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okay.

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We found that we would like to say acknowledgment of the countries

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on behalf of the everyone breading, and put it back to the space of the country near. You know

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where we are meeting. I acknowledged that the pause, the past and the present, cooling nations

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pouring injuries, Warren Warrens as this one's people here the cultural and knowledge holders who remained and remote, the nams. Aborigin is law, custom, and

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custard and chip

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responsibility is for countries and people that country continue to sustain generations after generations

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into the future of

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for all of us. I recognize the important contributions that first nation

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thinkers have made

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to a society.

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Sorry we. We thank our first nation delegate in the room day for their contributions to knowledge in the

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this supply.

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Okay.

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I would like to. the way this time I would like to into introductions about the first. speaker, from this session we start with like

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And

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To an apart and a good

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from Thailand she will address about the visibility politics of urban food workers and the picarias.

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And I want to

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give you a step here. By the way, please. Introduce yourself first, and you give around 20Â min for your presentations, please.

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Thank you very much.

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 so

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okay. my name is Jonapa Ankara.

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 I'm from Thailand.

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the General Secretary of Public Sociological Association of Thailand

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and I' now the researcher of the center of excellent for human Security equity.

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a social research institute for Alan Corn University.  actually, I have worked

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my my work focus on social justice study.

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especially on a marginalizer population like workers, women's disabled people.

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today I'm grateful to have a presentation here in

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Isa which we have lost it for many years because of the Co. With

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or the pandemic era. My presentation topic is visibility. Politics of urban food workers and their precautions. This research was conducted in

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Bangkok Thailand, at the time of the pandemic

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also. 2 years ago, with a Yamon durin Ratna, who is the share of the session? 2.

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So why do we choose to conduct this topic?

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We see that at

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the scholar of the full system topic.

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our, we focus on the long supply chain. There is talk about the complicated system of the full system.

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The purpose of the full system research is to maintain the full security.

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That's why we could see it as all it sustained mechanism. But we could not see the people. We start with the, with the exploration of the food worker within the full system

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from the our national statistic, and we have collect a number in

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in the of the food worker in each for the same process.

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We who collect the number to 28.5 million of worker.

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that is, the majority of our labor work. Our workforce population

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also is 66% of a 38.3 million

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workforce.

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It means

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they are also

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two-third of a labor population

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in Thailand all it as our food workers.

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and in crisis in a

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pandemic era.

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Everybody talk about food security, how to maintain food security for our people, especially in the city or in the urban area where was

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affected by the covid most because of the density of the population. There.

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however.

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food worker become a solution and frontline worker, but they are not acknowledged as medical workers. Like a doctoral nurses. They

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they they are just a nobody within this era.

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One reason is that

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because they are a lavish workers.

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or we can call them informal worker or worker. In inform our economy, our pre-cariat.

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It means that they have small voices.

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So that's why we call it a. The invisibility of food worker is our main in the race of this research.

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Our objective is where you see to making invisible for well, it's easy, but it's still challenging.

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We would like to know who are they

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who are food workers, especially in the urban area and who are the most vulnerable. There are a lot of food worker categories.

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but who are the most vulnerable? And What are the pre-carriations. Different groups of for work have different experiences of precariousness.

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Why are they invisible? Especially in in policy

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of the government?

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Our methodology is a mixed method.

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It consists of quantitative and qualitative approach.

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We have a 398. So we resolved from our workers.

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and the qualitative data come from 25 in-depth in the will to creepy discussion and one brainstorming session

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also. In this study our case study are food workers in Bank of Metropolitan during the pandemic crisis.

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The first the work of us

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is to select the food worker groups.

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Also our selection criteria. We focus on the urban area because it is the place where was affected by COVID-19 more than in rural area.

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and we are seeking for vulnerable workers in the urban area.

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I saw

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but Worker, who have job and income insecurity, most of them are informal. Worker and lowish worker.

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and we have some that if there exists a previous research on them. We try to explore the data, the

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pre between and pose covid. So in this research, we have

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tree group of food workers as well in distribution, consumption and waste management process

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here are overwhel of them.  And at time

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fresh market a close!

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Why supermarket of corporate?

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A loud open.

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So at that time most of our bank of people are hunger of fresh food, because in supermarket a lack of our fresh vegetable and fruit.

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you can see that there's a lot of people

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in this large fresh food market and in the market. There are prepare food, too.

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in the prairie stores.

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Small grocery stores are. You could see the workers.

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women, or most of them, located in poor community.

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scattered around bankrupts and street vendors. You could see Shina Tao. Normally, it's full of tourists, and now there are only workers in the street.

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and

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the innovative

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one you can see it to

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was transformed to deliver of the fresh food.

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Poor people had transformed a small weaker into our

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vehicle. Ladies! Did they transport fresh food into the community, because at that time, with the social, distancing policy.

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Most of the business are close, especially a small enterprise business.

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and

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with her the forces same worker concept.

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we include the cleaner in the street vendors in reserong into these research as well.

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So

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his study confirmed that food worker are precarious workers. Why.

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we could see from the data that the majority of our survey population are female.

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Hmm! And in every sector you could see.

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female are a majority of workers in in this system.

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and

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they are quite young. 35 years every 8. Their education is quite low, lower than high school. and

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Their income in covid time task 2 third of previous income.

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How most of them have debt.

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Half of them has no social security. and

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almost 3, 4 of them have no contracts. have no working contract

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it, and also they are working condition. 1, 4 of them have to work every day without pay off and without a

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is that if they would like to have their office unpaid, too.

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So it means It indicate that

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the food system actually is. The large job market absorbed it.

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A poor people woman who could not access our job in

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farmer economy.

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Most of them have a lower education. They could not access. A good job in and secure job in in informal market.

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So that's why food system is a large job market for them.

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However, the work provided here in this for system is indescent.

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Another person perspective.

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Full worker, a precarious residence, too.

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Why. actually, the bank of population is around 10 million.

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but allify our register. It means 4 by 4.8 million are Latin population.

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They are not

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riches. Her. They have no

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city, city city, right?

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And it reflect in our study, too.

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Our so a population are 90% of ours away population

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rural to urban migrants. Most of them come from provinces. They are not from Bangkok, and 10 of them are non-tie.

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and at the time of the pandemic

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the supportive measure focused only on bank of residents. They have to show their residential right. They they have to own some house they have to reaches the to in the House, but most of them are not so. They could not get support from the Government at that time, for example.

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at the decrease of electricity, court water cost or home loan, home equity loans, they could not get support. So that's why only 15% of them say that they got support from government.

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but 62% said they are self-support. They could survive at that time because of themselves, not from other people.

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So it means this data indicate that

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food worker are not included as citizen

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of the city of Bangkok, even though there contribute to a large

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 Economic.

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a portion of Bangkok. and who are the most vulnerable about food workers.

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We found that

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there are 2 groups of food workers here.

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the first group.

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It's already far into poverty at the pandemic time, especially straightforward vendors. That is, paradoxically, because talent, street food, vendors of time, is very famous.

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but when they got pandemic they cut crisis. They

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just fell into poverty

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already so so fast. It means that Job has no security.

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From income perspective and a job security perspective.

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It does include working in fresh market convinced stoworker, grocery store workers, Morrison worker. All of them are in a small business.

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and another group

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is addressed to poverty

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that in our research are a food court workers.

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even though they all of them have real employees. Most of them are subcontract it, exclude them from social protection.

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They have no

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social security. a scheme.

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So it means, if there are you at that time, or have any accident.

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they could far into poverty, too. Hmm! So! And now, the Charlotte

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we talk about the urban worker rise. but street food renderers are faced with eviction. no problem. and

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Thailand is still debate on

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a minimum wage. We could not guarantee that every water could get so a poverty prevention measure

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and how to organize these workers.

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There are a lot of supply chains. There are a difference and how to organize them.

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and the relationship between precariat and authoritarian regime

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in previous research

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there some research point out that

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pre carrier is a the cause of auto-retarian regime.

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But in Thailand the situation in Thailand has changed right now.

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Actually, I believe, like that before. But

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2 years has passed we have seen that a Thailand is moving into more democratic country.

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We have a election a bank of Governor election last year, and the latest election. We got a new Prime Minister.

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both of elected people here are more democratic. My, and how could they cut support?

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I mean, we don't could not understand right now.

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guysstanding who proposed the concept of precariat has categorized precariat into for group also under employ and a paid no less entrepreneur and worker bong workers. And we could see that food workers are fall into underpaid worker and worker bond

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workers. However, they are not waters.

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So that's interesting. They are not waters. How

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if you see precar as water, there will be an employee group and the paid group knowledge entrepreneur.

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But we don't know much until now who worked for the democratic mind. So it's interesting to explore in the next research.

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So we come back to the mighty dimensional invisibility of food workers

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because of their invisibility. The first.

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because the full system.

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as the large shop market is invisible to

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it means we see the food the same as a food system, but they focus only consumers, but and producers. But the work in between.

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They could not see the worker within the food system, so they were blind at work, blinded.

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It's no doubt that

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is We are lack of Sme policy support, because we could not see the world within the full system as the employment so thought, or the job market.

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the second invisibility is tender, blinded.

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It means worker with family responsibly is around 40% and more than 50, 61% are living with family in an oral food worker.

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I have to live with the family. Some family member have to depend on them.

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and with a social policy, social, distancing, and work from home policy. It means the increase of unpaid care in the family. But there is no supportive

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a policy at that time. To

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that. The last invisibility is there invisible in urban policy.

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We see that most of them are rural urban migrant, and some of them are

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non-tie, especially undocumented.

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And it means

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there we all a lack of capability to organize.

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So that's a and they will become the source of correction, too.

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and how we could work to a just and sustainable city.

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These ratios are trying to propose the concept of economic citizenship is.

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it means we have to expand the definition of the citizenship to the people who contribute to economic activity.

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If we could include economic citizenship into our urban policy. For example, health, child care housing, we could prepare budgeting for the service provision.

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Otherwise, you know, we know that there are

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to one or 2 million undocumented, undocumented microns in Bangkok, but the Bangkok's plan on health does not include them in the plan, so they could not provide. this kind of Of a service to them

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additionally, participatory policy, dilemma, or said, is required. If you would like to awake straight vendor out of the street.

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Actually they should include them in the policy process. and the poverty prevention measure should be addressed because the poverty people who trap in poverty.

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we could not get equal opportunity for self-development, so we could not get that and sustainability at all.

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So, thank you, Russell.

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Thank you so much. I think I saw a lot of data

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you try to

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let that know about like a for broker in in Thailand, especially in Bangkok, and I think I'm waiting for a new research from you that you mentioned at the last 2 slide. Maybe we saw you in the next to a full year from this. Okay, I don't want to waste at time. I would like to.

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Why? Someone like this, because we lost one here.

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 okay.

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And I would like to say, sorry because I lost some speaker

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gun, so I would like the next presenters. Dr. Shinho-hara Shika and Dr.

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she's

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so Chida Kunico. Yes, from Japan. I give you a stay here.

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You you can have like a 20Â min. Okay.

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hello. My name is Chica, and I'm presenting today with my colleague Kumikot Jida, from Kumasava University. And this presentation, this research presentation is a collaborated project with

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Sanai Zagawara and Peka Kavay and Me

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nigga

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white sweat.

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I'm sorry.

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And today,

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I'm going to talk about elderly care workers. Migrant elderly care workers in Japan. elderly care work in Japan is a nationally certified work.

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However, a number of

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migrants and also local Japanese care workers are actually uncertified. They are not licensed, but working

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very similar work with the very heavy responsibility of carrying the elderly today.

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And

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our focus today is the migrant care workers work family decisions and their work and family rights.

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So not only elder care workers, but workers in the world are divided into 2 groups, highly skilled, licensed, or certified professional workers versus less

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or unskilled workers working under precarious conditions.

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And here I would like to introduce some migrant care worker studies and perspectives.

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as you would know, early 2 thousands early Hoke Shield presented this book on emotional care

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of emotional care workers and global care chains. And more recently, in Japan, migrant care workers are studied, researched

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with economic perspectives, and particularly with the focus on human resource.

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the work skills how to improve and develop their knowledge and skill levels

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of migrant care workers.

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and also our colleagues. our colleagues study more on the local community level how elder care workers are

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welcomed, migrant care workers are welcomed in rural and suburban communities of Japan

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and

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 also others like Kumi coats did. she looking at marriage migrants. Now working as elder care workers in Japan.

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and that is one of the more accessible work or jobs than some other jobs in Japan.

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and some others are looking at more medical institutional level, and the migrant care workers

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work challenges and the career developments.

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And

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we are looking at how the globalization affect these migrant care workers and how their rights work rights and family rights

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are supported.  in Japan today.

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So care workers are strongly demanded in the world today. And also Asian Japan, Japan's policy change invites a variety of

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different types of migrant care workers today.

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But we know very little about how my Grant care workers make decisions over their work, family matters

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and what determines their decisions.

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And. as I mentioned earlier, nationally certified care workers in Japan

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are allowed

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today to bring their family members in Japan. However, a lot more migrant care workers are uncertified workers.

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They are not allowed to bring their children into Japan and work.

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And so these.

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our migrant care worker programs and visa types. in Japan today, as you can see, there are 6 different types of

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a migrant care worker visa and programs. And the first one is the Economic Partnership Agreement.

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Japan has bilateral national agreement with Indonesia. The Philippines and Vietnam today.

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and

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the best majority of migrant care workers are number 2, the technical interns. They're in the technical intern training programs. And this is an

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a new program. And the number of these interns are increasing. They are very young workers with a lower Japanese language level

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and number 3. More recently the Japanese Government changed the policy. And now allowing international students to measure and care work and nursing.

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And so increasing number of students are coming into Japanese technical schools and universities, colleges to major and

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elder care and nursing, care and nursing

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and number 4, another new program, a specified skills workers program.

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These workers can extend their stay

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from the number to the technical interim program. To this number for specified skilled workers program and add additional 5 5 years to work in Japan.

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And

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in addition to these 4 programs. There are marital partners of Japanese citizens working as migrant workers. As

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I mentioned earlier. And

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if these migrant workers from Number one to number 5,

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we're able to pass the national license examination. Then number 6, they can get the nursing care worker visa. That doesn't limit the number of years that they can stay and work in Japan, and eventually, ideally, they can apply to

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a permanent residency, and if they wish technically, they are able to apply to the citizenship after many years.

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And these photos are, I would like to introduce these photos today.

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one on the bottom, the orange one with the elder you picture with. care, Walker, this is actually put on the Japanese government website.

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And in English. And

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it says, would you like to hire and work with foreign care workers?

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And they have Japanese versions and English versions and providing more information to the Japanese employers and the international care workers about working in Japan as care workers and the the the photo on the top is a Japanese language learning, education application on the Japanese government website. This is

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the language educational application specifically for elderly care workers. So those who are interested in working as care workers in Japan. But

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they're still in Asia. They can access in their home countries. And they can access to this language website and

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and study

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a regular Japanese language in addition to the care worker-specific terms

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and sentences.

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And you can kind of see how the Japanese government is promoting care workers from abroad. So our research questions today are these 2 main questions, but legal and political conditions of the host and home countries

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affect their work. Family arrangement, the care workers, work, family arrangement? And number 2, how do migrant care workers, both nationally certified and uncertified, make decisions over their work and family?

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And why do they change or create their jobs if they ever do, and how and why do they bring in or leave their families home? And this presentation shows how those social conditions, as well as the care workers, job certification conditions and residential statuses, play roles and the work family decisions made by migrant care workers.

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Our research methods are a survey we are conducting. We have conducted our surveys online and paper versions, and we are also interviewing selected migrant care workers from these survey. recipients, and respondents, and as well as we visited

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the Southeast Asian countries. educational or dispatching academies and institutions of migrant care workers.

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we also interviewed employers or the elder care institutions and hospitals in Japan as well.

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And this is A still ongoing research project. And I would like we would like to provide you some qualitative summary of the findings.

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And

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as I talked earlier, there are a lot of economic and human resource labor focused perspectives. of the research on migrant care workers in Japan. But we would like to pay attention to their more human side work, family and life course. decisions and perspectives.

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and so care workers, career, development as well as their family life and work, right human rights and equal employment opportunity matters.

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Oh, and then the photo earlier as a

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from our field work from March this year, that the Fuji Academy in Bali, Indonesia.

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and so 2,025 is the expected program here in Japan that these

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baby boomers, elderly baby boomers, are getting really older and start needing more care. And they're

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the Japanese Government, as well as medical specialists, are expecting to have a major program around this 2,020 year to 2,025.

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care. Walker shortage nurses, shortage expected. So by 2,025, the Government would like to kind of make programs. And

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I put this history map of the legal change of the of the migrant care worker programs.

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And in addition to the the Ldk worker programs, there are domestic care worker programs with the Philippines

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and the the nursing care workers from 2,020 are now able to

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a

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stay in Japan, and limited as as long as they are licensed nationally.

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the

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and this. these are the statistics of the nursing care workers in Japan.

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And so nationally, we licensed certified migrant care. Workers we have. The Japan has over 6,000 certified, nationally certified nursing care workers today. And

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in addition to Number 2, this Economic Partnership Agreement nursing care worker candidates. That's over 3,000

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From this year's statistics and technical intern. Elder care workers are the majority group 15 over 15,000,

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and

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and some of those have changed their visa status to specified skilled workers. That's 17,000 uncertified for care workers

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and Mary to my Grant worker. We don't have the statistics because they have a variety of visa types, and they could actually have a Japanese citizenship or permanent residency.

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And that's Number 5 and Number 6, over

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1,800 international students in Japan today measure in nursing care.

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And so the total of 43,000 or over 42, 3,000 migrant care workers are working in Japan today. That's over one but a bit less than 2% of the

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a total care Walker population of Japan. So it's a very small steel but it's definitely increasing today

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and living conditions of migrant care workers with and without family members. I would like to just quickly go over and So if they're uncertified, even if they work for 4 or 5 years, they're not able to invite their children or spice spouses into Japan, but as

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as long as they are certified they are able to in invite their family members. However, I we have found that quite a few those who have the right to invite their kids. I'm actually leaving their families home because of the economic situations and some other conditions

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of the family members, and Kumiko will talk a bit about these different cases here.

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So

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then, we like to discuss what matters for work and family decisions, for those catwalker migrants to case one as walk and the living areas. So living in auburn a rural area matters when the migrants kill workers want to live with their family in Japan.

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In a urban areas they usually have more options

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of children's education, and then they can find the food. the food imported from their home countries, and then they can find it. that make friends from the same country as well. Also the income in urban areas higher

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the case 2 is other family conditions. When a migrant care worker think of bringing that marital partner to Japan, whether their partner can work or not. In Japan, the partner's language, ability, and the preference to live in Japan really matter.

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On the other hand.

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some

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some migrant care workers working, and Japan say their parents in their country encourage them to marry, even though they prefer to be alone. For now.

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Case 3 is political and economic challenges back home, such as military dictatorship, economic clubs and the currency rates make the migrant worker decide to work in Japan, leaving their family back home.

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So based on our survey and an intermediate research, and also media reports. The migrant care workers in Japan can be categorized into 2 in terms of certification.

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So one is certified nursing care workers. So this category has EPA

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which already we mentioned earlier, the care work is migrating to Japan through economic partnership Agreement. So they are from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

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But even though they are satisfied as a care worker.

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 some of them do not stay working in the same workplace where they were initially sent to. For instance, once they are certified.

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they move out of the countryside to cities, or they even leave Japan because they feel burned out after working for a few years.

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Nothing care. Major. International students have a path to get certified as a care worker after they finish their education in Japan, but some of them go up to graduate school or might might not continue working as a care. Workers.

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intern trainees can be certified nothing, care workers when they pass the national exam.

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Japan has accepted

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16 8 intern trainees from 16 Asian countries.

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Yet real passes, national nursing care workers can certificate. and some of the intern trainees change their visa status to different one called Specified Skid Walker visa to work additional 5 years and go home.

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The other category is unsatisfied nursing care workers in these categories. There its terminal visa workers, for instance, nothing care workers with their national certificate can extend their stay in Japan for maximum 5 years. Marriage migrants is another case in this category.

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For instance, Philippine masters who married Japanese men learn that elderly care homes, hire migrant care workers, and that they can take courses to obtain care. Walker certificate through their network.

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Yet the certificates that they can pass is usually private certificate national Certificate. so they are encouraged by their employee employers to pass the national certificate. But it is very difficult for the migrants to pass it without special support for non native German speakers.

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But those special support is limited.

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Some of the care workers decide to move to Japan because of political instability back home

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mass media reports that in recent years young migrants from my move to Japan and work as a care workers because of the political instability there

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international businesses have withdrawn, and it has made scarce job opportunities for young people with or without college diploma in memor

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the wage gap between their home country and the Japan more debates the young to move to Japan. In fact, there are many training centers in member to send care workers to Japan.

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So I would like to remind you one month time about our research questions we looked at legal political conditions of the host and home countries of the migrant care workers.

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how the those affect their work, family decisions and number 2, how do migrant care workers, both certified and uncertified, make decisions over the work and family.

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And so the certificate national certificate system matters for bringing their family is in, because that's the

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me

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that matters to the family dependent visa but not only that. those migraine care workers are concerned about their children's language education in home culture, education. Oftentimes those scale workers are hired in rural areas. and they don't find how they can educate their children in their home languages and cultures.

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and so many would like to move out of the community and to urban areas. But then, if you live in big cities, then that's how they might go up. But at the same time they also have to spend more money for everyday living.

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So some decide to have their children back home and have their parents. Grandparents take care of their children.

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and so other family and support conditions. even though one can get licensed in Japan to work as professional. elderly care Walker, but her or his spouse might not speak Japanese, or they might have

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full time. Good job back home. So that's another re reason that they might not bring that their families and the care workers salary might not be good in one care. Workers, family income might not be good enough to support the entire family with multiple kids in Japan.

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And so another

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point is legal and political conditions of both the Japanese care worker, legal system scheme as well as these migrant workers, home country, political, economic conditions affect their decisions of bringing the families in Japan or continue working in Japan.

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And

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a point of this

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As the the Japanese society is, local, society is not really prepared to accept these migrant care workers, especially the little ones, their kids, little family members.

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and even in Japanese communities depending on the different areas regions, their acceptance support. Accepting these migrant care workers, family support is very different.

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And so in one community they might get good support for the entire family members, but another in another community, that they might not even have access to a children's education, for example.

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or a hard time getting education, good education for their children.

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So I would like to conclude I'm running out of time. And

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so the policy implications from those qualitative outcomes.

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we don't really see these

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equalities among these migrant care workers, and we see more stratifications growing among

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or between these migrant care workers as well as between the Japanese care work, licensed care workers, and migrant. uncertified care workers and

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the Japan should focus on this social inclusivity of migrant care workers and try to have more program integrating these migrant care workers and their family members, especially the little ones.

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And

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the

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it's important to increase or grow the Japanese social recognition over these professional care workers

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respect for their professionality, or is law, and

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oftentimes their work is not fully acknowledged.

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so their professional work should be acknowledged, and even those and certified workers. Actually, they study and they have different trucks of examinations to stay in Japan every year.

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And that is not really acknowledged in the Japanese social discussion. And even though those are young ones, young migrant care workers are studying and working hard, and they are still treated as an unskilled workers when they are actually studying and adding more experience in their everyday work conditions.

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And yeah, so

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but to conclude, the Japanese society need to improve social conditions for migrant care workers and their families conditions. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much.

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From Japan to let us know about, like the policy of the migrant worker in Japan. And I. It's not that the decision in maybe like a better.

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but they still need some improvement for for the picariat migrant workers in in Japan, mostly in from Southeast Asia.

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not necessarily in body and to the things. But maybe it matters. Ok, thank you very much. We have a matters

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presenters from the remote.

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Yes. Di Pari.

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Deepali Wighe: yeah.

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yes, I will give you a stage present to do it yourself, and I give you around 20Â min to present your presentation. Thank you. Thank you very much. Should I start presenting my sharing my screen?

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Yes, and I try to turn the camera to our audience. No, I don't think so.

391
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Deepali Wighe: Okay, so maybe. Is it visible?

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No? just a moment.

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Yes, M. Please. Just the first clean up. You are

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prison.

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Deepali Wighe: Yeah.

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yes, correct.

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Deepali Wighe: I can see anyone. But but let's let's see how it is. This is how it is.

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Deepali Wighe: Okay. So so good morning everyone. I'm dipali I'm currently pursuing my Phd. In sociology at the go to University in Frankfurt. presently I'm presenting from Frankfurt. And it's it's 3 23 in the morning. So the topic of my today's presentation is human rights issues from a global justice perspective.

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Deepali Wighe: A case of a de notified, nomadic, and seminomatic tribes of of India.

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Deepali Wighe: The article 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution defines fundamental rights which are the basic human rights ensuring in the Constitution, and guaranteed to all citizens of the country. Similarly, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1,948 talks about protecting and promoting human rights for a better standard of life, recognizing inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the

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Deepali Wighe: human family of the signatory countries, since India is one of the signatory of universal declaration of human rights.

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Deepali Wighe: there are certain like. There are certain population in the country which whose human rights have not been protected by the State. However, even after 75 years of the independence The situation doesn't exist for the notified

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Deepali Wighe: nomadic and semi nomadic tribes in India, as they are also citizens of the country, which consist of 10% of the total countries population. The cost.

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Deepali Wighe: the constitution of India makes only makes safeguards and provisions for the central communities, but no budgetary provisions have been made for nomadic and d notified tribes because of their unclear citizenship under the seventh, under the 7 schedule of the Indian Constitution. The concurrent list, item 15 mentions the nomads as vagrancy, nomadic, and the migratory

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Deepali Wighe: right. This is a matter of contestation and conflict of interest between the State and center on who will make policy for them, and still they have not been

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Deepali Wighe: recognized at the

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Deepali Wighe: national level. On the contrary, there are 30 to 40 million population of nomads in the world where most countries have recognized their human rights and provided constitutional safeguards and protection.

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Deepali Wighe: It is in this context, the paper displays the plight of human rights of nomadic tribes in India and problematizes the question of citizenship and human rights by critically analyzing the role of the Welfare State

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Deepali Wighe: through the lens of Constitution of India and Ud, Hr. Through a global perspective. this paper is based on review of literature and secondary data this paper is also part of my ongoing doctoral research. the thesis.

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Deepali Wighe: So the the the main research question which I'm trying to address here is, how have the human rights of nomadic tribes have been addressed or excluded in the welfare State from a human rights perspective the research of the objective of this paper is to analyze the issues of D notified and nomadic

411
00:58:57.380 --> 00:59:12.800
Deepali Wighe: and seminomatic tribes from a human rights perspective. I have used the secondary data for this paper. And I'm using thematic analysis as a method for the data analysis of my findings.

412
00:59:13.260 --> 00:59:35.419
Deepali Wighe: So if we look at the the the concept of welfare state which has been mentioned in the Indian Constitution. which say that the State Charles type to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may, a social order in which justice.

413
00:59:35.420 --> 00:59:55.260
Deepali Wighe: social, economic, and political, shall remain or shall inform all the institutions of the national life. The State shall in particular strive to minimize the inequalities in income and endure to eliminate in nuclear inequalities, in status

414
00:59:55.260 --> 01:00:06.130
Deepali Wighe: facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals, but also among groups of people deciding in the different areas, or engaged in different vocations

415
01:00:06.210 --> 01:00:33.209
Deepali Wighe:  the the the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is which was signed in the year 1,948 also, which has 30 different articles that recognizes and inherent in dignity at the and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world.

416
01:00:34.010 --> 01:00:52.130
Deepali Wighe: So so who are the nomadic tribes and the notified tribes in India. So in the in, in Indian society we have different communities which are divided in different caste groups say

417
01:00:52.460 --> 01:01:16.080
Deepali Wighe: At the uppermost layer there are Brahmins, Shitria, shudra! Why, Sha Shudra! And and there are nomadic communities which are never, which are never been a part of the caste system in India, but they are treated as a cast when they come in into the contact of the Caste society.

418
01:01:16.370 --> 01:01:44.579
Deepali Wighe: So the tribe is a social group with territorial affiliations, endogamous with no specialization of functions ruled by tribal officers, hereditary or otherwise, united in language or dialect, recognizing social distance with other tribes or caste, without any social oblique attaching to them as it does in the cast structure, following tribal traditions, beliefs, and customs, illegal or naturalization of ideas

419
01:01:44.580 --> 01:02:04.039
Deepali Wighe: from alien sources, above all, consists of homogeneity, of ethnic and territorial integration. So the tribal, the the way. The the basic or or or a few Differences among the basic concept of tribe and nomadic tribe is that the nomadic tribes they are not

420
01:02:04.240 --> 01:02:19.010
Deepali Wighe: completely any alienated from the the the rest of the society. they. They have had a certain interaction with the central communities because of there are different types of nomadic tribes in India.

421
01:02:19.400 --> 01:02:34.749
Deepali Wighe: and and they they it. It's not there that they are not completely excluded, but they are not even completely included in the mainstream mainstream society.

422
01:02:34.900 --> 01:02:47.089
Deepali Wighe: So the the word me nomads have been derived from the Greek word nemo, which means to pasture and it in it, even though it me logically, nomads are people with no permanent houses

423
01:02:47.110 --> 01:02:56.939
Deepali Wighe: who usually own herds Of animals which they live, and with which they wonder at their own twice in social pastures.

424
01:02:57.260 --> 01:03:17.190
Deepali Wighe: But that doesn't mean that they are aimless, or they are wandering aimlessly. They have their fixed route of traveling from one place to another place, and they also have, a specific seasons during which they travel with their animals and herds

425
01:03:17.670 --> 01:03:30.749
Deepali Wighe: In times of your settlements roads were limited, and communication over long distance, where there nomads were seen to be the carriers of news goods and resources from other societies.

426
01:03:30.750 --> 01:03:47.750
Deepali Wighe: nomadic population in South Asia is the largest in the world, and in India nomadic communities from nearly 7% of the total population, and consist of about 500 different communities of mobile herders, foriders, and traditional peripatetic

427
01:03:48.430 --> 01:04:07.180
Deepali Wighe: so the that that the term As I. I said earlier, that they are not completely included or or excluded in the mainstream society. They are also indigenous people those who have been there since the time in my area, in memorial that

428
01:04:07.280 --> 01:04:17.479
Deepali Wighe: Nope, like everybody, was, every one in the society, was nomadic, but but then, after certain period of time people what settled they? They had land. But

429
01:04:17.490 --> 01:04:22.069
Deepali Wighe: there are certain certain group of people who denied settling at one place.

430
01:04:23.470 --> 01:04:36.100
Deepali Wighe:  in India. we have 4 types of nomadic people. they are classified as pastoral and hunter gatherers

431
01:04:36.120 --> 01:05:03.900
Deepali Wighe: this this group of nomadic tribes where mostly used to live in the forest areas. And and there are, and a second type of nomadic groups where known as goods and services nomads who use to prepare no different kinds of tools Iran tools with hand which were which they use to

432
01:05:04.490 --> 01:05:16.169
Deepali Wighe:  and share with like, which were useful for the agricultural communities. in the country. And then there are

433
01:05:16.170 --> 01:05:42.950
Deepali Wighe: other nomadic groups who were entertainers who use to perform different kinds of dance and cultural practices to entertain the settle population. And there. There are also, third, for the type of nomadic population, we who are in religious performance performers. So these are the 4 types of nomadic population which is exist in in the country.

434
01:05:43.400 --> 01:05:52.460
Deepali Wighe: So mostly since they used to move from one place to another place. all these nomadic groups.

435
01:05:52.720 --> 01:06:21.529
Deepali Wighe: and they have been considered as a threat by the British Government in the year of May, 1,871, and to control the population to control this nomadic group of people because they were also part of the the the freedom fighter moment which was going on in the eighteenth century in in India and and to control their movement the British Government Act came with the criminal tribes at

436
01:06:21.800 --> 01:06:40.159
Deepali Wighe: under this act. they they, they declared. more than 200 nomadic tribal communities as born criminals. but but that that was not the only the starting point of criminalizing this nomadic groups.

437
01:06:40.160 --> 01:07:06.500
Deepali Wighe: because, as as as as as Dr. Amidkar has said in his writing and speeches, that all learns are the preserves of Brahmins. All word like services are of the Shitria class. Trade is open only to why sha services to the Shudra, those outside there being nothing vulnerable left have been driven to this vulnerable and criminal ways of earning a livelihood.

438
01:07:07.140 --> 01:07:26.390
Deepali Wighe: Every society has certain people who are criminal or who does crimes. But that does not mean that no, every everyone in that particular community is born criminal, and that is, that is what no. The mistake was made by the British Government because they understood the

439
01:07:26.390 --> 01:07:43.310
nomadic population to the lens of caste system. And because in in, in, in Indian caste system. if you are a Brahmin, your next generation will be will be Brahmin, and they will do all kinds of ritual and religious

440
01:07:43.310 --> 01:07:51.939
Deepali Wighe: stuff. And this is how they The British Government understood the nomadic tribes that if you are one person

441
01:07:52.210 --> 01:08:07.860
Deepali Wighe: is a criminal, or the entire community will be criminal and and and to to they. They criminalize all this population. They use them as a cheap laborer. They they they form they formed.

442
01:08:07.860 --> 01:08:24.400
Deepali Wighe: they will different settlements in different parts of the country. and they force them to live in those settlements where they segregated male female and children. everybody according to their age.

443
01:08:24.400 --> 01:08:48.949
Deepali Wighe: and they use them as a cheap laborers. So this situation was there till 1,952 the the the the sad part was that the entire country got independence in the year of 1947. But these people were in those settlements still till 1952, and they got independence after 5 years

444
01:08:49.220 --> 01:09:06.610
Deepali Wighe: So the Criminal Drive Act has not been completely abolished by the Indian Government that has been converted into habitual offenders Act in the 1952, which still exist in the country and and under this act,

445
01:09:06.670 --> 01:09:32.400
Deepali Wighe: and they can still catch these people. And and and they they they do all kinds of fulls. Brutality in the country and and after the Habitual Offenders Act came in the year 1,952. The nomadic tribes has been The the new administrative categories has has been introduced by the Indian Government.

446
01:09:32.400 --> 01:09:52.220
Deepali Wighe: which is a de notified right? So there were nomadic trials, and then they converted into de notified tribes. but there are also, different nomadic groups who have never been, officially criminalized by any legal ad, but they also face the same stigma of criminality.

447
01:09:52.980 --> 01:10:17.729
Deepali Wighe: If we look at the Indian constitution, the nomads are till they mentioned as vagrancy, nomadic and migratory tribes. so there is no mention of this X criminal or the notified tribes even today in the Indian Constitution. So the in the year 1,952 United Nations Anti Racial Committee has asked India to repeal their habitual offenders, act

448
01:10:17.730 --> 01:10:28.419
Deepali Wighe: and effectively rehabilitate the de notified and nomadic tribes. However, that has not been abolished yet, and it, it still exist in the country.

449
01:10:28.910 --> 01:10:58.089
Deepali Wighe: So the total population of the nomadic tribes is like total, 10% of the India's population belongs to nomadic de notified tribes. every State has a different number of nomadic and notified tribes in the country. so to study the situation of these nomadic tribes, the Indian Government has constituted several commissions and committees.

450
01:10:58.090 --> 01:11:24.810
Deepali Wighe:  but but but they they constantly fail to to implement the recommendations which was given by the previous commissions or committees the country has witnessed, and numerous commissions and committees on D, and these over the past 7 decades of independence. But each government has that has came into power has failed to take lessons from their recommendations, as well as

451
01:11:24.810 --> 01:11:31.679
Deepali Wighe: to implement the qualitative and quantitative outcomes of the ongoing welfare majors meant for these communities.

452
01:11:32.820 --> 01:11:58.840
Deepali Wighe: If we look at the the The. I'm only using 4 parameters, but there are no various parameters to to know the socioeconomic conditions of nomadic tribes in the country. 67% of the de notified tribes. They don't have fixed houses. 70% of the nomadic tribes. They they still live in tents or or Kacha houses.

453
01:11:58.840 --> 01:12:05.289
Deepali Wighe: Now, 8% of the de notified tribes has been denied, denied the settlement rights.

454
01:12:05.310 --> 01:12:17.730
Deepali Wighe: whereas 11% of nomadic tribes have been no not like not allowed to stay at one place In the country, 89% of the de notified tribes are

455
01:12:18.030 --> 01:12:45.339
Deepali Wighe: landlords in the country, and 98% of the nomadic tribes. They don't have land. if we look at the the the basic access of land to burning their no dead bodies. So it's it's very shocking that 28.4 of the notified tribes does not even have access to burial burial ground

456
01:12:45.400 --> 01:12:52.840
Deepali Wighe: and and 25.5 of the nomadic tribes. So these are different issues of

457
01:12:54.920 --> 01:12:55.820
Deepali Wighe: yes.

458
01:12:57.140 --> 01:12:58.350
Deepali Wighe: 5Â min.

459
01:13:02.390 --> 01:13:18.669
Deepali Wighe: So these are several issues of of these communities which know and and basic issues of human rights that has been violated in the country. If you look at the atrocities faced by this community, this is the day down

460
01:13:18.870 --> 01:13:21.070
Deepali Wighe: the status of education.

461
01:13:22.230 --> 01:13:44.870
Deepali Wighe: and there are several cases of mob linking and human rights violations which are happening. That recent one is, There are a 150 persons. We are detained by Allen, the police on the presumption that they will steal from from other communities. And so this place has happened on 11 June this year.

462
01:13:45.350 --> 01:13:46.730
Deepali Wighe: So

463
01:13:46.830 --> 01:14:09.399
Deepali Wighe: in. In conclusion, in the case of nomadic rights there are constant violation of human rights provided by Article 12 to 35 of the Constitution of India, both the Criminal Rights Act and the habitual. Often does that negate the universally proclaimed principle that all human beings are born free and equal. The listing of these

464
01:14:09.640 --> 01:14:21.530
Deepali Wighe: de notified tribe under habitual offenders, act also negates the principle of criminal justice systeming. that a person is, you know, sent until proven guilty.

465
01:14:21.530 --> 01:14:44.580
Deepali Wighe: the nomadic tribes, seminomatic tribes are the most threatened, neglected, and stigmatized indigenous groups in the country. Most of them have settled in one location usually outside villages. Some of them are still nomadic. They are compelled to leave outside of the villages because of the persistent stigma and treatment they receive from upper caste settled population

466
01:14:44.580 --> 01:14:56.469
Deepali Wighe: The various principles of the welfare State are not applicable to these population in the country, and ignore their issues even after 75 years of independence.

467
01:14:56.880 --> 01:15:10.819
Deepali Wighe: So so finally, there is an an urgent need for the intervention of the United Nations and Udhr to recognize and intervene in protecting and providing providing basic human rights to the this population.

468
01:15:13.200 --> 01:15:17.329
Deepali Wighe: Yeah, these are references. Thank you very much.

469
01:15:18.660 --> 01:15:19.370
Okay.

470
01:15:21.350 --> 01:15:48.489
okay, thank you much. But thank you very much. de Paddy is very, very nice presentation to let's not know about your association. So some one of our groups in in India is very interesting, and we think this presenters and presentations and the data should be, explore more about this situation, and let that no more in the future. Thank you very much. because we already

471
01:15:48.630 --> 01:15:58.220
have our presenter present. Right now I will open the floor for the questions. I have one question from

472
01:15:58.350 --> 01:16:02.719
the audience in the zoom.

473
01:16:03.450 --> 01:16:08.330
Is it possible to collect all our question parts because they would like to know about

474
01:16:08.690 --> 01:16:26.120
from which countries our socio- socio cultures background? Do those migrant work worker, General, go to tip and towards maybe questions, for Atanchika and Kumiko? And they have some questions

475
01:16:26.130 --> 01:16:31.220
because I was here. I have

476
01:16:32.300 --> 01:16:35.419
people from Japan I would like to notice about

477
01:16:36.170 --> 01:16:41.790
you said they have some like a good position for the

478
01:16:41.980 --> 01:16:45.029
my grand care workers. If they

479
01:16:45.180 --> 01:16:48.460
entrance to countries like A,

480
01:16:48.730 --> 01:16:49.920
because

481
01:16:50.170 --> 01:16:55.860
but I would like to notice about the illegal care workers in Japan.

482
01:16:56.090 --> 01:17:03.129
Did a government have another policy about them? They they how to improve there, or they have

483
01:17:03.250 --> 01:17:09.749
more. They are like a policy, for like illegal care workers.

484
01:17:10.740 --> 01:17:17.330
okay for to Napa. I would like to know you said that about like how to

485
01:17:17.460 --> 01:17:19.510
visible about the

486
01:17:20.660 --> 01:17:27.640
for it workers. I saw some a little bit about how to in this. how to restore them.

487
01:17:27.750 --> 01:17:35.440
and I saw that your maintenance about the woman like a tender issue in in your

488
01:17:35.500 --> 01:17:46.689
research. But I would like you to explore and tell us more about who is the more vulnerable group in your study? Maybe not.

489
01:17:47.070 --> 01:17:50.930
only woman in this study.

490
01:17:51.470 --> 01:17:55.520
and the last one for

491
01:17:56.630 --> 01:18:03.260
the Pali. I think it's very, very interesting to to hear about your story.

492
01:18:03.330 --> 01:18:25.979
but could you give me more information about like a social movement in in your country. Did they have some movement because you said a lot about the law and the international law. But I would like to saw a lot of from like the people. Like active citizen, what did they do for for that issue?

493
01:18:26.300 --> 01:18:33.730
And I would like to open. Do you have any question? Because we let the speaker to respond our questions.

494
01:18:35.460 --> 01:18:38.340
Do you have any questions?

495
01:18:40.470 --> 01:18:43.390
Okay, maybe you just respond first.

496
01:18:43.440 --> 01:18:48.519
one by one, maybe start with as a Kumiko. N

497
01:18:49.340 --> 01:18:55.270
 okay.

498
01:18:55.910 --> 01:19:01.670
maybe you come to answer here because we have some audience in your zoom.

499
01:19:05.830 --> 01:19:08.140
you? Yes.

500
01:19:20.760 --> 01:19:21.460
which?

501
01:19:25.690 --> 01:19:43.000
So? on the care migrant care worker questions. Thank you for the questions, and the first to respond to the first question of which country's migrant care workers are from the the bust.

502
01:19:43.270 --> 01:19:45.209
because

503
01:19:46.750 --> 01:20:05.540
because of the care what migrant care worker programs in Japan. They are bus majorities are from Asia, Asian countries and Southeast Asia. The the largest group is the Vietnamese today, and

504
01:20:06.060 --> 01:20:17.109
and also Indonesian and the Philippine. to larger groups. But in addition to these national groups, we also

505
01:20:17.290 --> 01:20:20.630
have your day.

506
01:20:20.780 --> 01:20:30.969
In in addition to these 3 countries, there is another program of a specified, skilled worker program which

507
01:20:31.060 --> 01:20:34.369
I think in the total of 16

508
01:20:34.570 --> 01:20:37.189
countries where I

509
01:20:37.290 --> 01:20:39.849
I I had a list of the countries

510
01:20:40.070 --> 01:20:41.250
for the

511
01:20:53.080 --> 01:20:55.200
here. Okay.

512
01:20:57.000 --> 01:21:05.810
The program includes India, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, Silly Rang, Lanca

513
01:21:05.870 --> 01:21:11.930
and Thailand, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh

514
01:21:11.970 --> 01:21:13.350
and

515
01:21:13.460 --> 01:21:19.919
the Philippine and the Vietnam, Peru and Miami and Mongolia and Laos.

516
01:21:20.380 --> 01:21:22.679
And so

517
01:21:23.090 --> 01:21:41.449
when you go to the the Japanese Government, website. They are adding all these countries language explanations on my then care Walker programs. But these 16 countries program specified

518
01:21:41.480 --> 01:22:01.649
Workers program, our terminal a program that's not for high education for professional care workers, but rather they can work additional few years after the internship program.

519
01:22:01.840 --> 01:22:23.710
and it's not impossible for those people to study really really hard and past the national examination, but in reality, when we went to valley and also Hanoi, we have met these very, very young care worker candidates. They are 1718,

520
01:22:23.710 --> 01:22:36.460
1920 years old, and many of them had no work. Experience right after high school, and they would have additional 4 to 6 month.

521
01:22:36.460 --> 01:22:52.839
training and the their home country training Centers Academy, and then, with the very low-level Japanese language and some additional care work. cultural knowledge. they depart to Japan

522
01:22:52.930 --> 01:22:54.080
and

523
01:22:54.200 --> 01:23:20.899
It's more, for the young people is exploring their life opportunities when you know they are very, very young, and as before, thinking about serious job or family conditions. But yet in those Southeast Asian countries their marriage. 8 is very young. Many get married. 1920, 21.

524
01:23:20.900 --> 01:23:34.750
so it's really possible for them to have, you know, start having family members. But at the same time, these government programs, they are not really expecting to have

525
01:23:34.890 --> 01:23:46.820
those young workers to stop family members. So that's one program that our challenge that these young workers and the Japanese society have.

526
01:23:49.160 --> 01:24:00.129
and then illegal care workers. We do not have the statistics of these illegal migrant care workers.

527
01:24:00.200 --> 01:24:04.270
But when we visited these

528
01:24:04.520 --> 01:24:08.339
home countries and then talked about

529
01:24:08.430 --> 01:24:31.510
the programs they have. And also we are interviewed the Japanese local hospitals and little elderly care homes. But we really haven't had any information about illegal workers in terms of this elderly care workers.

530
01:24:31.510 --> 01:24:47.660
They are highly controlled and monitored job category at this moment, because, as as you've seen the number of these young migrant care workers increasing in Japan and then, now they they're expecting

531
01:24:47.660 --> 01:25:04.999
to have a huge shortage of my care workers in Japan that it's highly possible to have, you know. Start having those unregistered care workers. But we need to watch

532
01:25:05.290 --> 01:25:09.200
about this issue at this moment. Thank you. Thank you very much.

533
01:25:09.430 --> 01:25:11.930
and maybe to know how you can respond

534
01:25:23.260 --> 01:25:29.899
actually. And we think about the problem of an invisibility.

535
01:25:30.270 --> 01:25:38.000
Am not sure. Now those poor workers are invisible. actually, we are. Bl.

536
01:25:38.670 --> 01:25:44.399
I mean the invisibility of

537
01:25:44.580 --> 01:25:46.649
these food workers.

538
01:25:47.350 --> 01:25:54.280
As I mentioned, there is a multi-dimensional invisibility of them.

539
01:25:54.670 --> 01:26:06.809
but actually it could be the blindness, too. I have used the term work, blindness, worker, blindness, gender, blindness and policy blindness.

540
01:26:07.830 --> 01:26:19.300
So it is very related to to our relate to our blindness. But is it because of our ignorance borrow

541
01:26:21.360 --> 01:26:27.300
other factors. But I think. as the researcher

542
01:26:28.060 --> 01:26:34.040
 we have a responsibility to

543
01:26:34.090 --> 01:26:35.140
make.

544
01:26:35.530 --> 01:26:39.489
There was an invisible people visible.

545
01:26:39.730 --> 01:26:43.250
the first step is through our research

546
01:26:44.280 --> 01:26:48.099
and like other work.

547
01:26:48.250 --> 01:26:54.010
our. It is not the first work to make visible to, to marginalize people.

548
01:26:54.320 --> 01:27:00.320
but making them visible and requiring a lot of factory.

549
01:27:00.480 --> 01:27:04.429
actually 3. I've learned from adaptation.

550
01:27:04.590 --> 01:27:08.350
The first one is that

551
01:27:08.740 --> 01:27:12.500
is this issue. Public matter.

552
01:27:13.180 --> 01:27:20.900
Should we care who should care for these people is not just, only our responsibility.

553
01:27:21.510 --> 01:27:24.300
it should be public matter.

554
01:27:24.730 --> 01:27:36.060
So. The society should care for Workers who work for us every day, every time. To

555
01:27:36.180 --> 01:27:43.740
fulfill our still mash. and how

556
01:27:44.230 --> 01:27:49.230
and should we care for them in, especially in the time of

557
01:27:49.420 --> 01:27:50.710
crisis?

558
01:27:51.150 --> 01:28:00.549
That's that's a question not for us here. Yeah, only in the close room, but for the public.

559
01:28:00.800 --> 01:28:05.700
It should be public matter, the first factor. So the second.

560
01:28:05.960 --> 01:28:13.830
It's not individual a problem. So we have to construct a

561
01:28:14.890 --> 01:28:18.319
research in the way that

562
01:28:18.330 --> 01:28:19.640
we.

563
01:28:19.740 --> 01:28:26.400
it's not a storytelling of an individual, poor people, poor person, but

564
01:28:26.860 --> 01:28:29.179
is the structural problem.

565
01:28:29.880 --> 01:28:31.669
and a third.

566
01:28:31.820 --> 01:28:34.010
there should be

567
01:28:35.280 --> 01:28:43.520
 legal framework to tackle these structural issues.

568
01:28:43.530 --> 01:28:53.109
and that should be the representation. A representative of this group of upkeeper.

569
01:28:53.540 --> 01:29:00.950
So I think a 2 or 3 factors should be organized so that we could pack this issue together.

570
01:29:01.040 --> 01:29:02.110
and.

571
01:29:02.540 --> 01:29:11.379
as I said for sustain. If we, if we apply the labor lens into it, we could see a lot of

572
01:29:12.830 --> 01:29:18.120
charts in them, so it could be.

573
01:29:19.290 --> 01:29:23.700
opportunity rather than

574
01:29:24.310 --> 01:29:26.359
the apple. A place to work.

575
01:29:26.490 --> 01:29:48.899
It means it still be sent, an indecent work, but it could be developed into decent work like we have learned from Japan. Policy care work is indecent work until now in Thailand. But I think the policy of the society that have learned about

576
01:29:49.210 --> 01:30:01.379
Being a society, and need more young people into their society, their society should be more invited

577
01:30:02.090 --> 01:30:05.739
and make those job better

578
01:30:05.970 --> 01:30:09.250
have a more decent working condition.

579
01:30:09.340 --> 01:30:15.609
It's true for the forces teamwork, as I say in Melbourne.

580
01:30:16.080 --> 01:30:33.540
many jobs in there is a lot of job. There's a lot of lesser wrongs. More is wrong grocery, fresh markets. But here the minimum wage law is effectively implemented.

581
01:30:34.290 --> 01:30:42.420
and there are a lot of representative group of them. I mean the right to organize.

582
01:30:42.880 --> 01:30:56.830
the work arise. and I mean maybe the citizenship right for economic citizenship is more open than other. I saw a lot of, as in population here in Melbourne

583
01:30:56.860 --> 01:30:58.140
as a

584
01:30:59.060 --> 01:31:04.950
that's indicated something that we could create.

585
01:31:06.250 --> 01:31:08.830
society

586
01:31:08.960 --> 01:31:19.450
with prosperity, with economic prosperity and with social justice within them. Thank you.

587
01:31:20.020 --> 01:31:20.940
Okay.

588
01:31:22.500 --> 01:31:24.340
Deepali Wighe: should I respond?

589
01:31:24.490 --> 01:31:38.900
Deepali Wighe: Yes, yep, thank you very much for the question. so yes, there are several. No social movements by the people in the country. But but since this nomadic groups they are.

590
01:31:38.900 --> 01:31:56.159
Deepali Wighe: you know, dispersed in different parts of the country. mostly. you can see social movements in the state of Maharashtra. from where I come from. so there, there, there has been no number of our autobiographies written by the

591
01:31:56.160 --> 01:32:17.089
Deepali Wighe: members of the nomadic tribes, which which has been well deceived by the community. and 2 of them was one was branded and the other was opera So mostly this literature is in Marathi, in the local language in the state of Maharashtra

592
01:32:17.090 --> 01:32:39.889
Deepali Wighe: and and slowly there is no awareness starting they. They are starting to create awareness among the, you know, rest of the society, and now they are demanding the for the third schedule in the Indian Constitution, because, as I explained that there is no mention of about nomadic tribes in the Indian Constitution itself.

593
01:32:39.890 --> 01:33:03.200
Deepali Wighe: So now they are demanding that we need a third schedule like we have scheduled, cost schedule 5 and other backward classes. so these are different schedule we have in Indian constitution, under which the people who face untouchability or discrimination cast, based discrimination have been protected under the under these schedules, but there is no

594
01:33:03.200 --> 01:33:23.049
Deepali Wighe: Some nomadic communities have been classified, or categorized in schedule cast. Some of them are in the schedule right, but but their questions or their basic issues of stigma and criminality, which are very different from the other caste group that exists in the country, and and hence they are.

595
01:33:23.260 --> 01:33:47.609
Deepali Wighe: and demanding the third schedule, in the Indian Constitution. and and e especially in the State of Maharashtra. They're all we can also see the movement by the first generation learner. So we I was also part of one of the social movement which have which known to India, 2,020

596
01:33:47.610 --> 01:34:12.340
Deepali Wighe: 20. We have initiated this nomad Liberty movement, where we try to connect all the people, those who are working on the issue. And we try to make it public. And we create an online platform where people from different part of the State can come together on this platform and can share their issues. So if anybody is interested, they can also

597
01:34:12.340 --> 01:34:34.339
Deepali Wighe: find a Facebook page with the name nomad Liberty movement. Where you will find no. People talking about their issues like, from different disciplines from different areas at from academics, from social movement. and there is also

598
01:34:34.530 --> 01:34:45.679
Deepali Wighe: very big theatre group in the State of Gujarat. where the people from Chara community, they have this theatre group.

599
01:34:45.680 --> 01:35:10.219
Deepali Wighe: and they came up. They they they started raising questions about the issue of Chara community, which is a Dnd community in Gujarat. So you will also find some material online about this Chara tribe. who are no de notified tribes, and they are also demanding third schedule and inclusion in the Indian Constitution.

600
01:35:11.980 --> 01:35:14.299
Thank you.

601
01:35:14.400 --> 01:35:18.589
Deepali Wighe: Thank you. Thank you. Do you have any questions?

602
01:35:19.420 --> 01:35:21.870
 Take a mind.

603
01:35:24.340 --> 01:35:26.449
I know.

604
01:35:26.790 --> 01:35:37.109
that's curious of our got a care worker in in Japan. I'm not sure the tradition of having care. Job in Japan

605
01:35:37.330 --> 01:35:49.360
is related with a how we categorize a care work. For example, in Thailand, most of a care worker I live in Cairo.

606
01:35:49.540 --> 01:35:50.810
They live

607
01:35:51.010 --> 01:36:02.310
in the house with a passion, with the elder, with the family. In Japan it seems the situation is quite a friend, but I think that when

608
01:36:02.360 --> 01:36:05.259
when the elderly people are

609
01:36:05.570 --> 01:36:26.170
Actually, really, really ill, they need more. Level of care. I'm I'm not sure. Is there any classification of this kind of care worker first and the second. Is there any organization with a care worker representative?

610
01:36:26.180 --> 01:36:49.899
I'm not sure. Yeah, because it seems that the policy is good. but The implementation of the policy depends on manufacturers. One of them is that The attitude of the public, and the second is

611
01:36:50.040 --> 01:36:57.580
how how is the situation from workers perspective?

612
01:36:57.850 --> 01:37:27.660
I would like to, if if you could chair us about this and and and in India moment for for India and in the race to know that there's a lot of nomad and trying. Actually, we know just only that. the concept of indigenous people, but indigenous people in in turn. There's a lot of variety more than 100, I think a lot in Japan or anywhere in the world. But

613
01:37:27.660 --> 01:37:37.269
10% of population is quite a large population, I think. But how? Who care for them?

614
01:37:38.260 --> 01:37:56.759
actually, if you say that there's a lot of recommendation from a committee who represent for this group of people 10% of our population. And do they have any political right

615
01:37:56.800 --> 01:37:57.850
for a

616
01:37:58.090 --> 01:38:08.290
I will like to hear more. Thank you. Okay, thank you. By the way, we have around 5 left, so maybe you can respond to a minute for it.

617
01:38:09.570 --> 01:38:11.270
Maybe he said it.

618
01:38:12.000 --> 01:38:24.189
Sheika, and let me go 2Â min. Okay? So for the first question, the the place of Carew. and so, unlike the case of Thailand

619
01:38:24.200 --> 01:38:38.440
care work, and Japan is highly institutionalized, and for the migrant care workers, I think legally they are not allowed to visit Elderly home and stay and care

620
01:38:38.450 --> 01:39:07.310
So they are hired by medical institutions, elderly care homes, and they go to work at these hospitals and Ldk homes. But If they are married to my grant and have permanent residency or Japanese citizenship. There is no way to control the workplace, so it's possible those people are working at family situations.

621
01:39:07.310 --> 01:39:11.120
and that could be a

622
01:39:11.430 --> 01:39:37.310
possibility of illegal work condition. But I I haven't really investigated that part, and also the social movement organizations, or the

623
01:39:37.380 --> 01:39:54.620
probably different national groups would probably have their network in, like S through SMS and stuff like that. But I haven't investigated this particularly in the Japanese organization. So

624
01:39:54.720 --> 01:40:16.769
so that's why one place to look into that and any any other. Thank you for the question. Nothing to add. I have. I have. maybe I have one question to everybody, every presenter. so we

625
01:40:17.010 --> 01:40:43.639
Deepali Wighe: yeah. thank you. Chica, for the the wonderful question. yes, as I also said, that I'm also trying to understand what kind of state it is that know the Indian Constitution guarantees the equal rights to everybody who lives in India but this stigma, but at the same time we have this population

626
01:40:43.639 --> 01:40:57.690
Deepali Wighe: which has been perceived no criminalized or discriminated under this habitual offenders, that so on the one side, you are a a citizen of the country, you have every right.

627
01:40:57.690 --> 01:41:03.710
Deepali Wighe: but on the other side people can catch you any time under this habitual off intersect.

628
01:41:03.940 --> 01:41:22.860
Deepali Wighe: and and there is also another for point, which is very important, that There is no mention at the central level. But this population have been categorized in scheduled cost, schedule, drive, or other backward classes in different States

629
01:41:22.860 --> 01:41:47.860
Deepali Wighe: say, for example, there is a community called Parvi which is a d Ng. Tribe, and they have been classified as a dnt in the State of Maharashtra where they don't have no special protection. If they want to contest the election or or there is no special provision under which they can contact

630
01:41:47.860 --> 01:41:57.650
Deepali Wighe: this election, but they are categorized in. For example, in we are under schedule caste category, where they can contest for election.

631
01:41:57.650 --> 01:42:20.880
Deepali Wighe: So there is, you can see the disparity among different states. And that is why So this problem of categorization has been created a lot of mess that you know the people can't come under one umbrella. And as I also mentioned that, so even if you are ha have been categorized in one schedule.

632
01:42:21.370 --> 01:42:25.649
Deepali Wighe: you can't gather more people. because

633
01:42:25.660 --> 01:42:54.830
Deepali Wighe: no, because there is no world bank politics as which is the case in other communities, because we have this caste system where no people come under one caste umbrella to vote for their no re people who are standing for the election. But but that is not the case with the nomadic tribes, because they have not been yet considered as a world bank. because they are this person. No divided in the

634
01:42:54.830 --> 01:43:13.090
Deepali Wighe: different categories. And in my doctoral thesis I'm also trying to understand, or trying to address this question, that what kind of state it is which give certain drives to certain communities at the same time, but they also not give certain rights to these communities.

635
01:43:13.160 --> 01:43:20.040
Deepali Wighe: So this is also part of my my ongoing doctoral destination.

636
01:43:20.049 --> 01:43:26.969
Yes, thank you very much. And the last question, the last question for all of us and the presenters.

637
01:43:26.980 --> 01:43:28.530
So

638
01:43:28.570 --> 01:43:49.350
We learned that the different groups of the people and and their challenges. So how can we empower those people, those workers, those people in different communities and regions when we have those disparities, regional disparities or policy inequalities?

639
01:43:49.620 --> 01:43:54.420
So that's my okay. Indeed. he was the first first one.

640
01:43:54.560 --> 01:44:05.490
Yeah, they put in. Maybe like that. You know. I'm not. Yeah. I'm not good at an empowerment thing.

641
01:44:05.930 --> 01:44:13.089
I know that the Andchio do this issue better than us. We so sure

642
01:44:13.120 --> 01:44:19.919
I know a lot of ensure workers who organize the social movement.

643
01:44:19.980 --> 01:44:36.309
especially about a labor thing a worker actually does enjoy has to engage with a worker issue trying to organize them in group. And

644
01:44:37.020 --> 01:44:41.270
I think the core issue is a participatory process.

645
01:44:41.400 --> 01:44:45.439
and to to

646
01:44:45.650 --> 01:44:56.600
and facilitate the learning process among them that their individual problem is not their private problem.

647
01:44:57.060 --> 01:45:03.180
So the individual problem of each care workers or Asia

648
01:45:03.280 --> 01:45:13.549
poor worker in any place, any time actually are as structural issues.

649
01:45:14.330 --> 01:45:19.280
So the transformation process begin from that

650
01:45:19.550 --> 01:45:26.020
that that's terrifying, as I know. But it takes a lot of time to organize

651
01:45:26.330 --> 01:45:31.960
this this kind of work, and I think the researcher are not good at these.

652
01:45:32.210 --> 01:45:34.480
We have to work with them.

653
01:45:34.810 --> 01:45:40.190
because I know some, a few researchers try to work

654
01:45:40.210 --> 01:45:44.450
as an activist and they become activists, but not

655
01:45:44.740 --> 01:45:51.039
research again. So that's a products.

656
01:45:51.230 --> 01:46:16.230
Deepali Wighe: yes, I think Chica has already mentioned 5 points earlier that no how. How should we be? Address this issue of invisibility? So I would like to respond by saying that education could be one very important major to address this issue of invisibility. because I might.

657
01:46:16.230 --> 01:46:33.920
Deepali Wighe: and come from a very rural place we from one of the nomadic community. And I'm a first generation learner. And I don't think without education I I could have been participated here, and no interact with people from different country to address

658
01:46:34.160 --> 01:46:43.689
Deepali Wighe: different issues. So I I I I think education is the key for empowerment and

659
01:46:43.780 --> 01:47:01.470
Deepali Wighe: as Chica has also mentioned that. No it the the matter. It should be a public matter. That lot of people should care about the issue, whatever it may be. and also about the empowerment. If you are educated, if you are well informed, if you are well

660
01:47:01.470 --> 01:47:24.570
Deepali Wighe: aware about your own rights. then you can fight for it. so I think, yeah, education is the key to overcome. all the barriers, and even the Indian constitution has been written by one of the person who has been constantly discriminated because of his cast. Dr. Bavas, I've made Kurt.

661
01:47:24.570 --> 01:47:37.289
Deepali Wighe: and he has wrote the in Indian Constitution, which no, which is the India is the biggest democracy in the country. So I think education is the key, along with

662
01:47:37.290 --> 01:47:47.800
Deepali Wighe: all the other factors. which are, you know, to to to give visibility to all the all kinds of or different kinds of issues.

663
01:47:48.070 --> 01:48:02.589
Okay, thank you very much

664
01:48:02.930 --> 01:48:11.780
from the Philippines, and then from other countries, and they don't have knowledge about working in consumer working rights.

665
01:48:11.840 --> 01:48:22.010
So sometimes, even though they have a trouble or problem with their employers or co-workers, but they don't.

666
01:48:22.560 --> 01:48:28.359
They don't know where they can talk to. or they where are they going to get help?

667
01:48:28.370 --> 01:48:32.799
So education is very, you know. Great G

668
01:48:32.920 --> 01:48:36.680
for them in empowering, empowering them.

669
01:48:38.350 --> 01:48:40.229
Thank you so much. Do you want to meet?

670
01:48:40.640 --> 01:48:43.309
And more? Okay, because we

671
01:48:43.820 --> 01:48:44.910
5Â min.

672
01:48:45.240 --> 01:48:48.620
or was our time? I brought the day.

673
01:48:48.740 --> 01:48:53.449
Thank you, and I'm ready to respond a little bit. One chart

674
01:48:53.790 --> 01:48:58.870
sent him to Jika. I think

675
01:48:59.410 --> 01:49:25.120
we might to keep going working in our area. We are academic. We might during the research. And in J, or maybe they're doing that their job. And I think we just keep doing our job, and before we leave I would like to conclude with it very little bit thing. We think we know about many, many work in part, and, for example, we know about a one in a book we know about the inequality. We know about a lot of

676
01:49:25.220 --> 01:49:42.519
word that I apologize about. One book just said about the improvement, the empowerment. I think this is the one key that we would like to continue to improve about a bicariat workers, the P. Korea resident, and the last one out of out about a picariat livelihood.

677
01:49:42.830 --> 01:49:44.300
How can we

678
01:49:44.600 --> 01:49:48.720
prove them to improve our quality of life of the people in this world.

679
01:49:49.000 --> 01:50:08.000
Thank you and goodbye and see you then, somewhere, somehow, and thank you very much for thank you for the audience, and thank you for assistant for our session, and thank you for our audience. See you and have a nice lunch. Bye, bye, thank you.