottom, and eventually you go more elites, more elite. But what happens is the cut off.

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it's going smaller and smaller. So without even realizing it, and I found that you know within the sessions as well. Whenever the word pathway or pathways.

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was thrown around. That's that was the assumption. It was the elite, the pathway to the elite rather than

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thing of it is not just pathway. But pathways, what can that mean? How can we be more involved in the sport of basketball? But you know, in a different light, as such as coaching or referee things like that. so yeah. And I think it's extremely hard to be able to bridge that gap in something that I was never going to be able to achieve on my own. obviously, the historical context. So

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yeah, it's definitely hard. But this is what I guess thinking about, the more educative

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provide more of an educative program through something like this that you know.

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because this is a way that sports always been. It's this common sense that

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no one thinks to challenge it. That's just the way that sports always been. So. Yeah, sort of like what I was saying before being able to

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maybe test them or challenge them on. You know further understanding, because again, it is just common sense taken for granted assumption that that's just what sport is. But yeah, sort of challenging them to redefine it themselves.

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I would again thank you.

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Right.

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And the last one in person.

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is it? Oh.

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okay, good.

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All right. Thank you. Thanks. Mitch and selfies. yeah, to really interesting presentations. And I'm grateful for Mitch as well for setting up a little bit of the global scene around forced migration. So I might just, you know, yeah, lean on you for that. but before I getting to sort of

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my presentation on informal sport and non-belonging among Hazara migrants in Australia. I'd like to acknowledge the ruinedary boy world. People of the cooling nation as the traditional custodians of the land upon which we meet. And I'd like to pay my respect elders, past and present, and acknowledge that sovereignty was never seeded.

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alright, so forced migration and belonging bills really, actually, really nicely on on Mitch Mitchell's presentation. But then it kind of takes it away from Uganda and actually puts it, make you you frame that in terms of as often looked at the integration. And you're saving constantly, often talk about settlement. So I'm particularly interested in in this paper, in post migration experiences.

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and the reason is that enforced migration we often look at display sort of the the trauma. The the social dislocation and the adverse health consequences of displacement.

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And yet there is sort of that implicit assumptions that that post-migration. I. The settlement process is relatively, it's sort of an upwards from there, and it is not right. So the literature increasingly recognizes post-migration settlement as the continuation of a fraud journey. That is a journey that is so is associated with as many as many challenges and stresses in many cases, and and enables and facilitators as The displacement itself.

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so that's something that a process that I'm really interested in and particularly in relation to. the notion of belonging, or the way. I I now like to think about it non- belonging as as if you like a spectrum or a continuum

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where? We never really fully belong, and belonging is, is hardly both contextual and and Conditional. And so For many! For many force migrants settling in countries like Australia

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erez agmoni belonging or not belonging is is one of the key sources of of of tensions and things that that is being navigated now belonging is is associated with a sense of emotional attachment to people, to places. etc. Yet at the same time this is not simply something over which 150

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mit. Ctl. And people in generally not just migrant necessarily exercise a lot of agency. So we need to see that again in the dialectic between agency and structure, and particularly in relation to what, in the literature on on belonging is talked about as granting and seeking, i. E. We need to locate this in power structures, one

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erez agmoni, and particularly focused on the work of of Gassan Haj. In in this well-known book, White Nation, about what Gus and Harsh calls governmental belonging so to whom is belonging? Granted and on what conditions? Kind of goes to Davis's earlier question about developments? Yeah. So who's developed? On whose terms? For whom? So really, I'm packing that and what I try to 150

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 present today is around the experiences of particularly Hazara migrants to Australia, and particularly men, and I will get back to that in the discussion a little bit more who have faced severe persecution, displacement, and migration.

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and who sort of experience what we call sort of in the literature, lives in transition. So ongoing transitions, often with very insecure legal status often in sort of legal limbo as to whether they will be allowed to stay here can be over a period of many years actually being in that limbo and all the associated health and social challenges, for example. So not having the right to work

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and experiencing all sorts of mental health challenges. So that's that's what I want to look at today. And

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I'd like to then see? Sort of sport as a context and resource for for belonging or non- belonging in this particular study. we focused specifically on informal sport. So a lot of the research. So so Mitch place it into sports. The development context in in in programs but sort of the literature more on the post migration experiences focus mainly on

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organized sports. particularly Community Sports Club. So the kind of basketball clubs that that Sophie was talking about in the in the Wyndham area, for example. and we see that very lofty policy ideals and a policy ideal there being that sports of a has participation in these sports clubs can positively impact sense of belonging, but also sort of associated sense of

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erez agmoni social inclusion. Improvement to physical Mental well-being, etc.! Maybe even livelihood in some cases, when there is some employment, connection, or educational sort of connections to it, yet the realities are often very troubled. So one of the things we know is an 150.

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We've seen several studies around the world around this that the notion of of, if you like, integrate or including migrants in sports, clubs, including forced migrants

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often has some sort of a E is assimilation is tendency. So, for example, this idea that they need to. They need to fit in and leave their identities. For example, religious identities at the door. And I've seen many as a as a community coach, and also someone who's done research in community clubs for many years. but we also see it actually at the elite level here at the Mcg. For those of you who are local. You might recall for many years

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discussions about having a prayer room in the Mcg. For example, which was, many of us considered less for me right. And I think, as this now correct is that I you would you would be able to tell me that. Yeah, Bashar Ali, I think the Richmond player was one of the big advocates for that.

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There is this idea that that needing to fit in, and therefore need need to leave parts of one's identity. And these identities are often hybrid always, Mitch, because the multiplicity of those identities need to be left at the door. They are kind of not welcome there, so one needs to adapt oneself to fully fit in. This is obviously not the kind of belonging that is particularly conducive to a a sense of of positive settlement.

279
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So at the same time We've seen more in the in this place of sort of unorganized sport and and and a broader range of physical activities, more strength-based approaches. And I'm particularly a big fan of the the work done by Yuka, Nakamura, and Peter Donnelly. And Mark Norman was involved in this as well. This citizen science project

280
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in the greater Toronto area in Canada, where they've documented the the types of physical cultural diversity that migrants have brought to Canada. So so you kind of flipping it around there and say, Okay, let's actually start.

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elevating and celebrating the the sporting contributions and the broader cultural contributions that migrants have made

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to to their to the the countries to which they've been. They've been to which they've migrated.

283
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And it's that kind of approach, I think, that starts opening up

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mit Ctl and learnings from what we might call in the margin informal sports. Many of them, including the one I'll be talking about today, are quite UN unbeknownst to most of us, yet they happen in large multicultural cities, such as Melbourne or Toronto, for that matter, that have actually been integrate introduced by migrants and play a major role in mit

285
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in in developing their sense of of belonging Yet often in quite complex and conflictual relation to a more national sense of belonging, for example, to the Australian nation, and actually being If you like a granted that sense of national belonging.

286
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So here we see some of the pictures of what I want to talk about today in this this particular informal sport of physical, cultural Activity

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is Called Sanghara. So sang Iraq, translate from Hazaragi the official language of the Hazara people. Into rock, throwing so, and obviously the first time we were seeing this with the Richard Steam. We were comparing it, of course, to cricket, and it's like, Oh, my God! That's horribly ethnocentric to compare it to anything as a Dutch migrant who doesn't know really cricket, either. Maybe I can get away with it.

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although they're doing well actually, at the moment. But anyway, side note. So the Hazara community have faced really centuries of oppression and and persecution, but particularly now with the 250

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With the withdrawal of Allied forces in 2,021 from Afghanistan. And the Taliban sort of taking control back over Afghanistan. The persecution have even been height. It's and numbers of of of of the the the level of displacement is is is is growing significantly again.

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And so the Hazara people are a a minority. Shia Muslim community from Central Afghanistan, and this is one of their main sort of cultural activities, particularly performed by men, both in Afghanistan, but also here in Australia.

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so What you see here is basically the the the sunglass pitch consists of 2 mounts. They're about 30 yards apart. Each can has a a wooden block they see in the top blue, and each participant has a rock, one to 2Â kg that they cherish. The rock carries a lot of Symbolic capital! So some sleep with a rock under their pillow, if you you know you have being polished, et ceteraides.

292
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It's it's yeah. It's in a safe kept in the safe in some case.

293
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And so there's a real sense of pride associated with that rock. and so they've they've got tournaments so tournaments throughout throughout the year. So informal groups will pop up a few times a week, but also they've got annual sort of State or national tournaments happening.

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And

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the question I want to answer in in the time remaining today is, how does engagement in some garage affect Hazara? Men's experiences of non- belonging in Australia, and particularly that the tension there between what Mix referred to as that sense of home crafting, that sense of home and a sense of home actually being misrecognized or even stigmatized within the broader Australian community.

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So methods consisted of of a combination of things. But over a 2 year period we built relationships with 2 different Groups of Sungarak players in the eastern suburbs. Well, sort of out of east of Melbourne. And initially, that relationship building, particularly because of a very mistrusting of who we were. We were considered agents of the State, or worse.

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And so there was a really long, long relationship building, particularly involved also increasing

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requests on their behalf, almost, perhaps, testing loyalties for advocacy. So they have many issues with their local government, the council around spaces to play, and facilities which are

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touch upon later, and so asking us to sort of be intermediaries in the process. And hey, can you please talk to council and help us? Sort of get that way and use your research to to leverage, to leverage your research to together better facilities And so we conducted observations and a number of interviews with members of the groups, and also some of the, if you like the other stakeholders. So non-playing members of the Hazara community.

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And I want to focus on on 2 key findings, the first one around agency, and the second one about misrecognition. So both of those are sort of really hot debates in the sociology of migration, and my idea is how much we use the informal sport of sang Iraq almost as a window on 2.

301
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These conversations, what can we learn from from from this? Particularly if you like case study for those kind of debates in migration studies around agency, and particularly around that that sense of of governmental or national, belonging

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the first, the the key finding our agency is actually quite interesting so

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initially. many of the the the the participants we're talking about. of course we play sangar out because that is our heritage. It's it's our culture. It's just what we do. It's in. It's in our, it's in our DNA. It's in our blood, right? Yet the more we start unpacking it, and over time it actually became clear

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ere

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transplanted from Afghanistan to here, instead, it was actively recreated and validated within the context of these post-migration challenges around displacement, social isolation, mental health, and particularly also the barriers, barriers. Some participants experience when they try to

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join formal sports or sports clubs where they felt that didn't know the rules. They didn't know the sport. They didn't know their language, and therefore playing the sang Iraq was, was deemed to be a much more viable option for getting together and and creating that sense of home.

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So I won't read the quotes in full, but really issues about mental health, depression, or no bridging visa. So the stress related to to uncertain sort of legal status. everyone is sick. Stress. And so that is, those are some of the post-migration. Stresses and challenges that are actually driving them to establish some garage communities in Melbourne. It was not some sort of

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innate right or or pre-fixed. Sense of culture, but actually Quite a creative, if you like. Reinvention of culture. In in facilities that were unfortunately not much better than what they were used to playing Back in Afghanistan.

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Second key finding misrecognition. So Australian sport policy strongly encourages people to participate in sport for for all sorts of health and social reasons, yet some sports are not others. And so what we see here is that the informal sport of of Sangarak, even though for participants, it offers their their only for particular. For all the participants. This is the only sport of physical activity. They played right during the week.

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It was never considered, more broadly by the community as a viable, a legitimate form of participation, because it was not a a dominant sport. So, for example, some garage is not recognized as a sport in Australia, so it has no sporting body, etc. So what does that mean? when they play on some wasteland out in the city of Casey that has no change rooms no water fountain, etc.

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Yet it's opposite to a Australian football ground that is just has has it all, and they're looking at. That's literally 50 meters, and they go and advocate the Council. What does Council say

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it's not a sport. The computer says, no, right? It doesn't. It's one. So zeros, it's a 0. We can't help you. First, you need to make this a formal sport.

313
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How do you actually do that good question right? And so really, that the complex relationship between this migrant-driven form of physical culture and the adaptive discourse of thinning into sports that are culturally dominant. So I think something that really is

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were striking during the research that There were quite a few complaints from local residents, non-hazaras

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who complained to council and reported to police that there were terrorist training in those areas. So basically, the rock throwing was seen as preparing for a terrorist attack.

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And so you see here, sort of the broader discourse around. And the Islamophobia even more broadly. that was sort of framing sugar, as is problematic, even though they were doing exactly, they were playing sport for health and inclusion. So it is so. So, so what what really came up is here sort of the the broader need to examine the spatial injustice in relation to opportunities for

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informal sport participation that roof genes myself and others sort of have been investigating. That even how it is reflected! Sort of at that micro level of allocation of facilities Being able to apply for small grants, etc., etc. None of that is available to some of these well to sung out in particular, but we also know that the same applies to some of these other sort of migrant driven forms of informal, informal sport.

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 erez Agmoni, so participants would describe it in terms of This is their foody. So they're looking at the the, the the beautiful foody over with all the the canteen and the change room, and we can't play because we we don't know about the rules. We try to talk to council, but it takes too long. And it's very hard for us to match with that format or formal sport. So it's but again, the computer says, No, it's we don't know what you're playing. It doesn't fit within our understanding of how you should be what it should look like. 150.

319
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so these are kind of some of the, the, the, the prominent experience that, on the one hand, is sent. This the the strong need and desire to get together and have a space, I guess, for A temporary escape from some of these challenges and stresses, and have these kind of really strong social emotional attachments. And, at the, on the other hand, that that is not actually

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granting them. Access to a sense of national belonging to to the Australian nation or to the rider community. In fact, in many cases it exacerbates

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the otherness in the context of being deemed the suspect other. these Muslims are preparing for a terrorist attack. So there's this is quite an interesting tensions here, and it's it's shows sort of the multi-layeredness and the complexity of of of belonging and non belonging in places such as Melbourne's Melbourne suburbs.

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Now future trajectories, and I think we know that generally sociologists are terrible predictors. So I'm not going to predict anything. Just some reflections, just some reflections.

323
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Although, having said that the former President of Brazil Fernando Cardoso was an amazing sociologist and amazing. predictor, anyway, that's a side note. so future trajectories are really interesting. So if we go back to that Citizen Science Project, led by Yukonakamuran and Peter Donnelly. They've charted the multiple trajectories that migrant-driven physical activity

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can take. So one of the prominent forms which we know is, of course, hybridization

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mit ctl, and so hybridization would presume that over time more, Hazara Australians would potentially play Sangarak, but they would also play a range of other sports that they become, in a way, maybe sporting on the divorce, and I know that term is contested in in literature one.

326
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But we see that particularly with the younger generation. So we've seen the rise of the Victorian Afghan Football Association. So Soccer Association we see them at high levels of swimming, cricket, even basketball. So that is happening yet, particularly for the older generation, particularly first generation they feel really locked out of that. So this really, we see, these intergenerational kind of ships

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that we that are very common sort of in in migrant generations.

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What is interesting is that the unlike the percept, the the sort of the broader community perception of

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the Zara community, and that Sangarag is something problematic. and particularly somewhere that is self-segregating or isolationist.

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The the quote here shows that that so the the people involved in this group are actually highly committed to making this a multicultural sport and invite more non-hazara kind of Australians into the community, and hoping also that they can sort of build the intergenerational kind of uptake. And and sort of having that sort of bifurcation into into a range of sports.

331
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So recently, they've been in talks, for example, with the local Indian Australian community. Say, Hey, you're you're mad about cricket. We're mad about oursangara. Can we make some hybrid form to play? Can we do this like the Australian football when they play Gaelic kind of, and they try, you know. So does. So let let's let's play around with this. So hybridization is one option but obviously, given sort of some of the spatial injustice and the lack of facilities.

332
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A gradual dying out of of this physical activity in the Australian context is also very much. A a scenario. So Just some some scenarios for to think with. so I'll leave you with that. Thank you.

333
01:10:08.880 --> 01:10:14.969
Thank you. It was really fascinating research study and

334
01:10:15.200 --> 01:10:23.350
and a fascinating talk. Thank you very much. What I was thinking about was when they were playing the game.

335
01:10:24.040 --> 01:10:39.090
The Hazaras? Were the safe spaces? Did they take it? Threats, or somebody threatening them or physically attacking them? Or how how safe were those spaces

336
01:10:40.150 --> 01:10:48.260
fairly safe, so there were no direct threats, or the architect. It was more recording 2 council reporting to the police. I've seen suspect activity.

337
01:10:48.390 --> 01:11:15.629
but you raise a really good point, you raise a really good point because, gone back to David's initial question about development safe for whom so clearly there is a there are some major emissions here, right? There is a real contradiction in quite a lot of these migrant, driven informal sports, but particularly in some garage in particular is that they tend to reproduce right this kind of hegemonic mescal and quite exclusionary spaces

338
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that, actually produce a sense of unsafe, or a lack of belonging in the broader community. So ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Hazara! Women and girls are not welcome here in these spaces. So if I hadn't been enough time. That was actually another theme of the research that we, but particularly what some of these activities can do inadvertently is reproduce a reinforce into a group differentiation and distinctions

339
01:11:39.410 --> 01:11:53.370
that actually, in a way, kind of a contradictory right to the sense of home. So it's a sense of home or a safe space, but a very selective one. And so there's an there's an argument sort of in my migration studies that

340
01:11:53.370 --> 01:12:11.340
diaspora. And and these sort of diasporic community diasporic activities will never be able to fully flourish unless they become more inclusive and cut through and by they break down some of these, these int intro group sort of intra community differentiations.

341
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you could look at it in multiple ways. You can look at the steps and say, and and some of the women who we talked to would say this and a little bit to shows this that may as I am in particularly face higher levels of mental ill health, etc., post migration, particularly due with the crisis of masculinity. I. A loss of power right in the migration process very common.

342
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And yet that doesn't, of course, necessarily warrant that these become sort of exclusionary spaces. It's a really tricky one. So for those who participate. They would consider them extremely safe spaces.

343
01:12:45.730 --> 01:13:00.989
But the question needs to be asked, Who's who's who's presence? Whose presence is is is marginalized or silenced, or who's who, who's basically used, not able to access those spaces. So it's a really, it's a layer of question. But a really good one. Thank you.

344
01:13:08.230 --> 01:13:23.759
Thank you for your presentation. And I I have. My question is kind of a follow up. The previous one is, I was wondering, what are women and children from this community doing for recreational physical activity?

345
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And you were talking about that. You found that they have mental illness, and they were talking about depression. But even they talk about fear. I mean in my experience on my side of the world, when you are an immigrant, you are afraid of to be taken away from migration and taking back to your country. So I don't know if that happens here. Thank you.

346
01:13:46.280 --> 01:14:03.310
yeah. They. They framed it mainly in terms of stress. But I think the the fear so particularly around the fear of the uncertainty. So that any day, basically your, you know. what you your legal service is is is

347
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well is is in limbo. To any day the decision might come that that that is sort of discontinued. And therefore you need. You need to go back so that, but they would contextualize that in in many cases, saying, But the fear of persecution back in Afghanistan was much bigger. So it's almost this, the great, the the immigrant, needs to be grateful. There's a bit that was that discourse. So we need to be great. Yes, we're kind of cold terrorist in training, and people call the police on us, and we don't have facilities.

348
01:14:31.420 --> 01:14:51.810
But, hey, you know, it's better than than facing genocide. And so this is kind of thing around that that the yeah, the need to be grateful for what one has. So it's it's both. So it's and that sense of gratitude, or at least that gratitude, narrative, and also the stress and the uncertainty and the the sense almost, that there is

349
01:14:52.260 --> 01:15:11.520
more micro-level persecution happening right now as well. So again, going back to the Id that it's not a simple pre and post. My, so migration, these are kind of, you know, ongoing lives in transition rather than fixed point or before and after doesn't exist as much more continuity, which, indeed is, is is in your question as well.

350
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some the women really don't do a lot of well depends how you define physical activity. So recreational physical activity quite a few women get together for walking, etc., but could be could be other cooking. So again, it's how you define it. But really reconational getting together. For example, children are amazing. Children are doing anything, and they don't make those kind of distinctions

351
01:15:42.290 --> 01:15:55.009
so. Quite a few girls. In swimming or basketball. Obviously at school they play physical in in physical education. And Soccer cricket so much more diverse.

352
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then the older generation. So it's really there you see that Major, in which which we know sort of and often, and it that it's not so much from this study. But my previous work, particularly with Horn of African communities, 250,

353
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where parents and elders and extended families would tell you. The children are educating us about sports. We're learning from our we're learning from and through our children. about the about study of football. We don't know anything about it, but it's our children. Say that. Can we go to a game, or can we play. Can you come and watch? So it's that kind of reverse socialization happens a lot in in sort of intergenerationally as well. So

354
01:16:31.310 --> 01:16:34.820
yeah, so let's see how that, how that develops, I guess.

355
01:16:38.100 --> 01:16:55.929
thanks for all really. interesting work. often, when people or physical cultural practices like sport are transported from one context to another. There's, you know, processes like accommodation and corporation transformation. And I'm just wondering whether you found any

356
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evidence of them taking on things like teen names, or, you know, colors, or or just little things like that that build in the local cultural

357
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elements.

358
01:17:09.970 --> 01:17:20.430
Yeah, I love that. That's that's a really good question, the first of all, having the cup. So that's something that you know. So actually having a trophy. is one.

359
01:17:21.120 --> 01:17:27.460
but that's about. It's actually good question when you were asking of thinking. Yes, that's that's something really to to sort of

360
01:17:27.550 --> 01:17:50.429
at that by new detail, sort of to to look at even more. So I love going back to the data and and sort of asking some further questions around that, because that's exactly what what happens. And particularly, as I said, sort of in that current dialogue they're having with the Indian Australian community about, you know, and and what sort of how how that activity might morph and and and become hybridized. But yeah.

361
01:17:50.430 --> 01:18:08.190
yeah, and sometimes it's used as a form of resistance to mock low culture. But it can also be perhaps a way to bridge. when you know mainstream Australians see it, and then they see all they're they're building, and some of you know, how's that? Or, you know, interesting? Yeah, thank you. It's quite great idea.

362
01:18:10.750 --> 01:18:18.770
like, thanks a lot, Ron Ron reminded me. Quite a lot of the when I was going around Craig in Sydney.

363
01:18:18.830 --> 01:18:32.310
I thought you might sort of in some ways getting similar responses, and in particular, this idea of sport being a way in

364
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into the wider society, particularly amongst the younger generations. Who founded a way like a useful way of actually being even able to enter conversations by

365
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in the workplace or school.

366
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by being able to

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command some of the discourse of the dominant sports in Australia. But I'm

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and I was thinking to some degree that that kind of activity starts the

369
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process of UN belonging in some way that I mean. I I think you you showed very well that

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that

371
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they kind of inward-looking protection

372
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protectionist notion of belonging amongst this, you know.

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refugee community.

374
01:19:23.160 --> 01:19:27.979
 it's very intent to that stage. But you're talking about the process.

375
01:19:28.790 --> 01:19:39.420
And I wonder if you ever picked up, if not just in this work, but in others about. Sometimes people wanting to detach somewhat, especially young degenerations from

376
01:19:40.130 --> 01:19:46.440
this demand for long. not talking about the wider society, but the group.

377
01:19:46.990 --> 01:19:50.590
you know their own ethnic. you group, and so on.

378
01:19:50.760 --> 01:20:16.459
Yeah, absolutely so the idea of the the ties that bind and keep you down. Yes, so actually trying to break for absolutely that is for particularly for for for children and young people is, they're much more drawn to what they do, that what their peers are involved in, what they consume through the media at school. absolutely. And it's interesting because some of that UN belonging

379
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even happens so particularly. My work is sort of horn of African communities in Australia where they at some point start forming their own little clubs and and and that was often seen, as Hey, you know, that's actually they're removing themselves from the wider community, whereas they would argue and and and the work by Steve Bradbury in the Uk. Is quite interesting about Like a minority ethnic. football, soccer clubs! There

380
01:20:40.130 --> 01:20:49.830
makes the same argument that there's often a response to discrimination and exclusion rather than not wanting to be part of something, but it's often perceived

381
01:20:49.890 --> 01:21:14.100
erez agmoni as being a a form of resistance when actually, it's a what's this kind of survival strategy but that that I'm along definitely. But children and young people who are much more sort of influenced by yeah, which your research showed as well how they how they shift, sort of with age, and generationally it did, and and just very quickly. The a particular fault line, I find, was gender, that 150,

382
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that the exclusion in many cases of girls and women from

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mainstream or mainstream, if you like, or, you know, sports  that

384
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that was a for a definite fault line. And so you got forms of resistive behavior. I kept finding people examples of young women who snack out to

385
01:21:38.720 --> 01:21:41.189
to form for them, and

386
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without their parents.

387
01:21:46.560 --> 01:21:47.839
I will

388
01:21:48.380 --> 01:21:49.510
to our

389
01:21:49.650 --> 01:21:52.529
find one thing. But thanks again.

390
01:22:00.210 --> 01:22:01.730
yeah.

391
01:22:06.460 --> 01:22:08.420
our this

392
01:22:09.820 --> 01:22:11.630
coming on and

393
01:22:15.010 --> 01:22:15.890
the

394
01:22:18.270 --> 01:22:19.530
the

395
01:22:28.410 --> 01:22:29.150
okay.

396
01:22:31.960 --> 01:22:32.780
yeah

397
01:22:34.020 --> 01:22:35.450
of the

398
01:22:35.770 --> 01:22:37.959
sorry. I'll just see if I can.

399
01:22:41.860 --> 01:22:47.480
 see if there's a way to

400
01:22:58.590 --> 01:22:59.820
sounds.

401
01:23:03.400 --> 01:23:04.080
Okay.

402
01:23:08.830 --> 01:23:09.869
we go out to tech that.

403
01:23:11.160 --> 01:23:19.069
Try doing this again, because all the functions are.

404
01:23:19.210 --> 01:23:21.229
Let's see if this works. If Don all right.

405
01:23:24.090 --> 01:23:36.949
Hello, everyone. My name is Madara Strong, and today I'm going to present you an article that I wrote now, which is yet to be published, and the title of the article is the role of social networks in the development of career of professional athletes

406
01:23:37.510 --> 01:24:06.660
and the name of the article is to explore what is the connection of athletes, family members, coaches, teachers, friends, teammates, fans, partners, acquaintances, role models in sport, sponsors, sport organizations, tournament organizers, broadcasting organizations, rivals, physiotherapists, social networks, Facebook etc., and other people and organizations with the development of personal careers of athletes, how they influence career. Choice of athletes is continuation and achievement of results in it.

407
01:24:10.740 --> 01:24:26.939
So the research questions of the article is, what is the connection of the previously mentioned social networks with the development of professional career of athletes. And also, how do the social network maps of athletes who represent the individual sport and of athletes who represent Teamsport differ

408
01:24:27.430 --> 01:24:52.400
so they are the value of the article that value that this article provides is such that in studies. Comparatively more attention is directed towards youth, sport, and towards the socialization process of children in sport. The impact of athletes, social networks regarding that is, dual career, development in sport and in education, as well as regarding the importance of social networks in athletes, transition from sport, career to life after it.

409
01:24:52.450 --> 01:25:09.910
less accent, that is the importance of social networks and professional sport, that what kind of connection is there for people who are in the lives of professional athletes, with the development of their professional career that is corresponding career choice, its continuation as well as as achievements of the results in it.

410
01:25:10.480 --> 01:25:23.299
The actuality of the team is such that the results of this article can be used for facilitating professional sport. The study has a scientific added value for the exploration of the social networks of professional athletes.

411
01:25:25.110 --> 01:25:43.660
So this article offers addition to sports. Oscela J. Field in Latvia, where no one in the doctorate level has written about such team, and also internationally, there have not been observed such studies, in which so many social networks of professional athletes would be described at once, and by using a combination of such an innovative methodology.

412
01:25:44.010 --> 01:25:56.659
Talking about previous research and the role of parents. To mention an example, parents make financial investments that refer to child coaching, provision club participation fees and competition fees, provision, transport, provision and ensuring equipment.

413
01:25:57.320 --> 01:26:13.049
Talking about the role of sport organisations to name an example, factors that need to be taken in consideration, in sport, organization include leadership, style, usage of power and political behavior, in which way decisions are being made and the development of culture.

414
01:26:14.030 --> 01:26:26.109
talking about the role of fans to mention an example of the role of fans fans raised atmosphere in the stadium on the day of a game which is very important for sport products, selling services and for athletes as well.

415
01:26:26.380 --> 01:26:45.439
Talking about the role of sponsors to mention the role of sponsors and a few of their goals. First of all, they want to obtain access to a specific target population on which a sponsor wants to concentrate and create an awareness or a disposition to purchase products in the future, secondly, to be associated with a prestigious seam, accomplishment, or or event.

416
01:26:45.990 --> 01:27:11.270
talking about an influential author, and approach up until now one author, on whose development model and sport have referred also several other authors, is co-te In studies done by cotton and fus colleagues, that athletes usually went through 3 developmental phases, sampling year specialization, years and investment years. The primary factor that separated each development phase was the amount of activities in which a child participated in the children, training, structure, and design.

417
01:27:12.290 --> 01:27:25.370
So in this article there will be also connections created between the results and the theories used in the article. There are 2 of them in the article Mark-granuator's Strength of weak test theory and kating transmitter role theory.

418
01:27:25.430 --> 01:27:36.860
So string of Vita theory claims that only the bridging weak ties have a special value for individuals. The importance of the weak ties is such that they oftentimes are more likely to serve as bridges than the strong ties.

419
01:27:36.980 --> 01:27:55.780
Katie Graham's natural theory claims that mentors facilitate the professional development and personal students growth by giving career and psychosocial mentors, functions talking about methodology in the study's qualitative phase, 4. In that interviews were conducted, in the introductions of which name, generator, or name interpreter, questions were included

420
01:27:55.800 --> 01:28:08.300
with the name generator in interpreter method. It is possible to precisely identify specific people in the cooperation network as well as cooperation forms, introductory channels and the character of ties that exists between the involved

421
01:28:08.320 --> 01:28:10.980
people in the corporation network

422
01:28:11.750 --> 01:28:35.449
talking about social network mapping. In the quantitative phase, the interpretation of qualitative results was enriched and deepened by performing the social network mapping in order to get to the social network mapping daughter who had to gather and structure the data transcripts of 4 in that interviews needed to be written, and after that their respective transcripts needed to be coded by signing, concentrated, shortened codes to the written text in order for the main tone to be written for each question.

423
01:28:35.500 --> 01:28:50.079
After that the author performed the structuring of the interview data and its insertion in the excel files for each interview. As an example is shown the excel file of the fourth interview, where information was inserted in the file, so in the page actions.

424
01:28:50.720 --> 01:29:11.289
as you can see in the first image. In the page actions there is a column, A, which is named, to whom a column B is roll, of whom column C is named, who column D has a title of role of Who, called E is what Network, or the title of the network, and F is in what way, or subnetwork, or the title of the subnetwork.

425
01:29:11.560 --> 01:29:31.789
In the second image you can see the continuation of the actions page, where in the column g. The Guidel is valuation or relationship between the nodes. Age is the beginning of an action. I is ending here in action, and J is paragraph from which information was taken in the interview.

426
01:29:32.300 --> 01:29:45.310
Then index of file, page action, explanations in the column A, or what are the derivations of the social networks and sub networks. But in Column B, or Social network title, is written the full title of the Column A, or what.

427
01:29:45.340 --> 01:29:59.110
when the excel files with all of this content were created while consulting with the University of Lafayette, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science Researcher Battery-strajevski. Then, after he with the created 4 Excel files with a computer program created the social network maps

428
01:29:59.440 --> 01:30:28.130
here to talking about the analysis of the first interview and professional athletes. Social network map. In this articles part about the connection of social networks with development of career, of professional athlete, or in the social network maps, title connection, or what network, as was seen in the first image, or the collection of social networks with development of career of professional athlete. So this map has several subnetworks, or in what way some network corresponding to the excel file

429
01:30:28.200 --> 01:30:41.280
and those subnetworks are choice continuation, achievement of results, choice continuation, management or results. continuation and achievement of results, and no influence

430
01:30:41.860 --> 01:30:59.169
as can be seen in this map. Every subnetwork is colored in a different color. All of these subnetworks will be described as well as the relationship between the nodes which characterizes the subnetworks are described in the article. The realistic relationships between the nodes are mart in the cell file in the column valuation or relationship between nodes

431
01:30:59.170 --> 01:31:19.870
as a scene in the second image that I showed previously. These relationships between the nodes are written in the social network map on the ties between the nodes and also the show in the computer program. When you select a specific node and press show info, then the direction of the relationship between the nodes.

432
01:31:19.970 --> 01:31:37.089
as you can, you could see in the second image with the Hexagons. The social network groups are marked. However, the number of Drombases are particular, anonymized people who correspond to their respective group. With the squares are marked the core organizations as well as the social network sites. Not particular people.

433
01:31:37.580 --> 01:32:02.119
So talking about the connection of the first interview, professional athletes, social networks with development of his career here to answer the research chain and the first research question, it can be concluded that the first interview that leads to career choice impacted and directed his first coach. That is, career, continuation influences, sport organization, broadcasting organizations, physiotherapy teammates and family is to name a few examples here

434
01:32:02.410 --> 01:32:33.730
us here. In the second interviewed professional athlete's social network map. The principles are the same as were in for the first social network map here to name and like an example about the second interviewed professional athletes, social networks with the development of his career. so the second interview is athletes, achievement of results in career impact athletes, coach teachers, teams, sport organizations, acquaintance, tournament, organizing and social network sites.

435
01:32:34.160 --> 01:32:45.479
Here, in the third interviewed professional athletes, social network map, the principles are the same as were described for the first and second social network maps here to name an example

436
01:32:45.550 --> 01:33:04.709
on how the third interview that leads professional social networks connected with the development of his career. So the third interview that late's achievement of results in career influenced death is partner, coaches, teacher, teachers, teammate, friends, rival and sponsor.

437
01:33:05.020 --> 01:33:15.769
Here. regarding the fourth interview. Professional athletes, social network map, the same principles as apply here, as were mentioned for the first 3 social network maps.

438
01:33:16.390 --> 01:33:30.130
So talking about the connection of the Ford interview professional athletes, social networks with development of her career. To name an example. Here death is career, choice, continuation and achievement or results impacts definitely seem it and agent

439
01:33:30.740 --> 01:33:55.109
to answer the second research question, and how the social network maps of athletes who represent individual sport and the athletes who represent teams for differ. The main differences that could be observed between the social network maps of the athletes who represent the individual sport and the athletes who represent Teamsport was that both of the athletes who each represent their respective team sport mentioned additional social networks that athletes representing individual sport did not mention.

440
01:33:55.160 --> 01:34:17.340
For instance, a third interview that I stated that the agents, club directors, and club owners have a big say and play an important role in his representative type of sports soccer. The situation can be such that one day they can up to you and tell you that you have been sold and everything ends there, he added, in deep sports, your daily life is being planned by someone else, and nothing much depends on you in terms of organization.

441
01:34:17.340 --> 01:34:28.729
The fourth interview that, like, mentioned an additional impactful person in her career, her agent, and she mentioned that courage and plays a big role in that where that it goes to play and on what conditions?

442
01:34:30.230 --> 01:34:53.020
so here I'm talking about. The connection of the previously mentioned social network groups of the 4 interviewed and athletes and run over to string to Wikita's theory in the interview that leads for us to draw their social networks and their relationship at the time of the interview on a map in relevance with graduators theory that is described in which social network groups they have weaker ties and we reach stronger.

443
01:34:53.020 --> 01:35:13.279
To name an example, the second interview that late drew in his closest circle. His family partner, coaches visited herbits, friends, and teammates those are his strong ties. Outside of his closest circle. He drew tournament organizers, sport organization sponsors, role models and sports, rivals, teachers, acquaintances, fans, broadcasting organizations and social networks. Those are his weak ties.

444
01:35:13.790 --> 01:35:37.030
talking about the connection of the previously mentioned social network groups of the 4 interview deathets and crabs Metro theory. One of Graham's mentioned career. development support aspects that the most effective mentoring must consist of is coaching and conscious of of the athletes feed the suspect of providing coaching. For instance, the Ford interviewed athletes. First coach taught her a good foundation for her game.

445
01:35:37.030 --> 01:36:15.489
For instance, a matter of cautious dog athletes how to become a better basketball player technically helped the athlete to work on her truck or dribbling movements and on all elements in basketball. So besides that, that's still talking about the cram's Metro theory connection with the previously mentioned social network groups. Besides the one of career development support aspects that the most effective mentoring must consist of which was mentioned previously. Graham also thinks that the most effective mentoring must consist of psychosocial support aspects as well among the psychosocial functions, being as a role model.

446
01:36:15.500 --> 01:36:29.080
For instance, the first interview D athlete mentioned that his role models in sport inspired him with their achievements and results in rowing, also that they learned from his role models in sport, the technique practicing cell and how to compete.

447
01:36:29.190 --> 01:36:47.570
Talking about conclusions in the conclusion part of the article daughter would like to point out that the study's limitations and also suggestions for future research to begin as the first limitation could be mentioned. The fact that the analysis and results of this study are based on merely foreign, that the interviews with professional athletes, the suspect could limit that. How representative the results are.

448
01:36:47.750 --> 01:37:06.499
in future research. It could be so describe. For instance, what is the difference between the importance of the strong ties and weak ties in development of career, of professional athletes, and whether the weak ties have had an impact on the career and mobility of athletes, and whether they have provided the athletic information that he or she does not have already. And if yes, in what way?

449
01:37:06.830 --> 01:37:24.770
Also talking about grav's mental role theory, element connection with the article's data, the limitation of this article in this aspect was that only 2 of the crimes mentioned career development support aspects coaching, and with the one example sponsoring and one of the psychosocial support aspects being as a role model were linked with the data obtained in this study

450
01:37:24.850 --> 01:37:43.950
to give an example, so the the future research could examine more in death. They already mentioned Graham's career development support aspects that form effective mentoring, coaching, and sponsoring, and also other career development support aspects that form effective mentoring such as exposition and visibility, protection and giving challenging tasks.

451
01:37:44.640 --> 01:38:05.910
Lastly, the previous studies indicate that there is a missing knowledge about the involvement of parents in the youth sport and about the specific mechanisms with which parents influence their children in a sport environment as a suggested direction for the future have been mentioned longitudinal studies in which the child who develops is taken into consideration as well as ecosystems of several levels

452
01:38:06.080 --> 01:38:22.460
in the future, coaching behavior, the core chatting relationship, and also other factors which could influence the withdrawal from your sport should be explored further repeatedly. The completion completion of longitudinal research was mentioned as a recommendable direction in order to gather the indicators of remaining in sport.

453
01:38:22.560 --> 01:38:41.759
In this article it was touched upon how parents of the athletes influence their children in sport environment that is mentioned in what way their parents are connected to the development of their careers, how they are connected to the career's choice, continuation and achievement, or results in it to name an example. An athlete mentioned that his father was the one who spart his interest in love for the respective sport

454
01:38:41.760 --> 01:38:53.529
which impacted his career choice. It may be good also to perform a longitudinal study in the future in order to capture the connection of various social network groups, the development of careers of athletes, as it happens in real time.

455
01:38:53.640 --> 01:39:07.830
and the factors which influenced the withdrawal of the athletes from your sport could also be analyzed this way. so here are some references. and thank you very much for your attention.

456
01:39:08.060 --> 01:39:12.250
Thank you very much, and have a nice day. Thank you.

457
01:39:15.100 --> 01:39:15.780
Thank you.

458
01:39:20.250 --> 01:39:21.270
Wow!

459
01:39:22.710 --> 01:39:24.570
You did that.

460
01:39:27.990 --> 01:39:28.680
Sure.

461
01:39:29.410 --> 01:39:33.289
you can have a brief chat about that presentation.

462
01:39:35.340 --> 01:39:39.270
it was! It was so hard! Follow!

463
01:39:39.930 --> 01:39:41.020
So

464
01:39:42.550 --> 01:39:44.090
any comments.

465
01:39:50.060 --> 01:39:51.270
of course. Yes.

466
01:39:53.700 --> 01:40:07.280
I have the chance, or I didn't have the courage before. But I'm so sorry. What happened to you. I guess it happens it doesn't matter if it's a high income, low income of middle income country. It happens everywhere.

467
01:40:07.550 --> 01:40:09.060
I'm sorry about that.

468
01:40:09.170 --> 01:40:15.449
And I was wondering I maybe it's because my language or I didn't quite understand.

469
01:40:15.880 --> 01:40:24.259
How were you planning to include women in this program? I mean, were you planning to have co-ed

470
01:40:24.330 --> 01:40:34.520
basketball teams, or I didn't quite understand? How were you planning to implement these changes? And maybe this is a

471
01:40:35.070 --> 01:40:52.719
3 question, or I don't know. But Do you think that if you were a man a man will it? To have made a difference like if a man was the one trying to implement those changes?

472
01:40:53.090 --> 01:40:56.890
I don't know. Thank you.

473
01:40:57.710 --> 01:40:59.990
You see. I

474
01:41:00.590 --> 01:41:04.430
yeah, I got it. And on take 2 on the

475
01:41:04.770 --> 01:41:05.430
yeah.

476
01:41:05.810 --> 01:41:06.730
enough.

477
01:41:06.980 --> 01:41:14.359
Yeah, I didn't speak too much about what the actual program entailed and a breakdown at the fourth session. So

478
01:41:14.410 --> 01:41:42.009
essentially like, I said, it's somewhat based off the the Change Makers project that Victoria University conducted as well. so essentially, it's about getting the participants to go into that club, find out gather evidence about. You know how their club, essentially like an assessment. So looking at the different conditions that let's say.

479
01:41:42.690 --> 01:42:03.879
I guess the conditions that sort of make up what the environment, how the environment is, actually, whether it's, you know, somewhat hostile, or whether it is inclusive and supportive, the whole thing is supporting them. To be able to understand their context a little bit better before then, trying to create some strategies. So essentially, it was a program that

480
01:42:04.290 --> 01:42:06.300
enlisted participants

481
01:42:06.360 --> 01:42:25.980
for them to actually come up with the strategies themselves. And I was there more as a support if I could do any work, provide any resources? so on with that. So I guess the halt was that we didn't actually get to. We got to sort of the creating the strategies. But it was the implementation. That's where

482
01:42:26.100 --> 01:42:36.700
I hit a roadblock. So there was no actual opportunity to go out and do what they wanted to do. They sort of put the plans in place, and then that's when it kind of settled

483
01:42:36.780 --> 01:42:39.699
 in terms of

484
01:42:40.040 --> 01:43:01.279
if I was, if there would be a difference if I was a man again. I I'm not exactly sure if we could run another one to see if it was different. At times I felt probably my age as well may have been a factor, for, you know, reliability. As much as I knew the basketball world, and I said that as of

485
01:43:01.280 --> 01:43:24.490
as one of the facilitating factors of the process, the fact that I could relate to them. I wasn't just a researcher that had no idea I could sort of relate to them based on that basketball knowledge. I knew what was going on. So in that sense I could build the trust through basketball that I found out. But yeah, there was sort of this still.

486
01:43:24.959 --> 01:43:47.910
not so much lack of trust. But yeah, sometimes I did find it hard. I think age was definitely a factor, as I was working with people who have been involved in basketball, probably for double the amount of use I've been alive. So there was that factor as well that always have to navigate and still have to navigate as well. but yeah, interesting to see what it would be like to be a man.

487
01:43:48.980 --> 01:43:50.600
Okay, thank you.

488
01:43:56.870 --> 01:44:08.839
I thought, yeah, we maybe we. We ought to just give response to the the video presentation which I had difficulty following. But just the the general.

489
01:44:09.440 --> 01:44:24.709
The general argument, I thought has been supported pretty much by all the papers that have been given, which is that so? Certainly in the air of being a professional athlete, but not only professional social networks are incredibly important. I would have thought

490
01:44:24.780 --> 01:44:27.110
And

491
01:44:27.559 --> 01:44:29.580
as we've already indicated.

492
01:44:29.709 --> 01:44:39.819
you know, something is basically sociological. There's class social class, you know. Most of the darters on the

493
01:44:39.850 --> 01:44:49.259
number of is that in many sports at least, there's a massive overrepresentation of people who are already advantaged in the.

494
01:44:49.500 --> 01:44:52.399
in this, in the society in general.

495
01:44:52.520 --> 01:45:01.360
 be that in some Bordersian sense, around cultural capital, but certainly economic capital, social capital, etc.

496
01:45:01.440 --> 01:45:05.299
So I think that would be. I think that the

497
01:45:05.389 --> 01:45:08.479
the advantage of that presentation was

498
01:45:08.900 --> 01:45:15.539
was to was to inform us of what was happening in that in that national context.

499
01:45:15.590 --> 01:45:19.099
and it would be useful, I suppose, to

500
01:45:19.580 --> 01:45:27.540
for us to think comparatively about whatever variations there is there are in social network formation

501
01:45:27.950 --> 01:45:29.850
in different contexts. But

502
01:45:29.920 --> 01:45:33.240
I would have thought, that's mostly what we've.

503
01:45:33.389 --> 01:45:37.359
We've discovered in sociology that

504
01:45:37.600 --> 01:45:39.629
that the myth of the

505
01:45:40.290 --> 01:45:52.090
very strong in Australia, is it not that somebody comes, and what, yes, comes wandering out of the desert, or you know the suburbs, or whatever

506
01:45:52.110 --> 01:45:57.580
completely untut it, but with fantastic skills and motivation and

507
01:45:57.990 --> 01:45:59.909
makes it we.

508
01:46:00.080 --> 01:46:11.439
a tiny, a tiny proportion of people, ever make it in professional sport and even tinier proportion of people make it from outside social networks like the one to describe me

509
01:46:14.790 --> 01:46:15.639
of that

510
01:46:21.290 --> 01:46:28.149
was that it? I'm not. I'm not just time for the session of the student in a few minutes.

511
01:46:28.570 --> 01:46:48.649
It's a bit tangent to all the wonderful questions and discussion that we've had so far. But I just want to pick up on something that you came out in your presentation, Mitch, about how people used food to create that identity. And also, Ramon, I noticed in your pictures of the men playing. They're all eating as well, but the women aren't

512
01:46:48.780 --> 01:47:14.310
there. They don't play the game, but they must be there in some form. Are they off to the side, doing all the food. They're just not there at all, they?

513
01:47:14.750 --> 01:47:26.279
So they're really invisible. They just do it at home. And then the food's just there.

514
01:47:26.660 --> 01:47:40.599
Wow! That's really interesting. yeah, that's really interesting. I wasn't expecting. I thought they'd be up like, you know, they have the women over here. I can't like this. I mean a cooking the barbecue and the women are inside doing other cooking but completely different.

515
01:47:40.950 --> 01:47:41.770
Thanks.

516
01:47:45.160 --> 01:47:45.860
So

517
01:47:46.900 --> 01:47:50.959
thanks everyone for a very productive

518
01:47:51.060 --> 01:47:57.129
dialogue, great papers today. And what's real, some real links with it.

519
01:47:57.170 --> 01:48:01.469
you know, it's always nice when that happens and great participation. So thank you all for

520
01:48:01.890 --> 01:48:07.029
3 great questions, and let's round of applause for ourselves.