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I just read it for you on behalf of everyone gathered. I pay respect

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to the spirit of country. Here in Nam, where we are meeting, I acknowledged the past and present cooling nation, who in Jerusalem is the sovereign people here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the aboriginal law, customs and custodianship responsibilities for country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future. For all of us

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I recognize the important contribution that first nations, thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all first nations delegates in the rule today for their contributions to knowledge. In the discipline.

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we do have online participants. And also.

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2 presenters here. Yeah, 3 presenters here

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and welcome everyone.

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Before I proceed, I would like to Rick. Oh, sorry. So what we are going to be doing is, we will have the presentations first and take questions after it. My name is Amina Trias.

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Assistance Professor at the Modes National University department of Social Sciences. It is actually a great pleasure to chair this session. I'm the only mo even in this conference, and this is a huge conference, and so I take pleasure in that.

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We have papers. 5 papers! Nitz and Raymond Zafati. Your nails, our

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akil in we

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the real.

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It's easy to tell you. Okay, sorry about the

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and Rob Roberts.

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I'm definitely looking forward to hearing the presenters make their arguments. And also the Looking forward to further discussions on the presentations. differently. We have a variety of papers here that will be interesting to see where we go from there. All right. So

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Once the presentations are over, I will request all the presenters, the in-person presenters, to come to the front. We have one audience, so we can do that.

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you have 15 min to present After 12 min I will let you know, and then you can rip up quickly in 2 min for it. So we will start with the online presentation. The first one, the Tanks and R. Ryan R. Rymond's a party Department of Human Resource Management Studies. Superior Academic College is right

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close to for you.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Thank you very much. I will just shortly share my screen.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: can you see the presentation

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez Agmoni? I will assume you do so. Thank you very much for having me here, and for the organizer, and my name is Nita Rimonso. Fi. I'm an Israeli sociologist. I'm a sociologist of medicine. So I'm a bit of a guest here in this comparative one.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: A sociology session and I study social and ethical aspects of fertility and reproductive medicine. And today I would present to you some finding of a research that's focused on social egg, freezing, some comparative findings of time perception

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: that we compared between women who use

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez agmoni as social X-raying in Germany and in Israel. I wrote this paper, along with Professor Zika Shikon, from the Department of Medical Ethics, the Mystery of Medicine in University Medical Center, Gotting again. And here is the one

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty:  mit ctl, and full papers so you can find it, because I'm going only going to present a selection, and if you haven't acquired the ideas, please feel free to contact me. So for my presentation today I will start with a brief introduction about cryo, fertility and temporality. 250

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E. C.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And I would wrap up with the show discussion about the concept of singlehood, about gender and cultural streets to explain our cross cultural, comparative findings and the notion of cry of politics. So, starting with the introduction of cry of fertility and temporality, looking at assistive reproductive technologies in general, they were initially aimed at treating it, overcoming fertility or infertility

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez agmoni. And nowadays such technologies, we see, are increasingly used to control the biology of fertility and its temporal characteristic meaning aimed at expanding the timeframe of fertility, and an important example of that are freezing technologies. We call them cry of fertility in the context of reproductive medicine, the freezing of reproductive material one.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So the use of cryobiology in general, of freezing technologies enables us to stop and start biology with its temporal biological clocks

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and to house and suspend and later initialize metabolic activities, and therefore they call for a decent perspective on the relationship between biology and time and therefore freezing technologies have been referred to as the form of biological time machine or temporal potasses.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And a social actually is very a good example for that. And a very good example for a case study for studying temporality. But first let me explain briefly what is social X-ray things. So a technological investment make it possible now to harvest and try a preserve

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and fertilized eggs. and to store them

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and use them later in life through assisted reproductive technologies for reproductive processes. When they were first introduced they were used many for what we call medical reasons, 2.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Meaning, for example, in the context of oncological treatment.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: but with the advancement of the technologies down now increasingly endorsed also for what we term is non-medical or social reasons, and they are becoming quite widely used.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And so social eggs. Facing is a very, very interesting case. Study for starting temporality, because it's essentially aim to enable women to disconnect the reproductive potential from their, let's say, biological reason or or coulocks.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So in this study, what we aim was to expand our understanding of the waste and parality emerges and is negotiated in contemporary practice of prior presentation of a social egg freezing, namely, social X-raying.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Additionally, very little is known about how fast and porality construction, if and how they take shaping and differentiate between society. And so we also aimed at comparatively analyzing the views and experiences of social exhibiting uses in Germany and in Israel, and by that is understanding how temporal and instructions take shaping and differentiate also between society

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: mit Ctl. And and why did we choose to compare Israel in Germany? The previous research has identified Israel and Germany as representing 2 opposing regulatory frameworks and professional cultures in biomedicine. Looking at reproductive medicine. 3.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: The German regulatory framework which is originated in the German Embryo Protection Act, and was identified as rather restricted. Why the Israeli regulatory framework of the production medicine was identified as rather permissive, and, in fact, Israel was one of the first countries to officially regulate

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: social exiting. Already in 2,011. Their regulation was very recently amended in 2,022. I will not go into it in details, but we will just give you some

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: the main points. So the internal regulation allowed the freezing of eggs of healthy women, aged 30 to 41, and the implementation and of those eggs for the purpose of reproduction until the age of 54. The procedure is not publicly funded 150,

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and in contrast in Germany that there is no real parallel, regulatory framework, it is not restricted as so definitely.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And there. There is also no plot public funding of the

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: so. And what did we do? What we did was that we use the qualitative research approach by using in in that semi-structured interview with Israeli and German women who use the procedure of a social egg facing. And we later analyze those interviews, using the constructivist version of the grounded theory method

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez agmoni. So moving to our findings first, I think it's important to know that you might come across the major presentations of social X-raying users, and they usually portray a social existing users as women who deliberately delay a childbirth in order to achieve some kind of educational or career goal 150.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: But what we found, and not only us, but

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: some research conducted in different countries around the world is that most of the women are immediate class, highly educated, and most importantly, single women who opt for social, everything mainly due to lack of partner.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and one of the

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: the major cross-cultural findings that we found was around the question of whether it's all to become a mother, which, unlike the situation in Israel. What we found among our German interview is this, this is a very conflict, while ambivalent and difficult question, kind of a dramatic question for them to make, and they raise several concerns in this regard which made 150.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: This decision more difficult. First, they, you said, referred to the German labor market and educational training courses which they perceive as intense and by the summit, and as extremely a discouraging of motherhood.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: The second point they raised was, I view of readiness. The idea that there is the right time to become a mother, that they strongly connected to certain milestones, they believe should be reached before becoming them out there like financial stability, stable relationship, emotional readiness, etc.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: They also talked a lot about challenging relationship formations and how hard it is to form a stable relationship in today's dating world with this endless possibilities and instability.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: It's another very important notion that they brought up was the concept of forgotten motor which is a term rather than in English. It's raven, mother.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: the term you

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: to denote neglecting, and mothers who are not only performing as moderate, but also go out and work and develop a career. So this

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty:  It reflects very strong social expectations from German mothers, mainly, by the way, in West Germany to put all their energies into mother, who, to the point of social delegation and stigmatization of working mother, hereafter called 100.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: It raven matter.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So it's not like the Israeli respondents did not talk about or raise such concerns, but it seems that for them

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: in Israel the decision to become a but it came up. It's almost unconditional.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: While in Germany it was quite equivalent and conflictual, and against this background we detected 3 main groups of social. At using us. We present different motivation to use motivation to use this technology and also different temporality formation.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So the first group we turned them corresponding reproductive decision making it was kind of a minority group, not many interviewees. Most of those women came from Germany, and er considering the concerns that I just brought up, they were unsure if they would even want to have children or not.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and they use the practice of social X. I think, to gain more time for more making this choice until they will be forced to make a choice of whether or not to become a mother. This is exemplified by the next quotation.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: time was flying, and I'm 38. There is not that much time, less to take an active decision. I cannot take the decision now. If I want to have a family or not. I love my job. I love the things that I do might sound very egoistic. It's basically a decision of changing a lifestyle. I like my life.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Okay. Another thing that comes up in this quotation is the kind of social crisis system

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: which those women in Germany are faith that they are egoistic, and this kind of criticism reflects down normative ideas of collective timetable.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And indeed, many of my interviews with the idea that they are of time, especially

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: in the second group which we turned waiting for a partner. And this was a majority group, a lot of women, both from Israel and in from Germany, and this group excel, expressed a very clear wish to be to become others. They wanted to have children.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: but they say, I want to have a child within a head for normative relationship or family model. And Q. And T. I don't have a partner, and this is a situation they did not shoot that you did not want to stay in and facing the taking biological clock, they felt that they are running out of time.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: or, as it was put by. One of my German interview is in a state of end-time panic.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and therefore they use the practice of eggs. We think, to buy more time to find the partner and get back on the lifeforce threat.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: This is particular exemplified by the next quotation. It will give me an option. I will find a partner. That will be a good match for me if that end of fertility somehow becomes a bit software.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And the last group of interviewees that we found we. We turned this motivation long, long-term, reproductive planning. This group was comprised of only Israeli women, all Jewish and self-identified as religious women.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and it might sound a bit surprising, but actually unlike the Christian idea of the divine order of creation, naturalness refrain from playing that

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: within the Jewish tradition, social accessing its procedures aren't problematic and actually.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and it's supported by some Rabbanic authorities. And as an alternative to single model which is specific, this programmatic by the Jewish law, and that for social X facing becomes an option for religious women.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and those women will usually start to use social egg freezing as soon as possible, meaning at the age of 30, when the law enable them. This is due to high success rate of the process, but also due to traditional ideas of the life cost in which women are expected to get married and have multiple number of children at younger ages.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: And those women presented a very unique idea of long-term family planning by stressing that for them the decision to freeze eggs. Rely not simply on the wish to have a child, but on this, but on the wish to have as many children as possible, even with the late start, even if they stopped having children a later ages.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Yes. too many minutes.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Yes, okay, no problem

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: mit ctl, and so if I'm getting married at the age of 35, so a section of women getting married in this age, she will have 2 to 3 children. It is enough for her for a religious woman it's too little. This is something that is done by a religious woman who want to have men children, but got married in a late age, 250

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez agmoni. Fertility. Preservation is not for being a mother in general, it is for being a mother of 5. So, according to this idea, she will get married and have her first children in a natural way, but then, at later ages, when facing age-related fertility decline, she will be able to use her frozen X one.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So, wrapping up my presentation, social life, using generally drinks up. The status of single hood is the main category, highlighting the temporal collective organization of social life.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: while the second group, the waiting group.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: a demonstrate the extent to which the phenomenology of singlehood produces a certain temporal identity that exceeds cultural boundaries. The other 2 groups represent a national contract

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: relevant task for us to explain the scorecard, for sculptural differences include the Israeli pronunciation and social expectations from German mother.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: father, and

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Erez agmoni and possible explanation can be the general promotion of individualism in Germany, when individual sexualization was identified as leading to birth rates decline in contrast. In Israel, the cultural has been identified as a combination of individualism and and collectivism reflecting the importance of family ties. 2.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Erez agmoni. I'm just concluding. So our comparative findings, highlight, cross and intricultural differences in reproductive and morality by that the abstract individual perspective that dominates the bioethical analysis. It's expands to include such a cultural, even political one

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: contest.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Our comparative research emphasize the importance of relevant cultural and gender scripts that construct the attitudes in relation to technological innovation and dissociative time perception, and by that we uncover the biopolitical, or, in the context of freezing technologies, cry of political mechanism.

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Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much. Dr. Nissan. Roma, Roman. Sorry, Ryan Riman Zafadi. Very sorry about that. thank you for the very interesting presentation, and also finishing up on time as well. Next we have Professor Jonel Sava.

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University of butcherist. Is that right from Romania

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play with us?

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Yeah.

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okay, this is

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This is a presentation that somehow is trying to

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to

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look for an alternative method, what what we call today as being the

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social simultaneity. That means we have a a theory which is coming from anthropology.

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Nick Shiller, you may. So you may know, some of you of this name, but also some some other sociologist Christ. that they somehow think a person

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usually migrant

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could be active in 2 social contexts which are not geographically connected.

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So you may be in Australia, Melbourne having a job, and so on, even a familiar crew.

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But you could also be active in the Maldives and do something for the local community.

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So, being active into until recently, this kind of this kind of research was based on what we call embeddedness.

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There is a gentleman, a sociologist, Granov. You may also remember the seventies. Eighties.

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Well, ember that nassis you should be, if you open a business. You are a migrant. If you are open a business in Amsterdam. There is a good study of the migrants having businesses in Amsterdam, for instance.

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and then created a local community having a wife having friends in both communities touch, but also, indeed, why not?

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Sharina?

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It's it's a good place. It's a good name for the duchy, former Colonisha, which is in.

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I remember some of them.

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One of them is a footballer, a great great player. I can't remember exactly the name.

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That was a, of course. So this is the old embeddedness. Recently, they are moving to the social network analyzes.

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That means okay, we are no longer counting how many businesses here. This you open. If you are married or not, how many, you know activities? Are you participating it? But we are trying to see in your social network what is relevant.

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for instance, what is the cohesion of your small group, your work you are living in.

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And that is that is to say.

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if you are better integrated in the natives

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social networks. That means you are almost assimilated where you are embedded.

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Okay, because your contacts are rather

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prevailing with the people from local society.

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In this case, the Dutch that I made as an example. But in my research. It's paid.

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We have a rather a large number, something like a half a million Romanians in Spain.

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and they are ready.

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very well integrated, most of them.

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They have a something like a three-handed and

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80 created communities associations within these Spanish regions and big cities.

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Yeah, we have a small city in the next of Barcelona, which is having 17,000 Romanians

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out of 22,000

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inhabitants in that city.

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Ok, they are commuting to Mars and doing different

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economic and social activities.

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Okay, so this is when they are very well integrated within the native groups.

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Spanish in this case.

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and they still keep a communication with the with the place of origin, but in a small the amount

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they have usually 10 to 12

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Spanish contacts and 2 to 4

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nationals contact.

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and

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They are traveling home not so often than they used to be in the first years of their their establishment in Spain, and so on and so forth. So this is

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how the social network on a license is trying to measure what we call single time it. How active are they in Spain! How active are they in the community of forage? They're sending money. They are making pressure for for political changes. They are sending kind of social capital. They are sending influences of any other sports, and so on and so forth. So this is what this social network on my license is doing.

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and a number of sociologists have somehow made this social network analyzes a sort of, you know, supreme method

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in order to see the embeddedness.

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What I have discovered is that nobody is asking those people

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what they think about it. that just

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numbering that just putting them into graphs.

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they are asking the contacts they are counting. And then, okay, this is how we measure simultaneity, but nobody is asking them. So I try

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for this matter to combine the social network analyzes with the unicolic allitative approach to

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a transnationalist. What they think about this.

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how they feel being integrated, are they? Are they satisfied with them, with the results and the well-being they are at they have achieved in the place of destination. Are they keeping and in touch with the people at home? But they do, for for Let's say, having a a full life action.

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and therefore having

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the networks and then surveying the networks. It's a just a complementary method in order to measure simultaneity.

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which is really complicated. because the, for instance, the migrant networks

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rather, you know, I will not say country then shop, but the day net course are more informal.

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They are not, you know.

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present in the, in the official society, in the form of society, they are performing it at home in the holidays to the church

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when they married, and having, you know this kind of. So it's rather difficult to find what networks are relevant for measuring simultaneity and how to access those networks

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because you cannot make a you know, a sample as an usual sociological methodology, you should find what is the community, then, to identify? If that community is really a transnational one, and then how many members are making the networks identify the networks and then select the persons which are

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which are significant for that network, and ask them a question or send them a questioner. And I think we are having an interview, and so on and so forth.

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So this is my my research mainly about I I have a number of slides. I yeah. madam chairman, how many minutes I still have for him?

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7 min. Well, I hope you'll give me 3 min for bonus. And then, okay, I want to. So this is what I mentioned about the embeddedness and mobility. It's a little bit of paradox.

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those people, actually. They, you know, travel

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back and forth, and they are. They are making social influence into into social, different contexts.

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you know, and this is the the term of social field.

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It's coming from the journey and methodology with the fields in general, what you may call it in the American tradition, a social arena.

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It's the place that people are culturally and socially meeting with each other. They are negotiating the meaning, the social meaning, and so on and so forth. And then is the the concept of mobility

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which is to a certain extent trying to make this point. I mean?

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Well, theory. It's sometimes going faster than the methods could prove.

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Yeah. transnationalist, it's in its ideal type, in a Bavarian sense means everything is fluid. Everybody is moving. There is nothing which is stable.

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you know. This is

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maximum mobility or fluidity. On the other side it is the embeddedness.

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but everybody. It's relatively stable the number of people which are circulating. It's rather low. So how you sense this?

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Yeah. A Polish sociologist

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that was measuring the mobility of the polls in the United Kingdom before and after the Brexit.

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She was astonished. Those people are like crazy like, you know. They would run into a

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atomic chamber.

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and so she created the concept of super diversity. It's not simple diversity, it's super diversity. Those people are, you know, moving on, going and changing, and and so on and so forth. So super diversity is this this expression of of mobility as an ideal tier type, you know, and the other one is, of course, as I mentioned the the

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embedded in.

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Okay, this is the social network analysis. Everybody is now familiar with this with this approach.

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but there is one problem with this.

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the problem is that social network analysis is usually exciting.

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What we call the

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critical group. Size

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sociologists are very careful. and there is a research in 2,000 21, I think, by dubs.

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while he simply says, we cannot have a relationship with more than 5 to 6 people. Usually we have 4,

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a family member or 2, a sister, a brother, a friend or 2 friends.

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a wife, and

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somebody which is not supposed to be known by the wife, and so on. So this is all we have.

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Okay.

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however, in the social network analysis, they can go with this size up to 12, because they take into consideration what Granova says, the weak ties.

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So those relationships which are not stable, we know somebody, but we are not sure that next day we are still in contact with that person.

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And this is essential for the social network analysis. because.

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as you may know, Granova says, what these are, they are more important sometimes than the strong ties, because they have the bridges.

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We gather networks with the other people.

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Yeah. So how many bridges we have in your group. It's the social capital of your group, and so on and so forth. So from this point of view, we will have to somehow reconcile

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social network analyzes with the critical group size.

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How many people are really in that network?

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Because if you count the web ties, this is not the more so with the migrants, because the weak times and the migrants are most of the time created by the virtual communication. So they are the people which are connecting you by Facebook, by social media. I whatever you want to call it. So yeah.

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quite interesting. Right?

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Who is going to

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to say that the run of better is no longer relevant. Yeah. So we have to

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to take this some.

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Okay, this is the limits of the social network analysis.

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So they are

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somehow increasing artificially the the size of the network in order to give them the necessary mathematical results. Okay, but the real people are not there. Actually, that's that's the point.

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Okay? So I, I was introducing a

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the idea that

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from from this point of view, if you look at the at the network which everybody is now thinking they're not. They're not speaking of society, and so on. If they are speaking at networks, everything is network, and so on. So it's a turning a in a metaphor. There is a

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2 min. There is a Swiss sociologist that made this point.

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and then we had this

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geographical approach, which is with the social assemblage. You may know this. This concept which thinks the networks is something, you know.

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just at the new structure.

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Yeah. So we replace the wall structure with a new one, and we call it network. So it's not real. What is champagne. So this is the complementary, socially, inquiry that I mentioned.

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and

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how to measure simultaneity. So yeah, I will approach the conclusions.

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Yeah. for those of you that would like to get more details. I'd be happy to provide.

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Oh.

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and these are the data I don't know, we can see. So I just created a number of variables

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which are which are not related, that much, or depending on the networks, but rather on the qualitative dimension. They have it. So

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it's the free movement that means, if the people have this feeling, they are free to move. Indeed, that is the the network they are belong to, which is, then, is the primary group size. How many they think they are really functioning, then, is the personal network site that is small. I mentioned of this network.

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then it's the size and the whole network, composition

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and cohesion for the groups of natives, and for the group of so of co- nationals, and last, but not least.

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The embeddedness! And then and well being which so? And they, yeah, I

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investigate is something like a 5 of 55

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person on networks.

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And these are the results, and so on, and the the studies

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almost ready and help. Someone would like to publish it.

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Yeah.

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okay, thank you.

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And you.

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the

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AKIO　INUI: oh.

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AKIO　INUI: so my.

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AKIO　INUI: you see?

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AKIO　INUI: Yeah.

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yes.

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okay, yes. your present. You can start your presentation in a few minutes. let me first of all think. Thank Professor, for the interesting presentation. We have now started to think about our social networks where we belong.

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We will now hear from Professor Akio Innoy, Tokyo, Metropolitan University. We are going to be hearing about youth, transition, and social security. The floor is yours, sir.

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AKIO　INUI: Okay? And

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AKIO　INUI: from Tokyo. I apologize. I can't.

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AKIO　INUI: and that

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AKIO　INUI: I thought

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I present you to

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AKIO　INUI: would be a little bit strange for this. But

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AKIO　INUI: the

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AKIO　INUI: so the our presentation is transfer and social security compared to the study of Japan and Germany. No, right?

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AKIO　INUI: it's a based on the during research with

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AKIO　INUI: Japanese.

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AKIO　INUI: So

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AKIO　INUI: how about you that the

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AKIO　INUI: Japanese. and have married after a few years, and soon

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AKIO　INUI: I have a chance.

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AKIO　INUI: But since 1,990, the

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AKIO　INUI: and you I am primarily in Japan is the right to be

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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AKIO　INUI: the prolongation and the test standardized.

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AKIO　INUI: I guess.

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AKIO　INUI: impact on the housing. And the

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AKIO　INUI: that's company this week

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AKIO　INUI:  some some.

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AKIO　INUI: but that, including Japan, is scarce.

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AKIO　INUI: and also the most self-competitive flame, are declined to us. The European were English speaking companies.

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AKIO　INUI: So I want to search Christian.

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AKIO　INUI: how

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AKIO　INUI: the norms impact on housing and the domestic.

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AKIO　INUI: the whole social policy and security of each country, peace to the concerns.

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AKIO　INUI: and how is the particularly of Japan compared to the European countries.

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AKIO　INUI: our message on the data.

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AKIO　INUI: So we use with comparative

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AKIO　INUI: if I' to

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AKIO　INUI: early and 20 the late twenties. A second.

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AKIO　INUI: Yeah, we search for.

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AKIO　INUI: I was

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AKIO　INUI: the data we we use followings

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AKIO　INUI: we got to.

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AKIO　INUI: And the

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AKIO　INUI: analysis and the composer.

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AKIO　INUI: And the

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AKIO　INUI: in this presentation

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AKIO　INUI: we focus on the use of

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AKIO　INUI: how about the results? First.

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AKIO　INUI: the country

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AKIO　INUI: surface condition.

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AKIO　INUI: do we use the 2 indicators. The first is a. It means so.

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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AKIO　INUI: in no way

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AKIO　INUI: the no standard with them.

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AKIO　INUI: That employee moves to a standard employment easy.

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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in Germany and Japan.

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AKIO　INUI: hmm!

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That is closed.

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AKIO　INUI: And the

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AKIO　INUI: so in the norm is week in no way, and in Germany

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AKIO　INUI: and the storm in Switzerland and Japan.

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AKIO　INUI: and the second results. the

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AKIO　INUI: the particularly of the transitions of of each country

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AKIO　INUI: and nowhere.

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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AKIO　INUI: and the German, the left home, Ari, but

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AKIO　INUI: and the it's a almost in German.

303
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AKIO　INUI: and the Uk.

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AKIO　INUI: The left home early, and the

305
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AKIO　INUI: and it's very, very early for women

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AKIO　INUI: and the for we.

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AKIO　INUI: So let's but and the the

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AKIO　INUI: the that we compare that

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AKIO　INUI: So the

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AKIO　INUI: this much the plus and the minus the

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AKIO　INUI: in between

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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AKIO　INUI:  We've

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AKIO　INUI: the.

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AKIO　INUI: It means it for me

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AKIO　INUI: how to work, and you will not standard the employment. It could be

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AKIO　INUI: so in the

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AKIO　INUI: and

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a full email

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00:46:05.100 --> 00:46:11.559
AKIO　INUI: how to work and work no.

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AKIO　INUI: So the in the with the almost all the Max plus

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AKIO　INUI: and the force. the transfer risks

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AKIO　INUI: we as a life satisfaction

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AKIO　INUI: for the last land.

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AKIO　INUI: and give me the of the

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AKIO　INUI: and the

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AKIO　INUI: oh, man. precarious employment.

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00:46:57.990 --> 00:47:03.469
AKIO　INUI: It can be so, no standard, the employment and

329
00:47:03.560 --> 00:47:06.659
AKIO　INUI: and the

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00:47:06.810 --> 00:47:13.760
AKIO　INUI: to the other 3 countries. The

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AKIO　INUI: so the letters

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AKIO　INUI: question

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00:47:20.220 --> 00:47:25.040
AKIO　INUI: and no standard, the Germany and Japan.

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00:47:25.760 --> 00:47:28.369
AKIO　INUI: and how to brought the

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for your

336
00:47:32.850 --> 00:47:34.430
AKIO　INUI: and the

337
00:47:36.140 --> 00:47:37.250
AKIO　INUI: oh, we

338
00:47:38.490 --> 00:47:42.070
AKIO　INUI: out of work! And it was the long

339
00:47:42.570 --> 00:47:47.949
AKIO　INUI: scandal. The employment increased the the transitions, but

340
00:47:53.120 --> 00:47:54.970
AKIO　INUI: it to me for that. So

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00:47:55.050 --> 00:48:00.860
AKIO　INUI: the strong in in Japan

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00:48:01.390 --> 00:48:03.970
week in your right, I'm

343
00:48:04.460 --> 00:48:05.380
AKIO　INUI: Germany.

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00:48:06.760 --> 00:48:09.170
AKIO　INUI: So the

345
00:48:11.160 --> 00:48:12.829
AKIO　INUI: out to work we

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00:48:12.880 --> 00:48:19.630
AKIO　INUI: the Japan

347
00:48:19.990 --> 00:48:23.770
AKIO　INUI: but no

348
00:48:23.910 --> 00:48:27.549
AKIO　INUI: German here.

349
00:48:30.940 --> 00:48:31.720
AKIO　INUI: and the

350
00:48:46.150 --> 00:48:50.319
AKIO　INUI: and the last

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00:48:51.490 --> 00:48:52.180
AKIO　INUI: oh.

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00:48:53.220 --> 00:49:01.500
AKIO　INUI: social security. the we use 2 indicators. the posts.

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00:49:01.520 --> 00:49:12.039
AKIO　INUI: So I'm I implement assistance. It means that the institution such economically support employees.

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00:49:12.950 --> 00:49:24.220
AKIO　INUI: the full European countries. or every. But

355
00:49:24.660 --> 00:49:29.540
AKIO　INUI: in Japan the we have

356
00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:36.610
AKIO　INUI: question. It means the only for the pix standard then.

357
00:49:38.760 --> 00:49:42.850
AKIO　INUI: and the

358
00:49:42.860 --> 00:49:44.980
AKIO　INUI: of the

359
00:49:47.150 --> 00:49:49.269
AKIO　INUI: then if it's for the

360
00:49:49.430 --> 00:49:50.930
for out of the box

361
00:49:52.010 --> 00:49:57.050
AKIO　INUI: the we get information from our data sets

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00:49:58.270 --> 00:50:09.229
AKIO　INUI: in the full European countries the coverage is a high core model. but in Japan

363
00:50:09.240 --> 00:50:11.250
AKIO　INUI: the coverage.

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00:50:13.070 --> 00:50:14.809
AKIO　INUI: So our conclusion.

365
00:50:15.300 --> 00:50:25.849
AKIO　INUI: the they are, and social security is that Christian economic uncertainty for you.

366
00:50:25.960 --> 00:50:34.179
AKIO　INUI: but especially the lock up question, for no standard development in Japan is serious.

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00:50:35.180 --> 00:50:40.209
AKIO　INUI: some

368
00:50:41.920 --> 00:50:43.609
AKIO　INUI: and

369
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AKIO　INUI: because the the the but

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AKIO　INUI: the chance of engineering housewives, you know, living with

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AKIO　INUI: collectively in our husbands is substantial, because because the employment and man is increasing.

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AKIO　INUI: it impacts on the increase of and the the

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AKIO　INUI: in Japan series.

374
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AKIO　INUI: But we need for the investigation for the

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AKIO　INUI: Thank you.

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Thank you, Professor. That was very time efficient and an interesting presentation as well. I'm sure we will have more questions. at the end. thank you. We will now have Professor Daisy del Real, University of Southern California, United States. We are going to be hearing about liberal paradoxes.

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Oh, yeah. Thank you. Thank you for your patience.

378
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Okay? So we have a very dynamic set of presentation. So I'll try to give enough context and hopefully like, it'll make sense. So I'm going to talk about just rec like context, I'm going to talk about state bureaucrats. Okay? And the how the ideas, interest and values of State bureaucrats can influence policy, change in immigration.

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in immigration, scholarship. There is a literature that has focused on why governments, how political discourse impacts immigration laws, and there is a whole literature that focuses on the gap between anti-immigrant discourse of government and the global North

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and open immigration policies in the past. And the idea here is that they're anti-immigrant in the media because their their constituents, the majority of their citizens, are racist and anti-immigrants, so they have to appeal to them.

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but in private. Coalitions of policy making. They're more willing to push. To let temporary immigrants to come in

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to meet labor demands for to compete in the capitalist global society. And essentially here, open immigration policy means that the immigrants can enter. But they're not given a lot of opportunities to access permanent legal residency or right

383
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In contrast. The reverse liberal paradox is a group of scholars who are mainly led by a cosine flave, have started to signal how in these countries the high-ranking officials, like President, are promoting the human rights of immigrants and saying that they're going to provide the world more humane model and immigration, but that there's also a gap here that their policies or bills sometimes contain some restrictions

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and do not fully implement human rights in practice. So that's a critique. And

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what I'm intervening in this literature is that most of these approaches the liberal paradoxes, focus on political discourses of high-ranking political aids, like precedents, or very public-facing politicians.

386
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However, these high ranking officials are not necessarily involved in the entire policy, making process from the design to the actual signing of a law, and sometimes you have alternating officials that come in and go out, and they use immigration as part of their political campaign. But they are not necessarily determining the articles included in the bills.

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and this approach under emphasizes what Morgan and Sherlock Holmes has called the arms of the state. So the bureaucracy and the executive agency, and all the work that they do, and they don't focus on migration. But I'm bringing that to migration, and I examine the discourse of local rankings. State the middle ranking low ranking state bureaucrats.

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So the research question that I tackle is, How does the discourse of middle ranked State bureaucrats affect how higher rank officials frame rights, expansive immigration policies. So these are policies that allow immigrants to access legal, permanent residency with the patch of citizenship. And most political MOS are rights to so political rights

389
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because that's usually tied to citizenship.

390
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so for isolation, it's my case. Election. I focus on the Medical School Residency Agreement, which is the original trade agreement with an intergovernment organization that convenes State representatives

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on a regular basis to discuss many social issues, including migration.

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and in 22, 2,002, the delegates to this organization created the Medical so Residency Agreement, which is a treaty that makes lawful residency a substantive right, which means that the State officials, if they find an undocumented person instead of criminalizing them, they're supposed to help them figure out a path to legal residency, and this is in the law, so like they have to give them guidance and and not necessarily treat them badly.

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They also equate non-political rights with immigrants and between immigrants and citizens. And very quick background. I can answer more questions about this. I am focusing on the Member States that have a voting, that they can not only influence policy design, but vote on which treaties are assigned. So the Mercosur Residency Agreement was signed in 2,002,

394
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ratified by all the Member States by 2,009, and internalize. Here I

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focus on internalizations in terms of like they needed to change their immigration laws. The different provisions of the treaty were included in the legal structure.

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because just having, if you have a treaty that promotes immigrant rights. But then you have a law that's very restrictive. Then, even if you gratify a treaty, you're not really internalizing it. So that's the logic. So the eternalization process took 2020 years essentially from 2,004 all the way to 2,022

397
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And as I mentioned, I'm focusing on the 4 Member States that had voting power through this whole time in my pursuit. And my database for this is a hundred in-depth interviews with middle to high-ranked State officials, State bureaucrats, and elected officials and delegates to Medical school in Congressional archives of the the Medical So. Residency agreements ratification at the national level and immigration reforms in the Ford countries.

398
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and just a highlight of my argument, I argue that, due to the intermediate position of mid-level State bureaucrats, they were able to craft strategic frames.

399
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the trick of up and across countries over time

400
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and by intermediate position. Here I'm focusing on mid-level state bureaucrats or the corner Office civil servants who work in the same position for a long time. They're not politically appointed. They're outside the lamin of politics, so they're not giving discourses to the media, and they're not full diplomats. They're not in the Diplomatic Academy, but they are part-time diplomats

401
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who sometimes go and serve in the Medical School migration meetings, where, because medical school has consensus voting rules, they're incentivised to garner pardons and support for policy ideas at the regional level

402
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and by strategic frames I am focusing on. I argue that these may levels the bureaucrats use different frames that are not necessarily aligned with their beliefs. So in their culture for more of like, how they think

403
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mit Ctl and others perceive immigration, especially security officials, and they frame the same treaty the same. They don't change the treaty, so they frame the same treaty differently, depending on the audience. Member. so they're here. They're adapting to the idea. Perceive ideas of others, 150

404
00:59:27.080 --> 00:59:42.740
and what I argue is that these they created 6 strategic frames that trickled up to higher ranking officials across the 4 countries, between 2,002 to 2,022

405
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over time. So I. For this I have limited time. I have 4 countries, and it

406
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a lot of data I'm trying to trim. This is part of a book chapter. So this is like the chapter on ideas. so I'm going to focus on one country, but if you have questions about other countries, they'll be happy to answer them.

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so I want you to. Just this is the way I'm trying to explain what the what, what the strategic frames that I found that like kind of spread over time mean. So the frames focus on whether or not the Medical School Residency Agreement had high or low benefit for States officials, for a government, or whether or not it had high to low benefits for immigrants.

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and depending on, like the political ideology of the audience member, they were emphasized different things, like the benefits for the State and the immigrant, or how it was bad for the state and for immigrants, etc.

409
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And again, it's the same policy. So it's they're shifting, based on the audience.

410
01:00:46.320 --> 01:01:03.849
So one of the mid-level State bureaucrats, who was a part-time diplomat to medical. So I was trading human rights. She had a degree on this she was, she viewed immigration from a human rights lance. She had been working in the Argentine Migration Department for over 20 years

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with restrictive Government officials who focused on police and security. But she was in helping to figure out strategies to legalise immigrants. So in medical school she learned how to strategically frame this bill.

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So she said, when we have to convince people who have reformed under the security paradigm, we put aside human rights in frame it with a very realistic and practical dense. I will say so. What is safer? Ignore the problem or regularize them.

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know who they are, know where they come from, how many they are. How have their fingerprints? Have their photographs, know their address? If they committed crime, they will go through the justice system. So here she's using kind of a State surveillance logic of how to enforce the rule of law and for security officials. So as if you legalize immigrants who give them the right, then we have. We have the ability to enforce the role of law with the entire population, not just with the citizens.

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And this is a way of kind of getting people who Were worried about immigrants committing crimes. You know the stereotypes about immigrants are prevalent everywhere. So this is a way of addressing the whole stereotype.

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another way that she addressed a negative stereotype about immigrants relating to them being just like having been rural characters, or like going off and taking the resources of citizens, was by deploying this shared humanity frame. Where? She will say to other officials, gentlemen, we have children, nieces, nephews, relatives and friends who are leaving and trying to settle in Spain and the United States.

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Do you think your children are criminals because they search for a better life. No. we have to apply the same reasoning to immigrants who come to our territory, and she explains that these arguments helped us get support and reach the people's minds who is structure by security lands.

417
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And so Here is their appealing to a more emotional Like level of humanity. They might have worked for some officials who might have had like relatives who went abroad probably wouldn't have worked for those who didn't, so they would switch to maybe a different frame

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like the rule of law. One other frames that I don't have time to give you example, for so trust me, is that they use a lot of discourse as to how border controls don't work, and they use the United States as an example to illustrate the millions or billions of dollars that the United States Government had used to control the entry of Mexicans in their southern border.

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and how it had not prevented immigration. It had just increase and documented immigration. So for them, these kind of really expensive policy models were not beneficial to the State or to immigrants.

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they also highlighted for people who are more from like a trade perspective, free market lengths.

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that legalizing immigrants with this medical, so regional agreement will help strengthen medical, so's regional, economic and political integration, and and also bring the benefits of this very macro-trade agreement to the daily lives of people. So the citizens who migrated will see benefits and support the regional trade agreement.

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and this was beneficial for the migrants and for the State. And then For people who are concerned that immigrants were a burden. They highlighted historical examples and contemporary examples of how immigrants who were able to access legal residency and rights were able to contribute to the country's economic growth, or like just our artistic and our talents and their skills. And again, here, legalization is beneficial to both immigrants in the State.

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so I'm going to just give you an example of food, wise immigration reform in 2,007 and 2,008. So these strategic frames were crafted in 2,002 by 2,008 that were being repeated during the immigration Reform debates at the National Level Congress.

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so an interview. One of the Senators who supported the bill said that

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there was a lot of tension because the Mexico sword also helps immigrants move around like helps immigrants abroad, how helps immigrants come in, and that there was a lot of tension in Udo-wide because people didn't want to share the very scarce public resources. The economy was

426
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shaken. There wasn't a lot of funds, and the way that she framed her support for the build encounter these kinds of rhetoric was

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She will say, I'm a daughter of Italian immigrants, where our when our sisters came, they were starving. I believe that there is a theme that precedes everything, and that is the conception of rights that for us, without a doubt, precedes other concerns, because in reality you have to welcome migrants, even if you have to distribute what little you have. So here she's dried in the sense that the poor migrants who came to the Y like.

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and many decades ago they were giving access to legal residency, too, and they were able to contribute to the country and kind of making that connection that we have little resources, but because of the share humanity that we have. We have to also support the migrants that are coming in 101

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and kind of like on the basis of their human rights.

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 She! There was Another example of a president of Uwaii, who kind of also picked up this discourse. And when he supported the bill in Congress, he wrote a statement saying, we need to update the national legislation on migration and create one of that respects the human rights of migrants, considers them subjects of rights, and understand the citizens and immigrants integrate and build nations.

431
01:06:55.100 --> 01:07:09.780
So again, here they're highlighting how immigrants legalized immigrants contribute, therefore you should support their human rights. And so the discourse from the mid-level State bureaucrats and the wires were involved in this tripled up over time

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this happened in Brazil as well, but I don't have time to go into that. It happened in Parliament in 2022 last year, and in Argentina as well.

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And so the conclusion is that the intermediate position of mid-level State bureaucrats who can work with multiple government officials over long-standing periods of time, and who, me and medical, who are on a regular basis, allows them to create the strategic frames. They're not so much based on their values, but based on the perception of who they're having to bring into consensus

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and the strategic frames then move up to higher ranking officials, senators, presidents across nation States. So the mid-level state bureaucrats are really the ones who are defining and interpreting how migration is discussed. It's not necessarily a Presidential to political discourse.

435
01:08:03.410 --> 01:08:04.410
Thank you.

436
01:08:30.130 --> 01:08:44.460
Thank you, Professor? Daisy Dario? That was really interesting. I come from a country where immigration is a migrant's population is huge, so there were quite interesting aspects that I wanted to clarify as well.

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Now we are going to hear from Robert Yards

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University of Belgium, and he's going to be talking about inequality and brain purchasing again another different perspective on Socialism.

439
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Good evening. Everyone. Thanks for being here on this very late hour on this late day in the conference

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and the further space you can go in the conference conference. So thank you for being here. I'm going to tell you something about my research. One of my co-authors, then, is in the room as well, and we did a study on the purchase of Ecolabel products across within and across European countries, and we focused on what is the role of inequality.

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And

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let's start with a bit of context. So I guess we all know that Ecolabels are increasingly part of of this kind of green market that is growing and becoming increasingly important in the at least European societies. And also we see that in on a policy level and on a transitional level we see individual or household behavioral change also as a way to

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as a part of sustainable development. So it's becoming quite important, I think. And there's also a lot of research about this. And a lot of notions

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represent this. So we have the citizen consumer, the political consumer. It's called zoom room, conscious consumer. There are many more, and they all in a way try to capture the ways in which, increasingly, people consumers try to use their market behavior to express certain values.

445
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Right? So you go to the shop and then you buy something sustainable because you feel like it is important, even if it often costs more money and a way to kind of claim. Is it? You vote with your dollars? Right? So you're a citizens. You you do a political act by buying. Certain

446
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it's the products, and in this case are published with an Ecolabel.

447
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He has a lot of research on this, and also, of course, a lot of critiques. And one critique, I think an important critique is that

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it kind of resembles an individualisation of of responsibility. We, we, we, the consumer, is responsible instead of the state, and and and they argue that it displaces our willingness and capacity to act. Collectively, this is not why we're going to focus about this important critique that it's not the point. The point of this presentation is another critique, and it's a critique of Inequality. So we often observe that we consumers are a needs.

449
01:11:16.260 --> 01:11:26.169
and they're highly educated, their affluent. They come from cities. And so you can kind of. Imagine the person who buys this almost instinctively.

450
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So the question for this presentation and for this favor, is, in what ways does inequality impact the purchase of equilibrium products. and more more importantly, I want to focus here on, does this differ across countries because that is something that so the effect of inequality across context and across countries. That is something that we do not really know much about.

451
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So thinking true about what is the role of inequality, and one approach we can take. This is a resource-based approach. I I invented the name. It's not like a thing in the literature, but it kind of captures. What I mean is.

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I have a quote with me at the performance of being real risks on an embodies orientation towards eco-friendly goods and activities driven by access to the economic and cultural resources required to incorporate this into a go here and lifestyle. So in some, you need also need a lot of resources to buy these products. And you need economic capital is one type of resource. We observe that's a product with an equally label or

453
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just more expenses. So you need the money to buy them. But also you need cultural capital. You need knowledge, and you need affinity with all these products. Usually we measure this by educational attainment. But you see here in the picture there are thousands of labels which one is

454
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boot, which one is brainwashing. you need to trust that these labels also say what they do. So you need a lot of knowledge of infinity with these products to kind of deal with. It is another. So you need resources. And if we scale this up to a nationwide level, I can imagine that we need a certain amount of Gdp. And this is one thing I will, I tested. And the assumption is that

455
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you need a lot of like resources as a country to develop a green market. First, there's the regular markets to sustain your population. Then you can start developing more of a green market. It's just a hypothesis that

456
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 But so this research-based approach, I think, does not explain everything. It's more, I think, than just access or in access to resources. It's not like everybody wants to buy them, and then, as it, I don't have the money, so I won't buy them. I think it's more than that.

457
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right? So I think. And and this is what nature shows as well what the literature shows as well is that consumption is becoming a point of social differentiation and distinction. It's becoming increasingly a part of this identity to it, for most

458
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often urban middle classes. Another quote between the notion of ecosystem, I think, is a really nice concept. Ecosystem is increasingly a part of an identity kit of the upper classes, of offering an attractive way to combine tastes and lifestyle with care for personal balance and the environment, and has become instrumental in creating and maintaining class distinction.

459
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So this is this is for the upper classes, and in the book of Arlene. Herschel, there's a lot of interesting things in it. But 1 one of the points he makes is that the the kind of identity issue works from the other side as well. So she observes that a lot of people from working classes and lower middle classes really get this empty environmentalist attitudes, and it's very much tied to cultural politics and class identities.

460
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It's American research. But I think it fits also a bit in the European context. So the question of companies and then environmental protection and and welfare and and work. So so you have like this, this is a cultural politics thing as well, right where quick consumption becomes like this point of distinction

461
01:15:07.210 --> 01:15:28.849
erez agmoni. Again, this is the relational approach, but it's my own invention. I don't think it's anywhere in the literature. But if we think about, how would this work across countries between different countries, how it is deferred? And I have another book which I brought along, not physically, of course, and the spirit level, I guess many people notice who I don't know. 150.

462
01:15:29.010 --> 01:15:49.119
Again, a lot of interesting things in this book with 1 point in this book that is made, which I think is interesting in this context, is that in countries that are highly inequal, where there's a lot of income inequality. There's a lot of social issues. That's the main point, I think, of the most so. So. But also there is a need for a greater need for distinction.

463
01:15:49.410 --> 01:16:09.999
And there I think, they are psychologists, mainly social psychologists. So they explain this in a way that inequality leads to States anxiety and competition. If there are large differences between people, then you also always have the danger of falling off the social ladder right? So it creates a fear and anxiety and a competition for status, and and in this case

464
01:16:10.150 --> 01:16:13.889
inequality leads to class differentiation as well in lifestyle

465
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and against the backdrop. And of this argument. And that's why I call this a relational approach. You said the idea that inequality, the actual code, is like poverty, but I think it's within the quality as well that these things are not just about access to resources. But they are releases between people.

466
01:16:32.190 --> 01:16:58.169
Right? So you all you're not just, for on yourself you're for me relation to somebody else. So so your social position is never absolute. It's always relative. And and in this sense the distribution of resources matter. And that's why I will also look at the genie questions to measure like, how does the purchase of the sixes in the nation. How does their purchase of equilibrium product depends on the quality within the country?

467
01:16:58.450 --> 01:17:14.620
So back to the research question, in what way does inequality drive the purchase of ecolabel products in European countries and across European countries. I consulted the Irologamet for visa for the study, and from 2,019, and I did a move the level.

468
01:17:14.620 --> 01:17:36.869
a logistic regression analysis. And there's 2 main main ideas to main hypothesis. associated with one, the resource based approach where where we are. Politicize, assume that educational attainment, and Gdp as well, will have a positive effect on both citizens and individuals. Purchase of ecolabel product, and the other one is more tied to the relational approach.

469
01:17:36.870 --> 01:17:55.640
Erez

470
01:17:55.780 --> 01:18:02.190
let's tight to the relational approach into the data, I'll go quickly over the results, and and if you have questions, please.

471
01:18:02.240 --> 01:18:20.010
This will ask them. So, mother, one like this confirms just most of the research. We see that the highly educated people and people and excellent people are more likely to buy echo product if you are labeled for that which is not something new, I think.

472
01:18:20.310 --> 01:18:27.470
and Gdp is the same thing. So this guy confirms the hypotheses that you need a certain level of economic development. The for a green market

473
01:18:27.810 --> 01:18:46.609
goes up. Of course, it's quantitative data. So not really getting into the specifics. But, more importantly, I think it's like genie. We also found an effect that in countries with greater levels of income and inequality. There's less like there's a less likely that they're citizens by equilibrium products.

474
01:18:46.800 --> 01:18:56.729
 and then and then, lastly, but not least, because this is right. Really, the interaction between the forms of inequality is that we could observe right, that

475
01:18:57.290 --> 01:19:27.220
while education has a positive effect on on your likelihood to buy the label products. This effect increases in countries retailers of people, inequalities, right? So educational differences are greater in levels that are in countries that are an equal, and the same goes for efforts. So same principle.

476
01:19:27.680 --> 01:19:29.130
inequality.

477
01:19:29.150 --> 01:19:39.370
So to the conclusions, then, So the first one simple conclusion, the purchase of Ecolabel products is based on your access to resources.

478
01:19:39.560 --> 01:19:51.050
So this, this thing I we knew this would actually happen. There's a lot of research. But interestingly, and I think I personally have a dread disagreement again. So so this was kind of

479
01:19:51.130 --> 01:19:59.970
that's nice to find is that this gap violence with equal inequality. So we assume that there's more need for lifestyle distinction

480
01:20:00.050 --> 01:20:04.740
when the when you have an

481
01:20:04.790 --> 01:20:20.709
but we also find and think this is something that I may not have expected or talk about before. But we also found, like this direct effect of the genie poison. So in total, like in highly unequal countries, their sixtys are less likely to buy equilibrium products. So

482
01:20:21.610 --> 01:20:33.580
it is an interesting thing, I think, to find, and how I personally think about it at the moment. But perhaps, if you have other suggestions, please tell me, I think there is also the question of social cohesion.

483
01:20:33.950 --> 01:20:53.350
It's also an argument that you see, in other words, that some only other topic. But same thing applies. If you're an equal country, there's a lot of equality between people. There's more social cohesion, and there's more willingness to work for each other, to be there for each other, to get into relationships across groups.

484
01:20:53.360 --> 01:20:58.860
So so I think, or perhaps my my hypothesis would be that

485
01:20:58.930 --> 01:21:09.270
if you have an equal country, if people are somewhat equal, then there's more social collision and more willingness to pay for, to try to solve environmental issues.

486
01:21:09.330 --> 01:21:14.900
Thank you very much for listening to me. If you have questions, please ask them.

487
01:21:15.140 --> 01:21:19.240
 thank you for hosting me.

488
01:21:30.140 --> 01:21:41.309
excellent! Can we have the physical presenters take the seat here, and then we will have the video behind so that we can see the presenters.

489
01:21:41.480 --> 01:21:50.449
There was really an interesting set of papers, divers topics, and

490
01:21:50.490 --> 01:21:54.960
from different countries as well. We had

491
01:21:55.620 --> 01:22:19.250
for talks about frozen eggs, social mobility and embeddedness, and also youth, transition and social security, immigrant policies, and lastly, cream purchasing behavior. So we will now take a question. So we'll take a few questions first, and then maybe him. The penal answer.

492
01:22:20.100 --> 01:22:24.539
yes. Can you please come here and ask for the

493
01:22:29.210 --> 01:22:34.079
the so so and decision?

494
01:22:34.340 --> 01:22:35.850
Yeah.

495
01:22:35.970 --> 01:22:38.700
I really was impressed.

496
01:22:39.170 --> 01:23:04.319
I was very impressed by how hope they speak there. I just thought I could get on the camera. Nice. All right. Yeah. So I was really impressed by how theoretically informed your approach to this question was, I feel it was much more so than a lot of my colleagues in social strat in the Us. And elsewhere.

497
01:23:04.530 --> 01:23:11.759
So that really impressed me. And I was thinking there's even more you could do with it. I'm assuming out

498
01:23:11.840 --> 01:23:22.079
what sort of methods you want to employ. For one thing it's interesting to think about. I mean the kind of recognition versus resource.

499
01:23:22.120 --> 01:23:31.959
kind of distinction that Michelle Lamont talked about when plenary session, and how those 2 are interacting with each other. We know that, like in urgent contexts.

500
01:23:32.030 --> 01:23:51.920
in blue areas within the Us. Or maybe in Europe, 2 people happy to like strong again. It's like I'm a Vegan and it's it's almost something that is is kind of well, it's almost like religious religion, right? And so it's interesting to think about when you think about the interaction.

501
01:23:51.950 --> 01:23:57.770
how that is a mechanism in kind of solidifying those identities and those like

502
01:23:57.830 --> 01:24:06.810
buying patterns. And then I was also thinking, while you're on the case, if you're working with a multi of a model, why not bring in geographical data?

503
01:24:07.030 --> 01:24:28.090
in terms of the level of airbnicity. in the area, whether they voted for trump or le pen, or what have you whatever? Whoever the right wing person is and just seeing you know how those things are interacting. And so yeah, I think you would see also a lot of sorting if you wanted to look at like

504
01:24:28.090 --> 01:24:53.220
it might bring in migration data as well. The other thing we just to be bringing more qualitative data. I think you know if it's not inconvenient or difficult even to talk to people in person. just so. Everyone knows that until July fourth clear connect has a discount for one month. If you create an account, you can survey people, and they allow you to stratify.

505
01:24:53.630 --> 01:25:06.540
It's way cheaper than Mt. And there is no fees now for doing quota sampling so that could be really useful to you. If you just want to get a stratified quote

506
01:25:06.740 --> 01:25:20.259
and then, Daisy? I just really like your piece. and it I I just have like a concept that might be beneficial. something like change of compassion.

507
01:25:20.260 --> 01:25:40.519
Which would, which is kind of done before, I guess, by Lynn's spirit you sent to, and the way she writes about how Vietnamese immigrants have been, or former refugees are very. have this compassion and concern and understanding of what Akani and Syrian refugees have been going through.

508
01:25:40.520 --> 01:25:56.719
but it also reminds you of like chains of care. hosh, child, and furnace, and the others. But it's something you could. You're welcome to steal and bring that in and forward that into your work, if it's of interest, but it seems relevant to the concepts.

509
01:25:57.000 --> 01:25:58.590
Okay, I'll start with you.

510
01:25:59.140 --> 01:26:10.500
 okay.

511
01:26:10.940 --> 01:26:12.610
what is?

512
01:26:12.930 --> 01:26:22.899
We have a similar situation in Europe, but it is not the bureaucracy which is playing the role you mentioned, but it is rather the

513
01:26:22.930 --> 01:26:25.500
industrial sector

514
01:26:25.520 --> 01:26:30.389
such as for Germany. They they are short of some 2 million

515
01:26:30.520 --> 01:26:49.649
working force. And but the Government is on the other side of of the of this divide of migration, and so on. So I I wonder if in the United States it's team, the industry, the corporate, also part of this of this process how they are dealing with.

516
01:26:57.990 --> 01:27:09.909
Can I ask you a question as well for you? I think you're quite right in in your critiques of network analysis and and the fact that it's a very quantitative domain.

517
01:27:10.010 --> 01:27:14.410
It's really almost mathematics and not sociology. I think

518
01:27:15.390 --> 01:27:17.380
the test also like this

519
01:27:18.590 --> 01:27:24.920
increasing. Well, I don't know if it's increasing. But there are people who really think about qualitative network analysis.

520
01:27:25.330 --> 01:27:34.200
 it's just as a way to kind of get into these networks for interviews, and then, like this noble-and-samping approach to.

521
01:27:34.320 --> 01:27:38.780
to, to to get more in the depth of the data. And

522
01:27:38.950 --> 01:27:55.379
but like then also these for viewers. Then they say, like, it's not network analysis. So I was just wondering, do you have any experience of ids like, how can we move to work some more, at least at least meet mixed methods or or more qualitative

523
01:27:55.540 --> 01:27:59.939
approach to to these things without. Just do we have to

524
01:28:00.230 --> 01:28:01.720
name it something else

525
01:28:02.250 --> 01:28:08.789
to say, it's not network analysis. Or do we say like quality of network analysis is its own a method in his own?

526
01:28:20.120 --> 01:28:24.940
Yeah, sure.

527
01:28:33.750 --> 01:28:46.439
thanks for your question very good points. Thank you for the compliment. A lot, indeed. I think it is a good idea to look more at, especially macro-level variables.

528
01:28:46.980 --> 01:28:59.760
It is a little bit scary to add more variables, because you you have an effect right most. But I think I I will think about what what is relevant, especially in the your gene conflict.

529
01:29:00.140 --> 01:29:13.759
 on the level of more qualitative interviews. This is part of my Phd. And my Phd. Is mixed. So I'm happy to say that I have done some interviews.

530
01:29:13.850 --> 01:29:19.879
and what I think is interesting is that it's about identity, which is 2

531
01:29:20.510 --> 01:29:36.920
what Richard says as well. But it is not only about identity, and I think that this I didn't get into it now, but I think it's very interesting to see what are the other reasons behind it, and I think a lot of times it also comes down to like trust in institutions, in markets.

532
01:29:37.360 --> 01:29:51.669
 in markets. And it's about political efficiency as well, etc. It as well. So it's like, so you have people living in poverty to say, like these green products is all mafia.

533
01:29:51.710 --> 01:30:06.429
and they're trying to trick us. It's a it's screen washing. But so and and they're not wrong, by the way, but but it's about to do. You trust that these things work, that they're real And also, do you believe that you yourself

534
01:30:06.850 --> 01:30:12.050
it may change? We? I think most of the people in this conference were like.

535
01:30:12.220 --> 01:30:36.420
I'd be educated. And we have this assumption that my individual act will do something right small thing, but they will help, and that this is something you see as well like middle classes we get to. They tend to say, like, maybe it's a bit, but it's helping. And then people in poverty say, like, what does it matter? Right? So it's it's a government. It's the the company. So so it's more than than just identity politics.

536
01:30:36.740 --> 01:30:41.169
And another interesting thing is like, we often also assume that it's

537
01:30:41.980 --> 01:30:49.139
like a direct effect, like you have people in poverty and you rich people, it doesn't it? But there's more nuances, I think.

538
01:30:49.250 --> 01:31:03.899
and also maybe like the new curve. So these products are popular in middle classes. When you get up the economic letter, then it follows them because there are people who are often entrepreneurs.

539
01:31:04.040 --> 01:31:25.289
and it's they also say, like, but it's all we watching.

540
01:31:33.470 --> 01:32:01.079
Thank you for your questions. the concept. I'll start with you, Jake. I have thought about framing compassion. I I literally was looking at an over version of this paper. I'm like, oh, compassion! But I think this is all very political as well. And so I I'll think about it. But I think there is a lot of instances where people who were refugees or exiles got into positions in government, and then they have, even if they're like

541
01:32:01.670 --> 01:32:10.260
working with Bolsonado, because in Brazil. The person who reformed the immigration was working with conservative governments to impeach.

542
01:32:10.290 --> 01:32:23.909
President Dilma! And he was the one who passed the what was at some point a very humane immigration law. And so in, and he was basing his efforts on his experiences in exile in France.

543
01:32:23.950 --> 01:32:29.230
and that was common in other places as well. So that is something that

544
01:32:29.730 --> 01:32:46.469
it's like a partial explanation. But it's not. It's not like everybody was experiencing that but it's something I will contemplate. So thank you for reiterating that in terms of the role of industry or corporations, I think that's a really interesting question.

545
01:32:46.500 --> 01:33:03.159
this is one chapter. I have other chapters on the role of civil society and interest groups. And one thing that I want to highlight most of the manufacturing lobbies want temporary, chief, explosable workers, that they can quickly rotate, depending on economic conditions

546
01:33:03.160 --> 01:33:26.489
and so giving immigrants, rights, labor rights, paths to law for permanent Residency and citizenship does not fit with that objective. And so what I found in the cases in South America was that they still had industry, private sector interest. They wanted that, but they were omitted from a lot of the negotiations strategically left out.

547
01:33:26.610 --> 01:33:44.810
and the state bureaucrats were key in like kind of creating these more insulated spaces without them, which is different. And for people who know migration, literature, and I'm not going to go too deep into that. But the assumption is that these take these lobbies, or like key stakeholders and opening immigration.

548
01:33:44.850 --> 01:33:54.640
But it's an immigration without rights. And so when you want an immigration with rights. Then you kind of have to read them out. So yeah, thank you.

549
01:33:56.510 --> 01:33:59.529
Can I answer here. So I should go there.

550
01:33:59.850 --> 01:34:14.809
Yeah, okay, yeah. I mean, well, I I was. I was thinking of a question for both the other holidays for for me, son, and for so should I answer over when we should ask the question first.

551
01:34:15.620 --> 01:34:25.820
Okay? I will answer first, yeah. yes, indeed, it's a. It's a serious you know, theoretical and the methodological question. If

552
01:34:25.990 --> 01:34:31.270
social network analyzes when you yeah, when you engage qualitative

553
01:34:31.420 --> 01:34:36.589
methods, is still in this field or a study, or it's a new one.

554
01:34:36.650 --> 01:34:44.579
Well, the the main point is like this, since you are making, for instance, network surveys.

555
01:34:45.240 --> 01:34:47.810
So you are taking the same unit

556
01:34:48.190 --> 01:34:54.520
as the classic social network analyzes. But you are using a different method

557
01:34:54.670 --> 01:35:01.830
which is not replacing that one, but is rather complementary. That means you are getting qualitative

558
01:35:01.830 --> 01:35:28.550
aspects of the same social reality that the classic social network analyzes is trying to to to make it understandable. So I would. I'm not a sociologist and networks. This is a very complicated thing. I will not there to get into it, but I think it's still the same matter of so we we should not multiply, and should not be invent something which is

559
01:35:28.610 --> 01:35:39.680
perhaps making it more More complex than it really is. But this is just my, my, my point of view, and at least this is what I have done.

560
01:35:40.219 --> 01:35:44.809
and it is not easy to get into the field into the core of this networks.

561
01:35:44.850 --> 01:36:01.980
especially in the migrant ones, because they are discrete, and you will have to, you know, to make preliminary interviews with the groups with the leaders, and then select the right person which is, you know, entitled to to provide the the necessary answers.

562
01:36:02.440 --> 01:36:04.249
Yeah, it's not easy.

563
01:36:04.330 --> 01:36:15.820
I mean, you should go to those social locations that are these networks. In the class and the churches we should go on the Sunday to the church, and, you know, speak to a

564
01:36:15.880 --> 01:36:21.720
a leader, and so on. So this is to play. Go to the other community places they have.

565
01:36:22.060 --> 01:36:24.860
in spite of the fact that number is rather large.

566
01:36:25.360 --> 01:36:40.850
So I have a question for you first. how is that you selected Norway? And so Switzerland, but also Japan. In this, in this, in this sample, you you made

567
01:36:40.880 --> 01:36:51.600
I see the the you know, the similitude with the Switzerland, and and more ways. I I lived in Switzerland for a number of years.

568
01:36:51.700 --> 01:36:55.770
but I I would really appreciate. If you can tell us

569
01:36:55.800 --> 01:36:58.500
how is that? You know

570
01:36:58.670 --> 01:37:04.060
that Japan could be compared with these 2 other countries?

571
01:37:04.400 --> 01:37:17.670
and for for me, Chan. well, we did this. You see, this is a very serious issue. That some of the countries are are not a let's say, facing

572
01:37:17.890 --> 01:37:32.219
not so much in in my region in Central and Eastern Europe. We do not go, for you know, putting our acts into a reservoir, and then, you know, make a decision 10 years after. And things like this

573
01:37:32.310 --> 01:37:44.539
is that a cultural factor is the the culture of that society which is which is making this this? Let's say, yeah.

574
01:37:45.440 --> 01:37:57.590
decision to, you know. Otherwise people would not even think about it, you know. So can you elaborate a little bit on that. Thank you.

575
01:38:04.350 --> 01:38:05.440
The

576
01:38:08.130 --> 01:38:34.779
this question is for Nitan. I was wondering about the role of intergenerational wealth. and in the following way, so you have professional women who are considering, whether, like you know, the role of egg freezing in their lives and their future planning family formation but women who are professional don't all come with the same resources. some might have

577
01:38:34.960 --> 01:38:49.280
more financial resources because of family say, for just a simplified example, if they were able to like buy a house or a property with the help of parents, they might have extra resources for paying for the freezing versus

578
01:38:49.330 --> 01:39:05.359
a person who's like maybe moving up to a professional feel for the first time first generation. They might have more like they're still building that wealth, I guess. So what role does the cost of a freezing play into this and the different resources that professional women might have?

579
01:39:10.250 --> 01:39:14.440
Yeah, can we have the Riemann the party first.

580
01:39:16.220 --> 01:39:27.969
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Yes, sure. Thank you so much for those questions. so starting with with the cultural factors, of course, the culture plays, I think a pivotal role

581
01:39:28.110 --> 01:39:30.109
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: in in shaping

582
01:39:30.130 --> 01:39:37.290
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty:  First of all, the reculatory frameworks around that reproductive technologies.

583
01:39:37.330 --> 01:39:46.029
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and second of all, the patterns of usage. How many, and if and how women will approach it, how is it negotiated?

584
01:39:46.090 --> 01:40:03.030
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Is it to consider this a legitimate or not? And I think in in this sense, as a as a sociologist, I'm when detecting cross-cultural factors such as the one you describe when saying, for example, in in Central one.

585
01:40:03.030 --> 01:40:18.579
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: this is less of an issue. Then I I ask myself why and and then try to detect the kind of of cultural sweeps that might. And yeah, play a role in in such a differences.

586
01:40:18.650 --> 01:40:35.349
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: so I believe that that those can include I mean, it depends, of course, on the content, on the situation. And I. This is why I talk to to the women, and what they basically do is it's kind of a lay morality methodology in which I can somehow

587
01:40:35.910 --> 01:40:59.450
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: come up or understand or or find him into those kind of of of cultural imaginaries, which, of of course, also very gender. And and you can see. Think of several ideas like, like, for example, the Legion, a religion plays a question role in in the way states, kind of yeah.

588
01:40:59.470 --> 01:41:10.849
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: grab around this those technologies. It's it's the the of, and maybe the extent to which a state it supports and promote.

589
01:41:11.110 --> 01:41:14.619
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: so to say, it, reproduction in general.

590
01:41:14.690 --> 01:41:22.549
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and and a lot of different factors, I mean in terms of Israel and Germany. There is, of course.

591
01:41:22.760 --> 01:41:37.760
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Erez Agmoni, the historical factor of of World War Ii. And and the different directions which it declared the 2 countries to deal with with reproductive technologies, which also has a lot to do with selection. So 150,

592
01:41:38.300 --> 01:41:49.490
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: of course, a lot of factors, and those are are taken taken into configuration and in terms of a wealth and resources. You are completely right.

593
01:41:49.730 --> 01:42:01.610
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and I think here also it it it comes up very strong things, This kind of technology is not as

594
01:42:02.130 --> 01:42:06.260
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: publicly funded in many countries. In some countries it's restricted.

595
01:42:06.440 --> 01:42:18.359
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: and in many other countries, I think, for example, in Japan, there are now financing this technology because of the demographic situation

596
01:42:18.360 --> 01:42:38.920
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: erez agmoni in Japan. But in most countries, including Israel. This is not publicly funded. And then yes, it. You can think about stratified reproduction in this context, and who has access to this kind of technologies, and of course it pays, and it's a crucial role. But bearing in mind 150

597
01:42:38.960 --> 01:42:41.529
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: that the the freezing

598
01:42:41.620 --> 01:42:48.710
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: itself, it's only the first stage. So the second stage using the frozen eggs.

599
01:42:49.180 --> 01:43:01.020
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: Yes, for reproduction, which is done by Ivf by in digital fertilization, can also be differently funded in different countries, and those are huge parts of the cost.

600
01:43:01.250 --> 01:43:05.169
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: So still, the state and public funding has a role.

601
01:43:05.710 --> 01:43:16.959
I'm I'm being very mindful that we are running out of out of time. We have a few more minutes. Can we hear from Professor? Anyway?

602
01:43:17.090 --> 01:43:23.770
AKIO　INUI: The question is that so? The why the which is

603
01:43:24.010 --> 01:43:25.769
for European companies.

604
01:43:25.880 --> 01:43:29.439
AKIO　INUI: So the

605
01:43:30.550 --> 01:43:37.599
AKIO　INUI: the U Uk, the so the

606
01:43:37.710 --> 01:43:45.980
AKIO　INUI: the Uk and the no right, the Social Democrats

607
01:43:46.060 --> 01:43:48.050
AKIO　INUI: and the

608
01:43:48.070 --> 01:43:51.629
AKIO　INUI: and you could

609
01:43:51.780 --> 01:43:54.710
AKIO　INUI: the

610
01:43:55.000 --> 01:44:00.480
AKIO　INUI: the

611
01:44:01.240 --> 01:44:02.530
we've got the

612
01:44:07.110 --> 01:44:10.029
AKIO　INUI: that. The

613
01:44:11.220 --> 01:44:19.099
AKIO　INUI: as I I mentioned the Labour method structure is different from German, and also

614
01:44:19.110 --> 01:44:20.120
AKIO　INUI: the

615
01:44:21.590 --> 01:44:26.049
AKIO　INUI: men ret to being a No is very strong

616
01:44:26.100 --> 01:44:27.850
AKIO　INUI: in switch now.

617
01:44:28.240 --> 01:44:30.920
AKIO　INUI: So the

618
01:44:31.080 --> 01:44:36.500
AKIO　INUI: and so we choose the

619
01:44:36.770 --> 01:44:37.930
AKIO　INUI: companies.

620
01:44:38.890 --> 01:44:45.390
AKIO　INUI: I just the brief comments to the license

621
01:44:46.090 --> 01:44:48.329
AKIO　INUI: presentation. The

622
01:44:48.450 --> 01:44:54.589
AKIO　INUI: in user study, we have a concept of

623
01:44:54.820 --> 01:45:07.780
AKIO　INUI: it means so the young people with your resources choose a branch and choose to delay their tension to stable

624
01:45:08.050 --> 01:45:09.430
AKIO　INUI: and the

625
01:45:09.930 --> 01:45:15.080
AKIO　INUI: it might be the

626
01:45:15.180 --> 01:45:16.190
you can

627
01:45:16.220 --> 01:45:20.310
AKIO　INUI: to call the choice of that work of

628
01:45:20.540 --> 01:45:25.480
AKIO　INUI: you have presentation the

629
01:45:25.630 --> 01:45:33.520
AKIO　INUI:  it's not simply your choice. but So.

630
01:45:33.880 --> 01:45:53.689
AKIO　INUI: for example, the 2 good, then this second, the group. Maybe so. The the difficult to find. It's not just choice. It's very interesting. Thank you very much.

631
01:45:54.120 --> 01:46:07.369
I'm I'm very sorry because we are running out of time, and I don't want to keep you waiting, but still we will hear from to connect itself about the just a response, quick response to Professor. I know it. Thank you.

632
01:46:10.840 --> 01:46:13.730
Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty: It's excuse me

633
01:46:15.440 --> 01:46:19.429
by the phone, we ask a question for you.

634
01:46:19.890 --> 01:46:23.339
AKIO　INUI: Just comment.

635
01:46:28.560 --> 01:46:51.529
Yeah, indeed, this. The papers has been really interesting, really diverse. and quite a lot of Information has been exchanged here. Thank you. Everyone for an interactive session. we have now actually come to a close the time it has ended. So we will end this session. Now, thank you very much. All the presenters. And A very good evening for everyone.