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Okay, I think we will start now. Good morning everyone. My name is Mariona Kalkani.

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I'm PhD researcher at the Fly University at Berlin and I'm also associate researcher at the Heidelberg University also in Germany in the in the framework of the project Foot for Justice.

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And we just led by Professor Dr. Renata Motta and Marco D. Sheda.

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And during this week we have been organizing these panels of food and social change, also considering the relevance that food systems have in the current.

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Socio-ecological crisis and the impact not only environmental impacts but also the social impacts that the global food system is having.

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And that's why I'm very happy to see you all here and I thank you very much for sharing your research.

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I hope we have a fruitful discussion this morning. And Yes, every person every presenter will have 15 min.

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I will let you know when you have more like 3 min just to to do a wrap-up and then hopefully we have a great discussion.

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And so we are starting with a remote presentation. Bye Ayumi Sugimoto. Thank you for being here today.

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Please share your screen so we also see your presentation and yourself when speaking.

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So, thank you very much for your introductions. Can you see my slide?

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Yes, we see perfectly. Thank you.

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Okay, thank you very much. So, my name is, Thank you very much for giving this opportunities.

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I am now working at the Akita International University in Japan. My research is actually about more about the farmland And, and I will talk about the Japanese, context, but I hope you will enjoy my presentations.

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So, this research discusses the local dynamics of the farmland consultation policy in Japan. Japan is a mountainous island.

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Unsuitable for large scale farming. It made a difficult, efficient farm work. The Japanese government has merged small farms to make large farm lots to industrialize Japanese agriculture.

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The Adelage farmland size is 2.15 hectare. So 2 times compared to 60 years ago.

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These century the aging and decrease of farmers accelerated the government's farmland consultation policy to continue.

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So, policy discourse says that farmland consolidation can increase the productivity and profitability of Japanese agriculture.

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There are there are small plots of light studies of about 10 acres. People can consolidate their farmland with large parcel of about one hectare each.

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And community based agriculture corporations. Can cultivate it. Largest scale farmland and labor intensification will reduce labor hours for rice production and utilize a surplus data to cultivate high profit crops.

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So the research question is how it has small Japanese runners reacted to the farmland conservation policy. Based on the case of study, this research mainly discusses the landowner's reactions to choosing cultivators after the land, family and consolidation.

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After the family and consultation, most of the landowners keep the land property lights. There are wide varieties of land owners reactions to choose the cultivators.

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To understand round owners reactions, this research uses heterotopia as a concept. Petrotopias are located in Le physical and space time and sub to 10 polarity introduced different ways of ordering society and space.

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In particular spaces and times. It's can be an analytical tools that lies in making sense of the differences from other sites of resistance to the dominant mainstream culture.

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A case study of farmland constellation is a community in Akita Prefecture, Northern Japan.

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Here inlet. Akita Prefecture is very must. For rice production and shrinking communities because of the high yesterday of aging and the population in Japan.

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Here is the list of my results. Inside this box.

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This picture is a research site. Farm run constellation happens 2 times inside this gleam zone.

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Yeah, before and after World War 2. The case of study is about the second project that allows the one farmload from 10 8 cars to one hectares.

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10 h, sorry, they are to one hectare. The total consolidated farmland in this community is 109 hectares in 3 bridges.

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And there are 100 grand owners living in 4 Sorry for neighboring, villages.

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This route shows how, how hard to start. Farmland consolidation is The, consolidation requires a huge amount of money.

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In this case it cost 16 million US dollars. The landowners cannot shoulder everything. So the construction cost it's shared by the government.

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Local Land Management Committee and landowners. The government always asked the landowners to get or landowners agreement so that they subsidize the construction.

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It took 5 years to achieve every landowner's agreement by themselves. It sounds like a community based approach, but this process create new tensions among the landowners.

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There are both agree and disagree voices for the land of consolidation project. The push factor were the population, aing and no successor.

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The poor factors while worries about unknown future Surgeon what is the Community Best Agricultural Corporation because they cultivate it by families.

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Before and who managed it. Who will show that that if we that happens, etc. Fortunately, prefecture government changed the subsidy policy.

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If the landowners became the community-based based agriculture corporation member the government shoulder the landowner's construction coast.

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We this economic incentive many landowners agreed with the project and became the corporation's members.

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Oh, being a member of community based agriculture corporation. Sounds reasonable. Regarding workload.

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The lando owners here run the owner's lease. At their land to the corporation. Corporations and the corporation cultivates the land and pay the lentil fee.

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To the landowners. The government and JA supports a community based agricultural corporations.

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However, after the family run consolidations, not all the landowners became corporations member. The Agriculture Corporation cultivates 77 landowners land is a significant portion.

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However, now 9 landowners continue cultivating their land by themselves. Here calls them independent farmers and one farmer certified by the municipal governments as a core farmer in this area.

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Current debate his run and the other 3 landowners farmland. There are 3 different types of cultivator after the coastal actions.

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Oh my god. So, 3 cultivators, sorry. To visualize 3 different cultivators, I cut out 3 different colors.

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Yellow is the community. Based agricultural corporations purple is independent farmers and bread is certified farmers. It's like a mosaic.

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Let's see the 3 types of cultivator. The first cultivator is the community based Agriculture Corporation.

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They aim to achieve 100 million 100 million yen in sales using the 25 governments mega greenhouses inside this farmland.

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They already achieved this sales after 3 years. Agriculture for them is a job to arm money.

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The corporation hired 7 officials and 8 full-time full-time staffs from the local village. And 56 part time farm workers are hired.

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In busy seasons from inside and outside the local villages. According to the government subsidy policy, they diversify agriculture by producing rice.

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Young soybeans and in Japanese or soybeans. And then green onion here, Japanese green onion and dary of flowers using large machines.

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The second cultivator is an independent farmer. 9 landowners cultivate their farm round by themselves independently.

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Works alone, others work by a couple. Of husband and wife. And in other cases, sounds or radar narratives of the landowners come to work in their party fields weekend.

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Everyone focuses on rights production at around one hectare is there is no diversifications happens. They and other landowners are don't meet their other meets that their farms are of relatively higher quality and quantity of rice production than the community-based agriculture corporation.

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Only one independent farmer use no chemical fertilizer or insecticides. He doesn't produce Akita's local brand of rice.

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He continued to share it with relatives and sell it to his friends. Independent farmers are more

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The loss-county data is the certified farmer. They are satisfied by submitting an agriculture management plan to municipal municipality and receiving the subsidy.

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He is an eighties. Firmer, very old farmer and he'd son sometimes help him because he had his son has office work.

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The local people also recognize his rice. Farms higher quality than the agriculture corporation. He doesn't know or answer wisely landowners are screen for cultivations.

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But he said maybe there are some reasons. At least in my case, when the fundrawn consolidation project came in this community, I had already decided to cultivate the land myself.

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So I just followed my decision.

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Why not all the the owners follow the policy in tensions? There is a wide variety inside a small local community.

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Firstly, the London owners are from different family situations. The average age of the Saudi respondents is 69.7 years old.

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Therefore, aging is occurring in this community.

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Having farmland, farmland successor or not vary among the people. Only 9.6% have successes and 34.4% don't.

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Is still 25.8% do not know and 30.1% didn't answer these questions.

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It implies that half of the landowners Futures are unclear. A sense of insecurity lands deep in people's hearts.

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For most landowners, their land were used for rice production. And this history remains a core motives for keeping the lands and seeking the current debate to make a beautiful party landscape as their home.

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And to produce tasty rice. Another BALIDI may array among the cultivators. The community-based agriculture corporations changed local agriculture to business and jobs.

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Only a few through time farmers like certified and independent farmers can continue rice production as an expert with pride. Some independent farmers continue rice production as a subsistence.

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3 more minutes, please.

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Like many landowners before. They thank you. They are both policy oriented and self-oriented decisions existing inside.

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Local community. In conclusion, Hyperotopia in farmland consolidation helps to understand government governing and resistance.

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The firm around the consolidation policy is a total Italian scheme. How, local London owners shows They are diverse views, concerns, and hopes.

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Through the This policy inclusive and exclusive. And it creates new collectiveness and tensions on the ground.

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The fun run consolidation is free. And Japanese farming community are ever changing.

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So here is a difference and Thank you very much for your listening. That's all about my presentations.

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Thank you very much.

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This is great at Yumi, thank you very much. Unfortunately, we were unmute, but people were clapping here.

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So you can repeat the class for you to hear.

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Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much. So now we continue with Esther Coys from Italy. It's very late there.

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Yes.

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Yeah.

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And thank you for being with us today, Esther. You have 15 min. I will write you in the chat when you have 5 and I will let you know when you have 3.

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So the floor is yours. Thanks.

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Okay, thanks a lot. Okay, I share my screen.

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Okay, can you see it?

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Yes, okay. Hello everyone. I'm Mr. Kois and I'm an Melbourne ruler sociologist, the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the University of Ocary, Also on behalf of my colleague, I present our contribution on branding of stereotypes and entrepreneurship in

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the branding of stereotypes and entrepreneurship in the neighborhood sector using gender to make a good sector using gender to make strategic marketing.

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So the focus of our contribution starts from the so-called code of excellence. To which narrative lines is the contemporary collective debate on the impact of gender defined in the context of the new agriculture using Vanderplugs definition.

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Is it possible strategic and performative use of the gender factor as the distinctive capital of one's firm.

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So the case study is based on the collection and analysis of 30 in depth and structured interviews with women entrepreneurs in various supply chains of the contemporary Sardinian rural world in order to highlight both the conscious and strategic use of the process of offering within the masculine paradigm and the aware construction of a fake

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authenticity. The stories collected from these central entrepreneurs could suggest a strategic use of a stereotyped image or the female role in Mediterranean society for example hospitality warms good taste.

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You creating a sort of marketing of diversity. Indeed, the bond between women and the land once centralized in the cultural universal of the mother goddess seems today strengthened statistically by the increase in female entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector as a device for the production and migration of female biographical trajectories of

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excellence both as per exemplary cases of creative individual innovators on a ferocious market such as the agri food sector dominated by multinationals of standardized food production and with respect to pioneering collective experiences of economic solidarity on a food.

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And on the local scale. From both perspective, Sadina represents a lively landscape in which you can find many stories of private family and professional life that bring together managers of innovative companies in the food and wine production field.

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Weivers of restore traditional artisan laboratories, members of Agro Zoo Techical Cooperatives that have been for runners in the Second World War and still are in a sense when discussing the nessos between women and business it was at best a curious eccentricity.

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Entrepreneurial action could be meant as an archetype of social action and can be related to gender for a cross reading on how gender and entrepreneurship are culturally produced and reproduced in social practices.

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Doing business is a social practice just like doing gender, but the latter is less evident than the former because common sense still often attributes gender to the people's bodies and therefore today being rather than today doing as a situated doing.

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So from this perspective, gender is a social practice that is reproduced as it is acted. Starting from this perspective, the students to explore how or the narrative and talking level this specific form of capital, this gender is mobilized and becomes a key asset for the doing of women entrepreneurs in this specific production change.

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Agri business in order to explore both the conscious and strategic use of the process of ordering within the main paradigm and the conscience construction.

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A recognizable authenticity. We argue that the use of gender factor in some types of business can be strategic, active and autonomous by enhancing one's difference to give visibility to her firm where thatarity, patriarchy or otherness as a woman can be translated in an exotic and winning feature.

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You able to use your difference or diversity when you are perceived as the other allows you to consciously play the role of that other different person.

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It allows you to strategically use an intentional authenticity and typicality. Here you can see some structural data on the presence of women in the agriculture at the national level in Italy, just some figures.

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One farm out of tree is run by a woman in terms of top management and legal ownership and the social demographic portrait of Italian female agricultural entrepreneurs represents a May to company manager.

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49% of women in top positions are over 60 years old and just 9% for within an extended definition of young entrepreneur but the trend is changing.

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As for the regional level, about one farm out of 4 is run by a woman in the position of owner and or top manager.

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The social demographic profile is in line with national trends but within the general framework of business diversification, the presence of women in the management of agri tourisms deserves and a because in 2,02239% of this type of business was managed by women.

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Well, if there is a social word in which gender bodies count and tell intensely about their distinction, this is the contemporary rural world and our collection of biography has been specifically focused on the social construction of gender identities through 6 main discursive strategies for interpreting and representing one self as a woman and an entrepreneur.

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Let's see what these strategies are. The first one can be defined back to essentialism. Well, excellence is conceived as intrinsic diversity.

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The underlying idea is that you are born a woman entrepreneur. This assumption evokes the idea of generativity of a nature at pro-social propensity of a pedagogy of sacrifice and a cooperative aptitude naturally connected to the true feminine essence.

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These are the words of M, who owns a wine company. If I had to describe the way I think of my firm, even for the difficulties of the early days, it is as if it were sun or daughter.

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I gave birth to it. I made it grow. I wore it night and day. I invested all of myself in it.

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I think that as a woman it was a kind of a natural instinct. The second path we detect is is the strategic conversion of gender moral careers where excellence is conceived as an investment in the cultural re appropriation.

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The idea here is that you become a women entrepreneur evoking the transfer of the social expected role of caregiver from private to public sphere.

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The attitudes for multitasking and pragmatism and the function of emotional effective problem-solving which is required of women as such according to their moral career.

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In the words of G, owner of a daily company, I've been raised to be a caregiver for as long as I can remember with my younger siblings first, then with my children, then with my elderly mother.

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I know what it's like to organize time down to the less detail. Don't waste a single minute.

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Do you know how many times they tell me, but how do you do everything? In, there is a problem.

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It's not about waking up early, it's about getting the time right. The third strategy connects to the family epoch where excellence is conceived as a count effect.

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Here being a women entrepreneur is an achievement that allows to pass from the house to the field. And evokes the resistance to domestic expectations difficult paths in a stubborn and opposite direction within the paradigm of one in a thousand makes it especially if you want to be the keeper of your family tradition.

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As G, there is a owner of an olive oil company said, it's not like I really found golden bridges when I decided to join the firm.

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My father used to say to me, but why did we send you to study, but why did we send you to study in Stanley was wrong, that waiting, living alone, becoming independent. It was wrong, that waiting, living alone, becoming independent.

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It all helped me to understand that I was the last leaning alone, becoming independent, it all helped me to understand that I was the last link in the chain started by my great-grandfather that this was my place, the firm.

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The fourth strategy is a sort of exoticism where excellence is conceived as accessible variety. Here being a woman, human entrepreneur, fascinated because of the persistent accentricity of this choice, but in a positive sense, where you can play the marketing of the ancestral element or a sort of legacies or

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sisterhood that crosses the boundaries of economic action or take advantage of the first woman ever paradigm.

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Are you an exception or a full runner to the rule? Like the a ship reader said, are we not all daughters of the mother goddess or to stay more down to earth.

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Don't we all have figures of strong women who are preceded us and passed it on this strength and resistance and knowledge that make us capable of governing the company as well as our own lives.

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In fact, they were that I look the prouder I am. The fifth strategy is based on an irreducible specific city where excellence is considered as distinction and individualization.

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A woman entrepreneur stands out by definition and hers is a non-exchangeable diversity that implies a sort of uniqueness, not a complementarity between men and women, a specificity that should not be meant as a form of segregating sectoralization but a direct expression of land and its products.

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See owner of a wine company explains this point, what would be the point of imitating man trying to adapt an aggressive non-empatic business time just because it's being dominant for thousands of years.

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I think that women entrepreneurs have nothing less indeed something extra. Meanwhile, a more direct link with a land for sure and I certainly can say that I'm missing some something.

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The sixth and the next step we found is related to a subcultural gender of rhetoric where excellence is considered as an autonomy of identity and cultural patriarchy.

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The focus here in this house are junior women entrepreneurs talk about themselves, evoking for example the MYTOPIZE subcasidinian matriarchy the transmission from mother to mother, a multilenearity and mastery totality, the rhetoric of Samuel Domo, the mistress of the

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house as a young farmer said here I decide I've always made up my mind the land to open the farm house belonged to my mother she inherited it and she always said she would leave it to me.

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Here in Sardinia you are not only mistress at home, you are mistress all the time.

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Of course, gender matters in a global context of a generation of the agricultural sector, the choice of this professional career still appears rather unusual, especially for young women.

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But this apparent eccentricity seems to be increasingly useful as a factor for overturning the frame, moving from accessing to farms despite the gender factor to accessing agricultural firms precisely because of the gender factor.

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First of all, gender matters at a general structure level from a material point of view on a global initial scale.

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Let's think about how much the multi-functional attitude associated with the female moral career fits the multi-functional evolution of Italian family reforms that finds a great representation in women's businesses.

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Especially as regards the diversification of the business which combines agri food production in the strict sense with various other remunerative functions from the editorial to the transformation food up to the provision of personal services.

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But gender matters at the general structural level also in regional scale. In fact, the Sardinian case shows further peculiarities with respect to the topology of female family businesses.

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We can mention the presence of women in their different sector already in the middle of the last century thanks to the case of the Cord, Rati of a Sardinian livestock builders founded in 1,962 with 10,800 members so far or we can mention the other dimension diffusion of opportunities

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managed by women women. Gender matters at the general structural level also from any material point of view regarding the symbolic imaginary on women entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector.

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Indeed, the common representations in the press, documentary production, advertising campaigns tend to assume the unusualness of this professional gender career as a factor with a strongly positive connotation and to some extent as a comparative advantage for the position of the company in a specific nested market.

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Precisely because of their gender. Here the unusual is represented as fascinating, distinctive, even exalting a real excellence compared to the known within this material frame.

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3 more minutes.

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And there are 2 perspective, like quite. Yes, yeah, perfect. The first is an essentialist perspective.

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Because a full correspondence is postulated between the multi functional strategy of innovative firms with respect to the diversification of both processes and products and the nature and quality of expectations and practical and expressive roles related to women's moral gender careers with particular reference to the activities that the family business does not pursue exclusively.

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For agri-food production in the sense like profit. And the second perspective is a strategic one.

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Because a strong public rhetoric around women entrepreneurs in agricultural sector space in Macedonia tends to attribute a positional value to being a woman for reasons not strictly related to competitiveness or economic performance in the strict sense but to the distinctive allue that the combination among women plus production plus power exercise on the 2 profile

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because it records the minds of the matriarchy in Sardinia and for marketing purposes. Being a female entrepreneur in early business representations generates attention in popularity.

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The exactly gender factor produces a positive evaluation and playing this character proved useful as a strategic adaptation of women entrepreneurs to the expectation of a growing niche in the food market.

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But That our last point is that gender matters also at an individual biographical level because the choice to become an agricultural entrepreneur for the young women, still appears unusual and seems to need to be over justified and explained with other motivation than the strictly economic one and you can find this point also in the public debate because women are more likely than men

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to say that the pursuit of a social or ecological purpose was important in their decision to start a business.

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So to conclude, in the still broader space between production and reproduction, the professional careers of this women women unfold what is frequently hidden is the competitive and strategic side of this professional career oriented towards economic success and sustainability of the market to merge a excellence they must instead enhance the unusualness and positive eccentricity

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of this choice despite gender and because of gender. This is the official campaign of the National Association of Women Entrepreneurs in Agricultural Sector in Italy in 2,017 and our questions are is it just a matter of passion?

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How is excellence defined in the dilemma between exception, inspiration and representation as a benchmark, the key concept of excellence can be used and these used as a tool of expertise, verization of reputation and social capital, reappation of the public discourse strategic empowered by women and entrepreneurs.

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Thanks a lot for your attention.

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Great CST, this was great timing. So save all your questions because this was a very interesting presentation and now we will continue.

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So we have more time. And later to have a common questions to everyone. We will have now for presentation in person.

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From Ko, Ranchao and Yoo Hua Shel. Thank you for being here.

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We will. I think we need to stop sharing.

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Yeah, but it's been working.

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Was working before.

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Yes, thank you.

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Yes. Thanks a lot.

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Sorry for the technical problem. So, the last marker is a role in narrative ceremony or symposium in Bonan culture, a calf panel calendar was developed which provide information about the process of faster media cultivation and related features.

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And you suffer as kind of like a agricultural SOP for first time media cultivation, including activities such as widening.

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So we didn't earn harvesting. So all of the 3 cultural Mac, markers demonstrated that the first committee was an culturally important crop for Bunong people.

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However, and even first hand media was an important goal for Bunong people, the traditional landscape of first humility cultivation in central Taiwan do not communicate has almost disappeared.

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Just like the picture shows that most local farmers cultivate cache crops such as tomato, cabbage and paper instead of indigenous traditional crops.

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So in with the objective of the international year of Milit, our team from Ontario University has developed a service of USR action to restore disappearing traditional crops.

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And when it comes to restoring indigenous traditional crop, it is important to learn from the past and understand the present.

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So here we take the first hand media cultivation that's gap in central Paiwan Buno Community as a cast study to explore a question that how has the first term merely cultivation next step being disembedded from Boonong community in central Taiwan.

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And our research methods include texture analysis of agricultural sensors data and related historical reference and also deep interview with local indigenous farmers, elders and residents and also particular participants.

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Participatory observation in restoration of hostile meetings.

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So here a figure is like an annual yield of first 10 million in indigenous community of central Taiwan from 1,930 to 2,021.

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As you can see that the production of Fast and Millie in central Taiwan experiencing experienced 2 weeks of reduction.

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The first wave occurred in the late period of the Japanese colonization just like a right, left side of list figure.

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You can see that layers are sharp drop occurred in 1,900 thirtys.

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And also the second web of reduction occurred after Han Chinese tookular government. The first committee was nearly embedded disembedded in this period just like the right side of this figure.

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So here I want to put an emphasize that from an indigenous perspective both Japanese and Han Chinese are viewed as colonizers.

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However, the impact of these 2 population and fast humility cultivation appear to be different. So we wonder how these 2 foreign population affect the fast humility cultivation in central Taiwan Punan communities and under colonization and social transitions did the local indigenous people abandon fast humility cultivation coercively or voluntarily.

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So for the effect of Japanese colonization, the drop in fastened media yield was caused by colonial policies of resettlement and transition to rice cultivation and the indigenous ancestors were firstly relocated from their ancestral homely mountain to the Beth of the Mountains.

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So this migration result in a decrease in agricultural labor's and also lead to a deterioration of social networks.

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And for a little more, fruit policies of promoting the transition to rights cultivation and also had a significant and long lasting impact for over half a century.

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While this policy may appear while this food policies may appear to utilize indigenous community as a food supply base for Japan.

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But it's actual intention was to incorporate this community into a national government assistance and during this period.

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The local indigenous people abandoned firsthand merely cultivation coercively.

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So just like, just like I mentioned before, that after local Kuno communities were incorporated into national governments the impact of commodity economy becomes significant.

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Even with the region transitioning from the Chinese government to Han Chinese. I just like the figure shows that in the 19 sixties a Han Chinese began to settle in Punong community along with the development of cash crops and children's industry and the settlement of 120 and the introduction of all German agriculture techniques also lead to a

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transition from rice cultivation to the cache close. So you can see that the rise cultivation is going down.

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96 and also the production of vegetable get rice.

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So we also collected and analyzed a historical reference to illustrate the agricultural length transition since Japan is colonization to Han Chinese government.

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But since the time limit, I will personalize because so maybe we can discuss a little detail later.

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The transition to curvature to cache crop makes things like a voluntary decision for local farmers. But in reality it was due to incorporation of indigenous community into the national government system.

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The commodity economy lend directly affect the livelihood of local people and first in then to switch to economically viable cash crops.

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So our interviews to local Bunon residents and farmers reflect this concept.

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Hold up, hold on for a second.

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I have a little problem of Oh, that's okay. So, soon movie.

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So our interview just, our interested that when I was young my parents didn't have money to pay for my school face.

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They have money to pay for my school fees. So they had no choice but to grow Keshecroft to earn money.

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And also our second degree we said that after the farmers association told them to grow tomato as well. And also the third interview is that tomato and cabbage can be harvested in just one or 2 months and on the other hand it takes more than 3 months to harvest fast till millet despite knowing that a fast-tail millet

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is an important goal for Bundan culture we had to grow vegetables to make our livelihood.

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So. So here I would like to summarize and discuss our test study. That's based on the concept of cultural kstone species, fast term methods can be considered not only as a staple, but also as a culturally significant species.

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That's playing a major role in shaping the Buno identity. However, we need to understand how has the fast automated listening proton crop and its cultivation length gap being disembedded from the central Taiwan Boon communities.

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So by analyzing the patron in administrative agricultural data, we identify the 2 west of your decline and the first decline was caused by the Japanese colonial policies such as resettlement and transition to rights cultivations.

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And during this period, Indigenous communities was incorporated into the national governance system and also subsequently When a region shoot to a Han Chinese government and he continued the Japanese policy regarding land, education and agricultural and additionally with the statement of Han Chinese in Buno communities.

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Keshecrov or an modern technique were interrupted and introduced. So ultimately, both first and merely both fast capabilities and even rice become disembedded from the local length scale.

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And so the operation we ask is large under colonization and social transition did local indigenous people abandon first-term milli cultivation by coercively or voluntarily.

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And so umbrella national government just like I mentioned before that under the national government systems. Western in indigenous communities were required to pay school feed and generate income for their livelihood.

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Additionally, since 1,960, Han Chinese began to settle in the indigenous communities.

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It establish farmers association and introduce more than agricultural technologies to the local communities. So let's call assemblage led to indigenous farmers to shift layer focus from cultivating Fuxtel MIDI to cache crops.

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So here I would like to also mention our USR effort here and this is the 1920. Okay, I will end Austin.

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Okay, since in 2020 our team has been collaborating with local organization in Bunoan communities of central Taiwan as a USR project and a primary role of central Taiwan as a USRANG community of central Taiwanese of central Taiwan as a USR project. And the primary role of our team is to serve as a local sleep bank.

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We also share the research result of our as no botanical study with local communities. So

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Since we have limited time. So from, 2,020 to 2,023 we gather more and more local organization join us to collaborate to restore.

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Just like a local schools and elder center, church and even young organization. And so thanks to LIST participants, we have observed that a cultural access might play a crucial role in restoring indigenous transitional Korean Puno community and is offering a mean to preserve their it's the first hell millets the existence that means the influence of neural library

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vision. Restoration efforts are just beginning. And in our future research, we will strive to evaluate which approach are the most effective in bringing back this disappearing crop to layer lively lively native land.

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So I think I will stop here and thank you for all of your attention. Thank you.

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Yeah.

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Yeah.

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So we have now Champions. And the

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So very welcome.

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I just want to check whether people online, everything is working now. Can you see and hear properly? Great.

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Yes, now it's work.

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Great. Sorry for the technical issues. Now we will continue.

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2. I'll let you know when you have 3 more minutes. Oh yes. Disitate.

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Sure.

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Good morning everybody. I'm a Food sociologist and my colleague is a specialist of a sociology of politics.

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And, politic action. And we have decided to open the dialogue. Between us on the question of the transition.

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So what transition knows Incredible success. We, can see it to used in nutrition, in economy, in demography, in energy and so on.

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In fact, behind This The theory of transition, we can find different sociological theory. But implicit sociological theory.

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And what we would like to show that Going in depth in this understanding it could be perhaps useful for the public actors.

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So this transition We can identify 3 main Theological framework. The first one. Behind the demography transition.

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Is a lag theory. Zoe is a different speed. In the change between Biological factors and cultural factors.

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And the difference of this speed have some effect on the society. So second one that we will find in the first formulation of the transition theory don't bind Renovsky and Bob Kin.

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Behind the economical vision of the transition, that is a linear and evolutionist Yes. This is so that formulation of the second formulation of the transition.

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Nutrition transition theory. Is another concept. The change is a succession of stage. So, we must be careful because all the people we use transition Most of them are not not sociologists.

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And the the feeling to speak about the same thing. And this notion of transitions is so powerful. That she is behind a lot of injunction coming from the international organization.

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The question that we would like to see, how we can apply it. At the local at the different level, local level, international level and so on.

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So, why? This question is so powerful. In fact.

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The feeling we have the feeling with transition that we go from a stable situation to another stable situation. I could be fine.

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We ensure to reinstall. The second idea, a better future. It will be much better after.

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We can see the ideological dimension of this concept.

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Evolutionist perspective. And the global perspective that must be applied to everybody.

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Hi, give the floor to my colleague. Thank you very much, John Kasso. As you understand where we are working about this concept of transition and we think that the people who are working about this concept of transition and we think that the people who have used this concept of transition and we think that the people who have used these fairies of transitions were not

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sociologists. But maybe they were not, they were neither politicians. So they used policies and they were in a way masters to produce policies but they did not fully understand or know what was.

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Assumptions which were below there actions. So we think that transition theories are based on public policies that are supposed to smooth.

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Transition which is supposed to be irresistible. But the idea is that it is less in line with current public policies than it used to be.

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On the one hand before because public policies are no part of a governance logic and not for government logic And on the other hand, because I have been strongly influenced and transformed by the new public management.

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So just briefly, we would like to say that we are in a transition another transition from government to governance.

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This evolution did begin in the middle of the' s It was, there are a lot of reasons why it did begin, but basically it is because of the perception that there was a state overload.

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Ne only their whole perception. And the idea also that there were new problems that the state could not solve or could not solve alone.

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Like for instance, pollution, value lens. And of course obesity and problems with food. So the idea West to include new actors in the political action like citizens association enterprises And it gave the concept of governance, which is not easy to define because it has 2 faces.

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The first one is newly barrelism and the other one is more alternative approach like for instance in Brazil or in some cities in the world and the second reason is that there is a relativeization but which is partly fallacious of Ihearti.

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So we can define governance as a mode of governing which is less based on Yarchi but it is in a way fallacious.

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And it is a polyimic and criticized approach. So a lot of people think that it is not a right word to design what is what are the main evolution of public policy but still we think that it must be taken into account.

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So second one is the influence of new public management. Approximately at the same time at the beginning of the eightys in U.S.A, in the U.S.A, had been with an election of Margot, and with an election of Margot and with an election of Margot Patcher, with an election of Margot Patcher and Ronald

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Began with an election of Margot Patcher and Ronard began. But even before it began, but even before, it began in New Zealand, Canada, especially Ontario, it began in New Zealand, Canada, especially Ontario in the seventys.

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So it's about the same period The basic idea is that a conviction that the private sector is a model of economy, effectiveness, efficiency and innovation.

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But apart from this conviction, the new public management is an ideological and practical puzzle. It means that there is no coherent and unified theory.

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Is a lot of adaptation which vary by country and bisector and also by food products. And there is what is called an abridation with the discourse of the nation.

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It means that in order to be effective in order to be accepted a new paramedic management must adapt to the state, the country or the sector in which it is implemented.

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For instance, in France, we are from France. It must comply with the values of play city for instance think things like this And in the US it must comply with the markets.

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And so it is a puzzle you have common but more or less accentated elements. I won't go in every line, but it may vary a lot with the countries.

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And so I give the floor again to my friend.

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So we will. Well, change a little bit theoretical concept using first. The protein transition as a reversible phenomenon.

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And to use the concept of signature of transition. The concept of signature of transition will help us to understand and understand that the transition is not the same.

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Not the same product, not the same speed. Everywhere in the world. And we can.

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Understand the protein transition as a reversible phenomenon we can see The first stage where So animal protein increase.

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A very long stage. Where we have quite stable but it change among the different source of protein. And after a decline.

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It's not an evolutionist, it's a description of 3 phase and we can have according to the context we can have some movement.

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Among these different So. To analyze that, we develop a model in 4 dimensions. The first one analyzes a deep difference between protein, plumpotine andimal putting.

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The second one introduced The question of fish. So empirical data we use are Malaysia and Indonesia.

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And it's interesting. Because the place of fish in these 2 countries is very important and can mask.

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The part of the transition if you analyze only plant versus animal. So the third is the profiling of the protein in 9 or 10 categories.

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And this 9 of 10 category we can see in certain in India the dairy growing in China in spork and beef.

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In Indonesia is fish and chicken and so on. So we have that of signature, a way to analyze this nature.

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And the last one is to introduce the problem of the killing for food. That is not managed in the different countries and different culture, different religions in the same way.

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So we can have 3 main categories. The an email putting that as immediate killing. The second one, not the kidding, but at the end of the day we can discuss a little bit.

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We cheese eggs. And the Plan Pootie.

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We have no time. It's useful to do. Analysis, countries versus another country. But it's useful.

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To do an analysis. In the frame of the same society. In the different level. A big surprise for us was to see In Jakarta, the most educated and more rich people In a country where the share of the animal protein is quite low.

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New question. I stopped that. I give the floor to my colleague. Thank you very much.

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So you see we are trying to bridge between food. Food questions and policy questions. We have some stakes which are very clear for the state.

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I think I will try to skip this.

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Okay, so there are some stakes for the government. Of course they have to respect and maintain the food heritage and national identities.

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They have to maintain jobs, the agricultural sector and food sovereignty. There is something which is important to or which should be important.

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It is to avoid impose force. Choices on future generation for instance to renounce animal feed and of course meat One important priority is to regulate the food sector and avoid crisis and epidemics to maintain the ability to act in the context of governance and of new public management and to reconcile the conflicting political objectives of economy.

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public health, agriculture. And the question we would like to set with Jean-pierre is are governments still able to regulate food public policy?

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How's this TABLE to to attain all these stakes? There are a lot of open political issues that you will like to deal with.

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After the first season in most in all countries the upper social classes are reducing their consumption of animal proteins.

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Does it mean that we have a decoupling between national space and food? And of course you all know that food is a quite stable component of national culture and identity.

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Does it mean that we have a different section between social questions in the ways they deal with the question of the space?

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Defiant social places belong to national or global. The relevance of the national level for food and public health policy.

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And the scope and targets of food and food HH policies, is it citizen? Is it to risk?

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Is it export? So, so that's a question we would like to ask. And I come to the conclusion and prospects, it's clear that if social classes are single out, the question of food as a cement of national identity is reopened.

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Maybe it has always been open as we saw in the previous presentation of our colleague from Taiwan.

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Maybe it's always something which is open. If countries are undergoing different transitions, this crisis is a question of threshold dynamics like for instance EU but also ASEAN, Alena and all this, so his dynamics.

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And so a major objective of public policy would become to recriminalize division social and national plans and of course this pre occupation is not present in the transition theories that we presented in the first part of our speech.

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So and last question at a time when our societies are marked by continuous temporal acceleration, can we maintain the hypotheses of access to a stable state?

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And well to the very logic of transition. Thank you very much.

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Okay. So, Maxi will cool. And now we have another presentation. I'm not sure if a list is best.

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Perfect. Welcome, Melissa. Elise Mignard, also from France.

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And yeah, we will open then the discussion. But I think collect your question, collect your thoughts because It has been a lot of food for thought.

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So let me.

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Great. If something appears here, you can like close the Yeah. Victor Novana. Good morning all and thank you for joining on this early session of a Friday.

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So I'm millions and yes, I'm from France. I'm an associate member of the Seftop, which is a CNRs.

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Lab based in Toulouse. And now I'm also in Turner's University, which is in Malaysia, where I'm an associate professor of working more on food studies related questions.

317
01:02:52.000 --> 01:03:02.000
Some aspect of my presentation, my actually connect with the presentations that we just went through with Jean Pierre and Vincent.

318
01:03:02.000 --> 01:03:16.000
Since actually what I'm working on today is related to this project related to protein transition. Where in interdisciplinary perspective we were also looking at the amino acids in tech, a fit specifically in at race population.

319
01:03:16.000 --> 01:03:33.000
And when we started actually entering this question, we were actually looking into the question of the meeting aminoa seats, especially in grades.

320
01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:42.000
Where as you may be aware, some amino acids which are called essential amino acids. Containing proteins.

321
01:03:42.000 --> 01:03:55.000
Will be actually at lower level and and such requiring some complementation with actually other sources of protein to actually.

322
01:03:55.000 --> 01:04:03.000
Covid is a necessary actually. Kind of blocks to actually send for example a synthetized proteins.

323
01:04:03.000 --> 01:04:11.000
What cells? This, there are some debates. There were some debates, there are some debates.

324
01:04:11.000 --> 01:04:19.000
On the question of how actually this complementation happens and they speak specifically on the time frame of this complementation.

325
01:04:19.000 --> 01:04:23.000
Is it happening in a frame of 2 or 3 h? Is it happening? I he tried today? And this connect with some questions in sociology and topology.

326
01:04:23.000 --> 01:04:38.000
More specifically on the question of the structure of the meal. Of course the structure of the day also with the different meals of the day.

327
01:04:38.000 --> 01:04:50.000
And, in the seventys And then, eightys, this question was popularized by this book, Diet for Small Planet.

328
01:04:50.000 --> 01:04:56.000
Wearing the addition of seventys, Francis Moore Lape said, OK, we need to combine.

329
01:04:56.000 --> 01:05:07.000
We need actually to. And going to this this question of actually how do we actually structure a meal so ends actually leading actually to a question of traditional food cultures.

330
01:05:07.000 --> 01:05:17.000
But then in the second edition in the eightys she actually went back to this actually aspect. Things that, OK, finally it seems like it's not needed actually to do it at the mill level.

331
01:05:17.000 --> 01:05:34.000
So ends actually no need actually to combine at the in actually the mean structure. And sexually opening actually other questions.

332
01:05:34.000 --> 01:05:45.000
Actually this question when we start actually investigating this question, this question of the amino acids and how actually they are possibly combinational.

333
01:05:45.000 --> 01:06:00.000
Is taking actually shape in actually a broader question which is the one of the protein and amino acids requirement and more specifically in what we actually have in terms of definition of protein quantity and quality.

334
01:06:00.000 --> 01:06:24.000
So in a question which started in the' s with I mean, of course the scientific question is there much before, but internationally speaking, this question has been actually raised with the League of Nations in the thirtys where a committee of the league has been actually working on this actually requirements.

335
01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:34.000
Saying that okay we should actually require one gram of protein, any kind of proteins, per kilogram of body weight.

336
01:06:34.000 --> 01:06:50.000
This was not actually, there's no stronger. Evidence behind this value. And then you can see that throughout time, then actually just after World War II committee has been set on the protein requirements.

337
01:06:50.000 --> 01:07:03.000
You can see that we have actually quite a bit of variation. Here we are in the fiftys we are in at 0 35 gram And then actually we continue some diations like this.

338
01:07:03.000 --> 01:07:13.000
In regard actually to the changing actually knowledge. And possibly other factors I would like to go to more in depth.

339
01:07:13.000 --> 01:07:25.000
Which are actually related to this question of protein quantity and qualities and recent wish we are actually looking at 0 point 8.

340
01:07:25.000 --> 01:07:37.000
Grammar of potin for kilogram of body weight. Quite interestingly. The A big debate was opened.

341
01:07:37.000 --> 01:07:46.000
In the's maybe some of you have heard about the great protein fiasco and the article of Mike Laren in lensets.

342
01:07:46.000 --> 01:08:09.000
And it was a tree just after. This actually, expertise in the' s where we were actually quite low compared to what actually is the value which actually And now, since it was at that point, 0 point 4 gram of 14 per gram of body weight.

343
01:08:09.000 --> 01:08:16.000
When we look at the existing data at tools, there is actually quite extensive literature which has been already produced.

344
01:08:16.000 --> 01:08:30.000
More from actually History of science. On actually the changing knowledge related to proteins. But in in connection also with energy.

345
01:08:30.000 --> 01:08:42.000
Very closely related question. And these actually are covering healthier accidental as the' s. And they are more looking at really like the debates.

346
01:08:42.000 --> 01:08:53.000
Within science, especially for example with a book from Carter. Which has been actually really like more looking form actually is a nutrition.

347
01:08:53.000 --> 01:09:00.000
It was a nutritionist. And more looking like really like into the debates within a train nutrition.

348
01:09:00.000 --> 01:09:10.000
Without connecting much. Weiza. So social debate. So if we go back actually to this actually chronology here.

349
01:09:10.000 --> 01:09:24.000
We can see that basically there are actually quite a few years potentially to investigate. So if we are actually thinking now about what could be the reason behind actually this.

350
01:09:24.000 --> 01:09:34.000
Changes in definitions. We can sing first about scientific controversies. There are actually a lot of uncertainty still.

351
01:09:34.000 --> 01:09:45.000
On this actually very biologically complex question. First they are important in nutrient interaction as you understood with amino acids but not only.

352
01:09:45.000 --> 01:09:50.000
The requirements I expressed in terms of body weight, but not only. The requirements I expressed in terms of body weight.

353
01:09:50.000 --> 01:10:05.000
When actually, for example, we know that muscle will not actually interact in the same way and for example fat in actually the way protein are metabolized.

354
01:10:05.000 --> 01:10:30.000
0, very important variability between individual response to different levels of protein. Provision in the requirement are usually expressed as an average The amount of data which are actually available on the metabolic actually process are very scantish.

355
01:10:30.000 --> 01:10:39.000
Most of the time we are relying on animal models. So there is at the end of the dish not actually much actually hard dividends.

356
01:10:39.000 --> 01:10:58.000
Which are actually required to actually support. At Publique actually else justifications. On top of it, there are still actually some debates open in terms of the question of quality qualification in terms of put in quantity versus quality.

357
01:10:58.000 --> 01:11:19.000
Which is also partly related actually to the time frame of the complementation. Actually in the last actually a consultation which has happened in in 2,011 published in 2,013 The main actually scope was really on putting quality.

358
01:11:19.000 --> 01:11:26.000
So we need to say like qualifying the amount of amino acid for instance the amount of proteins.

359
01:11:26.000 --> 01:11:43.000
And this is actually related to some efforts at the international level to basically be more precise in the requirement in regard to growing population in the context of limited resources.

360
01:11:43.000 --> 01:11:54.000
So ends actually here. Zi Sackfish. Reopen the question of the complementation in the landscape.

361
01:11:54.000 --> 01:12:06.000
In the type frame of it. We can also take an approach where we can say that, okay, all this actually changes in the definition are led by industrial interests.

362
01:12:06.000 --> 01:12:19.000
And I'm sure you have heard about these ideas that It could be the meat of the soil basically industry which are actually leading these recommendations.

363
01:12:19.000 --> 01:12:35.000
It was like, the idea of the great 14 fiasco in the seventys. Or it was actually this idea that basically after the world war, America had actually some surplus of meat I fish to sell.

364
01:12:35.000 --> 01:12:43.000
So ends actually pushing international bodies. To actually increase their requirements.

365
01:12:43.000 --> 01:12:51.000
How, it's not so simple because actually between first between actually these different industries they are actually quite conflicting in interest.

366
01:12:51.000 --> 01:13:06.000
And if we are getting out of kind of metonian actually attitude we can actually start actually to actually think about actually how this actually interest would be also part of science.

367
01:13:06.000 --> 01:13:32.000
In this framework, I'm adopting here a perspective which has been first developed by Jean Michel Barlow, continued by Pula, which is basically And with the moderator contextualization of scientific activity, which is defined by PHONE.

368
01:13:32.000 --> 01:13:39.000
So in terms of how it's first implemented in terms of formulation, reformulation, and the framings which are actually.

369
01:13:39.000 --> 01:13:43.000
Coming along with the disciplines or the paradigms. It's in terms of relation or disconnections.

370
01:13:43.000 --> 01:13:54.000
With other scientific questions. In terms of collectivity, covariance, moderation, independence and all.

371
01:13:54.000 --> 01:14:04.000
And it can be also related to here context in terms of transformation of the societies. The position is the academic system.

372
01:14:04.000 --> 01:14:21.000
I will focus on this actually top part for today which is and I will actually narrow down for more and look more into the question of the coupling or decoupling of actually this question of the definition of the protein and amino acid requirement with other social issues.

373
01:14:21.000 --> 01:14:36.000
And more specific quickly in 3 different aspects. A nutritionalization on the environmentalization. And nemalization.

374
01:14:36.000 --> 01:14:45.000
We go back to it. And I will take actually the standoff or the lens of part of the work of FAO.

375
01:14:45.000 --> 01:14:51.000
First because as you understood it's really like one question from the FAO from the fiftys.

376
01:14:51.000 --> 01:15:06.000
Because there is actually this intention in actually the FO to actually produce modern farmers and consumers. And it's actually an interesting question for us in terms of social change.

377
01:15:06.000 --> 01:15:21.000
Oh, okay. Other aspect which I really like about a farewell actually bridging as a dimension of conception with the nutritional requirement with actually the food production.

378
01:15:21.000 --> 01:15:32.000
And finally because of course behind all this there are political dimensions and some ways actually to view the change. I've been working on a systematic review.

379
01:15:32.000 --> 01:15:44.000
Of the state of food. Security and nutrition which is actually one of the flagship publication of FAO since actually the 1,900 ninetys.

380
01:15:44.000 --> 01:15:48.000
99, sorry. And which aims at actually polymers, so ends actually driving policies nationally.

381
01:15:48.000 --> 01:16:07.000
There are actually 2 series in one. First it was called State of Foot Security from 1,989 up to 2015 and then actually with as a sustainable development goals.

382
01:16:07.000 --> 01:16:24.000
It has been reopened in 2,017 up to today under the name of food security and nutrition and on top of the initial actually agencies which were part participating to the publication.

383
01:16:24.000 --> 01:16:29.000
You have UNICEF and which are actually part of the frame.

384
01:16:29.000 --> 01:16:42.000
I've been working with actually keywords so here with 3 tribute categories the one in purple as the one actually I've been using for the search terms.

385
01:16:42.000 --> 01:16:51.000
We can identify and I will go first. We can identify when it comes to the nutritionalization 2 main phases in this theory.

386
01:16:51.000 --> 01:17:06.000
A first phase where it's really like focus on the question of under nourishment. Defined as a protein energy man nutrition and and related actually also to nutrient, specific nutrient deficiencies.

387
01:17:06.000 --> 01:17:14.000
And in this context, actually, proteins are not so much. Actually, so focus. There are more of an indicator.

388
01:17:14.000 --> 01:17:26.000
Of actually an nourishment at the end. In this actually famous prevalence of under Nourishments a key indicator which is used.

389
01:17:26.000 --> 01:17:40.000
And which is actually based on the calculation of the planetary energy supply, which is itself actually based on the food of ability from the national balance sheets.

390
01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:52.000
It has been replaced with the second series, 2,017 with actually a focus on malnututions with your plural so as under and over nutrition.

391
01:17:52.000 --> 01:18:09.000
And here what we observe is that the use of the POU is actually progressively replaced. By another indicator when it comes to the insecurity which is insecurity experience score first actually used in 2,017.

392
01:18:09.000 --> 01:18:25.000
Segonde process, is the and environmentalization. So here we can identify different aspects which are basically like, for example, looking at plan base as a potential at alternative.

393
01:18:25.000 --> 01:18:36.000
Where in the first phase, most of the time basically animal protein and more specific cliche diary meets and I actually looked at the nutritious one.

394
01:18:36.000 --> 01:18:45.000
So that one from 2,012 especially looking also into the constraints of limiting land, water and food resources.

395
01:18:45.000 --> 01:19:07.000
So in fact, this progressive shift. To quality. They are also actually here some actually work which is done on the implementation of Clement viability and finally on actually his implication environment and implication of actually the diet, especially after the planet in 2,020.

396
01:19:07.000 --> 01:19:22.000
So here, this like fish part is in track with his neutral sternalization but I will actually just actually focus here on actually this part of the animal is to actually focus here on actually this part here on actually this part of the normalization.

397
01:19:22.000 --> 01:19:31.000
There is a first part where Okay, I just stopped. So maybe like just opening remarks here. This actually analysis has to be actually completed with like some lexicometric analysis.

398
01:19:31.000 --> 01:19:54.000
It could be interesting also to look into the translation into policies. Especially the national recommendation and this has been initiated in with the publication of a report in 2,023 with a few and also actually because one of the came message of 2,022.

399
01:19:54.000 --> 01:20:07.000
Report. Was actually to look into the key message. I didn't do the policies and subsidies allocated to the different food groups and among actually those.

400
01:20:07.000 --> 01:20:17.000
A different actually groups providing actually a different source of protein. And of course here, why donning this question to different contexts.

401
01:20:17.000 --> 01:20:34.000
I think we can maybe close the loop on the social change bit during the discussion. Thank you.

402
01:20:34.000 --> 01:20:43.000
By anyone to We join during the stage, so we'll go to.

403
01:20:43.000 --> 01:20:55.000
So, thank you very much everyone for sharing your amazing presentations. Now we have some Around 20 min to start at a discussion.

404
01:20:55.000 --> 01:21:06.000
And I have many questions, but I will give the floor to the audience because I can imagine you are also very excited about hearing more about these amazing researchers online.

405
01:21:06.000 --> 01:21:16.000
And here in Joining us in Melbourne. So who would like to pose a question? Please go to the mic.

406
01:21:16.000 --> 01:21:37.000
Because That way are you me? And Esther can also hear you.

407
01:21:37.000 --> 01:21:44.000
So any questions?

408
01:21:44.000 --> 01:21:46.000
Or a comment. Yeah, please layer. I can start maybe. Hello, good morning.

409
01:21:46.000 --> 01:21:57.000
Thank you for all the presentations. I have a question to Esther. Or good evening in your case.

410
01:21:57.000 --> 01:22:08.000
I wanted to know how do you perceive from this debate around gender and entrepreneurship, the question of feminism.

411
01:22:08.000 --> 01:22:17.000
Like how in your interaction do these actors identify as feminists for example or is it not an issue at all.

412
01:22:17.000 --> 01:22:25.000
This is part of your research. I was wondering if you could respond to that. Thank you so much.

413
01:22:25.000 --> 01:22:36.000
Okay, thanks a lot for your question. Some of the 30, women we have interviewed defined themselves as a feminist.

414
01:22:36.000 --> 01:22:43.000
But, the way they define this, I don't know, user or the feminist frame.

415
01:22:43.000 --> 01:22:57.000
Is linked to the possibility of a reversing the stereotypes that very often are linked to moral careers linked to to be a woman.

416
01:22:57.000 --> 01:23:09.000
4 and I don't know, advantage position to have Some other cars to play in the competition in the market.

417
01:23:09.000 --> 01:23:25.000
So it's very in my opinion smart way to reverse the stereotypes and the the mainstreaming approach about the idea that for example the other food sector is about the idea that for example the other food sector is a man's word.

418
01:23:25.000 --> 01:23:39.000
To use exactly this archetypes or stereotypes to, have. Some more cars to play in this in this, field.

419
01:23:39.000 --> 01:23:56.000
So yes. It's a as smart meaning of feminine in my opinion, but there is as a component not for all of the 30 women Some of them don't define themselves as a feminist but, yes.

420
01:23:56.000 --> 01:24:07.000
Maybe I can't remember, but maybe half of them define themselves as feminists.

421
01:24:07.000 --> 01:24:12.000
Thank you, Esther. Anyone has a question? Anyone else? Yes, please.

422
01:24:12.000 --> 01:24:22.000
And please present yourself. So. We can no way. My name is Marathon Statskara from Japan and now we are in university.

423
01:24:22.000 --> 01:24:40.000
I have a question for last 2 presentations first to Professor Burham. So you mentioned about the kind of kind of new poor team will make kind of lead to decoupling of space and food recovering.

424
01:24:40.000 --> 01:24:52.000
So it's very interesting for me. So, maybe decoupling space and food may means kind of We will have a different landscape.

425
01:24:52.000 --> 01:25:10.000
What a different scenery or even the countryside. So if new proteins coming up and become popular So what but this kind of situation in in for the regulatory issue.

426
01:25:10.000 --> 01:25:21.000
Migration. So what kind of regulation we should have? For this kind of new protein regime. So that's my last question.

427
01:25:21.000 --> 01:25:32.000
So a second question goes to the reader. So you mentioned about the recommendations. Amino acid or proteins.

428
01:25:32.000 --> 01:25:53.000
So my question is maybe if many national countries read about the recommendation from WHO. So what kind of their their interpretation to become as kind of concrete.

429
01:25:53.000 --> 01:26:02.000
Type of protein like so in Asian countries so we have a soybean soybeans, very rough.

430
01:26:02.000 --> 01:26:20.000
A good source of proteins. So fun. So the FBO recommendation makes such kind of implication for the dietary guideline for each national countries that might.

431
01:26:20.000 --> 01:26:32.000
You may. Thank you very much for this question. The first one is a question of They could bring in fact.

432
01:26:32.000 --> 01:26:47.000
Where we dilemma between a version where we have a sort of mobilization and convergence and

433
01:26:47.000 --> 01:26:57.000
So development of the traditional social determinant like social class. But that's a global leader. That's whose.

434
01:26:57.000 --> 01:27:06.000
A vision of the food culture, look and lizard and And we can see even in terms of policy.

435
01:27:06.000 --> 01:27:21.000
There is the conflict between these 2 vision the culture of heritage, all the work that we everywhere in the world we are doing looking at the heritage as full as an every age.

436
01:27:21.000 --> 01:27:34.000
He is in the complete result. Oh vision is to say okay food culture could be seen as we have saw in the past.

437
01:27:34.000 --> 01:27:46.000
Beauty diversity. That means at no billionaire diversity could be a resource to face. The challenge of feeding the world.

438
01:27:46.000 --> 01:28:01.000
That we need to be aware that something is happening. for example, if we compare Indian people in India, Indian people in Malaysia, The situation of the transitions is Is it going to be?

439
01:28:01.000 --> 01:28:17.000
It's absolutely interesting to analyze. They are India. And the Rwandii, in that identity is a relation with food culture and so on.

440
01:28:17.000 --> 01:28:31.000
Wouldn't. If it was, thank you for the question. I would say that it's part of the exchange that we tried to have with Jean-pierre.

441
01:28:31.000 --> 01:28:37.000
Which 30 years? No, you're not. And I'm a specialist of 25 studies.

442
01:28:37.000 --> 01:28:51.000
And in a way, the question of the food transition is setting the question of national discourse. It means how you feel Japanese are we speak French or you feel Australian and fixed like this and food is very important in his matter.

443
01:28:51.000 --> 01:29:03.000
And when we try to see how we can produce this kind of national discourse and how it has to be produced in a new political and food context.

444
01:29:03.000 --> 01:29:18.000
Which is not to one. We twist pivoting went to food ferry of transition where produced So we tried to see how the politicians and maybe also the economic experts are producing this kind of coupling between food studies and social differences.

445
01:29:18.000 --> 01:29:28.000
So it's a very good between food studies and social differences. So it's a very easy question that you are asking.

446
01:29:28.000 --> 01:29:35.000
It's exactly the core of the question that we would like to deal with the coming months and coming years.

447
01:29:35.000 --> 01:29:42.000
Thank you very much for this question.

448
01:29:42.000 --> 01:29:43.000
Thank you for this question and thank you for being also part of the drone. OK, very interesting.

449
01:29:43.000 --> 01:29:52.000
Also, part of the drum. OK, very interesting question also because if we go back actually to part of the drum.

450
01:29:52.000 --> 01:29:56.000
OK, very interesting question also because if we go back actually to the definition of empty diet by woo.

451
01:29:56.000 --> 01:30:22.000
There is actually an integration of, for example, current differences at theitary customs using actually the definition itself where basically the way actually to go about it is okay there is a combination of altar for the individual and the planet and at the end it says like basically like individual preferences, cultural food cultures or dietary customs are actually all

452
01:30:22.000 --> 01:30:25.000
falling at within this definition. There are some variations. We are delayed that there are some variations.

453
01:30:25.000 --> 01:30:35.000
But basically, because we are speaking in terms of nutrition, it goes back actually to theiability of the food capture.

454
01:30:35.000 --> 01:30:53.000
So there is actually this avenue. However, when it comes to the national recommendations from actually what I got actually to understand from this actually report which has been published in April of this year I think the one which is about actually the contribution of terrestrial animal.

455
01:30:53.000 --> 01:31:08.000
Is a question of health and They are focused mainly on the health outcomes. Very less actually national recommendation will be specific when it comes actually to the source of, we will be specific when it comes actually to the source of the protein.

456
01:31:08.000 --> 01:31:21.000
So there is be specific when it comes actually to the source of the protein. So there is actually still actually an avenue and possibly also a debate open on actually okay should actually national recommendations specify and the source for example of proteins.

457
01:31:21.000 --> 01:31:39.000
Or should actually remain with actually nutritional discourse for example in terms of okay amino acids for example and I think it's connecting rightly to this question of okay what is the right actually for example scammers that we we should actually go back to.

458
01:31:39.000 --> 01:31:55.000
Because even if we take the national level it may be actually very different among 3 different groups. To join the speaking and I mean within the sort of certification.

459
01:31:55.000 --> 01:32:01.000
What? So.

460
01:32:01.000 --> 01:32:14.000
No, please, you have the last trip. A Thank you for your very interesting contributions. My question is for everybody.

461
01:32:14.000 --> 01:32:35.000
How can we integrate, reflections on transitions. The fact that we already have entered in in a period of radical uncertainty, aation of the environmental crisis.

462
01:32:35.000 --> 01:32:45.000
On the so it means that there can be events radically disrupting the Potter sanity for food production of entire countries.

463
01:32:45.000 --> 01:32:57.000
Where in Ukraine is one example, the fooding of Pakistan. Alf of the Pakistan is another example.

464
01:32:57.000 --> 01:33:12.000
I social scientist, how could we, how can we think future revolution when such uncertainties are present?

465
01:33:12.000 --> 01:33:18.000
Thank you for that question and I think we have a question online as well from Esther.

466
01:33:18.000 --> 01:33:30.000
Yes, I have 2 questions for the last presentation and I want to know if the issue of gender is taken into account in their definition of protein needs.

467
01:33:30.000 --> 01:33:41.000
For example, the well-known notion that in some subsistence societies, it is it is often women or the elderly who have to give up meat or protein of animal origin.

468
01:33:41.000 --> 01:34:02.000
And secondly, if you can say something more on the subject of animals hidden. In the more abstract definition of protein rich food because it seems to me that the development of a less anthropotent, anthropocentric idea that envisage a less hierarchical and more empathic and sustainable interstitious

469
01:34:02.000 --> 01:34:08.000
relationship is an important factor in explaining this evolution.

470
01:34:08.000 --> 01:34:17.000
Thank you, Esther. Anyone else has one short question because we have 5 more minutes? Yes, please.

471
01:34:17.000 --> 01:34:21.000
I'm Bruce Muir head from the University of Waterloo in. Canada.

472
01:34:21.000 --> 01:34:35.000
I'm interested in Esther. This is really nothing at all to do with your research, I guess, but I'm interested in the question of you have a woman prime minister now and I'm wondering if you will notice any difference, say, in how you.

473
01:34:35.000 --> 01:34:49.000
Approach female entrepreneurs or farmers in the future as a first woman prime minister in Italian history so will that have an effect?

474
01:34:49.000 --> 01:35:00.000
Great, great questions. Before giving the the word to the presenters, I would also like to post a question slash reflection on the synergies of the scale.

475
01:35:00.000 --> 01:35:11.000
In this panel, it has been very interesting that we have been traveling from many countries. And regions in the world and also local to transnational scales.

476
01:35:11.000 --> 01:35:23.000
I wanted to ask maybe if you could do a reflection on the synergies of the scale of when thinking about transitions in in food transition in in the policies of food transitions and social change.

477
01:35:23.000 --> 01:35:48.000
And is it the national level interacting with the international? How are they connecting with the local? How do we combine all the synergies to actually Create food transitions that are more just more sustainable are more ecological for everyone.

478
01:35:48.000 --> 01:35:57.000
So maybe With those questions, I will give the the word to all of the presenters to have a short closing.

479
01:35:57.000 --> 01:36:04.000
Statement and yeah. So please, I don't know, are you me? Would you like to start and then I'll give you the word to everyone.

480
01:36:04.000 --> 01:36:07.000
Thank you.

481
01:36:07.000 --> 01:36:17.000
Thank you very much again for giving me such a great opportunity to join these sessions. regarding the The question about how do you, you know.

482
01:36:17.000 --> 01:36:30.000
Think about the transition itself because I am really interested in the local dynamics and then when we talk about the transitions I always try to.

483
01:36:30.000 --> 01:36:39.000
Be careful to rendition this world itself. It could be on this course and then transition when we can.

484
01:36:39.000 --> 01:36:48.000
US transitions. Just you look at some changes to the society, but who can change the societies about questions?

485
01:36:48.000 --> 01:37:00.000
Sometimes there is power dynamics inside the society as Chile said. So I always try to think about the transition is contain governing and local resistance.

486
01:37:00.000 --> 01:37:13.000
So I would like to. Look at the such, you know, 2 power dynamics from the top and bottoms and how they are, be delayed, integrating details are to create a society.

487
01:37:13.000 --> 01:37:20.000
So sorry, it's a very short reflections, but it's only my comment. Thank you very much.

488
01:37:20.000 --> 01:37:25.000
This is great, thank you Yumi. Esther, would you like to address your questions?

489
01:37:25.000 --> 01:37:30.000
Yes, about, the question of, Regarding our prime minister at the moment.

490
01:37:30.000 --> 01:37:44.000
I think that Maybe it's a bit early to answer. We had another head of state who made the battle of the brain, but maybe it's not a good memory.

491
01:37:44.000 --> 01:37:54.000
Let's say that being a woman maybe, It's a kind of used instrumentally, regarding the, this, new, relationship with power.

492
01:37:54.000 --> 01:38:18.000
But for gender issues is not a very change or we don't see any change at the moment. So I don't know if our Prime Minister is the best testimonial to accelerate the gender equality also in the agriculture sector or in the label market.

493
01:38:18.000 --> 01:38:43.000
And, regarding the question about transition, I think that, maybe just the multi functional model of the, many, medium and, leader firms could be an answer to this, to this question because when you, talk about

494
01:38:43.000 --> 01:39:05.000
multi-functionality, you are referring not only to the, the profit that production in the sixth sense, but also to the necessity to combine many other functions like for example the care of common goods, the landscape environments and community protection well-being, preservation of local traditions.

495
01:39:05.000 --> 01:39:16.000
So it's like you are recognising a sort of calling to care of things and people from the local territory to the global planet.

496
01:39:16.000 --> 01:39:25.000
So maybe a meaning of transition could be this calling to care at a local and a global scale.

497
01:39:25.000 --> 01:39:30.000
Great. A colleague took care. Thank you, Esther. Please, the panelists.

498
01:39:30.000 --> 01:39:37.000
That are present here if you could Yeah.

499
01:39:37.000 --> 01:39:47.000
Final things. Okay, so about a translation in my opinion, I want to answer this question in my opinion.

500
01:39:47.000 --> 01:39:54.000
I want to answer registration from 3 levels. The first level is about transition. in my opinion, I want to answer this question from 3 levels.

501
01:39:54.000 --> 01:40:11.000
The first level is about the transition about the next Transitional scale is from FRANCKER MIDI to the cache cross is the first level about agricultural transition and then we can think about this thing into a second think label.

502
01:40:11.000 --> 01:40:27.000
A choice about indigenous farmers and while they abandon fast- maybe to love. To a cache, maybe it's because of the effect of, colony on policies and economy market.

503
01:40:27.000 --> 01:40:40.000
So, and actually in some perspective of a hundred Chinese they will think that the indigenous people in Taiwan abandoned their culture or cultural crafts.

504
01:40:40.000 --> 01:40:49.000
Of voluntarily but in my opinion I don't think so that's because Actually, he, we're into the third level.

505
01:40:49.000 --> 01:41:15.000
That's why they, why they want to choose, how they decide to choose the casualties because when the colonize the issue after the conversation the indigenous communities in incorporated into the national governance systems then they had to be paid a school fees and then they need to make the money to to make a life cycle so they decide to

506
01:41:15.000 --> 01:41:45.000
abandon the first-term medical innovation. I think, so. So in my opinion that's the restoration of how our research took cover is the problem crisis nowadays as we think other restoration is kind of an action of decolonization is not only plant food but also to reveal a stovearity of

507
01:41:45.000 --> 01:41:52.000
indigenous people in Taiwan. So that's how our research deal with the crisis nowadays, I think.

508
01:41:52.000 --> 01:42:09.000
The thing fixing, there's no action. We have They must be okay, maybe I will get sharp because We don't have much time.

509
01:42:09.000 --> 01:42:23.000
When it comes to the I mean, from a political level I'm not sure, but from actually what we can actually, for example, analyse in terms of protein transition.

510
01:42:23.000 --> 01:42:45.000
The diversity of actually this 14 transition could be a resource to face actually this incentives. And the international level, I think it's It's a it's embedded already like with this idea of an empty diet which is emerging When it comes to the synergies between the different people, I'm not sure.

511
01:42:45.000 --> 01:43:15.000
We have synergies, but what I get to observe is that it's actually quite messy and if I'm referring for example to the analysis here in terms of FAO.

512
01:43:16.000 --> 01:43:24.000
There actually was other emissions. The question of gender, the question of gender is integrated in the definitions.

513
01:43:24.000 --> 01:43:36.000
If you understood where your your question is there. I didn't enter into into this because it's adding quite a bit of complexity in actually the different actually recommendations.

514
01:43:36.000 --> 01:43:47.000
But yes, they are actually differentiation and there are a lot of work which is done on renewable population defined as pregnant and black acting women, especially from this question.

515
01:43:47.000 --> 01:44:00.000
Why they are missing actually some research on the first one. Basically, 1,000 days of the life as well as elderly people at the moment.

516
01:44:00.000 --> 01:44:29.000
And the last question, maybe very short. The question of Eden animal is basically like this use of cathars, nutritional categories, for example, protein rich food as a way to hide actually the origin or the source of the food which is potentially then actually coming along this environmentalization but not always for example in latest actually publication we are going back a

517
01:44:29.000 --> 01:44:36.000
lot to the source to be evaluate at least implication of the different source of proteins on the environment.

518
01:44:36.000 --> 01:44:46.000
So ends actually leading actually to. Triggering other questions related to the animal of course, especially vegetable cause maybe also.

519
01:44:46.000 --> 01:45:09.000
Okay. He's a Okay. We transitioned we have We deal with classical contradiction between the universal perspective of outside nutrition.

520
01:45:09.000 --> 01:45:22.000
And the willingness of the politician to do based science policy. And the extreme diversity of the spiritual dimension of the food culture.

521
01:45:22.000 --> 01:45:31.000
Oh we can do that and that's the question. I was enthusiast. Let's try to.

522
01:45:31.000 --> 01:45:42.000
Oh, fantastic. Fantastic. Because the meal of me was inclusive everywhere before the introduction of potatoes in Europe.

523
01:45:42.000 --> 01:45:53.000
And, okay, we have to discuss. Just in the 10 last seconds, thank you very much for the question about uncertainty.

524
01:45:53.000 --> 01:45:57.000
Thank you very much for the question about uncertainty and environmental crisis. Thank you very much for the question about uncertainty and uncertainty and environmental crisis crisis.

525
01:45:57.000 --> 01:46:12.000
I would like to say that a thing we did not have time to discuss today. From food from an animal protein to vegetated protein.

526
01:46:12.000 --> 01:46:38.000
One of the assumption of the exchange we have with Shompeare is that if we understand better the first transportation transition and the way it has been dealt with by the international organization and by the experts in nutrition maybe we will have a better way to manage a second one and to deal with this radical uncertainty and this environmental crisis that we are facing

527
01:46:38.000 --> 01:46:43.000
today. So it's an attempt. Thank you. Vincent.

528
01:46:43.000 --> 01:46:47.000
And thank you for all your questions and thank you for all your questions and participation and for the panel. Thank you very much.

529
01:46:47.000 --> 01:46:53.000
Enjoy theThanks a lot