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Just to start as the. As the tradition of this conference, I will read the acknowledgment of country.

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so on behalf of everyone gather I pay respect to the spirit of the country. Here in where we are meeting, I acknowledged the past, and President Khalin, Nashville, Voirung, as the sovereign people. Here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promotes the norm, aboriginal law, customs and custodianship, responsibility for country and the people.

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that country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future of all of us. I recognize the important contribution that first nation thinkers have made to sociology.

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including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all first nation delegates in this room today for their contribution to knowledge and the discipline.

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So let's start with the presentation. We will start from Antonio Tramontana, who presents a paper titled Gender Basic violence on Instagram, between stereotype prejudice and social innovation, a visual analysis of the imaginary of violent study genre.

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So let me stop the sharing in order to allow Anton you to share his screen

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and thank you, Antonio, you have 15 min. The floor is your

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Antonio Tramontana: perfect. Thank you. Yeah, thank you. So I First of all, I'm sorry I can't be there with you. anyway, I'd like to thank Rosal by nicer for organizing this interesting and for giving video for 22% of this research and conducting on the the

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Antonio Tramontana: this also representation of gender by a basic violence and control strategies. 10 years after the Eastern the combat. So the A is to analyze all gender violence is represented, and the ways in which gender stereotypes are widespread through the iconic Sp on. I chosen to focus on this for images, because I believe that they agree, but less. And this affects the problem.

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Antonio Tramontana: Processes of construction, of so of meanings we in societies define as acrocentric. does. I hope that these analysis can contribute to the understanding of some sort of dynamics characteristics of our contemporary times. according to means of this, one can be considered as a feeling which power takes place and we're in one. And it is possible to analyze

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Antonio Tramontana: those modes that use visual visual to normalize, and they accept the sexuality oriented control from a gaming or regime of the Cbd. But also the place where we can help. So the genesis of the the counterparts that then that's from those mark. This is that, and to support the normalized gate, and where to challenge the bar of the

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Antonio Tramontana: this quality there, for the end is to understand the forms by which the imaginary gender guidance comes to representation. And that's what are the forms of social reproduction of gender roles and stereotypes, as well as the forums of a social innovation produced by counter visual practices regarding the topic of general violence.

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Antonio Tramontana: In this regard. I applied the techniques of a qualitative content analysis on a corpus of 500 images. It's great from Instagram using the and the general during the anniversary of the international day of violence against woman. With the respect to to the entire carp, I eliminate and do the those images that

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Antonio Tramontana: and iconic relevance, and where the image was nothing more than a reproduction, for example, flyers, cards, Logan, etc. And the analysis was conducted on the 84% of images extracted from the platform, and initially, I tried to transfer to the following questions, who is representing, and Wall is from

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Antonio Tramontana: in order to that.

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Antonio Tramontana: to identify the 2 of the representation. I can categorize the the images according to demographic factors of age, gender and skin color, and here in there, to a significant reference is, as can be seen. what a marriage is a well defined profile of the represented subject, a wide adult woman.

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Antonio Tramontana: this type of representation becomes interesting when we join it with the The holder question world is represented here a number of dynamics in printed in the images of merge, and there are significant for the analysis conducted categorizing images through the composition of the elements. The type of subjects are present in the and the type of action in printing in the image. It's a nervous that the subjects the some that more most represent it is a single individual.

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Antonio Tramontana: despite the priority of expressions we we reach these Monica session of in the individualities present, we often obtain the image of woman represented in the in the in

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Antonio Tramontana: Taking into consideration the type of personality and other significant characteristics of the imaginary gender pirates and artists, they're more represented, are we itself that the subjects who are permeable to the violent context and airport in international terms are in a supermarket type of relationship.

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Antonio Tramontana: finally, taking in consideration the type of protection that are more warm and supporting by the soccer environments. This solid to we've been characterized by 7 degree. Opportunity is also expressed in expressing now that category. One woman who opposed to by and to

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Antonio Tramontana: it's the respons of pilots grounded on in in individual, it creates a dissociation of or a lack of a relationship between episodes of violence and the structural elements of characterize the general violence as can be see. Although the intent of of the messages is to find the the

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Antonio Tramontana: that all currencies of of the even just a woman who, as we can our our we team suppliers, doesn't only imagine the case of the representation of sorry to

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Antonio Tramontana: taking consideration. The category is used by having government in the knowledge of the representation of a woman in advertisements. I analyze all those images in which lie as well person with them to understand the type of a a composition existing in the presentation. The relationship between the management walk

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Antonio Tramontana: in the in the more images in which the man is larger than the woman, as well as there are more cases in which the woman's place in the background

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Antonio Tramontana: the set of images analyze. Maybe we've satisfactory clarity the reproduction of source of dogs who outcome is to naturalize the combination of domination that's on legitimizing gender inequalities. There are in other and elements that act that tently and indirectly, and on which processes of social social meanings.

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Antonio Tramontana: are also basic basic plans, also invisible aspects that that are constituted from a given origin of disability.

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Antonio Tramontana: here arise problem analyzing not only who we see, but also who we don't see, and not only what we see, but also what we don't see in order to understand. who is privileged by the regime of the

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Antonio Tramontana: those who call in themselves, through what we may call tactics of, even as are the men gender, and specifically the subject who, by acting generates violence even when it becomes visible, it appears as an absurd density, anonymous, impossible to focus on and to identify, as to ascribes specific qualities in other than those being authorized by the blue done

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Antonio Tramontana: and the

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Antonio Tramontana: on the basis of such qualities, he can be considered an entity, the shell away from A social relationship through this of even as for the act of violence arises the great privilege of not being part of the

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Antonio Tramontana: next to the who is not represented. The reason also quote is not represented, and to be hidden in this kind of representation is the context.

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Antonio Tramontana: episodes of violence as they are represented, appears as they contest one eyes, as is conceivable of of the context. For example, the domestic one in thermal of a session of space. It's a way of representing the same process of that selection that characterizes the representation of the

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Antonio Tramontana: at this point, that I I can proceed to the conclusions So far it has been possible to analyze the ways by which a series of general stereotypes I reproduce

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Antonio Tramontana: this type of presentation talk is characterized by a repeated presence of basic magical relationships and the or a symmetrical relations between Generals 9. Precipitation of the type of some of who suffered violence. We, the which overlaps with the representational part, why bronze on and on, woman

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Antonio Tramontana: in relation to the on which they are symmetry of power between gender space. It I have tried to identify a type of coun of this one

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Antonio Tramontana: as opposed to their symmetry, this possible to cluster a group of images characterized by symmetrical general collections. Hyper simplification is overstand by our image, in which there are elements that refer to the ideal. For

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Antonio Tramontana: not the multi-culturalism, or place that phenomenon in a complex, in, in a complex context, and finally, in contrast to the sort, too, that characterizes the victim of violence around. There are images in which the source of groups are present, and we represent the phenomenon of violence, or something that to be overcome by social through social relationship

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Antonio Tramontana: on this symbolic element display out of the piece of conflict that I and regard which forms of socially in the best. So the innovation can arise able to break down gender standard.

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Antonio Tramontana: The All is the

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Antonio Tramontana: Visual character can can be spread to highlight. All each image is characterized by a symbolic density, since they are placing the processes of communication. Wall of walls are that also across the side. So an understanding and want to to to be able to implement and spread the best practices.

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Antonio Tramontana: not only in the linguistic field, but also in terms of visual representation. Thank you.

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Thank you, Antonio?

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if there are any questions.

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Hmm.

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okay. So there are not questions. Thank you for your presentation. Perfectly on time. I didn't see before that Antonio come from Missina University. So let's now continue from another presenter from Athena University, which is Fabian of Staccho.

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Hispan newspaper is titled Italy's New Policies to take on violence against algebraic people the beginning of a new era.

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So thank you.

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Okay, In the beginning.

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I need to establish a deal with you. If you forgive me about this kind of slides that I render, I promise you that I didn't use that anymore.

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anyway. Good morning, everyone. I'd like to express my introduction to Nuros Albert and Mckenna for arranging this panel, and I'm hosting my presentation today.

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My research is part of a national project coordinated by Professor Saka

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and Today, I'm going to introduce the political framework. We think my research born, the research project and the case studies I'm working on, then I will outline the first political implication that emerged from the exploratory

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interviews that I carried out so far. These implications represents the direction of research that I will, I will track.

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In the beginning. It is important to understand that, according to Ilga, data is the most important on the Ngo European Ngo that are involved in.

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So they represent LGBT. In Hugh Plaza.

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in a European Parliament.

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Italy is a 20 s out of 27, and a European country countries regarding the rights recognized to Lgbtq people.

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this data is considered as an indication of the level of democracy of each country. One of these, the reason for this placement is linked to the absence of a law that protects the Lgbtq community from a homophobic violence against them.

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then.

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when discussing violence. So we are referring to the marginalization exclusion, and a hammer experienced by Lgbtq plaza individuals and those which not normative or socially acceptable sexual or gender orientations of givers or expressions.

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This can range from subtle, implicit violence that occurs on a daily basis to more overturn and direct forms. Gender based. Violence represents a form of optimization based on the patriarchal matrix

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which produces and reproduces the structural gender inequalities in It is an exercise, and not only against women, but also against lesbian, gay in transgender, and people not conforming a gender in needle. This phenomenon is a costly increasing, but despite these, the law enforcement policies, implemented so far, have been fragmented, and rather

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so. There have been several attempts to pass the legislation, but all of

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of have a provenance of sexful. The last one was that the

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propose a low proposal by a parliamentary, and a so for this reason, this. This bill is known as a bill. Jan. the most. It is the most recent attempt also failed

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mit Ctl. And after a long Parliamentarian process in 2,021, the bills on the law that should have dealt with preventing and fighting forms of violence based on sex and sexuality, orientation, gender identity and visibility was definitely rejected by the Italian Parliament

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mit Ctl. And Despite this through a parliamentary experience, the left parties promoters of this law managed to save a part of it and enable to create integration the creation of a program aimed and supporting, assisting and preventing violence against the Lgbtq people, 250.

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So in 2,022, this led to 37 projects being financed across the country to create centers against discrimination into shelters for people who are victims of violence

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mit Ctl. And the idea was to create assistance activities, to provide legal health, psychological and social mediation, assistance to residents

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mit Ctl. And the center against the discrimination known as a Capt. Motivated by sexual orientation and gender identity and support for the shelters already present to the national territory.

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The

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the activities for Center for Canada are in And clients. psychological support, legal assistance and orientation for work and housing independence. It's important to understand and underlying that these projects 250,

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we are focused on young people. So for them is important to work also in the orientation for work, just to remove many problems about the economic sphere

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 the shelters instead provide accommodation through the necessities for daily life. based And besides specific individual projects to Lgbtq people.

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 my research project in my research project, I'm

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have chosen to Eastern services in 2 different cities. So the first is the regional up there is most of the Italian city where these are kind of a services was first launched. The second is the gay centers, a shelter in Rome which has been operating in the area for several years. The center is a national hub that has expanded its its services and

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enhanced its intersectional approach with the aid all these found, which they consider essential

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mit C.

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Mit Ctl, and the micro Level Exams services, internal workings and intervention strategies such as counselling a crisis, intervention, case, management, community organization, advocacy and active listening.

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the mass of the level. The level looks at the relationship between movements, social movements. local, institutional and non-institutional organizations and civil society actors. And in the end the Ngo level considers how this work can be viewed as best practices and and assist political establishments in developing new policies.

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 about methodology. Our goal is to employ virtual methodology for getting out our research in that interviews with the K Informant people.

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Those who are of the current state of affairs in a management of these services and ethnography, research approach about the case, studies

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the the first aspect that we can underline referring to the their activities. So for the the card that we consider like an an important case study, because it's the first day in a small seat in the Southern Italy.

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For them it is important that funds are important, not just for money, but mainly for the political aspects.

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so they finally are recognized like a member of a community, and means mostly like the political act or institutional actors. So they say, the

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Mit Ctl. And they spoke about the gains and recognition of her from institutions while our services had not changed, our political democracy changes. So they finally are, consider themselves like, and 150

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mit. Ctl. And a player about this aspect, but also they underlined how it's difficult to work in this context, mostly because it's impossible to establish a connection with 101

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with many it

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institutional political actors. So it is important the people that bump into in this work. So if they bump into into friendly people, everything will be easier. But in in another hand, if they bump into the really

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unsympathetic people, everything becomes a challenging for the other case, gay center.

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They underline that they are focused on family and social mediation because they consider a social family and social mediation on the first step.

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I told you that these are projects are focused on the young people. These young people often are, rejected from the family, but also from the context that they So for them is important the family and social mediation. But mixed with the other projects, individual projects finalized to

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imaging imaging. They are the future to think their future because they are young, and they need also to

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imagine an economic project independence for a work and for

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for a coalition. Also. In this way they underline how it is difficult to imagine a project just for 6 months.

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so that could be extended also for other 6 months. So they said in one year is impossible to think about the future of these guys. So in this way for them. It would be important to have a more support and not just an economic way, but also for in from the Poetics here.

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Just to in the in the end, just to try to imagine some political implications. It's impossible in this a step of my research to thinking about to to speak about findings, but we can try to underline some political implications. I try to resume. There is a political implication in 2 different aspects. The first one is that without the implementation of law.

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that support. that support the systemic changes. These projects may not have the necessary longevity. It is a for them is a important to to to think that there is a long term projects projectuality. because it's impossible to have this fragmentation in this. really sensitive sector.

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And, on the other hand, if these are the organizations responsible for

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managing these centers fail to establish a strong network among themselves.

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With the political institutions it could disrupt the development or best practices required for the creation of effective policies. So in this way, in both of the case.

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the centre that I use, like my case, studies revealed how it is important to create connection, not just with political or institutional actors, but also among themselves, just to exchange experience, to create a new best practices, and to have the chance to

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create a real cultural and political shift.

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this moment, can you?

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Here? Then maybe we can speak later. Thank you.

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Thank you, Fabia, perfectly on time. Is there any question for fabulous, or can we continue later with the debate?

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Let's just

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to great. And so let's go to Lukamasida from a university of Tusha trail symbias, stereotypes, and gender discrimination in the legal representation of male violence against women. Thank you.

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Good morning. Thank you to Rosal. But for her introduction

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this is my presentation and the the paper presents data from the research to step stereotype and prejudice for the cultural change in gender representation, and the research has been coordinated by Professor, and it consider 5 type of violence against woman in the context of a 2 linguistic domain leg, a language and press representation.

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Here we focus our attention on the sentences analysing how the presence of criticalities in the legal representation of violence against women is organising along the 2 main categories of gender bias, rule of prejudice which intervene in the representation of the big theme and frame prejudice which condition the modalities of representation of the violence.

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This so perceptual perspective distortion activate the 2 main mechanism of gender discrimination. While rule bias is tend to produce secondary victimization. Frame a biases cannot decisively contribute to the violence so normalization.

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The first element of interest is related to the way in which the text of the sentences represent the characters of the protagonist.

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Our attention here is focused, in particular on the on the gender prejudice that the intervene in the legal representation of the victim in case of male violence against war manufacturers. The first element that can affect the ability of the panels, penal system to guarantee gender equality is related to how the female victim is constructed.

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So

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what are the gender prejudice that intervene in the social representation of the woman and victim of violence suffered by the sentences?

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Credibility, in our opinion, is the first, the crucial domain in which gender biases potentially comes into play.

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The credibility, in fact, is not an objective condition. It's a social construction back era reminded us how each social system builds, starting from its values and its dominant groups.

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its own hierarchy of credibility, a credibility. So it's not neutral, because in any system of rank, it groups credibility and the right to be heard are differentially distributed through the ranks of the system, and there is, as we know a clearly strict relation between credibility, hierarchy, and gender imbalance.

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According to Patricia Stel, a sex sexism is one of the main filters that intervenes not necessarily not necessarily consciously in the social construction of credibility. Credibility is neither a universal nor an absolute.

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It's a the construction or assessment of credibility open to the dominoscentic filters, such as sexism, sexism, but also racism or atrocities more ablaze, and homophobia.

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So, despite its claim to naturality and universality, a universality of objectivity. The legal. The legal system is not impenetrable to these conditionings

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when they enter Courtroom! So much right. The prejudiceian imbalance in the credibility economy led to a special kind of injustice.

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Testimonial in justice testimonial injustice is, defined by Miranda free car as a distinctively epistemic in justice as a kind of injustice in which someone is wrong, it specifically in a capacity, as I know where.

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So Looking To our sentences, database. We noted that in the guilty vertex, and a defying adjective is so systematically used in the description of the statements made by the injuria, the party, the woman victim.

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Her words are called, not credible. Our facts reconstruction is so accurate, and the positive objectives so gradually move from the object. The testimony to the subject of who gave he the the big demon, and so victims so character can be described as rational and their personality as honest.

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since there

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and this linguistic cap it is the resilient, also the leg of the legal principle, but it can also be read as an attempt to to react to the gender by just that a priori labels, the the woman as a less credible subject in it. It's a sort of a semantic counterweight that the sentence is linked.

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What you produce when it is advocating an overturning of the consolidated gender hierarchy of credibility.

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But this Ford set the tension to the female award, the risk to trigger a discriminating mechanism of compensation. The half-center to overturn the credibility. Sayierarchies is answered with a narrative that counter-reviews all of the trials rules.

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changing the big team in the accused the in this way the focus of the narrative of passes from the bio line to the and the perpetrators, the responsibilities to the behavior and character of the warm on the West software I did. The the mechanism of confession is thus transferred from the perpetrator to the victim, and this can produce a secondary victimization.

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and always you know that to support the solidity of the victims. Narrative! Judgments in several cases resort to for their credibility markets this Announce the victim testimony, but they also reproduce Of tennis, kerotypical representation of woman and gender relations.

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A credibility. Markets are apparently Neil run over yet the positive, the semantic constructs which Jude's use it through prop up the the of the victim and our testimonial. The woman, while reconstructing her story of suffered violence, hesitate, is moved, struggle to contain emotion. She was even tortured.

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and the woman was sure of her vulnerability. She has not concealed

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her. A fragility, and a woman who long induced the violence for love, or an attempt to save Hermeriac or and her family. She loved him so much so that she, and due the worst humiliations.

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and the woman who always gives us her partner a second chance, or who, despite all that she has suffered, she still does not to us a grudge the mark her ro, but forgiveness.

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and the woman who feels embarrassed to publicly represent every intimacy, who is ashamed when she has to describe private aspects of their sexuality, and so trying to manage a removed with the right amount of modesty rights the Jews.

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All this semantic constructs in the juice, in the juice, in the Jude's intention, but to make a damage of the victim a more credible, but they do not pursue pursue this goal in a neutral way. The construction of a woman's credibility, as can be seen from the example we have reported, is linked to our utterance to consolidate

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the role, expectation, expeditions that are strongly conditionated by gender prejudice and stereotype, and the expectation that often are related to sexual bi words of the woman.

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In this way a a cultural conflict Open ups Between the positive, legal, and legal intention of the sentence to cast in stone the position of the injured party and the problematic Consequences that are the Reeves from legitimizing a stereotypified representation, not totally of gender violence, but also of gender relation, and the woman roles in saosity.

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So these markets of credibility

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participate in the legitimation of the dichotomic dec atomic representation of the feminine, based on the gender prejudice and sexes of stereotypes, and this bills the E. The lineage of the good, the girl, the Hanjal de Madon. Now I suppose it to the name of this of the but the girl, the whore the the witch!

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This is what happens in These sexual violence! Sections that you can read the the sentence, reveals! It's It's a prejudice, the sexually, and an unexpected woman cannot really be a victim of rape, but She's so co-responsible of for it awards. And In a proprietor, hakitud, are the cows. The reason that that juice

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that tree gets the uncontrollable impulse of the poor man, that rape

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who rape her. The ha effect here common to the must to most of the judgments that adopt and reveal Rola prejudice. But the era exposed in a paradigmatic way is that of the secondary victimization of the young girl guilty of not corresponding in any way to the

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beat us female image of the good girl.

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Let us now quickly, very quickly, consider a frame of thejudite. So they intervene by imposing a particular definition under 4 interpretation of this setting. The context and the social space in which the action object of the approaches took place. In particular, we can identify tree related forms that the frame a prejudice can take

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the first

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frame. Prejudice depends on the adoption by the like. The legal system of a point of view which is situated in the dominant identity of the male subject. The perspective adopted by the juice is not neutral, but basically consists with the male one.

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Kate Manne described this legal predelection for the male perspective with the term impatient

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man. I thought empathy in The work of man is a sort indicate the sort of of the flow of the empathy, that, instead of a directing us natural towards the victim, deviates to, was the violent, the we are the violent man.

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and the device of empathy, translate into the activation by legal and social institution, of what always man defines as exonerating the narratives.

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These are narrative construction, that, adopting the perspective of the perpetrator male determine the activation of a mechanism.

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of the responsibility for violent behavior and or novelisation of the violence. In our analysis. In particular, Theridge and Derbys is strongly rooted in our society, recur also in the legal representation of violence against a woman, family quarrels, jealousy, and raptors.

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The second topology of frame. A prejudice can be traced back to the work of Michael Jokes, and Michael Johnson, working on the construction of A.

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Mit C.

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Of patriarchal terrorism. With thus of situational couple violence in the definition of Johnson. If the Jutes does not have the social cultural

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skills to distinguish the different forms that violence. Intimate violence in this case can assume. He or she can hardly elderly succeed in recognizing and sanctioning what are the distinctive feature of intimate or patriarchal terrorism, the relationship

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of the structural assembly of power in which the violence was committed, the context of systematic coercion and pervasive control in which the dominant partner was able to act, the multiplicity of forms of even minimal that violence can take and the need to consider them hold them in a full holistic perspective.

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The third and final frame of thejudice that can be traced back to the concept of incidentalism, the reduction of domestic violence to this correct incident. So if Jad adopted this framework. Once again, it become difficult for them to recognize and understand that the complex morphology that violence against woman in particular, domestic violence, intimate to domestic violence can assume.

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The focus on episodic and discrete injurious assault is, in fact, to narrow, to capture the part terms of coercion and control experienced by many abused and women.

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and the frame a work of incidentalism determined in particular at twice theabolic

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effect. My conclusion, first, the episodic frame created a condition to this dance the life, the experience of woman who have suffered violence from the form that the legal system used to represent them, and this Sov. And a distance between the with the victims, the depiction representation of the violence, and the definition adopted by the legal institution. And this way

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the either conditions are created that to further inhibit the already low propensity of abusive woman to report a second critical element that is described in the logic of the incidentalism of fame. Work is related to its proximity to the point of view of the violent men framing domestic violence in time of the incidence is to adopt the torque and the perspective of the abusive man in this way, that is at risk of removing

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is responsibility, the responsibility of the perpetrator and the minimizing the violence, and so the prejudice frame determined it, determined by incidentalism, and therefore, as adiabolical gendereeft, because at the same time it separates the bit, the the the the experience of the victim woman from the legal

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and social representation of the violence, and it disconnects the violent men from destruct or the social structure of this X-

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and thus emerges, which is the main problem determined by the presence of role prejudice and frame prejudice in the social and legal representation of violence against woman the adoption of a deforming semantic, and there, and the narrative structure that disconnect the violence from gender power and control. And in this way the structural and gender bus and the nature of violence against women remain. Eat them. Thank you. 250.

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Thank you very much, Luca Masida, for your presentation. Is there any question or comments?

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Not now. So

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let's go to the last presentation. We have Flamenia Saka from Sophia University of Rome that links stereotypes and prejudice, educating to contrast to gender-based violence.

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So that's thank you very much. In the early theorem.

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Good morning, everybody. Thank you for being here. Thank you, Rosalinda for showing the session and Holsten us. So today we're going to speak about the project step, which is, start up some prejudices. You've heard already some focuses of of this project from the people who spoke before me. I coordinate the research, and just to give you a frame of what the research was about and how it came about.

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Of course we started from the instable convention on women's empowerment, and of course, I take it that you all know exactly what it is about

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is the first Human Rights Treaty of the Council of Europe, with the exception of Russia and Azerbaijan, and it was the first instrument to set legally binding standards specifically to prevent gender based violence, to protect victims of violence and to punish perpetrators.

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We think we agree, of course, with the introduction to the instable convention which sees a gender-based violence as a matter of and balancing powers, and

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the convention is at last is, of course, as I mentioned, and plans to, to tackle gender violence down to the judiciary system. That's the very main innovation of this of this convention, and for the first time in history. It recognises violence against women as a manifestation of historically an equal power relations between men and women. And that's why we're focus and power. We are. We are a group of political sociologists.

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which, and this and balance of power have led to domination over discrimination against women by man to the prevention of full advancement of women. Therefore it is this an equal power relation that needs to be tackled in order to obtain consistent improvements both from a structure and from a superstructural level.

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If we look at this map, we can see immediately

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how the power relations are unequally distributed between the genders. You can see the countries led by female leaders in 2022, and they are the blue ones. And of course you can immediately recognize the fact that there are only 13% of women leaders in the world. That means 27 women ruling countries

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on a total of 195. But of course, what we have to bear in mind that even when women do get to countries that's not something that can stay forever. women rights are volatile as this picture, I think, very clearly depicts you can have on the left side students in Afghanistan, in the seventies and in the same countries.

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50 years later you have students all covered in black, as you can see, women's rights can be the first ones to go when you have a change in a political situation.

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What is our research? Our research framework was briefly mentioned to you by Luka Masida before me. We started with this research project in 2,017. The step project was

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a call from the Ministry of Equal Drenders, and in Italy, and we warn it. It was based on a call, and the research framework addressed certain types of crimes and linguistic domains by gender violence. We considered the crimes of domestic violence, sexual violence.

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we call it famicide, but it is not considered a crime per se in Italy. So the police stations register those crimes as murders of women by the hand of a man.

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We considered human trafficking and stalking, and we have analyzed the legal language of 208 and 73 judgments of Italian criminal course, and we have done a huge work, our media language analyzing 16,715 articles, both national and local, in Italy.

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Why did we want to take this project on. We wanted to analyze stereotypes and prejudices with Prosper, because because they prosper within the unequal relations between the sexes correctly framed by the instable convention. As we mentioned before, they heat the social representation of gender violence, and produce a distorted migration that tends to expose women to 3 levels of victimization.

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We often hear about 2 levels. But we always should bear in mind that we are talking about 3 levels. Actually, the First level is when the woman is hit by a violence. If that's the first type of victimization, the primary dispensation.

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and then the secondary is when you're the guilty, you have a guilty representation of women given by the present by the traditionary system.

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For example, she was wearing a minister, so she was raped. She left him, and so he got mad and killed her, and things like that, and the distorted and stereotype narration ends up depotentiating justice for women, victims of violence. So in this kind of framework. What happens is that the judge and the witnesses and the lawyers can go to the judiciary system with this

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framework in mind. And what happens is that

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women find it more difficult than men to get justice when a crime is committed to them

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to against them. We have launched this project in order to contribute to the contrast of those phenomena as secondary and tertiary victimisation, mainly by targeting the stereotypes and prejudices that address women who are victims of violence and make them, and not the criminals, the subjects whose behaviors will be closely scrutinized by the President by court judgements.

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and of course we know that lows are crucial

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tools to grand people right? And in this case women's rights to be protected from violence. But in order to promote a wider necessary change towards the illumination of gender violence. Those are not enough.

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It is important to promote a culture that can focus on the respect of women, and that sees them as equal to men and as bearer of equal rights.

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which is why we have decided to promote a project that targeted stereotypes and prejudices in the social representation of gender violence, because societies look for solutions starting from the framing of the problem. If the framing of the problem is wrong, distorted, and ineffective, too.

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so prejudices are based on preconceived wrong, unfunded opinion

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on something or somebody, without knowing it, or without having analyzed it by virtue of a false belief or ideology.

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They are activated for various reasons, in order to remove unpleasant truth, or in the sublimation of selfish interests. Or, again, in order to perpetuate privileges of position, or for the universalization of one's own cultural values, which one would also like to us off as natural.

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So in the end we could say that beneath the process of conservation and reproduction of prejudices underlies the attempt to reaffirm and maintain parties and interests.

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And if you look at this data, you can see which are the most frequent crimes committed by men against women, and you can see

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that the vast majority of them is

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domestic violence. So the the abuser is usually somebody the woman knows very well, but usually it's her partner or husband.

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51% of those crimes are domestic violence, crime. And the second position you see stalking with 30.7%. And we're talking about Italy here at the third position, you see a sexual violence and a femicide with 0 point 7% and trafficking with 0 point 4%.

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And how does the press represents the situation? Look at this?

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It's a tertiary worst situation. The press talks to the public and contributes to make a public opinion on these issues by reversing the types of crimes that we've just seen. So the majority of articles that will address gender violence will talk about storping.

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which is the less violent and the less dangerous for women type of crime. We're not interested in meeting it, of course, but

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it is giving it a distorted perception of what the reality of gender violence is.

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At the second place we find articles that address femicides, and only at the third

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position we find domestic violence with only 14% of a total of 16,715 articles addressing gender violence in Italy on 3 years.

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and then at the last, at the bottom line, we find rape.

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So what's the result of all this analysis. Here you find a word cloud that we wanted to. We we want. We had entitled, find the culprit we have given the computer, a software, all the articles, all the texts that we have analyzed

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and the you know how a word cloud works and what happens is that it gives you back word cloud, with the larger words, which are the ones that are more frequently used, and the smaller awards are the ones that are less frequent

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frequently.

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and, as you can see, the culprit is hardly over there. So when you, when Italian newspapers talk about women's violence, what you can find is that they talk about women. They talk about violence, they talk about Hive's wife, carabineers, police, and they'd never talk about the men who committed the crime.

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Men are depicted as jealous, as passionate in love, and somehow they are justified in their crimes. They operate at the responsibility of the perpetrator, and you can find titles. I'm going to translate them for you. You can find the titles where actually the cartridge seems to be the woman who is actually the victim. In the first one the blue One. You can see that the title says that they were dead drunk.

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2 fifteen-year-olds in a party on the beach were raped by a little friend of theirs.

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Can you hear the language? How it is justifying the raper he's not called rap! He's not called a man who abused, but of them. But they are the ones who seem to be the culprits because they were dead drug, and they exposed themselves to rape.

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The second one says that Aria was killed by her partner, and the mother of the killer

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defends her son, saying that the woman was always on the telephone, and he was treated like a dog.

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So can you hear how the article is already introducing the reader to the fact that somehow she was guilty of something, and somehow the killer was to be justified by her behavior.

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And the other one says her mistake. This is right right on on spot.

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It's very clear that she is considered to be the culprit. According to this newspaper, her mistake? She couldn't, you know, avoid this type of love she was. She was not intelligent enough to understand that she should have gone and left him

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so. The social representation of gender violence is about, in Italy, at least, normalizing men's violence against women. That's how the newspapers represent the situation.

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Because if in a femicide case I write that a family tragedy has occurred due to which a woman has died in that title. In that framing I am activating and reproducing a whole series of cultural stereotypes according to which I have normalized and mitigated males, violence against women within private relationships I have omitted to individually the culprit I have omitted to define. The victim

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can never hear her being defined as a victim, or to identify and define her as such. I have omitted to specify that violence against women is totally social and legally unacceptable. Last, but not least, I have omitted to inform on the facts. Actually I have buried and distorted the facts to such an extent that one should conclude that I have not informed at all.

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so the removal of men's responsibilities and the women. But re- victimization

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goes to a very large extent, and if a social stigma is to be found in these narrations, it will be drawn against the women, the victims, as we have mentioned, it is their behavior that conduct, their faithfulness, their love or not love their sexual habits, their social aspirations, that will be scrutinized and judged in police stations, in courts as well as in the press.

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exposing women to secondary and tertiary victimization.

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It will be in this cultural mood that represents women closer to the ideal type of the guilty culprit than that of a victim that they will have to face the debate in court.

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and for them it will be difficult to obtain full justice, which is why it is important to continue analyzing and denouncing stereotypes and training students, journalists, law enforcements, lawyers and judges, in order to contribute to a more equal and respectful culture in the awareness that women, violence and domestic violence are a violation of women's rights, and that unfortunately, there is still a long way to go. Thank you.

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Thank you very much. Is there any question or comments with presentation?

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And for the previous ones

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here, please, I think if you come here who are at home. We can see you.

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I'm not sure he's

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just see if

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can't just stop the sharing now he's not here.

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since there are 2 people looking at us.

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This

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I can just ask for here.

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Yes, I have a quick question. so all projects are from the same same like collaboration. 2 different projects. Okay? because for the first one, I don't know if if the the people who are here know. I was wondering.

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I think, he said, that they on analyst 500 Instagram. images.

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And I was wondering because the research group that I am a part of we are also looking at Instagram images. And one thing that we are doing with gender stereotypes is we try to identify like body poses right? And one of the challenges that we face is.

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how do we assign a gender?

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So my question would have been towards him now, because he differentiated between a male and female

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like how like, on on the visual parts, on, on, like, like, you know. Assuming I I read this person as if they were. You know how, how, how do you go about that. And how do you then contextualize it? Like with with a theory, you know, especially if you're looking at. Okay, people people may perform gender. And you know, maybe, what? What is senior? Not all people parse the gender. So that is something that

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I I was wondering because there's a challenge that we face, and I was wondering how you tackled it. And my second question would be, you said, you analyzed 16,000 articles. Okay? So my my dissertation project is on the regionalization of stereotyping and architectural opera. And so my question would be, how did you analyze them like I did you? What? What methods did he use? And what did you pay attention to? Yeah, that's

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that'd be awesome.

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 I I'm afraid I can only answer to your second question, because I don't. I don't know if Iling Tina can answer his first. Okay, like after afterwards. Maybe you can see if if you get something, you know, at least cleared up there. We have analyzed us, of course we have processed them first, and then we went to look for certain categories and certain words.

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we went to see how women were represented. We we analyse the titles. The titles are very important, because you know that people greed less and less by every day, and if they do read something, they certainly read the titles, and we, and then we did some human content analysis.

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and what we found very interesting and quite disappointing, too, is that there is a consistency in the way women's violence is represented amongst the various types of newspapers. So you get the politicized ones. So you get the more professional, at least technically professional ones, and they all represent it the same way. So you see that the way the victim is presented is always

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not respectful.

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So, for example, if you have a man and a woman being, you know, discussed in the article you find that the woman is addressed as a mother as a young woman. Oh! Called with her first name.

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and the man the abuser is never called an abuser, and he is called by his title. He's a doctor, he's an architect. He's an engineer

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with much respect. We were quite surprised to find out that, like I think it was last June, one year ago, so very recently on one of the most progressive newspapers widely spread in Italy. It was, you know you get who has a good name and a great consideration. We find An article this that, said The woman, the the the girl who was walking down the street until until the gentleman

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pulled her over trying to rape her. That gentleman of the Raper and you. You get to find things like that. And then in the end you start to list. List them, and you get, you know. Groups of meaning and of different types of representation. So you categorize them in the end.

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Is that

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okay? Okay? Thanks. Well, indeed, I don't know if you can help him, because I know that's the part that, Antonio. So there are 2 projects just to make things clear. These are 2 different projects. I coordinate them both. But Sicily where Valentina Rafa and Antonio Tramontana, the first speaker today have their own.

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a separate independent unit, and Antonio, I think is, is still working on it. So he hasn't. I? I he hasn't published it yet. So this is the first time he presents the results at an international level. So.

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so.

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so the question is, if you have an image, and you read the agenda as as you of that might not be the agenda that the person identifies.

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Hmm, okay, so you try.

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I see

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gender by, he went on Twitter, with looking for hashtag gender violence

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also for an end of each right also. The

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yes.

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So the so when the self-representation is clear

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of that one of the what we mission.

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and it represents a new framework that you'

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I is okay.

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there are actually, you know, there are 2 persons online. So maybe you can come and try to give your explanation here for the benefit of this audience. Thank you.

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So I guess that he used the picture, but also the test, the text that completed every single picture, and then

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the framework is the international day against women violence. So in that way the gender is

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implicit. So it's clear that the contest is that I guess that it is my opinion I don't know very well every single day it's all this research project 150.

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Thank you. Are there other questions.

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comments.

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Yes.

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yes, please come here in order to let the other at home to listen to you.

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Thank you so much. I apologize for being late.

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I would have loved to have heard the beginning of your presentation. My name is Lisa Trevor Clark. I'm actually a Phd. Candidate from near Toronto, in Canada, from Trent University.

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But I was an executive director of a sexual assault center

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before leaving the work to do my Phd. Because of COVID-19, and not being able to do the work anymore. It was so difficult. So I think in reflection, as as a queer

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as a reflection on your project, that of how you were exploring the experiences of the what we call 2 S. Lgbtq. I. A community we add 2 spirit in Canada for recognizing indigenous

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peoples.

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You know this is the work that I live, and I breathe, and working in sexual and domestic violence, the work that I live and I breathe. We do the work quite differently, which was very interesting to me, and I think it would be interesting to share some of that. For instance, we have guides for the media on how to speak about sexual and domestic violence.

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to train journalists. I've trained police officers and judges, and so on before leaving the field.

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and I would say I left the field because it felt impossible.

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As a survivor of childhood, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and and sexual assault.

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I, by the point of

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Kovat 19, when the rates of violence became overwhelming and the the calls to our crisis lines and we started a text line and our workers were working 24 h a day.

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What felt impossible was the lack of support from governmental funding.

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And so not only do we have a very inequitable experience in our criminal justice system, in which, for instance, in domestic violence cases in Ontario and Canada, we have a dual charging

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which means that charges can be placed on both people when police come.

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If you can imagine

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the.

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it means that both people can be charged with domestic violence

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exactly on which grounds, the call.

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the call to police.

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Yes, the police can determine that both people were responsible.

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Wow!

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So there are some extreme inequities within the work, even

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in what we perceive to be, you know, an equitable human rights-focused country.

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So I think that it's incredible that the work that you're doing and speaking to the work. yeah. And to your question, because that's also my lived experience and work, I think that that is a complicated question. And so, first of all, I'd ask, why?

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Why are we gendering? What? What is the purpose

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of the gendering of your project

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at this point? But yeah, it's it's not my first book, but I just have the outlook, but some of it. They want to see whether as gender stereotypes like, how they are portrayed through body poses like drawing on Gauchman, for example, and extending on it. and for that, if you have, if you have gender as part of your central argument for K body closes to transfer gender. Then they want

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to look at gender when they face the question of Hey, how do we incorporate it in a way that is timely for

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for now. And so I think we are where we are at

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is, we were using feminine presenting

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or masculine presenting and using a spectrum.

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so that may be, you know. That may be a consideration of using a spectrum. But again, yeah, it's it's What is what is the outcome of that.

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You know. What is it that you are trying to to get to? So I think it's a very complicated answer, and there is a document with an interesting scaling system.

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But That that we use an education in public education, where my my master's sad in sexual violence and public education, which is very interesting because we would go to schools and speak about sexual violence and the 2 S. Lgbtq communities. So my master's research is on that as well. So this was amazing, and I'm so sorry for missing the first part, because this is all my lived experience, and I just want to give my gratitude to you.

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Thank you. Okay. I want to say something.

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Okay. I wanted to mention something I didn't mention before the step project, which is one of the projects we presented today. We did it together in partnership with the the main Italian anti-violence center.

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So we were very grateful to get the avail of the professionals working on the ground.

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and a part of this project was to train journalists.

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please men and women lawyers.

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not judges because they don't feel they have to get trained.

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None of that. Actually, none of these feel they have. They need to be trained. But you know they were more open to it.

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It was not enough.

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As a long as you said, it was difficult. It has taken us a lot of time. We will continue doing it.

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also.

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not because of us, but the organization of journalists in Italy. The professional organization has

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launched

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The guidelines for a correct representation, and nobody knows it. Nobody wants to use it, and we are going to start in September, a project we just signed an agreement with my university, with their university to Atusha, in Italy, and the organizations of professionals in in the press

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to start training again

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and to start an observatory. We call it observatory. So every week we're going to analyze the articles produced

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everywhere in Italy, both locally or nationally, on gender violence.

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And when we see that something goes wrong. We give out a warning. We call the persons as a journalist and the director maybe as well, because sometimes it's the director's fault because of the titles. Maybe the the journalist writes a a roughly correct article, but the title?

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It's totally wrong. Yes, yes, the editors. So that's what we're going to do, and of course it is a huge problem, because

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people don't think they need to be trained. And

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so one of the one of the really interesting ways in which

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this project with journalists really grew was through citizen activism. So actually, in social media.

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feminists for the most part would rewrite the titles, and that is repressive. So there's examples that you can use from the femme festo group. This is good. Yeah, yeah, that was, that was very interesting, because I think it's just I I can give you. I can give you some information. Yeah, so but I think, like, for instance, I created

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an eight-part series of videos. Yeah, for Ontario police officers, the province on how to receive reports how to do trauma. And and so yes, reporting all of this. And so we had this whole video series. But up until that point there was only one training video of 20 min

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for police officers who were a frontline for detectives. They had a different training, but what we discovered was, but not only the frontline, the entire structure of the organization of when to report to who

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to frontline or to the detective. So the only time any domestic violence.

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much of the sexual violence, wasn't

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considered a threshold event, so that went to frontline

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only if it was stranger based violence, which is the smallest, this is underestimated every. So the stranger violence is only about 4% of all sexual violence.

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and only that or childhood sexual abuse went to detectives. So the majority went to people who were never trained to receive

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or to investigate.

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which is fascinating, because even

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you know. So the whole system was built itself to block proper receiving of reports.

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One part of this project I we didn't have the time to present today. Yes, was something we carried out with Rosal. We. We interviewed women who were have been victim of the women's over gender violence, and who have overcome it. I mean, they went to court, they warm, and so they lived a normal life. So, and what they said all of them

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is that when they called the police, because occasionally they did try to ask. Perhaps the police was not trained to

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to properly, you know, face the situation, and often we don't have what you say. It is the possible double responsibility. We don't have it as a law or as a formalised issue. But what happens is because of the biases and the prejudices. When the police goes to the house. He thinks, you know, it's just, you know, a quarrel between 2 lovers.

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Don't worry. I'll speak to your husband. He'd come down, and that city didn't even take the, you know the. The. So they do have a specialized Domestic violence court. So they they did create a different court system. That's very interesting. Yes, in the criminal court system, where it's not, it's only in the big cities. So then you have a rural.

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but that is one piece and one piece that people don't really think about is domestic violence, or we call it intimate person in the to S. Lgbtqia community. So the lack of understanding

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for everyone that there can be power and control in these relationships means that you know, centers.

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you know, don't even have the training, and it may have bias. And we don't have a lot of centers that are specific

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other than the 5 1 9 in Toronto. Oh, shoot! So I'm going to go get that. Thank you.

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Did you want to say something? P. Enough for everybody?

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So thank you.

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I guess there are no more commands, questions, suggestion. So thank you very much for all the present, to all the presenter, and also to the attendee of this panel for their comments. Suggestion, question, and see you this afternoon for the other panel of the Drc. And have a good day. Thank you. Bye.