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So good morning, everybody. Welcome to the Isa World Congress of Sociology. And this is the panel to Sociology of vaccines. And I'm Judy one of the co-chairs of this section. Sociology of vaccines. Part 2, and also together with me. yeah, we have Anita Ku, who is coming from the Hong Kong Baptist University, and she is also another co-chair of this section.

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So yeah, before the start of the year of the section. So let's make an acknowledgment of the country before we start. The section!

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So on behalf of everyone together, I pay respect to the spirit of the country. Here in Yam, where we are meeting. I acknowledge the past and present cooling nation. Ru injury will run as the sovereign people. Here

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the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote an aboriginal law, customs, and custodianship, responsibilities for country and the people. That country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future. For all of us

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I recognize the important contribution that first nations thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all first nations delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge

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in the discipline.

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So after the acknowledged fund, let's start. yeah. let's start to panel. The section! So for the first. presenter we have. Miranda.

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okay?

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So I'm uploading the presentation for you. So I you have 15 min.

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I can from the 15, you see.

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Okay, how do I advance it to see or enter?

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I?

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Okay? hi! I'm Michael Miranda. And

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just remember from mythology. the hydra was a beast that if you cut off one had 2 group in this place, which sort of talks about how vaccine hasn't seen, they always come up with

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you. Get rid of one excuse, you can end up with another.

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Okay, the outline of a presentation. The presentation will focus on the Us experience. We have a definition, short history, very short of vaccinations.

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vaccine fallacies, sociological concepts that helps us understand what's going on. Contextual factors, moral entrepreneurs and lessons. Learned

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basically, we're covering not only anti-vaccinationism, also known as anti-vax, which is against all vaccines, but individuals who describe

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to against one vaccine. And we're also including vaccine hesitancy, which is the reluctance to accept vaccines which concludes delayed acceptance.

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 it can include ambivalence about the effectiveness and rejection of some, but not all vaccines for this presentation. We are treating both concepts under anti-faxers and will note differences when relevant.

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Okay?

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early on in China they were building immunity immunity by actually causing people to have smallpox. The first vaccination was with smallpox, and what they did was they took a little part of the scab and blew it up somebody's nose hopefully to give them a mild condition of smallpox. But that was quite dangerous.

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A gener in 1,796.

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Notice that if you had cow pox, you didn't get smallpox.

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and he proceeded to develop

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a smallpox vaccination. And the term vaccination actually comes from the Latin.

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A word for Cal, which is the same in Spanish which is Vaka

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and

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There were safety concerns with this procedure, however, it was safer than the previous procedure the Bamus Mission, which the Spanish Health Care Mission. To the Philippines, and I also forget where else use. Jenner's vaccine so very quickly after

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his vaccine was developed.

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it was used. Bavaria had in the nineteenth century we

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had mandatory vaccination of all military recruits.

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Pasteur came up with a rabies vaccine in 1885. Interestingly enough, Pasteur is and wasn't a physician.

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Okay, this is a picture early on

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people were hesitant of vaccines. The belief was that. or sort of the joke, that if you took this.

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the cowpact.

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the Irish, it would turn you into a cow.

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and so early on there was hesitancy about vaccines.

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Okay, there are 2 persistent problems in public health.

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They are relevant to vaccinations. One, each person is biologically unique, even identical twins, even though they share share the same genes, their life experiences actually change their bodies.

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So, but the safe for most people may not be safe for you.

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and when they test vaccines out initially, they do 30, maybe 60,000 people. But you could be one in 100,001 in a million that has an adverse reaction to vaccine. This is true, for almost all medical procedures is that because people are biologically unique, you may not have the same reaction as everybody else. I worked a lot in substance misuse, and we ran across heroin addicts, who for at least part of their experience, heroin acted as an upper rather than as a depressant.

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The second problem is, we don't know the long-term consequences of any medical procedure, or at least most medical procedures. basically, because we can't wait 2550 years to see what happens. So we, what we do is we base on first principles and sort of common sense. We watch things for a couple years

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to see if they're okay.

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It's understandable why there should be some vaccine hesitancy. They're injecting a foreign substance into body, sometimes alive. A weakened vaccine, a virus, sometimes a dead virus, etc. Fear of the jabs. A lot of people don't like to get injected, and frankly, some people don't know how to give an ejection painlessly.

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The legitimate problems of vaccines. There have been problems with injecting polio. But Using a live polio virus that's actually given people polio. There's been problems with the manufacturing of vaccines. So there's actually some legitimate problems with them.

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good quality vaccine should be safe

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and not understanding the risk of some diseases people don't understand. With any medical procedure there is a risk benefit

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analysis. If you're taking any medication, you see, there's often

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side effects. And the question is, that's why you shouldn't take any medication you don't need, because you're always risking

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potential side effects, and there's the confusion of correlation with causation. Somebody takes a vaccine, they get an illness.

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Zoom.

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The case of children the same time that you pick up autism is about the same time you give the exceeds. So causation does not mean a correlation does not mean causation.

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and there are false claims made by alternative medicine concerning vaccines in health care. You just need to build your natural immunity. Just take certain vitamins or echinacea.

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And then there's rumors about false problems and vaccines. So there's a lot of reasons for vaccine hesitancy.

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The

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common fallacies, vaccine cause autism, the children, the Dtp or Dtap vaccine causes, sudden infant death syndrome vaccines are not needed because improved social economic conditions, nutrition, hygiene.

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sanitation. I don't need a vaccine because vaccine prevalent diseases have almost been eliminated from my country or community.

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Even the small risk from vaccines is too much to justify taking a vaccine.

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Some fallacies related to COVID-19 vaccines. It will alter my DNA. You can't trust the vaccine because it was rushed.

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The FDA hasn't approved it.

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America. There was an emergency approval, but even some nurses didn't like the fact that it was

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done quickly. A bordered fetal tissue was used to make the vaccine. That's not true. It will cause sterility. Covid is very survivable. If you're healthy, it's just like a bad case of flu.

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This one I love. Well, actually, the last one, I think, is, is great.

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It's a plot to inject microchips in you so they can track you.

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And then it makes you magnetic. They actually had people showing how it was sticking to them because you became a magnet which that that absolutely is my favorite one.

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Hey. vaccine, hasn't. He? Has shifted from emphasis on childhood vaccines and autism to COVID-19 in the Us. It became more political, and was embraced by the right wing of the Republican party.

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The demographics of the anti-vax movement change with less affluent and less educated individuals becoming anti-faxes

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generally. Surprisingly, the anti-faxters are described as more affluent people, more educated. They're the ones like me who go and buy

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organic food and take vitamins. And do Yoga actually haven't done it that years, or

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and those that used to be the typical anti-vex. And now in the Us. You have the less educated, less affluent people becoming anti-vaxers with COVID-19. So there's been a demographic shift.

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Okay?

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Okay? this is some of the dimensions of the whole problem, failure to comprehend the science of vaccines, legitimate problems of vaccine variability of vaccine types, not understanding risking benefits, confusion, correlation, causation.

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Again, false claims, my alternative medicine, practical realities of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Us.

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3 million people died. I'm sorry 2 million people died, which is less than 1% of the population so early on. We often didn't know anybody who had COVID-19, and it also was the fact that it was more among minorities, people in

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communal living prisons.

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homes for the elderly.

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Okay, what sociological tubes, tools can we can help us understand this phenomena? First, we need to consider so situational factors.

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there are many contributing factors, 2 important concepts to help us understand. Anti-vaxing is one dentist wrongs over socialized concept of man.

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He was my dissertation adviser, and what he basically told me was introduced. Freud.

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there's a tendency for us to think as people as being socialized and rational. And basically.

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we've blunt about, we're irrational. And that was really Dennis's point. And then how we Becker moral entrepreneurs.

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basically, you need leadership to make this really prevalent. Okay.

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okay.

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how Rebecca and outsiders, studies, and sociologies. Deviance coined the term moral entrepreneurs to help understand the relationship between law and morality, and how deviant social categories can become defined in trench. Becca identified 2 categories of social entrepreneurs, rule creators and ruined forces. Becker described the passion of the Rule Creator. He feels that nothing could be right in the world until the rules are made to correct it.

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He operates with absolute ethnic. What he sees is truly totally evil, with no qualifications, any means is justified to do away with it. The Crusader is fervent and righteous, often self-righteous.

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Okay? What we're suggesting is extending this to rule resistors. former social control agents.

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Many of the moral entrepreneurs are often elites more and entrepreneurs organize and mobilize resources, they provide leadership, they provide expertise, they provide legitimacy. If there are, leads access to power, but more formal, informal through our leads the media environment has made it easy to respect misinformation and cause doubts

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distinct from related to the concept of moral panic, how our background is on the business rule of creation implementation. I'll skip to this. So our our extension is rural resistors. Looking at the entertainment of X movement, anti-faxis and social movement in the United States is supported by misconceptions, conspiracy, theories, misinformation. This information, including bad research is supported by fringe physicians. Some alternative medical specialists

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it has leadership was often provided by elites. For example, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Who is

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the son of the Moderate Attorney General is one of the leading anti-faxers for understanding science. Anti-signed science attitudes provide further ground for to grow anti-government. Antelitus anger provides a movement with energy and support from right-wing political activists.

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the rationale, the rationale for planning, the concept of a moral entrepreneur. Even if vaccine fallacies are emerging spontaneously, they need individuals to defend, promote them, and to lobby for legal changes, leading as anti-tech.

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The Antifaxers act like moral entrepreneurs. They present their antifax activities. It's a moral crusade to prevent harm. The leading, the acting of experts! They have the passion, and I mean of Of Of the anti-faxing posts.

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A

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first example is Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Distinguished environmental lawyer. He's done a lot of good part of a political dynasty. I mean, 1 min. Okay, well, let me skip to the end. I have 2 more. But okay, it's also a business. You can be. Often they make money, one of them, which I didn't have a chance to mention, actually has a website.

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And you can become a founding member on the website. It provides for antifaxers dating site. What have you for? Just $2,500? American? You can.

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You can not be it. It

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pay lessons, indeed, for multi-dimensional cause of context approach to understanding social problems. Politicalization of public health, prime and U. S. Role to other countries, elite, develop and sustain political movements to formal and informal means. Extremism has become effective by appealing to motions and values. Rural resistance is a burgeoning enterprise. Hydra is prominent throughout the history of vaccinations. Okay, thank you very much. And they have the references.

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Okay.

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thank you.

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so thank you very much for the first introductory presentation. So Now let's welcome Dr. Hannah Taylor Abbullah, who is coming from the University of Kate Coast.

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Ghana! And she is going to present to us. about. We do not have COVID-19 here community understanding of the causes, signs, and symptoms and management of COVID-19 implications for vaccine acceptance. So let's welcome, Hannah.

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Thank you.

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So this is my presentation outline

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and a brief background information.

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we all know that the knowledge about COVID-19 and its management are those that arise from culture, historical or systemic systematic factors and vaccine specific issues. and these have been cited in Al-assan, Ital, Atkinson, and the rest

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and previous studies are found that exposure to conspiracy, theories, misinformation, misinformation, virus, and vaccination myth.

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I come on plays online, and these are associated with mistrust in government

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across the globe. And so, my the first presenter alluded to quite a number of things that are happening in the Us. Of A, so you can just imagine what will happen in my small country, Ghana. So the situation of COVID-19 in Ghana, as at at the time I was uploading my

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my presentation, seventh June 2,023, and Ghana has recorded 171,600 and

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53 confirmed cases compared to most countries. You think that it's on the lower side, and

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1,462 deaths.

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and of course, in terms of vaccine. So far over 22 million vaccines have been doses of it have been administered to the population, and these doses are first, second, and then the

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the final dose, which is a booster. So the aim of this study is to explore community understanding about the courses, science, and symptoms and management of COVID-19. And there are implications for that vaccine uptic

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and the methods. This was a processional, descriptive, qualitative study and semi-structured interview guide

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and a small community located close to the University of Cape Coast, was used

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and preposive sampling and snowballing techniques based on willingness of participants to be part of their study. So in all 25 participants where enrolled on the study and we got at Ethical Clarence from the University of Kentucky's Institutional Review Board for the Study.

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And this is how we went about with our data analysis. And so in all the way

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and about 6, and let me say 5 thematic areas. And apart from the demographic characteristics, we had perspectives on the causes of COVID-19. And then we also had perspectives about the science and symptoms of COVID-19 and management of COVID-19, misinformation and myth conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and finally, vaccine are septem an uptick.

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So these are the demographic characteristics of participants. And these are very important, like, I said, and the community called, and my mom is a small community made up of the indigenous community of Cape Coast, which is like located in the central region of Ghana, where my university is located, and we had the.

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We got selected 15

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participants who had no COVID-19 experience, and then 5 of them who had contracted COVID-19 as at a time of the study, and quite a lot of them were about the age of 30 and aids between 18 and 2910 females and 15 meals, an educational level

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prey, secondary, 6, secondary, 8, and then tashier or higher 6. And then we also interviewed frontline health workers, 2 medical doctors and 3 nurses together perspective.

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So when it comes to the aspects of on the courses of 19, they they give varied

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views as far as The causes of COVID-19 is consent. And so one participants said that the disease is purely scientific. It's as common knowledge that Coronavirus have existed long ago. I know about Sas. I know about H. One n. One and many more. This is just common sense. We need to appreciate science and take remedies.

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And, contrary to this view, this participants who shared this knowledge on scientific, the scientific course.

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Another participant who sits the origin of Coronavirus is the machination of China and the West.

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These countries have their agenda to drill the world. Therefore I do not believe in the existence of such virus.

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And then, with respect to the science and symptoms of COVID-19, there were participants who had quite some knowledge, and especially for those who experienced COVID-19,

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and one said, from my experience I understand that when an individual is infected with a novel Coronavirus, the person will be looking ill. There will be core fever, headache, and chores. I personally experienced all these symptoms.

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and then we, one of the frontline. health workers also, says the science and symptoms of COVID-19 are not specific, but varies from patients to patients

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as as an accident and emergency health care worker. Before any patient enters the accident and emergency unit. There is covid questions and answers on the paper which are tech to access each patient. Any patients whose course above 2 would be isolated immediately for further management.

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and there were others who also said, I believe that the disease is the result of God's anchor. because human beings aren't obeying His commandments. God isn't

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in essence conditioners with disease and pestilence just like it did in the Old Testament.

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And then one said, This is purely a hawks.

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When people suffer from just common cold and pneumonia, it is attributed to some strange disease that is a non-existent.

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and then, with respect to the management, this theme and we have management options, we in 3 folds. We have the use of name, leaves a common leave that is

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deadly available in and around communities in Ghana, and then hospital management and self medication.

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And so for those who probably experienced COVID-19, they shared their experiences. What they used, especially for those who thought that it was just common cold. Others also felt that there's a strange disease, and so

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it ought to be managed. And so when I developed symptoms of COVID-19 like loss of snow lent, and then fever. I took herbal medication of Nim tree extract, and then did steam inhalation. I was fine within 3 days.

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and then all patients who came to my first leaders, the health Careare worker, all patients who came to the facility with COVID-19 are treated based on the symptoms they present, some of them management, plan hospitalizing patients and given oxygen therapy to patients with difficulty in breathing

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and medications, such as antibiotics, prophylaxis, nasal, condescent, anti-histamine, immune Boomstairs, like vitamin c and zinc.

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pasted someone, and and instead, based on their symptoms.

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And finally I I then realized I had.

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So this person speaks in. I don't realize that I have COVID-19. So I bought over the counter medication like antibiotics for us. It's a more nasal discontent.

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I also did steam inhalation, and it that work for me. This was recommended from a friend.

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So

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in Ghana, just like any other country and social media also fueled a lot of these misinformation, disinformation, a lot of conspiracy theories about COVID-19. the same thing up, Went around around in among that small community where people thought that they, they.

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the COVID-19 was as a result of something else. And and so the spread of misinformation, disinformation, rumors, myth and inaccurate information regarding COVID-19. And it's vaccine. Have detrimental impact on vaccine. So look at some of these things. I have done a lot of research on the Internet about Covid. And I realized Covid was invented by 5 major security holders of the United Nations called

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the Vitopa, that is, China, Britain, France, America, and and Russia to manipulate the world. Moreover, their aim is to prevent the developing countries from competing with them. These 5 countries

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want to rule or take over the world.

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And so he goes on and says, I do not believe in the existence of the virus.

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And then another past. One said, I believe that COVID-19 is a political ideology for governments, officials seriously foreign aid or fund. Some way. I do not believe in the figures given as COVID-19 infected patients. I I have no one close to me or in my neighborhood infected with a virus, therefore I do not believe that COVID-19 is real.

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And so this has

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effects on an arctic and This study was done way back in between 2,020 and 2,021, where the vaccine uptick was just around 10%, and lots of the vaccines that were received were were expired.

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and a lot of communities where they said, we don't have COVID-19. So you go to some of the communities with the Usps. I mean in vessel safety protocols that the Government put in place. They were not adhering to it because they said

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Mit Ctl, and they didn't have COVID-19. And so When the vaccine started. there there was lack of trust, and and then, of course, the method, misinformation. And then, of course, social media also played 150,

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a lot of made a lot of impact on on that. So this is what I have here. I have read online that the vaccine caused

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causes infertility, and it was brought to reduce the population, especially in Africa. I am not ready to risk my life because I am too young to die on, not to give death.

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and then I do not charge the process in developing the COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore I will not take it, even though I'm a front liar.

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So this is coming from a health worker who says.

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and

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they wouldn't take the vaccine. And then I took the vaccine immediately. It was available in the teaching hospital. I had address events like choles and headaches, but after a day or 2 I was okay. I recommend everyone to go for it. It is the best way to prevent this deadly disease.

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In conclusion, to combat vaccine COVID-19 v. And hesitancy. There is a need to make sure that we.

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the scientific knowledge and and management in combat. And it's very crucial here, addressing hesitancy for successful vaccination. Campus is very important, especially in Ghana. In most developing countries where vaccines have really played an important role in eradicating a lot of these childhood diseases.

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When it comes to under fire vaccination. It's almost 100% with COVID-19, especially the myths surrounding it. A lot of people are hesitant.

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There's also there needs for collaboration and community engagement for healthier future. And like, I said, scientific explanation of the existence of the disease, and I lay fear of it. Side effects and on sensitivity of safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine is a sure bet to increase in the up of the vaccine. In communities, especially in Ghana.

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So recommendation make vast in the COVID-19 vaccine should be part of the national immunization programs currently running in the country and health care providers should act as advocates for COVID-19 vaccine by committing themselves to providing proper, unadulterated and reliable information.

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and the an issue of health and its agencies should publicize information about the potential side effects of the vaccine. The citizens will be our way. In fact, they've done that currently. And that's why we've seen a lot of uptick.

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And then, of course, the the Information Ministry and other media outlets should also ensure reliable information, because some of these media houses are also a avenues web. They? They have guest speakers who come in and also

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sort of propagates all these

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and misinformation about 19.

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So thank you for your ideas.

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He's

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so thank you very much for Hannah for her presentation. So next, maybe let's invite Alexandra Wetner. Who is coming from? Maria

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swans it more and snee. Who is coming from?

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 Jerusalemian University, from Poland. So I'm sorry that it is very difficult to pronounce your university. So

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so let's welcome Alessandra for the presentation. Thank you.

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Good morning. Certainly. I'm not the Alexandra. I'm because I'm like on behalf of Alexandra and Paulina, who are leading the the research. So unfortunately, they were not able to be here. So my role today will be just to

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to present the research that we've done during the the EU-funded Project Fax Trust, which is still currently ongoing in 7 European countries. And, as you said, we are all from the Yagelonian University in Krakow, which is one of the oldest universities in Europe. And what we did is the

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is a project in in collaboration.

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and today I will just show you a very small part of a project, one of the V, which was concentrated on on vaccine discourses in those 7 European countries on childhood vaccination.

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And

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yeah, and yeah, first of all, why, what? What is the vaccine from a perspective of a social studies, and why sociologists and and other social scientists

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should should deal with with such a phenomenon, and we'll deal with it first of all, like, of course, as as so technologies from from Sts perspective. It's it's a social construct.

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It has a meaning created in various spheres of our lives, and those spheres especially, and could vary and could be much more of them. But those one of those that we are focusing in is the media

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and the the project. The Bucks trust that I've already introduced to you. It is carried out in Finland, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and the Uk. And the goal, like the final goal of the project, is to understand hesitancy.

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deepening understanding of hesitancy, I would say, and delivering this understanding to the health care professionals across those European countries, and so, and to to deepen understanding. Who are those hesitant parents, and why do they hesitate, and why the health care professionals should

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includes those understanding of hesitancy into their own practices? This part, a although the backstress project is a very big project, you you'll hear later on from Patricia, who's also involved in this project today during this session, and the project is concerning the ethnographies, discourse, analysis, statistical analysis, recommendation. So it's a very big project. But I'll focus only on the main media discourse.

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And we did what we did. We've analyzed free media news portals and each country based on a keyword, I mean vaccine, of course, in respected languages in 2 periods before and after the the pandemic.

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Yeah, so you can see the countries. And we did it in the as the mainstream discourses and in the alternative discourses, so the the alternative, we mean those who were not in favor of vaccinations

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and the hope project the whole The whole procedure is, of course, done with collaboration of all the partners and and the use of their respective languages.

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Yeah, so let's dig into into into the into the details.

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So before the before the pandemic we we we saw that that several hegemonies on on vaccine definitions were were very visible in the semantic field, but we've also distinguished different views on vaccine in the media media sphere that that compete and create tensions between each other

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and before Covid it was

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clearly seeing that vaccine is was was defined as a scientific achievement.

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as a, as a tool to eliminate a reduced disease.

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as a tool that is associated with side effects also.

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and as a tool that is associated with some skeptical voices presented. But in the mainstream media presented as marginalized and as a minority.

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But those sceptics, if we, if we look further, those sceptics in the media discourses have have been portrayed from from from being moderate in Belgium, for example, to very radical labeled as antivaxers

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ignorance, and it's irresponsible people who are like destroying the society.

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This courses, even before before the Covid, were also highly polarized. For example, in Cheekbor, Pavili, Italy, Poland and Portugal.

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With with a distinction of Belgium and Finland, where where there was like a more tendency to find a common ground, and and avoiding labeling the other side as Anti Paxer.

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But what happened after the the pandemic?

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For sure it's it's it's it's not supply, not so pregnancy it it that the variety of the definitions. And it's spectrum has has enlarged significantly. So vaccine become also as a public good product.

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but also in terms of a global solidarity, especially in 3 countries, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal. But vaccine became a chance for overcoming the pandemic, also a weapon which is helping us to fight, and to an invisible shield when the battle of defense against and attack the virus

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biomedical product, of course, which is tested, managed scientific achievements, commodity

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for for certain parts of the world, and certain paths of the groups which were like allowed to be vaccinated first. but also a political tool that was, for example, in Poland, it was clearly visible that some local administrations were like

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and judged as better because they were like more, more. They did better in distributing vaccines. So it also became like a tool for gaining political power also on the local level and on the global level between the structural powers between China, us, China, Russia or the European Union.

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but those, of course, created tensions across the definitions. And, as you can see here, I'll just we don't have time. I'll just just focus on on the most important, like the most visible tensions.

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So what's the the most visible tension? Was certainly this, because, be between the safety of a vaccine, and uncertainty of it. Long time effects the safety of Of of not contracting covid, but as unsteady! What will happen if we will? If we vaccinate, and what kind of of advise effects we can we can have

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then there another important tension was the social, so solidarity best to my individual freedom to decide whether I want to be vaccinated or not. Benefit versus risk

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and effective mess versus unconfirmed effects which can can be done this. This is also clearly visible in Poland, when the government was like advertising the vaccines as a last step to overcoming pandemic at the at the at at first at the beginning

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of vaccination role. But then it turned out that we need more and more doses which, like undermine the whole strategy, and people like starting to question this, you said that it is the last step we will vaccinate, and that will be the end. But now, why we have to do this again and again.

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So the controversy is also related, well related in the media, discusses around control of a population, genetic modification, a hidden interest of political elites and private corporations, like private corporations, especially big Pharma.

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the propaganda of dominant and mass media.

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And we, if we look closely to the some factors that we are shaping those discusses. For sure we can see the like individual factors that were related to emotions which were negative. For example, fears and worries of infection.

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but also a vaccine

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fear of losing her, an immunity, fear of not getting a job, but also about like in Poland, for example, the side effects which in Poland were really related to the Astrazeneca cases.

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and and and

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this was clearly visible, and of course, like a positive emotions like, I hope you start the vaccine, as I hope to restore the the normality. are the social factors, of course, the risks of of viral disease, but a host of vaccine, of non-vaccination and vaccination.

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and and and framing this risks as a threat that individual can cost the population.

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And when we compare those 2 samples, we see that that the shift which was really before the pandemic was, was focused on children.

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If we, if we even talk about whole spectrum of vaccines before Covid. It was clearly focused only on children and discourses, but Covid really changed it and reshaped it to the focus on general population and also vulnerable groups.

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and and the distinction between us and them in all directions, as who wants to vaccinate us? Who we don't want to vaccinate versus them

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in all cases framed as ignorance was really really

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visible. If we look into knowledge that was used to justify certain claims in this courses.

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so of experts, expert was a category very vague and very big.

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So all both discusses alternative and the and the mainstream. We are using the categories of experts. and which I was defined by them by themselves.

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Delay knowledge as a means to support vaccination, especially during covid era. Gray area of non-knowledge, so uncertainty of side effects, scientific reference made through more general than specific. So so lot of articles have research shows that. But like nobody knows which kind of research, and how was it justifies and who did it, and how and what was the whole procedure.

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and to the covid discourse is oriented towards management and organization of vaccine distribution was also a visible theme in terms of knowledge. So how to organize the whole logistics of vaccination. So, as as you can see, the that's vaccine become presented in many, many, many aspects from political aspects, rivalry, global politics, geopolitics to management and logistics.

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As as we look to the actors that were present in the in the discourse.

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we can see that what's more, so, more more interesting, that those 3 countries on on the in terms of international organization, the Finland, Italy, and Belgium were focused on global south and worldwide kind of distribution of vaccines. So we have Unicef

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Kovacs, Kavi, we and some, of course, the national strategies, the local Ngos that have more or less work in the certain kinds of supporting, of being against the the the vaccination

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experts who were like legitimizing frames, also as pandemic heroes in a way, in all the countries which were the Academia virologist immunologists like

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certain universities which, like me to were used to to justify the claims.

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But yeah, let's look more deep into the the the let's frame it as a skeptical media. The skeptical part of of of the discourse that we presented today.

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And it.

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the actors like similar distinction, we and them that's like was clearly visible across all the data. So we who possess the knowledge, we, the experts who possess the knowledge that's against the dictatorship of a single thoughts like that was a common threat. In Italy.

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The lay knowledge experts, experts, and also in a Polish discourse and experts, medical doctors like scientists.

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But though but but those who are against the mainstream, against the dictatorship of a single thought those who raise uncertainties against, like against the against the vaccine, and and show that

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it has to be seen in a way

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related to to them

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and to the, to, to the uncertainty

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and outsider's day.

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framed as a sheep lab rats. Those who were like following following

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the Ngos Bill and Milling decades foundations that all the mainstream that is like clearly showing the the path.

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The knowledge that was used in alternative was mainly personal testimony. Scientific reports, those who are legitimizing their their claims

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may seem media articles as fits and other and alternative sources. Language, of course it was much more emotional. was on on both sides. It was ridiculing vaccine supporters and and and those who were not supporting vaccines. And

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yes, as I have only 1 min, I've just Jung jumped to the to the conclusion. So we saw that the clearly the polarization of this I would go

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more to the, to the, to the person. They go into more explanation towards different civic epistemologies and a Sds is perspective. So the covid brought the new ways of perceiving vaccines, but, seen as a hope means to return to normal while amplifying some of the existing themes, controversies around compulsory vaccinations, we crease which were like in in mainstream media. This is, instead of this course.

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mainstream media and alternative media, highly critical of one another, even if they may use similar saying or similar sources of information, refer to the same categories of experts, scientists, doctors discuss similar themes and create similar. But my Myra distinctions us. The system.

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There is a there is a clear

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but between mainstream media. And this question and alternative discussions which seems impossible to be bridged on the, on, the on the perspective, to the

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to be to create like a common bridge, and to have a conversation which was really bad for the whole uptake and vaccine uptaking and all the countries.

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So thank you very much for the presentation. So next, let's invite your learners.

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Meowa's team will be presenting about our echo chambers of vaccination hesitancy

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discussion on social media during COVID-19 pandemic. So let's invite Yourliners team.

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All right. Hello, everybody. I'm Elena. so glad to see everybody here. So today I will provide a very much complementary view of the study of vaccination coming from data science part.

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so let's see what we can contribute. So social media was already mentioned several times during the previous talks as one of the sources of information that people use to make their decisions. And over the years it's been used by more and more people and penetrating more and more

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different demographics. It's not longer just the young and tech-savvy people, and these people are often politically engaged. And even the mainstream media pays attention to what's going on on social media. So it spills over in the mainstream.

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So what we do at Isi Foundation, which is where I'm based in Italy. in Turin is, we use natural language processing, which is basically applying algorithms to text

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and network analysis which is really exciting. I'll tell you more about it. to study how people talk about vaccination on social media, and in particular we study echo chambers, of which I'll tell you more.

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So basically, the idea of echo chambers is when people are surrounded by those who are like-minded.

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and they get their information also in a limited fashion. So they are surrounded by things that agree with them. There are many structural and psychological reasons for why people might be in the situation. there are all kinds of psychological biases that make us pay attention to information that agrees with our opinions. that we

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we, we seek it out. And even the algorithms that now suggest information to us on Internet are more likely to suggest something that we would agree with. Right. So we're surrounded by things that don't contradict us.

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So today I want to tell you about 2 works that are already published. you can find both of them. If you just Google for both of these, or if you go to my website, they're also on there.

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So let's begin with Italy, since this is where I'm working. We did a study in particular about it. So our focus is on Twitter. And the nice thing that was happening is that they

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opened this very nice way to get data from Twitter, which was legitimate. And through this Api, and so we basically took many keywords related to vaccination, and said, Give us all the tweets in Italian about vaccination, and it was in a streaming fashion, meaning that as the tweets were posted, we grabbed them so if they were deleted later, we still had them

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very nice. so the data set was big, and you can see that Pre covid. It was just a trickle. And then Covid started and people just started talking about vaccinations. There were huge spikes later on, in 2,001,

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2020, 20.

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So what we really pay attention to in this data are these retweet networks? So if you know anything about Twitter is that somebody can post tweets, and somebody else can repost it, and that's a retweet. And usually what this is interpreted as is an agreement, an endorsement. Because if you don't write anything else, you basically propagating that information as if you kind of agree with it.

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So this is a great structure, so that we can actually Think of users as some nodes in our network, and when one retweets the other we have a link between them. So this sort of network, then, can be used to to examine bigger structures in. Who is talking? To whom and who's agreeing with home. So, for example, here we built

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6 of these! For different chunks of time! 2 before and 4 After Covid started. And it's actually funny to see that there are 3 sides to the conversation to begin with, and the one in the middle that's connecting the pro. In the anti-sides are people who have pets

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mit C,

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and we get to then actually look just at a few samples on the 2 sides, and they are usually very cleanly, separable by

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by opinions. So the circles here are actually the samples that we've labeled. So you can see that on one side you know that there are majority, you know, green majorities red, etc. So once we've divided our populations like this, we can study them over time. So, for example, we can study them over time here, and what you can see.

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 point here. so we can look at the hesitant pro and the pet communities, and how they develop over time, and what we can see is they don't They basically don't intersect the people who would change their opinion and go to another side across time almost doesn't exist. It's about 5, basically margin of error. and what we can see is

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actually, towards the end of our study, hesitant. We're almost half of the population that we're seeing.

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So they are very vocal. this here we can see tweets per user per day. And it. It begins quite a bit for a hesitant compared to the supporters, but it it becomes even more so during during Covid. So these people are really vocal.

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Another thing we can look at is who these people mention in their tweets. And what we can see to, to begin with is

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in this in the beginning. it's really quick on the chamber. people just talk about other people within their own side. And this, and in fact, the the pro vaccine people tend to ignored the which is maybe not a good thing. but maybe that's a policy of just don't acknowledge them right?

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But this, then, actually dissolves a little bit, and then people start mentioning each other across the the spectrums. And finally, this is perhaps the most abstract thing. But we can look at topics of what people talk about. And here topics are really

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big thing that we can define. because they're extracted automatically from from the data sets. but what we can say is, these topics at first are really separated into who talks about it? If we find a topic. often that topic belongs to one or the other group in our data set, and they start merging together and start having at least the membership of

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people talking about things kind of similar. So, for example, maybe one of the topics is the Green Pass.

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and maybe in the beginning people. Only one side talks about it, but towards the end more people for both sides do so. So basically, what we see is that especially, I think this and this slide will show you that

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there are echo chambers. You can see it by people basically not retweeting each other, not talking to each other.

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and they kind of remain throughout the the Covid. Right? It it doesn't actually, Kumbaya. It doesn't bring people together, unfortunately, but it does show that people focus across the board a little more they mention each other more, and they talk about more similar things.

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So next, I want to tell you about our international study, which is even more interesting. And here we we were very frustrated about people using only English language queries to get their data. Yet there is all of this

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mit Ctl, and all of this world. So what we did is we translated vaccination keywords and into 20 European languages and started collections for tweets for all of these. So if you want to collaborate on this, it's a huge data set. So you're interested right here, 150.

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But basically we did the same collection just in all these languages, and of course, English is the King.

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Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, etc. They catch not only their home country, but of course, everybody that they've dominated before. So we get a lot of countries, and in the end, we can select 28 countries that we can study, that we have enough data for.

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So what we do is very similar analysis to the previous work. We build these networks, and then we try to cut them. Let me not get too much into into details here, but one of the different different things that we did here is that we didn't assume that there are only 2 sides.

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Because they were very different countries, different times in. In their developments of this topic we actually had a more flexible algorithm that might give us up to 5 or even more sides.

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And then once we have sides, we label them

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we do a random selection of information, and that in each cluster and annotate them, for whether they may be antibiotics or not. And this is a huge I mean, everybody here talked about the the difficulty in defining what this vaccine hesitancy, and we had also big discussions about it. So offline, maybe I I we can chat about it. But basically we define

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pretty much anybody who's questioning vaccines up until you know crazy Antifax theories. Right? So it could be even people more reasonable.

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But basically for each time slice in each country we get one of these networks.

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So what can we find? we get these

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tons of results. But what you can see is that each result comes for each of the 28 countries and for the 4 time periods. So I think it's pre-covid prevax vaccine

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distribution of vaccine role, some vaccine development. Anyway, this is time. so let me not get too much into each of these. but Some of the things that we've noticed, of course, is that whenever we found more antifax content.

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We also found the communities, which means that whenever there is content it tends to coalesce into into a cohesive community within the retweet graph. So there is already a signal of it being

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in an echo chamber right? Because people just keep talking to each other.

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But it's not necessarily true for all countries, as you see. So, for example, in us, it's pretty strong, and Italy was strong, and then it kind of went away. So, in fact, not all the countries exhibited this sort of clustering behavior, which was important to show that

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the situations are quite different in different countries.

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Now, some of the interesting things we can do is okay. We've identified some people who may be but seen hesitant. Well, what kind of things do they do online? And so here we can, for example, see how much they retweet other people. And usually they retweet a lot more. So they're very active. They also share a lot more. Urls and Urls to Youtube videos and Youtube videos are known to be full of all kinds of questionable

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healthcare material. and we looked for a list of low, credible Urls domains, right? Those that tend to share not very good information. And when we look in these particular Urls, we find that these people from hesitant communities share them quite a bit.

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It's not

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surprising, but it's good to check

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some of the more interesting things that we found is because, as I mentioned, we were gathering our data as it was being posted, we could look back and see when it was missing.

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right? So we could see whether it was removed by Twitter.

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So we of course, found that users that we've identified as hesitant their content was removed much more often by Twitter.

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which makes sense.

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But in New Zealand, for example, it was really

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strict, right? So you see, New Zealand, Us. Australia, I think, etc. 2 exceptions, Cuba and Russia.

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for those they were actually removing the non anti-vax. accounts more. but you know we can talk about the political situations there. for why? It might happen. Another thing that happened is, if we look at the last posted content by these deleted accounts! You can see that it spikes around the Us. Capital riots.

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which means that this political thing that provoked more

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moderation by Twitter, actually affected these communities quite a bit. So it's interesting to see that there was this spill over.

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I mean, this is.

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we just notice that the date coincides. We don't know particular causation here, but that's our understanding of how it happened.

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So let me just talk. just briefly. if you're interested, go to the paper, perhaps, but we can then see. information flow between countries, right? So we can see here, for example, that English-speaking countries retweet from each other a lot more. But what is more interesting is to look at the vaccine hesitant communities within those countries, and they tend to retweet.

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Between countries a lot more Often than within the country, right? So there is a propensity for these people to actually

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import novax information from others, from other countries, which which kind of means that there is a international network of vaccine, hesitant information that's flowing.

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that is

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somehow more likely than than if we looked at it, you know.

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so we have some statistical baselines. Right? Of course, something would be flowing, but it's flowing a lot more than what we would have predicted. So I think this is the absolute star of finding of this one

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of this paper, so feel free to look at it, and then we also can look at the the flow of low credibility. information. And one of the funny thing is that us is the absolute king of misinformation, and it's even beyond its big size. It's absolutely exporting. most of these Urls.

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even though it was funny that after the capital riots a lot of accounts were removed, and then Russia became a very much more prominent source of misinformation. After that.

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So I just want to say that if you would like to. collaborate, I am here. Please talk to me. There are lots of cool things about the sort of data because it's semi. Anonymous people are much more free to talk about stuff. It's really big. It spans many years. the last data set spans many countries.

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we can study not only individuals but organizations. There are governments and lots of other things on social media. But of course there are many. pitfalls, you know people self-censor. Of course this is a public thing. there are, you know, and of course there are all of these people who don't. Who are not on social media.

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So thank you so much. And of course this is was not done just by me. There are many students and my collaborators from Isi Foundation who have worked on these papers. Thank you.

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So thank you very much for Yelena's presentation. So for the next team would be, By Anna Patrick Sheia Hilario. So the presentation title will be 7 sampling strategies for 7 countries. Successful flexibility in an international study on vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Hi, everyone! I'm Patricia. I'm from Portugal.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Sorry it's 3 am in the Portugal. So I must apologize.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: if my English is not so good today. so I'll try to share my screen.  okay.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: I suppose you can see it. Right?

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Okay.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: I'm not hearing anyone. So I suppose everything. It's good. If not, please let me know. yes, we can see your screen. Okay, perfect. Perfect. Okay, thank you very much. So

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: as today, you said. we are apart from the same project, the backstress project today, I'm not presenting any specific findings of the qualitative study that we have done.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: But we'll focus on the importance of this recruitment strategy and base it on on that. I'll make my presentation today.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário:  So a study was also referred before. this project is ongoing in 7 in European countries, and it's part of

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: so in it tends to explore the phenomenon of vaccine, is it? And see?

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So it refers to the postponement refusal, and also of persons who have some doubts, and the aim of the project was to promote interaction between health care, professionals, and vaccine, is it? And parents?

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So you can see here the the members of our consortium. It's, as I said before, in in 7 countries and 10 partners.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So one of the important things to say is that the study is funded by the European Commission. maybe some of you will think that. This project came by the COVID-19 pandemic, and I think it's. I think it's important to all that.

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This development of this study, namely, of the proposal, came before the COVID-19 pandemic, because the European Commission was very worried about the outbreaks specifically on measles that happen in several European countries.

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So and when we are doing our proposal, it came the copied 19 pandemic. Nevertheless, I think it's important to I line here that this study is focused on. the vaccines, I think, into children and young people.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So you can see here, a very short presentation about vaccine as itancy and the importance of addressing this issue because it's considered one of the

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: global greatest global friends threats nowadays. So but I will skip these as I will assume that the majority of our audience today have some knowledge about vaccine. And

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: so what is also important about this study is that we have different bro packages, because this European project and details present is one of the parts of a world package 3, which is on media. But we also conducted a qualitative study as part of work package, for

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: so the intention was to develop in in the interviews with vaccine. Is it in parents and also health care professionals? And we also conducted ethnographic work in these different countries.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So we have an interview in 170 67 parents in these different countries, and the field work was perform it. also taking you into consideration cultural and contextual differences, as you can see from different countries, which is which for our Poland, Portugal, Uk, Phillip, Italy, Czech Republic

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and Belgium. This is a different countries with different rates of childhood immunization, for instance, Portugal is considered one of them good. One of the good examples in terms of vaccination, because we, our immunity coverage, it's higher than 95%

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: for the majority of all childhood illnesses. Consider it in in our national vaccination plan.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So how we pound

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: this is. It's parents. I must say that it was been difficult for the majority of countries. not only due to the coffee. 19 pandemic, but also because of this label of what is

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: What is it? Is it

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so? We in different countries try different approaches, namely, adverts on social media, direct invitation by email or Facebook, snowballing field work

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: in terms of in some countries they were possible to find vaccine as it, and parents when they were doing the ecographic work.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: namely, observation. And also true is it into health care. Professionals recommended some parents.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: namely, for instance, in the private clinics parents can can choose which. Pediatrician they want to be, follow their children according if they are more respectful in terms of their decisions not to vaccinate your children. We also tried boards of alternative skills, because in the literature it is often said

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: that. there is a relation between vaccine hesitancy, and then the choose, and of different lifestyle or alternative lifestyle. We can talk a little bit more about this. you know conversation

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: after the presentation, if you want, because we have some findings about this, as again confirm this. What has been said in the future. What is it? Very interesting is that? we found many difficulties in terms of

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and the people helping us, namely, dispose of alternative skills and to direct contact. Direct invitation, for instance, in Portugal, was was one of the best strategies. And we can

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: direct these because, there is some protection in these communities.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Mit Ctl, and if we consider this in a way in these communities, and I think it's important for us to address specific sociologies, how we can, we can recruit 150.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: these populations, then we found it, and we define it that it was very difficult, because they are hard to reach in a way, because of their characteristics of this compilation. They are not, easily available, and there cannot be define it, for instance.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and found by us. They also. It's a hidden population in the way that these groups are not visible. at least in the majority of countries. And this hidden population even become more hidden, for instance, in Portugal, because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and there was at a time the media instigated this polarization debate and these negative labels of vaccine is it in parents? And these population became more hidden and also more suspicious about research? And I will talk a little bit about this afterwards, and also because they might consider to be a vulnerable population.

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Why? Because they suffer a lot of stigmatization.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: And again, we copy and find COVID-19, and that make put increase this stigmatization, not only by the media, but by the public in general.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So we came across with this difficulties because of this

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: in an intrinsic difficulty of isn't in parents of finding, is it in fairness because of these characteristics? So we also found that distrust. this is an important topic for us to discuss as sociologists and social scientists, if that is, might be a movement from

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: trusting in our work and and trusting in research more generally, and in this case of this specific topic and this specific of population, it was the other way around in the sense that distrust it was market and was shape it our interactions

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: they distressed firstly, and the backstress project because our intention was to understand and comprehend the interaction between healthcare professionals

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and vaccine. Is it? And parents and they were? These parents were very afraid that we would improve the interaction for them to vaccinate their children. So the aims of the project, in a way, were not in accord with the philosophy or the way of living of these parents

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: in a way. So they were very

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: this stressful about what we intended and why we intend to interview them also. They were very distressed. they didn't trust on researchers broadly. And this is what also instigated by the media, because at the time many researchers spoke against vaccine, is it, and parents, at least in Portugal.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: making labels and negative labels about time. So they've become even more species about researchers and scientists, of course, and also about institutions generally, namely, health care authorities at a time

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: there were before. But the COVID-19 pandemic augmented this because of all the restrictions

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: at the time, and at least in Portugal, and probably in the the countries one week to healthcare authorities, gave a recommendation, and

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: after 5 days, 7 days, 3 days they change it. So it was a very turbulent time and healthcare organizations and healthcare authorities were also very turbulent at a time, and easy increase it to be stressed off taxing as it insurance.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Also they were very distressful about the funding party, the European Commission, because some of them, or the majority of them truly believe it that the COVID-19 has been created in a lab

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and this was a purpose specifically by the European Commission to control population to designate populations.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: and there were several parents. They decided not to be interviewed, but talking with us as researchers, and said this they believe it, that the European Commission was putting

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: has this philosophy in a way.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So it was very difficult for us, because of this, all this distrustful environment

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: which COVID-19 pandemic, augmented but already existed between vaccine. Is it in Paris to recruit his parents? Nevertheless, we were successful in recruiting more than 100

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vaccine, is it? And parents.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So also the COVID-19 public, debated, as I said before, instigated this is it? And see, and also specifically because of the precise, with fillings of stigmatization, and this was highlighted in the several conversations we had.

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for instance, at the time, at least, in Portugal. There were teenagers who are not able to participate, for instance, in sport activities, etc. Because they were not being vaccinated with the coffee. 19. So I'm sorry to interrupt. You have 2 min left.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Okay? Okay? Okay, so, but and nevertheless, we had many opportunities, namely, to create positive different solutions, namely, to recruit

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: vaccine. Is it in Paris using online platforms? And this is the important to our twilight, because these enable them when they, for instance, they had to little children to manage everything, and were able also for us as researchers to speak with people from different parts of the country.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: Also, researchers try to best as they could to doing. You know, emotion work in a way, we this parents and try to manage the best, their negative reactions and these emotions, we also will try to integrate it in our findings.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: So also building trust. was possible to community immersion, and namely, to participate in observation that had occurred in other countries, and also was Try to listen. It was very important to try to listen to the

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: the experience of this parents in a non-judgmental way in So I'll try to conclude now, because I don't have that much time

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: so overall my our presentation wants to say, except

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: I was not able to to speak so much about this. But that's we need to be more sensitive also to the context. where our research take place, and to be flexible, and also that as researchers, we might have some difficulties

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: in recruiting our participants, because not only of the characteristics any of the participants, but also because of the time and place it happens, and it was the case of the COVID-19 pandemic with such a sensitive topic at a time. So we should also discuss broadly

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: about this, and not only in the in conferences, but also write more about the difficulties that we research may face 150

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: also, when our work is challenging in a way which was

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: actually what happened because, our participants didn't trust on on us, on the aims of the project, on our funding institution. And I think we believe that

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: most of the time as researchers, we, we think that people will understand our projects, our aims, etc. It was the other way around. So this presentation was more to enhance the debate about these questions, and specifically about faxing, is it in seeing and how we could see it in another way.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: in terms of to our participants when we engage and we try to engage them. And also there is not there not being so much research using qualitative methods which is important for us to address also this? because it's key to listen to vaccine, is it? And parents without having their discourses, and to know more about them.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: we might be enhancing again the stigmatization and discrimination against experiments, because we are not producing knowledge.

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Ana Patrícia Hilário: deep knowledge about your experiences. Well, thank you very much.

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So thank you very much for your presentation, and also let's welcome the last presenter for today's section. So the final presenter will be Hiroshi Kojima, coming from Wasida University of Japan. So you

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so you may start now.

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Hiroshi Kojima: Hi! My name's I'm a social mob of us in

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Hiroshi Kojima: I mean previous operation. And I mean. I mean Muslim population in East Asia. Then with

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Hiroshi Kojima: you, too.

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Hiroshi Kojima: and funding study

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Hiroshi Kojima: Western Europe, I decided to conduct a more scale

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Hiroshi Kojima: by a survey

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Hiroshi Kojima: in Britain. Okay, because I had a I of a friend.

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Hiroshi Kojima: Oh, he's Muslim, and also it he and he and they corrected the device

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Hiroshi Kojima: they just

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Hiroshi Kojima: and the the the the question here. But

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Hiroshi Kojima: part of the Normative flavor

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Hiroshi Kojima: he he introduced the

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Hiroshi Kojima: a result somewhat.

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Hiroshi Kojima: I mean the respondent to was more aware of the religious desirability of the

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Hiroshi Kojima: it's just population, maybe more he's done than ordinary people. But among

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Hiroshi Kojima: this particular

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Hiroshi Kojima:  group subject more religious.

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Hiroshi Kojima: Most of them saw

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Hiroshi Kojima: more, less resident, for I don't know

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Hiroshi Kojima: it's General Button or something or not.

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Hiroshi Kojima: But anyway, there aren't too many surveys conducted among the Muslims in Britain, and

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Hiroshi Kojima: many of those previous service, I mean

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Hiroshi Kojima: me, based on the study of the

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Hiroshi Kojima: They are population. So they

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Hiroshi Kojima: on the senior.

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Hiroshi Kojima: It's not as far as the standards, I mean. The more I was at once. And but they don't

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Hiroshi Kojima: right notify the

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Hiroshi Kojima:  information. I I mean this one

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Hiroshi Kojima: married in this study.

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Hiroshi Kojima: even though the

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Hiroshi Kojima: some the size is more defense company, as but

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Hiroshi Kojima: 4 respondents

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Hiroshi Kojima: in web.

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Hiroshi Kojima: the

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Hiroshi Kojima: sometimes it's rather small. And

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Hiroshi Kojima: I was so nice. And

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Hiroshi Kojima: there is a for it out there

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Hiroshi Kojima: great. And the model is basically one

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Hiroshi Kojima: we have for the study of.

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And

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Hiroshi Kojima: and I also did

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Hiroshi Kojima: So the second month. But I

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01:28:32.310 --> 01:28:36.430
Hiroshi Kojima: I don't to, because of the time

452
01:28:36.590 --> 01:28:41.649
Hiroshi Kojima:  because of the time code it and the

453
01:28:41.840 --> 01:28:42.680
Hiroshi Kojima: dude.

454
01:28:43.240 --> 01:28:48.590
Hiroshi Kojima: it's more

455
01:28:49.730 --> 01:28:57.119
Hiroshi Kojima: yeah employment

456
01:28:57.210 --> 01:29:06.030
Hiroshi Kojima:  in depending on the

457
01:29:06.490 --> 01:29:08.020
her behavior.

458
01:29:08.790 --> 01:29:15.200
Hiroshi Kojima: And this time including on the Internet. It's for news Internet

459
01:29:15.360 --> 01:29:17.130
Hiroshi Kojima: to work at home.

460
01:29:17.390 --> 01:29:20.690
Hiroshi Kojima: But depending on the

461
01:29:21.530 --> 01:29:27.330
Hiroshi Kojima: depending dependent on your

462
01:29:28.090 --> 01:29:29.680
Hiroshi Kojima: Internet have

463
01:29:30.380 --> 01:29:31.579
largely fit.

464
01:29:32.070 --> 01:29:39.530
Hiroshi Kojima: And this is. No, I mean, I'm it's in the

465
01:29:40.600 --> 01:29:44.480
Hiroshi Kojima: update

466
01:29:50.400 --> 01:29:51.820
Hiroshi Kojima: hostile members.

467
01:29:52.200 --> 01:29:55.510
Hiroshi Kojima:  how was it

468
01:29:55.710 --> 01:30:02.350
Hiroshi Kojima: about?

469
01:30:02.560 --> 01:30:12.700
Hiroshi Kojima: And the

470
01:30:12.770 --> 01:30:22.109
Hiroshi Kojima: it's it's it's for

471
01:30:22.410 --> 01:30:23.830
Hiroshi Kojima: it's already wrong.

472
01:30:26.030 --> 01:30:28.519
Hiroshi Kojima: But it

473
01:30:29.580 --> 01:30:30.929
Hiroshi Kojima: if you go to

474
01:30:31.320 --> 01:30:33.490
Hiroshi Kojima: see. So I

475
01:30:33.700 --> 01:30:34.790
Hiroshi Kojima: I'm all right

476
01:30:35.350 --> 01:30:38.250
Hiroshi Kojima: in this action. But

477
01:30:38.870 --> 01:30:44.590
Hiroshi Kojima: generally, there is some agenda differences

478
01:30:45.060 --> 01:30:56.910
Hiroshi Kojima:  in the effect of call it, but and there's also differences. I mean, included

479
01:30:57.210 --> 01:31:03.390
Hiroshi Kojima:  and younger siblings as for it, and

480
01:31:05.230 --> 01:31:09.950
Hiroshi Kojima: younger brothers and the

481
01:31:10.350 --> 01:31:14.890
Hiroshi Kojima: I mean

482
01:31:15.240 --> 01:31:19.500
Hiroshi Kojima: a boxing up. No, I I mean.

483
01:31:19.970 --> 01:31:21.450
Hiroshi Kojima: and

484
01:31:21.860 --> 01:31:25.100
Hiroshi Kojima: also

485
01:31:25.840 --> 01:31:26.870
Hiroshi Kojima: opposing.

486
01:31:27.180 --> 01:31:30.519
Hiroshi Kojima: I mean, if that

487
01:31:31.370 --> 01:31:36.330
Hiroshi Kojima:  is I mean in

488
01:31:36.590 --> 01:31:44.229
Hiroshi Kojima: oh, I mean mine has in a sold because you got to be checked on.

489
01:31:44.440 --> 01:31:52.240
Hiroshi Kojima:  Oh, Boxing his among man. But it's

490
01:31:55.500 --> 01:31:58.359
Hiroshi Kojima: we'reman looking at a man on

491
01:31:58.870 --> 01:32:00.190
and

492
01:32:01.390 --> 01:32:13.880
Hiroshi Kojima: stronger face of the pandemic and the few of friends Muslim have same in the same direction among men and women which maybe it's just.

493
01:32:14.710 --> 01:32:18.210
Hiroshi Kojima: if it's so. there's just

494
01:32:18.460 --> 01:32:28.600
Hiroshi Kojima: post, I mean. positive. No, no, no negative effects of  boxing. H

495
01:32:29.410 --> 01:32:33.760
Hiroshi Kojima:  encourages

496
01:32:33.800 --> 01:32:38.100
Hiroshi Kojima: boxing update. particularly along with this.

497
01:32:38.590 --> 01:32:44.250
Hiroshi Kojima:  well among

498
01:32:44.590 --> 01:32:47.200
Hiroshi Kojima: men among women

499
01:32:47.320 --> 01:32:48.490
Hiroshi Kojima: and the

500
01:32:49.650 --> 01:32:53.380
Hiroshi Kojima: seeing some so among mail

501
01:32:53.410 --> 01:32:57.229
Hiroshi Kojima: so more likely to date.

502
01:32:57.480 --> 01:33:03.160
Hiroshi Kojima: And wow! What's called as of fall

503
01:33:03.450 --> 01:33:07.710
Hiroshi Kojima:  has

504
01:33:09.180 --> 01:33:09.970
Hiroshi Kojima: I mean

505
01:33:15.130 --> 01:33:24.019
Hiroshi Kojima:  I think it, but it's not significant for the flight fed, and also so size of fall as

506
01:33:24.460 --> 01:33:27.100
Hiroshi Kojima: if it owned the among

507
01:33:27.110 --> 01:33:30.570
Hiroshi Kojima: among men, but

508
01:33:31.310 --> 01:33:35.670
Hiroshi Kojima: not among women, but it is not significant.

509
01:33:35.850 --> 01:33:43.830
Hiroshi Kojima: And on the other hand. married books, they are just young to be ray

510
01:33:43.950 --> 01:33:55.769
Hiroshi Kojima:  I mean I mean married women are more likely to

511
01:33:56.320 --> 01:34:02.400
Hiroshi Kojima:  I more likely.

512
01:34:02.740 --> 01:34:05.449
Hiroshi Kojima: But among men

513
01:34:05.890 --> 01:34:06.710
Hiroshi Kojima: sum up.

514
01:34:08.690 --> 01:34:20.829
Hiroshi Kojima: but not. and I also size of 4 may mean that the some scholars medical researcher says,

515
01:34:20.850 --> 01:34:24.600
Hiroshi Kojima: households crowding is one of the factor for high

516
01:34:25.210 --> 01:34:31.210
Hiroshi Kojima: infection right among Muslims, so that maybe one of the reasons

517
01:34:31.620 --> 01:34:34.350
Hiroshi Kojima: it is only among may

518
01:34:36.530 --> 01:34:41.890
Hiroshi Kojima: to. because time is running out

519
01:34:53.480 --> 01:34:58.559
Hiroshi Kojima: percentage of non testing unknown update is similar. So

520
01:34:59.300 --> 01:35:03.220
Hiroshi Kojima: I I thought, there may not be. But

521
01:35:04.710 --> 01:35:06.540
Hiroshi Kojima: and this.

522
01:35:08.190 --> 01:35:10.279
Hiroshi Kojima: no, this thing has.

523
01:35:13.890 --> 01:35:15.419
Hiroshi Kojima: those are people who.

524
01:35:15.470 --> 01:35:18.820
Hiroshi Kojima: from testing more likely.

525
01:35:19.020 --> 01:35:19.720
Hiroshi Kojima: Okay.

526
01:35:19.970 --> 01:35:21.350
Hiroshi Kojima: do not take.

527
01:35:21.470 --> 01:35:30.270
Hiroshi Kojima:  and yeah, it does a similar. I mean the new, the

528
01:35:32.330 --> 01:35:34.140
Hiroshi Kojima: and

529
01:35:35.780 --> 01:35:40.180
Hiroshi Kojima: for.

530
01:35:40.410 --> 01:35:41.210
Hiroshi Kojima: okay.

531
01:35:41.760 --> 01:35:47.830
Hiroshi Kojima: I mean, significant.

532
01:35:47.910 --> 01:35:50.270
Hiroshi Kojima: And

533
01:35:51.290 --> 01:35:54.980
Hiroshi Kojima: so this is the maybe only new

534
01:35:55.490 --> 01:35:58.170
Hiroshi Kojima: the effect of non- testing. But

535
01:35:59.970 --> 01:36:02.419
Hiroshi Kojima: of the Muslims, and also

536
01:36:02.910 --> 01:36:11.660
Hiroshi Kojima:  not to be on no update so positive.

537
01:36:14.080 --> 01:36:22.459
I'm sorry to interrupt. You have 4 min left. I'll just go to the summary and then conclusion

538
01:36:22.980 --> 01:36:24.049
Hiroshi Kojima: and that

539
01:36:25.110 --> 01:36:26.499
Hiroshi Kojima: I mean where I'm

540
01:36:26.630 --> 01:36:48.949
Hiroshi Kojima: Bracks and the it's not. It's a, it's a, it's a, it's, it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's a

541
01:36:49.290 --> 01:36:54.809
Hiroshi Kojima: after including no testing at the model of it. Improve. And some

542
01:36:55.020 --> 01:37:02.120
Hiroshi Kojima: for me, and we're created to have

543
01:37:02.380 --> 01:37:06.399
Hiroshi Kojima:  Oh, this is

544
01:37:07.100 --> 01:37:23.340
Hiroshi Kojima:  that's all right, and also depend target. And I forgot I. It's a summary in about 13. But

545
01:37:24.230 --> 01:37:29.430
Hiroshi Kojima:  okay.

546
01:37:29.950 --> 01:37:36.060
Hiroshi Kojima: it's 15 in a household of

547
01:37:36.120 --> 01:37:47.239
Hiroshi Kojima: it's it's it's it's it's it's a it's it's it's a it's a it's a

548
01:37:47.670 --> 01:37:51.660
Hiroshi Kojima: what I mean by that. The

549
01:37:52.060 --> 01:37:55.480
Hiroshi Kojima:  the, this is

550
01:37:55.550 --> 01:37:58.140
Hiroshi Kojima: my previous work.

551
01:37:59.390 --> 01:38:01.760
Hiroshi Kojima: So thank you. Huh!

552
01:38:01.880 --> 01:38:03.659
Hiroshi Kojima: Stop at this moment.

553
01:38:08.310 --> 01:38:28.669
So thank you very much for your presentation. So yeah, because of the time limitation we still have around 5 or 6 min for Q, and a section, so may I invite the presenters to come up to the stage if you are doing our on-site presentation

554
01:38:30.380 --> 01:38:34.300
and our questions are also welcome.

555
01:38:51.260 --> 01:38:52.070
Hello.

556
01:38:53.030 --> 01:38:57.500
Hi, thank you. Everyone for your presentations. Those were all very, very interesting

557
01:38:57.510 --> 01:39:03.300
and informative. My question is for Hannah, did I get your name correct?

558
01:39:03.530 --> 01:39:10.139
Okay, I'm actually really curious about vaccine hesitancy research, because it seems like

559
01:39:10.250 --> 01:39:20.740
the vast majority of it is focused on developing and develops countries, western countries like North America and the EU. There's really not so much from developing countries.

560
01:39:20.820 --> 01:39:24.489
so yeah, I really appreciated your presentation.

561
01:39:24.650 --> 01:39:46.969
I'm in Turkey myself. I've been there for the past few years, and I'm trying to develop some research on the sort of conspiracy theories and and vaccine hesitant ideas there as well. And I noticed also that while some ideas seem to spread from other countries, as I think, Ilana pointed out, there's some that are very unique into the sort of cultural context there.

562
01:39:46.980 --> 01:39:59.030
especially this sort of distrust of the the big powers, the more developed countries you mentioned. I think the the veto countries, or something like the Us. Russia, China, those guys.

563
01:39:59.060 --> 01:40:17.569
So I was curious. like in Turkey. There was one of the theories going around is that the the Western vaccines, especially like Pfizer and Moderna had been tested on paves, and so somehow contained or were contaminated with pork. And so we're not Delalal, and that was, you know, against Islam.

564
01:40:17.620 --> 01:40:26.269
So that was a reason cited by some people, and actually led some people to prefer this, the Cinobec sceno back the Chinese vaccine

565
01:40:26.330 --> 01:40:37.230
instead. So I was wondering if you have any thoughts on first, just the difference between developed and developing countries in terms of those. If there's any sort of

566
01:40:37.270 --> 01:40:51.450
culturally specific reasons that you found in Ghana, and if also, if any of the people were sort of differentiating between those countries like China and the Us. Or if they were only lumping them together. Thank you.

567
01:40:58.040 --> 01:40:58.740
What this?

568
01:40:59.650 --> 01:41:05.620
 I really don't think that culturally.

569
01:41:05.820 --> 01:41:11.000
 there, there will be any differences. What

570
01:41:11.060 --> 01:41:14.249
the Western countries experience in terms of

571
01:41:14.500 --> 01:41:17.629
the fact that.

572
01:41:17.650 --> 01:41:25.290
and, in fact, that it's also a from the fact that developing countries have experienced

573
01:41:25.300 --> 01:41:35.110
quite a number of infectious diseases, and they haven't been able to find an efficacious vaccine that would

574
01:41:35.120 --> 01:41:41.020
eradicates these infection. One of such cases diseases. HIV,

575
01:41:41.120 --> 01:41:44.020
H. And B. Has been with us in the 80 s.

576
01:41:44.060 --> 01:42:08.599
And if you go, it's also a global disease. There hasn't been a vaccine to eradicate it. Why, all of a sudden Covid comes. And then the fact that in Ghana, for instance, our cases were quite minimal in the cities. It was only in the cities that we had high cases those are the peripherals. Perry abandoned areas never experienced any covid.

577
01:42:09.010 --> 01:42:28.239
And then, all of a sudden, there's this imposition of a vaccine on us, especially when, during the lockdown everybody had access to Internet, the Internet service providers were giving free banks to us to set the net. So people were just pick it from everywhere, and

578
01:42:28.580 --> 01:42:30.120
you give us vaccine.

579
01:42:30.130 --> 01:42:34.990
I have a lot of people wearing ready to even remind the passwords where we we train medics

580
01:42:35.190 --> 01:42:38.050
that medical doctors were not ready to take it.

581
01:42:38.400 --> 01:42:41.770
They had to take it because they had to travel, and it was their requirement.

582
01:42:41.880 --> 01:42:59.450
And so, if you look at the social collect ecological theory! It's at the institutional level. If it if it becomes a policy, then people will tend to take the maximum. But if I'm not travelling. I don't have anything as far as that is concept. Nobody will take it.

583
01:42:59.500 --> 01:43:10.749
especially again when there were, there were advent and adverse events recorded side effect to the extent that some people even died as a result of together vaccine.

584
01:43:10.780 --> 01:43:17.279
So it's general, purely general, and from other countries experiences.

585
01:43:17.680 --> 01:43:24.110
And then, of course, the social media also shield that to a very large extent.

586
01:43:28.340 --> 01:43:33.349
still have 4 min. So I can, Kate one or 2 more questions.

587
01:43:36.670 --> 01:44:00.899
Hi, Hello! I'm branco. This is a great panel, my like, follow your research. I have 2 questions. Maybe one is for everybody and the other one is for Tados and your group that you did, I'll start it here. We also had a big project in Croatia, and one of the streams within the project was together. All the data from the big news media portals to have all the articles that have said anything about the Covid.

588
01:44:00.900 --> 01:44:18.360
And one of the analysis. One of the findings is that, you know, there is something to media faming. So, for instance, those which really collapsed, progressive media would usually push those scientists which would be like racial epidemiologists working abroad at some, you know, international renowned institutions.

589
01:44:18.590 --> 01:44:22.259
If it's going to be a neoliberal media, then it's going to push

590
01:44:22.280 --> 01:44:49.170
quasi experts which are very well connected with the issues which are gaining money out of the, you know, criticising the whole things about the measures and the and the vaccine, or, for instance, if it's more related to the state, then it would, you know, pull those scientists which would be, you know, the important scientists from the from the State, you know, giving us information about the media. So my question is, to what extent did you maybe find in your findings in your research

591
01:44:49.170 --> 01:45:04.239
a similar kind of thing. And the question for everybody, maybe in the panel is, I also did some research about the vaccine hesitance, but also about the empty mask people. So the people who didn't refuse to wear masks.

592
01:45:04.320 --> 01:45:23.440
One of the determinants definitely here is class in our class positions and economic deprivation, let's say, of people. So to what extent can we connect fixing hesitancy with some economic processes happening within the society within the labor market, and how it influences people and their stands to work with the vaccine. Thank you.

593
01:45:31.920 --> 01:45:55.220
Hi, I'm Ellen. I'm the session organizer, and I think because we have so many really really good papers. Maybe we could go over time 10 min, 50 min if everybody agrees, and of course those who have to leave they have been. I also want to a note that we have 4 distributed papers, and because they really we got so great abstract. So I I

594
01:45:55.642 --> 01:46:09.160
urge you also to engage with the distributed papers, because I assume that they are very interesting, like also the presentations. So I will encourage everybody who can upload the the

595
01:46:09.160 --> 01:46:22.229
distributed paper online. And then I will also send an email to everybody who submitted. And then we can keep on sharing and and hoping to maybe make a publication.

596
01:46:22.350 --> 01:46:23.800
Thank you, everyone.

597
01:46:25.820 --> 01:46:30.409
So let me just start about the the question on on this courses.

598
01:46:30.629 --> 01:46:47.449
We didn't put a specific label to distinguish between Liberal and liberal or leftist versus right or conservative, like like a specific label. But we did across all the countries we have the

599
01:46:47.459 --> 01:46:49.959
the most popular in terms of

600
01:46:50.090 --> 01:46:51.819
of coverage, of

601
01:46:52.360 --> 01:47:00.890
of a keyword. So the amount of articles that have the keywords, vaccine, and all the respective languages.

602
01:47:01.380 --> 01:47:10.750
But, for example, in Poland those were like distributed into 1 one, the most popular news portal, one tabloid and one most popular

603
01:47:11.080 --> 01:47:14.650
online version of a newspaper. So I,

604
01:47:15.230 --> 01:47:23.530
it's probably possible right now to look into the data because it's a huge amount of data. You have tens of thousands of those articles.

605
01:47:23.730 --> 01:47:28.519
So to to look into your categories. What I can say. It's

606
01:47:29.420 --> 01:47:33.390
the the clear distinction is

607
01:47:33.790 --> 01:47:48.600
is the problem with with framing. Who is an expert because all the sides are referring to experts, and what I would say, the the crucial thing would be deepen. This type of research into more

608
01:47:49.020 --> 01:47:51.909
one which is focused on

609
01:47:52.000 --> 01:48:08.020
on on what I said, what is called the civic epistemology. So how the people perceive the knowledge production, expect, expect the knowledge to be produced, tested, and then put into decision making, because I would say that the real differences between

610
01:48:08.300 --> 01:48:14.120
those attitudes are there like how people the who people perceive as a

611
01:48:14.140 --> 01:48:16.770
as a as the one who is like

612
01:48:16.800 --> 01:48:19.860
eligible to produce and use knowledge.

613
01:48:20.070 --> 01:48:26.270
Yeah, but that's a good good idea to dig into their minds food for me as an

614
01:48:27.660 --> 01:48:48.350
okay. So I can see there are some questions online and maybe in order to save time, maybe we can ask the questions all together. And then the presenters. yeah, can answer all together. So maybe let's invite. And it seems you have some questions.

615
01:48:50.200 --> 01:49:02.880
Ana Patrícia Hilário: Hi, no, actually, I want to answer the question for the audience that a colleague which unfortunately, I was not able to hear your name. But thank you very much for the question. regarding the

616
01:49:03.350 --> 01:49:05.579
Ana Patrícia Hilário: the data from Portugal.

617
01:49:05.630 --> 01:49:13.049
Ana Patrícia Hilário: there is not many studies conducting in Portugal on vaccine, is it in C specifically qualitative studies?

618
01:49:13.160 --> 01:49:19.269
which could be interesting? Because, as I said it in our presentation.

619
01:49:19.410 --> 01:49:35.970
Ana Patrícia Hilário: we have a high level of coverage in terms of vaccination. However, what we've found, and I think it's in order to address The question by our colleague is that vaccine? Is it in in Portugal?

620
01:49:36.220 --> 01:49:47.519
Ana Patrícia Hilário: From our findings? It's a privilege of choice which I think right also talks about this and the other out to specifically American authors and some European authors.

621
01:49:48.130 --> 01:49:52.759
It's a privilege of choice in terms of class.

622
01:49:52.940 --> 01:49:57.160
Ana Patrícia Hilário: because, you know, some people almost all

623
01:49:57.270 --> 01:50:14.110
Ana Patrícia Hilário: more highly educated. And they were positioning in a upper middle class. So and this this is also very related with

624
01:50:15.310 --> 01:50:43.999
Ana Patrícia Hilário: with this social positioning of them. And also we need to reflect, how to extend this privilege of choice as being promoted by now. Liberal movements in health, at least in Portugal. since. It's right. I'm not sure if you're ready now about it. But in Portugal since the beginning of 2,000 and there will be several economic crisis.

625
01:50:44.320 --> 01:50:53.500
Ana Patrícia Hilário: and the State has pressure, and this now liberal, no liberal movement that citizens will be responsible for their health.

626
01:50:53.570 --> 01:51:07.890
Ana Patrícia Hilário: And it's quite odd that when you said it's citizens, and, namely, parents are responsible for their health and the health of their children when they want to choose. If they want to vaccinate or not, they are socially condemned to them. But

627
01:51:07.980 --> 01:51:17.230
Ana Patrícia Hilário: this is What now liberal. No liberal movement says that each of us will be responsible for your health.

628
01:51:17.330 --> 01:51:18.790
Ana Patrícia Hilário: So

629
01:51:19.430 --> 01:51:38.000
Ana Patrícia Hilário: it's important also to reflect from my understanding that of course it's a problem of choice, and it's promoted by these now liberal trends. So in public health and also in social sciences, we should reflect and discuss more about these issues in terms of

630
01:51:38.260 --> 01:51:42.769
Ana Patrícia Hilário: these 2 points. Well, I hope I had the rest of your questions. Thank you.

631
01:51:44.830 --> 01:51:59.769
yeah. Sorry for being running out of time. Yeah. But if you are interested, maybe if you have any questions maybe if all of us agree do you stay in the room. you can ask

632
01:51:59.790 --> 01:52:02.450
maybe some short questions.

633
01:52:04.470 --> 01:52:30.929
 yes, in respect of your question about whether people had access to some of these like mask and other things.

634
01:52:31.010 --> 01:52:35.519
I think, for us in Ghana. immediately.

635
01:52:35.680 --> 01:52:36.640
That

636
01:52:37.340 --> 01:52:41.470
immediately we observed the outbreak of COVID-19

637
01:52:41.550 --> 01:52:45.829
the government put in place some safety measures.

638
01:52:45.860 --> 01:53:04.860
and the investor wants social distances as distancing. And then there was a lock down, even before the use of a face masks to enter public places. And so schools were shut down and a lot of institutions were shut down.

639
01:53:04.880 --> 01:53:10.719
But then it was short-lived only for 3 weeks, because the government couldn't bear the cost

640
01:53:10.810 --> 01:53:21.940
of providing free food and other facilities to the citizen. And so there was a need to put in place the use of mandatory use of masks

641
01:53:22.030 --> 01:53:26.610
and government provided for all citizens. Free masks.

642
01:53:26.770 --> 01:53:46.350
including myself. Freehand sanitizes, free water for a whole year, weren't paying. What are bills in Ghana, and how the price of Electricity, Electricity Bill, and almost everything became free in the country.

643
01:53:46.800 --> 01:53:51.620
And if you know at that time it was free. We are now paying for them.

644
01:53:56.870 --> 01:53:57.580
Okay.

645
01:53:58.300 --> 01:54:09.739
I think it's important to actually consider the history of the modern anti-ex movement. I'm old enough to have received the polio vaccine.

646
01:54:09.910 --> 01:54:15.849
When the salt had the photo vaccine it correctly had parades for it. It was a tremendous event, because

647
01:54:15.890 --> 01:54:17.120
it was

648
01:54:17.140 --> 01:54:20.329
epidemic among children where people were paralyzed.

649
01:54:20.830 --> 01:54:27.860
and it was considered wonderful what started the whole anti-ex modern anti-existence as a movement

650
01:54:27.910 --> 01:54:35.850
was one study, I believe, was the British Journal of Madison Rovers at Lanset. That was, that showed a link

651
01:54:36.100 --> 01:54:37.330
between

652
01:54:38.450 --> 01:54:40.490
vaccinations and autism.

653
01:54:40.560 --> 01:54:42.759
Well, it turns out the study was fraudulent.

654
01:54:43.410 --> 01:54:45.160
and the actual

655
01:54:46.150 --> 01:54:51.719
physician who was responsible for the study. First place. Often physicians are I work for.

656
01:54:51.830 --> 01:54:55.099
and a nursing school in a free medical school that became the medical school.

657
01:54:55.240 --> 01:55:05.939
Physicians are not really training that well, in science there are physician researchers. When I look at the paper I always look at the first Ph. D. I see M. D. M. D. And D.

658
01:55:05.990 --> 01:55:10.720
He, I assumed the Phd. Is the one who wrote it. Usually it's a bio statistician

659
01:55:12.110 --> 01:55:19.459
person who did it. He lost his medical license. However, he's still around making a living as an anti-vaxor.

660
01:55:19.800 --> 01:55:29.259
and if it wasn't for him there probably wouldn't have been that strong movement. Other things are happening, too, there is an alternative medicine movement, some aspects of which I look

661
01:55:29.680 --> 01:55:36.319
questionable and some other things happening. But we need to consider that that one study

662
01:55:36.950 --> 01:55:41.119
that was fraudulent really was older pushing that, you think.

663
01:55:41.240 --> 01:55:49.360
And at the time of the polio vaccine it was such a big deal. They lined us up in school. It was an oral vaccine that gave it to us.

664
01:55:49.450 --> 01:55:55.789
and it was considered one of the great achievements. And also, you know, one of the recent achievements is we

665
01:55:55.860 --> 01:55:58.750
totally eradicated smallpox?

666
01:55:59.750 --> 01:56:02.740
Which is that actually fantastic?

667
01:56:14.730 --> 01:56:25.329
So if there is no more questions, I'm so sorry that there is overrun of this section if there is no more questions.

668
01:56:25.330 --> 01:56:49.810
thank you very much for your attendance, and also questions. And of course we also want to thank our presenters today. Or have done a very good Presentations very, very wonderful. And I will also like to offend. The section organizer. And also yeah. the offers of the disregarded papers. So thank you very much.

669
01:56:49.810 --> 01:56:52.240
I hope to see you again later.

670
01:56:52.830 --> 01:56:53.620
Thank you.

671
01:56:53.910 --> 01:57:01.000
I also thank you very much for the audience, and also the presenters online as well. Thank you so much.