WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:09.000
There Let's start. But I start by, yeah. So welcome everyone. I start by the acknowledgement, acknowledgement of country.

2
00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:15.000
On behalf of everyone gathered, I pay respect to the spirit of country here now. Where we are meeting.

3
00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:26.000
I acknowledge the past and present. And now it went. But I acknowledge the past and present guardians over the country.

4
00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:39.000
Hmm. Cooling nation woo dared Jerry Wuvarong as the sovereign people here, the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the NAME Aboriginal or customs and custodianship responsibilities for country and the people that country continues to sustain.

5
00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:49.000
The country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future for the country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future for all of us.

6
00:00:49.000 --> 00:00:58.000
I recognise the important contribution that First Nations thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

7
00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:05.000
We thank all First Nation delegates. In the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline.

8
00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:25.000
Yes. I'm really annoying us and this is And, I, Initiated this panel and we got lots of really really exciting contributions and now we only have 4 presentations this morning and then in the next session another 4 or 5.

9
00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:36.000
One has cancelled. Because of health reasons, but the others should be here and we have one pre-recorded.

10
00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:47.000
I don't know how we operate. This Batana will I have to help me out because I haven't done this before too.

11
00:01:47.000 --> 00:02:04.000
Yeah, but should we go and find? Thank you. I can just say while we wait. There's there's a pre-recorded one.

12
00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:26.000
The quality of this is, abstracts was amazing. I proposed the session because I was doing this bacterial vaccine trial research and then covid happens and then we have lots of vaccine research going on.

13
00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:37.000
But when I look at the sociology of health and illnesses actually quite little about that seeds. And now with the kind of emerging scholarship, it's clear that this is very relevant to sociology in general.

14
00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:51.000
We actually do quite a lot of different things. There was a lot about vaccine hesitancy which I think is crucially important but vaccines also do very many other things.

15
00:02:51.000 --> 00:03:01.000
So having this, 23 really excellent abstracts I then contacted my sex and then asked if we can have More sessions and we thank you.

16
00:03:01.000 --> 00:03:24.000
We don't know how to connect to Zoom. Fair enough. So, so then. We got another session but still there were quite a lot of distributed papers who then didn't not choose to travel at all which I understand.

17
00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:35.000
But I mean, I think this should. End up in a publication and and and the continued collaboration between the presenters here.

18
00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:43.000
So let's hope. But at least it's tough with these. I don't know why this is not even opening.

19
00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:50.000
They went and assumed. But let's try if we go this way. Yeah, okay. No problem.

20
00:03:50.000 --> 00:03:57.000
Can't we start with, er, shall we start with this one?

21
00:03:57.000 --> 00:04:10.000
Switzerland. It should happen quite easily. Yeah, so now we just put this on

22
00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.000
Okay, thank you.

23
00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:22.000
Why the He started talking Yeah, so we could, go to the beginning. Now this is the first presentation.

24
00:04:22.000 --> 00:04:35.000
By Alexander Zanella. And then you just click it. Let me see.

25
00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:46.000
I think it's over here. So maybe we need a bit more volume. I want to miss it.

26
00:04:46.000 --> 00:05:01.000
Okay, I thought, okay, this is the beginning page. Wanted to value. If we don't have I don't know if the external Online people are with us now.

27
00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:09.000
I think so far the the hello are you the

28
00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:13.000
Not to connect.

29
00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:23.000
So we are now missing all the online percentages. Zoom should be running in the background. Yeah, I set it up before.

30
00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:31.000
Can I just check with the guys on zoom that everyone can hear and see okay can you just put a yes in the chat if All good?

31
00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:44.000
We seem a bit amateurish. I mean so far I must say the the online system has worked so nicely.

32
00:05:44.000 --> 00:05:51.000
Oh, somebody then didn't operate so elegantly, but.

33
00:05:51.000 --> 00:06:12.000
I think everyone should be. Yeah, I think everything we have. And there you go. Everyone should be able to see and hear.

34
00:06:12.000 --> 00:06:21.000
So which one are you are we starting this one the pre-recorded Okay.

35
00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:26.000
So, good morning once again.

36
00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:36.000
We have Alexandra. Who is presenting on roadmap for proposals for interventions with healthcare professionals.

37
00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:45.000
Knowing and counteracting vaccine hesitation. Fest results from Vax Tracks You. Projects.

38
00:06:45.000 --> 00:07:15.000
So, Alexandra, this is a pre-recorded one. Less lesson to her.

39
00:21:41.000 --> 00:22:11.000
Take the next presentation. I'm still going to do online presentations. That, the, So now we have like think of the

40
00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:23.000
Me.

41
00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:29.000
To be.

42
00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:48.000
We can stop it here. Online Is anybody ready to present now? Online presenters.

43
00:22:48.000 --> 00:23:18.000
See. She said. Oh, okay. Yeah.

44
00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:42.000
Hello, this is tech support, please unmute the podium please.

45
00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:50.000
Our next presenter is Erik. He's going to be sharing Scarier than the flu shot.

46
00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:59.000
Compare the social determinants of shingles and influenza vaccinations among older adults. Eric?

47
00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:03.000
You guessing you did unmute? I didn't say. Did she unmute? Okay, good.

48
00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:10.000
All right, good. I'll just make sure there's nothing big in the. Okay, good.

49
00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:18.000
Good morning everybody. Thank you for waking up for, there. I know these are long days. I know these are a long days.

50
00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:26.000
OK, so yeah, Sharty gave the presentation. I know these are a long days. Okay, so, yeah, Sharty gave the presentation, the title and, yeah, my name is Eric Boblesang.

51
00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:29.000
I am from Cal State San Bernardino and my co-author on this is Andrea Polonio.

52
00:24:29.000 --> 00:24:37.000
She's at UC Merced and she's more of the vaccine expert. So if you're interested in possible collaborations, contact her, she loves it, she's great.

53
00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:54.000
I'm actually more of a gerontologist. I do study health and then I just talked to her and we came up with this idea that could mix her expertise of vaccines maybe with my expertise in older adults I guess and and here's where we got okay so My talk is not about COVID.

54
00:24:54.000 --> 00:25:09.000
19, but COVID-19. Kind of show it and replay placed renewed emphasis on unvaccinated populations and vulnerable populations of which of course older adults were one.

55
00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:27.000
All right, you good. So why are older adults in important population to focus on? A lot of this is common sense, but for infectious diseases as we solve with COVID, greater mortality as a result of infectious diseases.

56
00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:37.000
Usually are more likely to have comorbidity at the same time so there could be 2 diseases kind of amplifying each other.

57
00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:41.000
We also care about this because of, as you know, the world is getting older. Basically every country, the percent of older adults is increasing.

58
00:25:41.000 --> 00:25:53.000
So when older adults are sick or need to be hospitalized and we saw a stern COVID places greater stress on health care systems.

59
00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:08.000
And as I guess the prior presentation hinted at a little bit, I forget she used the cool term about those that are not vaccinated I can't remember now but but most vaccine research at least from my experience in what I know or learning tends to focus on childhood and adolescence, maybe COVID and vaccine deniers.

60
00:26:08.000 --> 00:26:21.000
So I thought there was room to study older adults. That maybe aren't vaccine deniers, but just for whatever reason, maybe don't get them.

61
00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:34.000
So. Even though I was most motivated by Shingles vaccine because there isn't much research at all that we found, particularly by sociologists, but even by the public health researchers actually.

62
00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:43.000
But one thing I wanted to do was compare them to the flu shots and why older adults may or may not get flu shots.

63
00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:53.000
So again this study is focused on the US so in the discussion or whatever we can talk about how it might compare to other countries.

64
00:26:53.000 --> 00:26:59.000
People don't realize, about 30,000 people die in the United States every year from the flu.

65
00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:10.000
Most of them older adults. But luckily, most older adults So greater than 50% do receive their annual flu shot.

66
00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:26.000
But of course this differs by social groups and one study I did see from before show for example that compared to whites in the United States Racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to update the flu shot every year.

67
00:27:26.000 --> 00:27:30.000
So what about shingles vaccine shingles also called herpie Zoster? I guess it's the official science definition or word.

68
00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:46.000
So As you may or may not know, I didn't know a lot about this. It's, it's the reactivation of chickenpox that you have when you're younger, right?

69
00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:49.000
So, or that you could have had if you were younger if you didn't receive a vaccine for that.

70
00:27:49.000 --> 00:28:02.000
So right, you might get chicken pox when you're 9 or something and then it could it could come back at any time in your life but it tends to happen more in older ages.

71
00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:13.000
Usually shingles is not something that can kill you. In fact, a lot of you might know people that have got shingles.

72
00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:27.000
I, but usually it's super painful that people that got it say, jeez, I wish I got a shot or I wish I could get away from this stuff and it actually could, there are some very serious consequences that could happen.

73
00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:37.000
Think the number one serious side effect that could happen maybe more long term is there are some individuals that suffer like permanent nerve damage, painful nerd.

74
00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:41.000
It's almost like kovat, right? Most people get over it, but then there's the long haulers, right?

75
00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:44.000
So people get over it, but then there's a long haulers, right? So that can happen with shingles as well.

76
00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:49.000
Again, most likely I've even seen some reports rarely of course, but like blindness, etc.

77
00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:56.000
So in the United States, there was, I guess this was the first vaccine that was available in 2,006.

78
00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:08.000
There was never a vaccine before as far as I know so there was this Zose of Aax vaccine for individual 60 plus and it was supposed to be just one dose right you take and help do.

79
00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:19.000
There were some limitations to it. They said that not negative side effects, but I guess what I read was a really long term efficacy wasn't the best.

80
00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:29.000
So now they recommend a 2 dose vaccine. It's a different vaccine called shingrix and at this you're supposed to get your first dose actually when you're 50 instead of 60.

81
00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:36.000
But we found there was limited research on social determinants of this vaccine at all.

82
00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:42.000
So the research question here is. Sorry, did I put to it? Right, I put 2 research questions.

83
00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:50.000
Number one, how do the social determinants of shingles vaccination differ from that of the flu shot, which again there was some prior research about.

84
00:29:50.000 --> 00:30:00.000
And secondly, How did the social determinants of the vaccinations possibly change between 7, 2,017 and 2,020?

85
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:19.000
Because as I just mentioned, the Shingrix started in 2,017, right? So those that were vaccinated at 2017 would have not for the most part have not had that shot before but new vaccinations after 2,017 would be the Shingrix right that did did did people tend to more likely to get the

86
00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:30.000
shingles vaccine or different types of people, we can find out. So the data we use is from the CBC actually, the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

87
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:39.000
That is done every year, but the vaccine information is only every 3 years. So I actually had to go.

88
00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:47.000
It's good timing because it just happened to tie in to when, the Shingrix vaccine was available.

89
00:30:47.000 --> 00:31:01.000
So my sample included those age 60 plus because right it wouldn't have made sense to look at 50 plus because at 2,017 those individuals likely would not have had Shingles vaccine prior to age 60.

90
00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:12.000
So a lot of you know there's not a lot of questions that are asked in this survey but there is a lot of people surveyed so even just looking at those 2 years and just older people it's almost 400,000 individuals.

91
00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:20.000
And then we use weighted data. Okay, so what kind of variables do we use? I'll just quickly talk about a few of these.

92
00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:29.000
So the flu shot basically did you get the influenza vaccine in the last 12 months? Shingles, did you ever receive the shingles? Shingles, did you ever receive the shingles vaccination?

93
00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:32.000
We also look at the shingles vaccination. We also look at a bunch of social demographic characteristics.

94
00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:34.000
We also look at a bunch of social demographic characteristics. We can talk about this more social demographic characteristics.

95
00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:43.000
We can talk about this more later. We can talk about this more later. We can talk about this more later but age, gender, race, and ethnicity, income, education, marital status, veteran status, income, education, marital status, veteran status.

96
00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:45.000
We found out that, or my co-author told me sometimes it makes people more likely to get a vaccine.

97
00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.000
Whether you're working or veteran status, we found out that, or my co author told me sometimes it makes people more likely to get a vaccine.

98
00:31:49.000 --> 00:31:54.000
Whether you're working or not, where you live in the United States, because as we learn with COVID, right maybe vaccine hesitancy differs by region and whether or not you live with a child.

99
00:31:54.000 --> 00:32:00.000
We also include self-reated health and other health behaviors, other healthy behaviors, to see if there's some relationships there.

100
00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:05.000
Okay, and we use a kind of pretty simple logistic regression.

101
00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:13.000
All right, so just one thing, I guess descriptive statistics in this case are actually really important or really interesting.

102
00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:24.000
So did you receive the flu shot this year in 2,01751% of older adults said so and that increased to 59% by 2,020.

103
00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:27.000
It's interesting, we weren't really looking. It's quite a sizable increase.

104
00:32:27.000 --> 00:32:44.000
We can talk about why that might be. I have some ideas. In shingles, again, well, it's only about a third in 2,017 received the shingle shot and guess what did not improve much at all even with this new vaccine that is supposed to be more effective.

105
00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:49.000
So we can talk about why. So that's kind of sad, but right. So let's.

106
00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:59.000
Talk about then so that about how the social determinants might differ between the shingles vaccine and the influenza vaccine.

107
00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:07.000
So I only included, I only highlighted what I, again, we don't have time, what I thought were some of the more important findings and we can talk about this together.

108
00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:16.000
So yeah, I'll just highlight some. There didn't seem, again, this is 2017, did not seem to be a gender difference for the flu shot, but there was for shingles men less likely to get the shingles vaccine.

109
00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:30.000
For race, you'll see that there's some, again, 2,017, some racial disparities, blacks less likely to get the flu shot, those racial disparities were even stronger for shingles.

110
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:39.000
And also the income disparities were even greater for shingles, right? Much less likely to get them to get the shot.

111
00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:55.000
So this is almost a side question, but this is something I learned when looking at the literature. If you look at the self-rated health right this is the general how do you feel generally about your health excellent very good good fair 4 we didn't see much in singles but one thing which I thought was really interesting about the flu shot

112
00:33:55.000 --> 00:34:03.000
is the for older adults that maybe it's actually for all adults but the better you feel about your health the less likely You get the flu shot.

113
00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:13.000
Now this guy we can talk about this and so if you feel poor about your health you're more likely that whether this is physician directive or something else, probably a couple few things. It's interesting.

114
00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:19.000
And again, I'm only showing the significant results here. There were some covariates that didn't have any results.

115
00:34:19.000 --> 00:34:33.000
But the other one that this is a healthy behavior is that, and we'll talk about this more because this comes up more in 2,020 but look at those that use alcohol so this is compared to like the excessive binge drinkers for the flu shot well maybe it's not as interesting.

116
00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:35.000
The moderate drinker is a little more likely to get the flu shot. But look at shingles.

117
00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:44.000
Those that do not drink at all. We're less likely to get the shingles vaccine. Right?

118
00:34:44.000 --> 00:35:02.000
We might think we tend to think maybe that healthy people are healthy in every way, right? So in this case, depends what you think of healthy drinking, but for example the binge drinkers were more likely to get the shingle shot then the abstainers that we thought was pretty interesting.

119
00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:23.000
So did any social determinants change between 2,017 and 2,020? Again, that was 2,017 coinciding with the shingrik's approval And by the way, there's other things going on too between 2,017 and 2,021 of them might be this thing called kovat right so that maybe we think could have

120
00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:29.000
affected some results as well This is for the flu shot. Not a lot of different, well there were some.

121
00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:43.000
So for the flu shots, did our social determinants change over these 3 years? Yes, for there was suddenly a slight gender gap where there was not a gender gap in 2,017 for the flu shot.

122
00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:54.000
With race we saw that there wasn't with the flu shot there was not really a white Hispanic difference in 2,017 but there was one in 2,020.

123
00:35:54.000 --> 00:36:11.000
And then we see that kind of alcohol issue I saw with we saw with the shingles vaccine in 2,017 all of a sudden started to show up in 2,020 with the flu shot right that those that did not drink at all were less likely to get the flu shot compared to the excessive drinkers.

124
00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:21.000
For shingles again this was the brand new vaccine that the social determinants change not really at all like almost 0 and you saw that the uptake actually didn't increase much at all.

125
00:36:21.000 --> 00:36:38.000
The only difference we saw was that we saw some marital differences. Basically, married individuals were a little more likely to get the shingles vaccine in 2,020 compared to other marital statuses whether you think this is spatial pressure or family norms or whatever.

126
00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:45.000
Yeah. So I kind of mentioned this before but just want to show it in chart form or graph form I guess.

127
00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:53.000
This is, oh, this is for the flu shot. So notice this is in 2,020. So notice this well first of all you see a gradient of income right?

128
00:36:53.000 --> 00:37:09.000
The the greater your income is in the United States more likely to have received the flu shot right so maybe you know on average maybe you know 60% or a little less for if you're in the highest income brackets for older adults, the lowest income bracket of 50%.

129
00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:15.000
So that's that's quite a difference and you see these kind of very notable racial disparities right why it's more likely Hispanics in the middle and blacks least likely to get the flu shot.

130
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:41.000
What about the shingles vaccine? Then we see Kind of these gradients and patterns we saw for the flu shot are even more notable I guess or very notable right where a look at whites basically right much higher than other these other 2 racial ethnic groups to have received the shingles vaccine and actually the income gradient is stronger as

131
00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:47.000
well, although I do want to say something and I'll go off the mic a little bit for this.

132
00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:56.000
I think I showed this later, but look at the highest, okay, so for the shingles, the highest predicted group would be kind of high-income whites.

133
00:37:56.000 --> 00:38:00.000
Which is, let's say, what's at, 42% on average. But look at that.

134
00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:09.000
That's still lower than the lower predicted percentage there, right? Which would be low income. Black older adults, 45%.

135
00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:20.000
What do I mean by that? Of overall, no matter how you look at it, the norms of getting the flu shot are much higher, even getting it every year than to get the shingles vaccine at all.

136
00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:31.000
Okay, so we kind of mentioned this already black white gaps. Oh, so what I wanted to say when you started no gender differences and you started to see more racial and ethnic differences.

137
00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:42.000
What seemed to drive this and it's I guess it could be worth exploring. It's not that suddenly in 2,020 for example black older adults were less likely to get the flu shot than they were before that they stopped getting it.

138
00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:53.000
No, it's actually because Wait women in the US really increase their vaccine uptake. That was where the gender and racial gaps.

139
00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:01.000
It wasn't other groups really decreasing, but white women increasing their shingles and flu shots take up rate, I guess.

140
00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:10.000
That self-rated health gradient I mentioned was only for flu shots. The alcohol abstention. We can talk about then the discussion is very interesting.

141
00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:17.000
I have some possible explanations why those that don't drink or are at least likely to get shots.

142
00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:21.000
For older adults. And this is my last slide. I just want to make sure. Yes.

143
00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:32.000
So in the United States, clearly there's a lack of awareness and or particular hesitancy for singles vaccine if in general only a third of older adults are getting this shot.

144
00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:39.000
And that's it. Thank you.

145
00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:43.000
You know what you get? I think that's stop sharing.

146
00:39:43.000 --> 00:39:56.000
So thank you Eric for your presentation. I think we have our next presenter.

147
00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:26.000
Yeah, Muhammad is with

148
00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:40.000
Professor Hannah. Hello. Professor Hala, can you hear me please?

149
00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.000
We We can hear you. You can share your screen.

150
00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:51.000
Okay, III can share my presentations but Is it okay? Sure.

151
00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:09.000
Yes.

152
00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:15.000
Oh, can I can I start now?

153
00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:18.000
Sorry. Yes, you may start. You have 15 min.

154
00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:25.000
Okay, thank you. Okay.

155
00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:39.000
So, thank you, Professor. Hannah, the session chair as well as also the session organizer, Professor Elena, fellow, presenters and also the participants to those who are at meeting. I'm from Bangladesh.

156
00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:47.000
My name is Malt. My name is, it's a very early morning. It's almost 5, 15 am now.

157
00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:54.000
So it's a pretty early morning. So greetings from Bangladesh too. So let's, coming to the title of my presentations, as you see that a privilege of COVID.

158
00:41:54.000 --> 00:41:59.000
19 vaccine hesitancy in Southeastern systematic review and meta-analysis.

159
00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:11.000
So we did. I, did together. So me as well as also, 4 of my former students, those who are studying now in the, but, earlier, there weren't many.

160
00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:21.000
So we combinedly, studied this one. So the way how I'm going to present the findings to you that I will talk to you a little later we got in the background and aim of this study.

161
00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:32.000
And then also the Matos and results on key findings and conclusions and followed by So if we go through.

162
00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:47.000
The presentations as you mentioned that that a vaccination is often considered, the most, cost effective public health, interventions to save life.

163
00:42:47.000 --> 00:43:03.000
And also in improve health and ensure long-term prosperity. Globally we have seen, lot to know that, 2 to 3 million debts every year, can be prevented through sort of excellence.

164
00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:22.000
And, therefore the vaccination is very important. But in, in, in, in, but in case of like pandemic like, COVID-19, what we have, or they have experience and there's still, it's, how it's good evening, little bit now of this morning.

165
00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:31.000
but I would say that people should be more motivated to update the vaccine but they had shown a vaccine to update the vaccine, but they had shown a vaccine hesitancy resulting from mistrust.

166
00:43:31.000 --> 00:43:48.000
Towards the vaccine, preferences for immunity and some other costs. So in that context, We have seen in South Asia, the home of, one foot of the wild population is no exception.

167
00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:57.000
And, you know, in South Asia there are 8 countries, but within these 8 countries, the socioeconomic and cultural similarities are almost similar.

168
00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:10.000
Therefore, vaccine hesitancy could increase the vulnerability in this region too. With constant health care delivery systems, high population density.

169
00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:20.000
And limited resources persisting inequalities and privilege of low uptake or pandemic prevention behaviors. And, the main factors for COVID.

170
00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:26.000
19 vaccine hesitancy are still, we know that complex critical and an explode.

171
00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:47.000
Therefore we we, well. We, thought that, we need to, make a study on Southeastern context, and regarding, as their shortest of synthesized evidence of vaccine hesitancy is the noticeable in South Asian reasoning and as

172
00:44:47.000 --> 00:44:59.000
a few review studies on COVID-19 vaccine has. So studies are focusing only on South Asian countries to estimate the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy towards COVID.

173
00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:09.000
19 is not very common. So in that context, I think that insights into vaccine hesitant population and their characteristics through subgroups and a license can help identify gaps, potential strengthening vaccination campaigns.

174
00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:39.000
To increase the hourness and vaccination campaigns, to increase the hourness and vaccination coverage.

175
00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:58.000
So given this background actually our aim of the study was to increase the hourness and vaccination coverage. So given this background actually the our aim of the study was to contact a systematic review and Metanalytics.

176
00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:05.000
So given this background actually, the our aim of the study, to increase the hourness than vaccination coverage.

177
00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:18.000
So given this background, actually, the our aim of the study, was to The searcher platform server, Midline, Pub Medicine, Cochrane, Global Scholar, and Score Passimment of Sciences.

178
00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:24.000
And, wow, Scopus and Webinar Sciences, you found that the Proxy X as well or Wich could be 19.

179
00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:36.000
So the time frame for selecting the public studies and January 1, 2,022 December 30 first to 2,022 December 30 first to 2,021 and then 1 2,022 December 30 first to 2,021 and then geographic location as I mentioned, thirty-first, 2,021.

180
00:46:36.000 --> 00:46:40.000
And then geographic location as I mentioned, that, 2,021 and then geographic location as I mentioned, that, these are the South Asian countries.

181
00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:44.000
So, 8 and then, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Napal, Pakistan and so.

182
00:46:44.000 --> 00:47:00.000
And then, the find such a strategy we have, the queries like such a topic expose and, context, regarding, Covid-nineteen or self-supportation.

183
00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:06.000
Of then outcome of interest was vaccine hesitancy and EPImological phenomenon was vaccine hesitancy and epidemiological phenomenon was a prevalence.

184
00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:09.000
And epidemiological phenomenon was a prevalence and location is the prevalence and location is these sufficient reasons and we are rangers.

185
00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:14.000
And location is these sufficient reasons and we are rangers 2,021 and we are rangers 2,021 and we are rangers, 2,022% 21 and final source strategies I like to do.

186
00:47:14.000 --> 00:47:16.000
And final source strategies, I like, as a, 22%, 21.

187
00:47:16.000 --> 00:47:18.000
And final start strategies, I like, as a, coin, A, BCF, we come right to.

188
00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:28.000
So based on that, the inclusion criteria, the participants are at least 18 years old and your participants are at least 18 years old ensure inclusion of adult population that was at least 18 years old ensure inclusion of adult population.

189
00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:33.000
That was our thinking and then study design cross sectional allows for a snapshot in view of the COVID.

190
00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:39.000
19 has to see and data reported Covid-nineteen asitancy focusing on studies that providing developing data.

191
00:47:39.000 --> 00:47:49.000
Publication type was a peer in general articles as I mentioned earlier, an issue of scientific rigor and quality and language was the only published article in English.

192
00:47:49.000 --> 00:48:07.000
And then first, let's see, let's just comprehensive, comprehensive analysis. And then for selection data, independent searching, 5 authors, such are the different databases and resistors that title an abstract assessment or 2 authors independently reviewed the tackles and abstracts that tackle an abstract assessment or 2 authors independently reviewed the tackles and abstracts final article

193
00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:18.000
examination, we reviewed the tackles and abstracts. Final article examination list was examined by the one author and then, we reviewed the tackles and abstracts, final article examination, list was examined by the one author and then logical discussions among all authors and resolve the disagreement like in the study.

194
00:48:18.000 --> 00:48:34.000
So regarding the vaccine hesitancy, I think already we have got, idea from the first presentations about, how the define from WHO, the delay in accepting or refusing how the defined from WHO, the delay in accepting or refusing, refusing vaccine despite available vaccination

195
00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:48.000
services leading to the reluctance. So in this contest, the participant group was, we defined a general population, those who are the participant from the community or national, survey based, population than healthcare workers, those who are providing health care services like Dr.

196
00:48:48.000 --> 00:49:02.000
Narst staffs, and then students are included from college or universities about 18 years. Study levels, also like, considered as a community level.

197
00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:13.000
So that's corresponding in a community like Village District and National Survey and institutional level that is conducted and the institutional set of like hospitals, healthcare.

198
00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:28.000
The first outbreak of the time, the spent for each of the country when the first, outlet came out of the time, the spent for each of the country when the first, outbreak came out from the last city of the data collection of the individual, study,

199
00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:40.000
we selected countries. So our statistical analyzes, we use the use software for open Met Analysts, Comprehensive Met Analysts and, stats today and the model, the Simion and, Larry randomly fixed model was the applied for calculating whole effect is timers with

200
00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:52.000
95%. And also random infrastructure model account for heterogeneity among studies giving greater weight to a simple size model account for heterogeneity among studies giving greater weight to simple size studies and poor prevalence for estimate giving up.

201
00:49:52.000 --> 00:50:00.000
Individual from the back city as a size of scar in forest claws to represents is the weight of.

202
00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:07.000
So statistical analysis that the test of heterogeneity we have also, the test of heterogeneity we have also, looked through there.

203
00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:18.000
So heterogeneity, we have also, looked through there. So had a regenerative exploration in systematic reviews, using I squared, statistics and also the, statistics and also the, I, use, use, using, I squared, statistics, and also the, I, hello.

204
00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:23.000
interpretation, we have done and Cochrane Q test use the measuring they have originated with the significance, 11.0 1.

205
00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:43.000
So in that context, also meta regression was a conducted to identify sources that had toogeny with the study 4 barriers and poll prevalence estimates and that in in the core barriers to user study country population type data collection period seems fast outbreak and subgroups of analysts apart from we are based on the countries that

206
00:50:43.000 --> 00:50:55.000
study population study level and data collection period. And, sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the interest of the individual studies on the whole, Pre-polar the system itself heterogeneity leave 1 h process like used to execute HSMB and Estimate for the remaining studies.

207
00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:10.000
Publication bias was assessed so funny. So also quality assessment as well you are familiar I think maybe one.

208
00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:17.000
Jean-jean Jean-brikes, you're familiar. I think maybe one, Jean, a Brikes Institutes, the quality as this appraisal checklist. We have used the, this way.

209
00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:23.000
So. And then, we have gone through the now kind of, the results of the findings, what we have found.

210
00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:30.000
We have said that the metanalysis here that 43 public studies, on Dex's hesitancy of COVID.

211
00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:38.000
19. About 8 South Asian countries out of 598 initial articles of sources committee to give you guidelines.

212
00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:49.000
And, I don't they say you see that the overall the whole the prevalence of max in hesitancy in South Asian countries.

213
00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:58.000
That means as as a whole reason we have formed around 26.5%. And significance heterogeneity and the meta analysis was observed.

214
00:51:58.000 --> 00:52:11.000
And then also we have gone through the overall study held up total population in a participants source of 16,852 among them 53%. So I was a 16,852 among them.

215
00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:26.000
53%. And exact 33 of all studies are contacted among the general population and the 6 studies are focused only on health care workers and the force that is the focus only on health care workers and the force that is the focus only one student so who were more than 18.

216
00:52:26.000 --> 00:52:34.000
And 36 of the studies that are at the community level and the rest is serving such a difference of the institutional level in Southish.

217
00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:44.000
So if we go go to the subgroups of analyzes so you can see the differences and also the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among South Asian countries.

218
00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:59.000
So overall, is a 26.5% but it varies from country to country politics particularly if you look through the Afghanistan you'll see about 37% and then followed by, also Pakistan.

219
00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:21.000
I 33% and then followed by Bangladesh 28.9 then India 23.4% and Nepal is a 20.7 and while we've been 14% So, also in terms of the period of time and also for study level, there are some kind of,

220
00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:37.000
prevalence. And, we have experience. But if you think about some groups analyzes, we can, you have seen that, some groups are analyzes, we can, we can, you have seen that, that Afghanistan had the highest rate of for vaccine, high higher prevalence rate and also at the community

221
00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:54.000
level had the higher prevalence rate we have seen. And also we have seen that there is no statistically significant difference in vaccine hesitancy among male and females.

222
00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:02.000
And publication bias. A Metrigration Allies also perform as there's the data collection period of heterogeneity, the pre-value of the ISP test was less than point 5.

223
00:54:02.000 --> 00:54:09.000
How about the meta-regational analyst is found to know significant covariance to describe the heterogeneity.

224
00:54:09.000 --> 00:54:24.000
And aggregation estimate we just confirm the significance level of publication bias. Alright, so let's see the quality assessment score of the article we have seen that the main quality sport of the selected articles is out of 9.

225
00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:30.000
It was almost 7.9 9. And the vice code was the 4 and high school was the time.

226
00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:42.000
So sensitivity analysis we have seen a better understand the prevalence rate for further contact and the sensitivity analysis after the excluding each study and calculating the overall estimation, the whole prevalence rate was unchanged.

227
00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:50.000
That is the 26.5. So you see that the overall, prevalence, seen.

228
00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:59.000
So let's coming to the conclusions, from, from our study. So we have seen that vaccine hesitancy was a high, was high in the first year of the COVID.

229
00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:18.000
19 outbreak in each of the country and then it declined over time and possible causes are increasing level of hour is the proper knowledge media campaign and government emergency Okay.

230
00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:34.000
Much lower among the people with our education. And there's a findings are similar to the studies conducted in South Asia, South East Asia, and low and middle income countries and even for France, Middle East and the United States based on this systematic review.

231
00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:42.000
People diagnosed with COVID-19 earlier were more willing to accept the vaccine. And you know a reviewed article in Pakistan believe in COVID.

232
00:55:42.000 --> 00:55:49.000
19 related meets or conspiracy theories was responsible for vaccine hesitancy that we have. And then also we have the limitations of our study too.

233
00:55:49.000 --> 00:56:05.000
So Bhutan, one of the countries in South Ontario and excluded in our review as a no relevant study based on our criteria was found in the selected database or registered until the last day of our search process.

234
00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:13.000
We excluded some studies conducted in multiple time frames as it very complex to pick the acid incident from one period from and keywords like vaccine acceptance.

235
00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:21.000
Resistance and resistance are not included in our soft strategy that for some studies couldn't be included.

236
00:56:21.000 --> 00:56:27.000
The main reason for the exclusion was the in consistency of the academic and clinical definitions of the terms for like vaccine resistance.

237
00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:43.000
Once you use the term has a different clinical definition related to pathogens. So we exploded those the keywords from start to have or this confession and make analyzes more relevant to.

238
00:56:43.000 --> 00:56:57.000
So the policiesizations from our study, what we have seen that future integration to increase vaccine acceptance is selfish in South Asian reason should to target the general population therefore much communication program is needed.

239
00:56:57.000 --> 00:57:02.000
And also we have seen that integration programs should be designed to spread the masses among community through the vaccinated people to be village about safety and effectiveness.

240
00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:14.000
France and family members can play a significant role in motivating others. All the hesitancy was lower among the healthcare workers than the general people.

241
00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:24.000
But it was reported among them significantly because the targeted interventions are required for them to address and eradicate any misinformation.

242
00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:39.000
Fortunately, to increase the vaccination literacy and devank misinformation shortly and future pandemics, governments and non-government organizations can play a vital role in broadening the population for these successful commencement of next thing.

243
00:57:39.000 --> 00:58:00.000
Let's see. So with this, I think the study summary is like one in every 4 people in South Asia has hesitancy to add the COVID.

244
00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:18.000
19 vaccine. And then. What I would like to say that the very difference in vaccine hesitancy today was found among countries, even within the countries in the different population group, community level and period of one to 12 months since the first outbreak of the country.

245
00:58:18.000 --> 00:58:37.000
With this, I'd like to, conclude my presentations, but before that, we just, they are published in this paper this year, a general population in shows who studies there's the open access journal so if anybody interested just a can have a look so thank you very much for giving this

246
00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:53.000
opportunity to make this presentation in the great conference. Thank you. Thank you, Jeff.

247
00:58:53.000 --> 00:59:13.000
Thank you Mohamed. We have the last presentation. And Listen. Sue.

248
00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:21.000
Oh, okay.

249
00:59:21.000 --> 00:59:29.000
So good morning everybody so welcome to my presentation so today I'm very pleased to share our research findings.

250
00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:34.000
So today I'm very pleased to share our research. So today I'm very pleased to share our research findings in which we are still to share our research findings in which we are still writing the paper to be published.

251
00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:43.000
And, yeah, I'm very happy that, yet for this research I'm collaborating with my friend and with my colleague Anita be sitting at a core at the back.

252
00:59:43.000 --> 01:00:00.000
Yes, so we are actually working in this, yeah, in this research, which is also talking about the vaccine hesitancy about Covid-nineteen vaccination.

253
01:00:00.000 --> 01:00:08.000
But as all of you may know, vaccine hesitancy actually is a continuum. So if you go to the literature by, for example, by WXO or by Sage.

254
01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:29.000
Yes, so actually vaccine hesitancy is not necessarily talking about the total refusal of the vaccine but actually maybe it is talking about yeah they may be around acceptance, but they are just hesitate to do it.

255
01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:40.000
So they may do it later, but yeah, may not be at this moment. However, for this research, we are talking about, yeah, the vaccine.

256
01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:46.000
Hesitancy or actually the vaccine refusal of the Covid-nineteen vaccination.

257
01:00:46.000 --> 01:00:59.000
So for this research, actually we are talking about those people who are living in Hong Kong who are actually refusing taking the kovat. 19 vaccination.

258
01:00:59.000 --> 01:01:03.000
So if we are looking at the covert. 19 vaccination. So if we are looking at the Covid-nineteen vaccination.

259
01:01:03.000 --> 01:01:15.000
So if we are looking at the facts, vaccine hesitancy, the continuum of vaccine hesitancy, you will be able to notice that actually the target group of our informants is at at the yeah at at the very end of the of the continuum.

260
01:01:15.000 --> 01:01:22.000
So So today are what we would like to share with you or about is actually about the Covid-nineteen vaccination among the strong opponents in a Chinese society.

261
01:01:22.000 --> 01:01:45.000
So when we are doing the research, actually, there is a lot of struggle among us because at the very beginning there is a lot of struggle among us because at the very beginning there is a lot of struggle among us because at the very beginning we are doing a lot of struggle among us because at the very beginning we are, yeah, a lot of struggle among us because at the very beginning.

262
01:01:45.000 --> 01:01:50.000
we are thinking that maybe the reason why the people, some population of Hong Kong, are the people.

263
01:01:50.000 --> 01:02:02.000
Some population of Hong Kong are refusing the people. Some population of Hong Kong are refusing the Covid-nineteen vaccination is actually because they are resisting a. 19 vaccination is actually because they are resisting biomedicine.

264
01:02:02.000 --> 01:02:06.000
They don't like biomedicine. That means Western medicine. However, when we go into deeper analysis, actually the fact is not very simple.

265
01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:16.000
But actually it is related to something more in that. And in this presentation, we would like to try to piece out these very underlying issues.

266
01:02:16.000 --> 01:02:35.000
So yeah, I'm Judy. Yes, so coming from Hong Kong Polyitanic University and Anita is coming from Hong Kong Baptist University.

267
01:02:35.000 --> 01:02:43.000
Okay, so, yeah, when talking about, yeah, the background of this research, so I would not talk about the kovat.

268
01:02:43.000 --> 01:02:49.000
19 situation throughout the world because I think most of you would know that Covert. 19 pandemic actually is very serious around the world.

269
01:02:49.000 --> 01:03:07.000
Including a Chinese society, including our few sites Hong Kong. So but I just want to give you some background about yeah how the Hong Kong government is tackling about the kovat. 19 pandemic.

270
01:03:07.000 --> 01:03:15.000
So just like other communities, other countries, Hong Kong government is also encouraging people to do the kovat.

271
01:03:15.000 --> 01:03:22.000
19 vaccination. So, yeah, and in order to motivate the Hong Kong people to do the covert.

272
01:03:22.000 --> 01:03:32.000
19 vaccination. The Hong Kong government, yeah, has implemented a vaccine in incentive policy which is called vaccine past.

273
01:03:32.000 --> 01:03:46.000
And actually for the vaccine pass policy it is not talking about that you you have to do the vaccination it is not a compulsory thing from the Hong Kong government point of view but actually it is an insensitive thing.

274
01:03:46.000 --> 01:03:55.000
So the vaccine past the point of vaccine pass is that if you do the vaccination. So actually they have different schedules.

275
01:03:55.000 --> 01:04:10.000
For example, maybe in a certain month if you have received one dose of kovat 19 vaccine then you can do something for example you can Go to eat out, you don't need to do, you don't need to eat take away.

276
01:04:10.000 --> 01:04:21.000
But for example, if you don't do the vaccination, then some of your rights and some of your maybe public accessabilities would be limited.

277
01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:32.000
For example, you may not be allowed to go into a certain public premises. For example, you won't be able to go to your places which require you to take off a face mask.

278
01:04:32.000 --> 01:04:40.000
For example, in a restaurant you don't you you are not allowed to eat, are dying in but you have to eat take away.

279
01:04:40.000 --> 01:04:44.000
So for example if you go to some public offices if you don't do the vaccination, you are unable to do so as well.

280
01:04:44.000 --> 01:05:01.000
But if you can finish the target number of those according to the Hong Kong government, then you would be able to to have more public accessabilities.

281
01:05:01.000 --> 01:05:12.000
So actually this is about, yeah, about the idea of the vaccine. So actually, this is about, yeah, to, to have more public accessabilities.

282
01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:23.000
So actually, this is about, yeah, about the idea of the vaccine past try to use giving you more public accessabilities, more accessibility rights to motivate the citizens to do the vaccination.

283
01:05:23.000 --> 01:05:43.000
So actually it is not a mandatory requirement. And when we are looking at the statistics of the vaccination rates in relation to the vaccine paths Yeah, you can say that it is rather successful to a certain extent because we can see that from the Hong Kong government vaccination statistics after the implementation of the vaccine pass the vaccination rates would will

284
01:05:43.000 --> 01:06:10.000
suddenly rise up very rapidly. For example, when coming to the day 20 seventh of September, 2,022 we can see that actually 94.1% of the Hong Kong population had received at least one dose of the vaccination and and also more than 90% has received a second yose and more than 70%

285
01:06:10.000 --> 01:06:22.000
has finished the fur dose. So when coming to the M to the finish of the vaccine pass policy, for example, yeah in March, 2,023.

286
01:06:22.000 --> 01:06:28.000
So actually we can see that the vaccination rate has moved up as well. Move up a little bit as well.

287
01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:42.000
So you can see that. From the percentage it is not really bad for the vaccine past policy. Yeah, it fully motivates quite a lot of people to do the vaccination.

288
01:06:42.000 --> 01:07:00.000
After the end of the vaccine past policy of the Hong Kong government, are if we go to the statistics, still there are around 5.4% of the Hong Kong population, they are still remain unvaccinated now.

289
01:07:00.000 --> 01:07:04.000
So for these 5.4% of the Hong Kong population, they are still bringing and vaccinated now.

290
01:07:04.000 --> 01:07:19.000
So for these 5.4% of their Hong Kong population, they are the target. Informants of our research because we would we are very interested you know that for this kind of vaccine incentive policy, it is rather effective to most Hong Kong people.

291
01:07:19.000 --> 01:07:47.000
However, it is rather ineffective for these 5.4% of population. So we are very interested to know that why these 5.4% are not motivated to do the vaccination even though they are is of strong policy talking about the vaccine paths they would they may prefer to sacrifice their freedom to assess to public facilities to do their dining in

292
01:07:47.000 --> 01:07:56.000
the restaurants, but still they do not want to do the vaccination. So this is, yeah, actually we are very interested in knowing about this.

293
01:07:56.000 --> 01:08:07.000
So when talking about the reasons for getting vaccinated or not vaccinated, so actually there are different aspects in doing this kind of research.

294
01:08:07.000 --> 01:08:22.000
So if we go to some public health literature, actually we can see that the 2 most popular fears in trying to understand people's vaccination behavior would be talking about the cubic theories.

295
01:08:22.000 --> 01:08:41.000
One is the health belief model. And then other is talking about the theory of plan behavior. However, yeah, I would say from an anthropologist point of view and an inter Actually is a sociologist.

296
01:08:41.000 --> 01:08:57.000
Actually, we are not very happy with these 2 fears, even though in the literature we can see tons of the literature talking about how health belief model, how theory of time behavior would look at the vaccine behavior would look at vaccine hesitancy.

297
01:08:57.000 --> 01:09:20.000
So but we are not very happy with these 2 theories. The reason is because for these 2 theories we will think that it is rather limited because if you go to the details of the health belief model and theory of plan behavior, I would say they would be focusing quite a lot on the micro fence for example maybe talking about the personal attributes I are from

298
01:09:20.000 --> 01:09:33.000
from an anthropologist point of view so yeah so actually we are not very happy about it because as an anthropologist as a sociologist we are more interested in looking at the more macro expat.

299
01:09:33.000 --> 01:09:44.000
So that's the reason why, yeah, we are abducting and other theoretical approach to guide our thinking to guide our study when doing this research.

300
01:09:44.000 --> 01:10:02.000
And this research framework would be talking about the critical medical anthropology because for the critical medical anthropology framework it is brought a new theory it is suggested by Bayer Singer and Susa in 1,997 in in in their bow.

301
01:10:02.000 --> 01:10:14.000
So they firstly suggested about the framework of critical medical anthropology and they would say that for all kinds of the health issues including the vaccination I suppose.

302
01:10:14.000 --> 01:10:21.000
Actually we are able to do that analysis from 4 social levels. Individual level, microrossocial level, intermediate sensor level and the macrossocial level.

303
01:10:21.000 --> 01:10:39.000
So actually for the individual social level I would say it is comparable to the health belief model and also the theory of plan behavior because for the individual level as I would talk through.

304
01:10:39.000 --> 01:11:01.000
Actually it is rather, belonging to your more personal attribute things. However, yet the add ins of critical medical anthropology framework is that they will try to investigate a problem from the microscopic intermediate social level and also the macro social level in which the health belief model and also the theory of

305
01:11:01.000 --> 01:11:14.000
plan behavior do not pay much attention to. And yeah, for this more macro level layers, that would be the more key target of our analysis.

306
01:11:14.000 --> 01:11:28.000
So when talking about the research methods are because I'm an anthropologist so yeah we try to up job a more worldly very qualitative approach in doing the analysis so we have adopted individual semi structure and in-depth interviews.

307
01:11:28.000 --> 01:11:41.000
And these intervals were conducted with 30 individuals which include 19 men and 11 women in Hong Kong.

308
01:11:41.000 --> 01:12:01.000
And in the field period I would say it ran rather long. Yeah because actually it moves from September 2022 and March 2023 because it is rather difficult for you free because it is rather difficult for us to target to find other informants in this, yeah, from our cohort because just only 5.4% of

309
01:12:01.000 --> 01:12:20.000
the population actually they are not vaccinated. So these are these are our sampling criteria. And also for the most important thing is talking about the findings as I have mentioned before I would use the CMA framework to guide our analysis.

310
01:12:20.000 --> 01:12:29.000
So Sort of finding is talking about the findings from the micro-social level. That means it is talking about a more personal thing.

311
01:12:29.000 --> 01:12:46.000
For example, the personal experience of the people and also the experience of their social network. So from our participants actually they do not have at individual level one of the theme is that they do not have the trust on the vaccine.

312
01:12:46.000 --> 01:13:05.000
When we are when we are looking at the in the fields are yet the interview scripts Actually, the lack of trust of the vaccine is closely related to not just because the vaccine is is a very new thing actually it is quite a lot of things.

313
01:13:05.000 --> 01:13:15.000
We later to the land of trust for example it is rather new. They don't think that maybe after one year the vaccine will be able to come up actually they do not trust about that.

314
01:13:15.000 --> 01:13:28.000
But actually in the inner level, they do not trust the vaccine also partly because of the are of the back motives of your, yeah, of the vaccination.

315
01:13:28.000 --> 01:13:39.000
For example, yeah, talking about maybe the capitalist nature, the money oriented nature of the vaccine because they believe that the vaccine is being invented with an intention.

316
01:13:39.000 --> 01:14:01.000
The pharmaceutical company wants to make it for money, etc. And yeah, and also talking about the influence of the social network and quite a lot of their friends, their family members are very hesitant to do the vaccination so they are not very interested to do the vaccination.

317
01:14:01.000 --> 01:14:11.000
And also ideas are to do the vaccination. And also, yes, they will also vary that because they believe that they will also vary that because they believe that the vaccine actually has a lot of, that because they believe that the vaccine actually has a lot of side.

318
01:14:11.000 --> 01:14:24.000
So actually they would worry that if they do the vaccine, they will have a very high possibility to suffer from a side effects and that would burden their family members to take care of them.

319
01:14:24.000 --> 01:14:36.000
So these are the themes, the main themes in the individual level. And then the next level according to CMA framework we will be talking about a micro social level thing.

320
01:14:36.000 --> 01:14:50.000
So for the microsystem level thing, the informers would think that actually the microsystem level is talking about the interaction between the patients, the people and the health care providers.

321
01:14:50.000 --> 01:14:59.000
So actually for this level, when talking about the themes, we will be able to see that for the, for the informants.

322
01:14:59.000 --> 01:15:12.000
They do not trust the biomedical advice as well. Why they do not trust them because they will think that the biomedical advice made by the doctors actually are not very consistent.

323
01:15:12.000 --> 01:15:23.000
Because for for a lot of infection control policies in Hong Kong. For example, when talking about not just about the vaccination, but when talking about the use of face masks.

324
01:15:23.000 --> 01:15:37.000
A lot of informers would notice that the biomedical advice is not very consistent. For example, at the very beginning, the doctors would say that it is useless for you to use 2 face mask, but just one face mask is enough.

325
01:15:37.000 --> 01:15:51.000
However, when coming to the maybe to the very serious outbreak of our covert pandemic which we will call is the fifth wave outbreak the biomedical doctors changed their words they would say that in order to give you better protection, maybe it is better for you to use if you don't have N.

326
01:15:51.000 --> 01:16:09.000
5, please try to use 2 surgical face masks in order to give you better protection. So actually the informers would say that the biomedical advice is rather inconsistent.

327
01:16:09.000 --> 01:16:20.000
So actually, it is not science at all. So yes, so that's the reason why they are not very, they do not trust the biomedical advice as well.

328
01:16:20.000 --> 01:16:21.000
And also for other for some other informants they will think that the biomedical advice have no consensus as well.

329
01:16:21.000 --> 01:16:36.000
Sometimes this doctor would say that but another doctor would say another thing. So this reduce their trust on the vaccine.

330
01:16:36.000 --> 01:16:44.000
And when talking about the intermediate social level, it is talking about the biomedical, actually it is talking about the institutional policy.

331
01:16:44.000 --> 01:16:55.000
So for the informants, they do not trust the biomedical advice because Actually, they would think that the biomedical advice is working with the government.

332
01:16:55.000 --> 01:17:02.000
They followed a government standpoint. So actually because the political environment I would say the Hong Kong people do not trust Hong Kong government much.

333
01:17:02.000 --> 01:17:22.000
So when the biomedical doctors are agree with what the government say you should do the vaccination actually this I aroused their their agitation and finally when coming to the macroscopic level, it will be talking about the more cultural things.

334
01:17:22.000 --> 01:17:27.000
For example, according to the CMA framework, it would be talking about the F no cultural beliefs.

335
01:17:27.000 --> 01:17:43.000
For example, the practice of ethnic medicine, the complementary medicine, etc. And another thing that is raised by capitalism is that actually it is talking about, yeah, the operation of capitalism.

336
01:17:43.000 --> 01:17:57.000
As I have mentioned before, quite a lot of informants do not trust the vaccine because not just because the vaccine is too new but they would are I suspect that there is a profit oriental interest behind the vaccine.

337
01:17:57.000 --> 01:18:02.000
Yet the company, the pharmaceutical company wants to earn more money through the vaccine. So actually that's the reason why you will be able to see that from this informants.

338
01:18:02.000 --> 01:18:21.000
There is are the barriers not to do the vaccination is also closely related to the rejection of the capitalist or the struggle with this kind of capitalist idea as well.

339
01:18:21.000 --> 01:18:33.000
So, yeah, this is talking about the ethanol medicine. They would think that, yeah, when talking about disease prevention, it is better to do complementary medicine.

340
01:18:33.000 --> 01:18:43.000
For example, Chinese medicine in Hong Kong. So they would think that actually the vaccine is not very good because it is just like an external thing.

341
01:18:43.000 --> 01:19:04.000
So coming finally to the discussion. So because our time is limited so I cannot share with you a lot in in a presentation but the main point is that when we are analyzing, yet the vaccine barriers among these strong opponents of the, vaccination actually it is very important for us to look at the more macro-level things.

342
01:19:04.000 --> 01:19:20.000
Actually, it is very important for us to look at the more macro level things. For example, yeah, maybe superficially maybe at our first assumption we would say that yeah we would assume that the people do not want to do vaccination because they don't like the vaccine. Do not want to do vaccination because they don't like the vaccine.

343
01:19:20.000 --> 01:19:30.000
Yeah, they don't like the vaccine, they don't like the vaccine, they don't like biomedicine, etc, they don't like biomedicine, etc.

344
01:19:30.000 --> 01:19:44.000
However, when we try to do deeper analysis, we would think that the fact is not that simple. It is not because they don't like biomedicine, but actually they do not show a lot of trust.

345
01:19:44.000 --> 01:20:01.000
Are on the logic, especially the capitalist lodging running behind biomedicine and running behind a vaccine that can motivate their nonvvaccination or even strong refusal of the vaccine.

346
01:20:01.000 --> 01:20:13.000
So yeah, actually this is our main point. Yeah, of our study here. Yes, so because of the time limitation I cannot share with you too much here but I will be happy to talk more in the Q&A section.

347
01:20:13.000 --> 01:20:18.000
Thank you very much.

348
01:20:18.000 --> 01:20:33.000
And finally, yeah, it is, yeah, just a small map. Yeah, a concept map, yes, showing about the interacting relationship between the 4 social levels when talking about the vaccine refusal of our informants.

349
01:20:33.000 --> 01:20:40.000
Thank you very much.

350
01:20:40.000 --> 01:20:44.000
Okay.

351
01:20:44.000 --> 01:20:52.000
Please. Questions.

352
01:20:52.000 --> 01:20:56.000
Yeah.

353
01:20:56.000 --> 01:21:05.000
Oh

354
01:21:05.000 --> 01:21:11.000
I'll online presenters are around we

355
01:21:11.000 --> 01:21:23.000
Any check it on the sunlight? There's maybe no point to Oh, okay.

356
01:21:23.000 --> 01:21:32.000
Where

357
01:21:32.000 --> 01:21:39.000
Okay.

358
01:21:39.000 --> 01:21:46.000
You there in the

359
01:21:46.000 --> 01:21:59.000
She's not there. No, she's not that. Yes, so we can skip questions for Alexandra.

360
01:21:59.000 --> 01:22:08.000
So the fly is open. You can ask your questions now.

361
01:22:08.000 --> 01:22:28.000
Yes. So, so, Thank you.

362
01:22:28.000 --> 01:22:42.000
Thank you. Everybody. Also online it was really really interesting what struck me was this number of studies that both of the systematic reviews had done.

363
01:22:42.000 --> 01:22:51.000
So this is quite amazing. So I'm wondering is this also reflective of the status of sociological research on vaccines.

364
01:22:51.000 --> 01:23:07.000
And vaccine hesitancy that I'm asking actually the everybody in the room like are we aware of this this numbers and and then I think it's really important that this Reviews are done so that we can actually get some kind of conclusion.

365
01:23:07.000 --> 01:23:28.000
So I definitely will read Muhammad's published article and and or entire group so II don't have a question to you other than this that What do we make out of this amazing number of studies with actually also an amazing number of study participants.

366
01:23:28.000 --> 01:23:41.000
So Eric's study was quite Like the number of people in this is amazing. My question would be about the detail then like is there Did you?

367
01:23:41.000 --> 01:23:58.000
Discuss anything about the cost and access to this shingles vaccination because in Finland it's really really costly and that affects the it's not about the same kind of hesitancy that you talk about when there's government availability.

368
01:23:58.000 --> 01:24:06.000
So that I think matters a lot if this costs more than $500. In our country it does.

369
01:24:06.000 --> 01:24:17.000
So even people who have quite a good income. Actually would be hesitant to take it. And then the other question would be the the type of vaccine.

370
01:24:17.000 --> 01:24:24.000
So are we in Hong Kong talking about the Chinese vaccine or is it what Does it matter at all?

371
01:24:24.000 --> 01:24:38.000
Which Oh, pharmaceutical is his manufacturing the vaccine. We could take a few. I can run with these things.

372
01:24:38.000 --> 01:24:56.000
We answering most questions first or should I ask mine? Yeah, want to Great. Okay. Hi, I'm Emily Hanson.

373
01:24:56.000 --> 01:25:07.000
I'm from the University of Tasmania, which is a state in Australia. I'm glad you asked about the cost because that was the first of my questions so now I only have to ask one.

374
01:25:07.000 --> 01:25:27.000
I was very interested in your interest in the pattern between high use of alcohol and higher uptake. And I just thought from an Australian perspective, we actually have a social patterning of alcohol abuse where higher alcohol use is more common among the middle classes.

375
01:25:27.000 --> 01:25:50.000
And I know that context is very important in terms of uptake of vaccinations, but certainly here that That pattern wouldn't surprise me particularly because the middle classes in terms of those vaccinations are more likely to take them up particularly because here the shingles vaccine isn't rolled out in the same way through the government program until people are

376
01:25:50.000 --> 01:26:05.000
60. And so anyone opting for it sooner are probably going to be paying for it. That was also I wondered what the relationship was between income and alcohol use in the US.

377
01:26:05.000 --> 01:26:12.000
So I'm Stephanie. Hi. I also had just 2 questions for you. So one was multi-planarity between your independent variables.

378
01:26:12.000 --> 01:26:20.000
So I was curious about that, but I was also interested in Is there a relationship between alcohol rating and health rating?

379
01:26:20.000 --> 01:26:30.000
So you said that individuals who rated themselves well were less likely to get the vaccine but you also said individuals who abstained from drinking.

380
01:26:30.000 --> 01:26:36.000
Or less likely to vaccine. So I didn't know if there was any relationship between those 2 variables if you'd analyze that and then.

381
01:26:36.000 --> 01:26:40.000
The other thing I was, I just wanted a clarification of how, measures the shingles vaccine is it have you ever gotten the shingles vaccine?

382
01:26:40.000 --> 01:26:54.000
Yeah, so but it doesn't disentangle if they got both doses of the vaccine, right?

383
01:26:54.000 --> 01:27:11.000
Yeah, I don't know how it's phrased. I guess it is possible that someone gets one dose of the newer one it did not get the second so we but Right, I guess that's a little bit of interpretation from the person responding to the to the question, right?

384
01:27:11.000 --> 01:27:19.000
Maybe they're due up to get the second one. You would hope that they would have completed the sequence and if they you know, that they only got one in a quit, you would hope that they would put no, but yes.

385
01:27:19.000 --> 01:27:33.000
So in HPV vaccine when there's 2 doses we see that sometimes there's a discrepancy between individuals and there aren't different reasons why someone gets the first dose but then fails for completion of the second dose.

386
01:27:33.000 --> 01:27:46.000
And so there just might be something to consider if you find other data sources that can disentangle the one dose versus 2 dose because very different if you start it and complete it versus if you don't start it at all.

387
01:27:46.000 --> 01:28:12.000
Yeah, no it is possible that yeah I'm just trying to think if they use the word, yeah, I'm just trying to think if they use the word completed or they use the word completed or they said successfully finish that that I can't remember now. If they said successfully finished, I don't that I can't remember now.

388
01:28:12.000 --> 01:28:21.000
I got it in a detail. Well, as a lot of you may know, despite all the problems facing the American health care system generally and the cost etc.

389
01:28:21.000 --> 01:28:28.000
The healthcare system for older adults is actually pretty good, that they tend to be free, it tends to cover everybody.

390
01:28:28.000 --> 01:28:35.000
Yes, shingle is very expensive but what I understand Medicare does cover it for older adults but they might not know it.

391
01:28:35.000 --> 01:28:58.000
I do think that I do need to learn a little more about knowledge of cost. So I think for the most part cost is not an issue, but that was something I know I looked up a lot a year ago and almost forgot so thank you that that one I do have more of an answer to your religion question.

392
01:28:58.000 --> 01:29:12.000
I'm sorry, that was about your alcohol question. Cause you said something about now. Keep in mind, I agree with you about the Although for the older adults, see sometimes the drinking patterns of course change when you say middle class sometimes it changes by generation too.

393
01:29:12.000 --> 01:29:17.000
Where I think, and sometimes it depends on if you're talking about binge drinking versus casual drinking.

394
01:29:17.000 --> 01:29:31.000
In fact, that the flood I'm actually giving an alcohol talk this afternoon at 5 30 in this room I think and it's in the for some reason but if you're interested I do talk about those patterns So I do control for, I think what you said is correct.

395
01:29:31.000 --> 01:29:42.000
I knew control for class, although there might be some other things there. What I think the religion, I'm sorry, what I think the explanation is about that is actually religion might be part of it.

396
01:29:42.000 --> 01:29:58.000
So in the US, we think, although religion is not asked of course on this CBC questionnaire, but I think it's possible that some individuals that are quite religious might abstain from alcohol and also have some vaccine hesitancy.

397
01:29:58.000 --> 01:30:06.000
I think that's one possible explanation. I think another one that you might have hinted at or at least with the self-rated health question.

398
01:30:06.000 --> 01:30:15.000
Is I think that oh Again, this is just conjecture, but maybe someone who thinks that

399
01:30:15.000 --> 01:30:26.000
Doesn't want any kind of, think of someone maybe that thinks of themselves as very healthy doesn't want any foreign substances in their body and alcohol could be a foreign substance in the vaccine could be far in substance. So that's the 2.

400
01:30:26.000 --> 01:30:28.000
What was your first question about the? The other, okay. Oh, right, right. And I'm suffering.

401
01:30:28.000 --> 01:30:53.000
Gosh, I should have. Yeah, please look at about the cost. It covers almost everyone. Men here for older and all.

402
01:30:53.000 --> 01:31:07.000
65 so there is a little difference between the 60 and 65 and now it's down to 50 so there are some people that might well anyway but you could have good health insurance if you're 55 if you work for a company and like I'm guessing my I'm almost positive my shingles, Maxine's

403
01:31:07.000 --> 01:31:15.000
gonna be covered by my health insurance from from the state. Okay, yeah, thank you for that. If somebody had a review question said, well, what about people that are uninsured?

404
01:31:15.000 --> 01:31:24.000
But most older adults are not uninsured in the US. What was your, your, you had a question about the, or did I answer your question about the?

405
01:31:24.000 --> 01:31:42.000
My ministry is not only 100. Yes, of course I can't remember now. Like there are certain things about the, like how often of course you see a physician.

406
01:31:42.000 --> 01:31:48.000
Right, if you go to have your yearly checkup. And there's another health behavior.

407
01:31:48.000 --> 01:32:07.000
Yeah, there wasn't as much as you would think. Oh, but you're talking about also between the 20 no you're coming in Yeah, okay good yeah I have to think about that but yeah I don't have a great answer for you in on the top of that but I'm yeah I don't have a great answer

408
01:32:07.000 --> 01:32:09.000
for you and on the top of my head but I'm yeah I don't have a great answer for you and on the top of my head Yes.

409
01:32:09.000 --> 01:32:15.000
Yeah, you could be right. Thank you.

410
01:32:15.000 --> 01:32:16.000
Yes. Of course.

411
01:32:16.000 --> 01:32:36.000
Dr. Eric, may I ask the question to you please? Yeah, yeah, so I think, yeah, the presentation you did just really very fascinating, you know, but I in my mind, I was thinking regarding the number of population that means they you have used 60 plus a's older older But, have

412
01:32:36.000 --> 01:32:44.000
you found any differences, in terms of young or middle or old or, any, any.

413
01:32:44.000 --> 01:32:58.000
Yes, and now I don't remember because I don't have the result but yeah I broke I think because of the data limitations I broke into 3 I think there were 3 categories or maybe 60 70 70 to 80 and 80 plus.

414
01:32:58.000 --> 01:33:08.000
And a firing with shingles I can't remember now I'm sorry I think with the flu shot it actually increased as they got older right they were maybe more likely that the doctor said you better get a flu shot.

415
01:33:08.000 --> 01:33:20.000
So that's a great question and as I said I actually thought I had my results with me but are my other because I only highlighted some results here but yeah it wasn't in my folder, but that's a great question.

416
01:33:20.000 --> 01:33:30.000
Thank you. Yeah, this these results actually I think they actually are I could say that in the if you look up my last name in the Journal of Vaccine we actually did publish this recently.

417
01:33:30.000 --> 01:33:48.000
It's my most recent. Published paper so thank you And did you want to answer the question about the about the what you think about the I guess it was sociology as a field moving to these group studies.

418
01:33:48.000 --> 01:34:16.000
Analysis right yeah, so. maybe, from a sociologist point of view or anthropologist point of view we would think that actually yet the key point is that You have to go into the more, social thing and also the couch broken and also the ideological thing operating behind the

419
01:34:16.000 --> 01:34:33.000
vaccine. Yeah and for example in our research actually we have also collected some demographic data including maybe educational statues or maybe including income level as well and also yeah talking about that age.

420
01:34:33.000 --> 01:34:51.000
However when coming to for example for for our study at this moment. We would think that our audio a lot of past literature would fame maybe education level has a close relationship with vaccine hesitancy.

421
01:34:51.000 --> 01:34:57.000
For example, a lot of international literature would indicate have 4 for the people who are coming from the lower educational level, they will be more hesitant to do the vaccination.

422
01:34:57.000 --> 01:35:20.000
However, you know, what study it seems that the office actually the opposite appears because for our informants quite a number of them have received at least post secondary education and even quite a number of them had finished.

423
01:35:20.000 --> 01:35:35.000
Masters education and so yeah this kind of findings although I cannot say it is it can be generalized because after all our study just only include about 30 informants.

424
01:35:35.000 --> 01:35:57.000
So it cannot be generalized and however it seems that from our study sometimes this kind of demographic thing may not be aligned with yeah with with the things that we can see in their international literature for example yeah a lot of Hi, educational, laughing people.

425
01:35:57.000 --> 01:36:01.000
They woolly object the COVID-19 vaccination. So this is from an anthropologist point of view.

426
01:36:01.000 --> 01:36:15.000
Yes.

427
01:36:15.000 --> 01:36:29.000
Know if people people want to ask. Yes, our online audience, if you have any questions. And Okay.

428
01:36:29.000 --> 01:36:34.000
Okay. Hi, my name's Drinda. I'm from the University of Western Australia in Perth.

429
01:36:34.000 --> 01:36:39.000
I am a sociologist. My training but I'm actually currently in public health. I actually have a question for Judy.

430
01:36:39.000 --> 01:36:55.000
I was really fascinated with your critical medical anthropology framework. And what I would like to ask because in public health they tend to use what they call a sociological model.

431
01:36:55.000 --> 01:37:05.000
How do you have you come across that? Have you thought about how it changes its different? What this one offers as opposed to that one.

432
01:37:05.000 --> 01:37:09.000
Might be a bit of a long question to answer so if you just want to give a real brief one.

433
01:37:09.000 --> 01:37:14.000
Thank you. Oh.

434
01:37:14.000 --> 01:37:27.000
Yeah, hello. Thank you for all your presentations. I am Elena and I also work in Hong Kong at the Chinese University of And so I have a question for Judy.

435
01:37:27.000 --> 01:37:39.000
I'm also a trained anthropologist. I really, Also enjoyed the use of this framework which look at the different lens and dimension and interplay.

436
01:37:39.000 --> 01:37:50.000
And I was not expecting capitalism to emerge as so prominent, especially in Hong Kong as one of the reasons for such refusal.

437
01:37:50.000 --> 01:38:06.000
But I was expecting lack of trust towards the government in the political situation to be key. So I would like to ask if you could allow a bit more if in this specific group lack of trust towards the government at Or not.

438
01:38:06.000 --> 01:38:15.000
Okay, thank you so much.

439
01:38:15.000 --> 01:38:28.000
So thank you very much for the 2 questions. So maybe I answer, maybe I answered the second one because it appears to be a much easier question to me.

440
01:38:28.000 --> 01:38:45.000
So the second question is talking about the lack of trust of government whether it is a key role or not and if you ask me and also Anita when she is reading my paper and trying to give me some comments, some critics.

441
01:38:45.000 --> 01:38:49.000
Actually, yeah, yeah, we would also think that, political distress on a government is playing quite a remarkable role.

442
01:38:49.000 --> 01:39:19.000
Especially when we are trying to analyze, are yet that he's hesitancy on your forces or levels for example when talking about why they do not trust a vaccine actually is it is related to different perspectives for example they do not trust yeah the biomedicine otherwise because they are inconsistent they always changes and the biomedical doctors do not have

443
01:39:24.000 --> 01:39:39.000
a consensus as well. So actually when pushing deeper they were also down step, I mean the informants would also doubt that, yeah, the biomedical doctors is working with the government.

444
01:39:39.000 --> 01:39:56.000
So that's the reason why in in my presentation maybe it is rather brief. It is related to the political distress of the government because the government, as you know, is pushing the vaccination through the vaccine pass policy.

445
01:39:56.000 --> 01:40:18.000
And on the other hand, the biomedical doctors is encouraging the people to do the vaccination. See, I have also done my vaccination and I'm safe now so it is also very same for you to do the vaccination and Twitter are in the rise of their informants they would say that it seems that there should be some

446
01:40:18.000 --> 01:40:32.000
secret connection between the biomedical doctors and also the government that are they are collaborating each other together to push or to highly encourage the cities to do the vaccination.

447
01:40:32.000 --> 01:40:46.000
So I would say, yeah, that's the reason why superficially it is just like the vaccine review so is a kind of refusal or objection or resistance against file medicine.

448
01:40:46.000 --> 01:40:59.000
However, when you dig deeper, it is related to some very inner ideology. For example, our capitalist idea, the proper oriental nature of the vaccine.

449
01:40:59.000 --> 01:41:08.000
They do not feel very comfortable around it. And also talking about the political distress, they do not trust I, yeah, the government.

450
01:41:08.000 --> 01:41:18.000
And if anyone is having the same opinion as with your government for example the biomedical doctors oh you should do the vaccination then.

451
01:41:18.000 --> 01:41:44.000
Actually, it would easily arouse the agitation of some informants that are you collaborating together so I will agree with you that yeah one of the remarkable very underlying reason is related to your political distress of the Hong Kong government, especially as you know there are some yeah some some movement being happened in around 2,019 2,000 and

452
01:41:44.000 --> 01:42:03.000
20 so yeah i agree with you so and thank you very much for pointing this out and reminding us about this and also for the first question which is talking about the first question which is talking about the difference between the first question which is talking about the difference between the socioeconomic, which is talking about the difference between the socio-ecological

453
01:42:03.000 --> 01:42:07.000
model, which is talking about the difference between the socio-ecological model, yeah, and also the CMA.

454
01:42:07.000 --> 01:42:31.000
I would say actually there is, not very big difference between this model. However, when I try to look at the socio-ecological model, it seems that I'm not sure whether my interpretation of this model is correct but my interpretation is that it really talks about the socio-ecological model rarely

455
01:42:31.000 --> 01:42:47.000
talks about an ideological thing. But for the CMA framework it would try to point out some ideological thing for example according to the CMA framework that would be talking about a capitalist thing.

456
01:42:47.000 --> 01:43:01.000
Yeah, that actually the capitalist thing would affect our thinking. And so this would affect our health behavior as an outcome for further socio-ecological model.

457
01:43:01.000 --> 01:43:13.000
Actually it is also a very macro model but it appears to me that it lacks about yeah the interaction with the ideological thing.

458
01:43:13.000 --> 01:43:19.000
So, yeah, but I'm not sure whether my interpretation is correct. So. Yeah.

459
01:43:19.000 --> 01:43:36.000
Anyway, I'm not too expert in our socio ecological more. Or maybe because I'm an anthropologist or I'm yeah more attractive with yeah with the anthropological framework maybe.

460
01:43:36.000 --> 01:43:52.000
Yeah, I'm not sure Anita will have. Yeah. Okay. Any more questions?

461
01:43:52.000 --> 01:44:08.000
I'll just go back to the original question I got about the insurance and cost like I did she leave yeah but but but I do appreciate that was one reason I'm wanted to present here is that if anybody has any thoughts or certainly I'm working on some other projects right now but one thing I was kind of wondering about or maybe like to

462
01:44:08.000 --> 01:44:17.000
do some cross-national comparison all the data is not great about you know percent vaccinated and then tie into their insurance system in that country.

463
01:44:17.000 --> 01:44:21.000
I was kind of surprised that Australia might not be covered and it would be very expensive, I would almost think that they'd be more generous with that than the United States.

464
01:44:21.000 --> 01:44:44.000
My colleague is from Canada and they have a higher rate. I forget what it is. But you said this public public campaigns everywhere where in the US I started to see some in the last year or so every so often I'll see a random commercial but basically I think some people don't even know about it and unless the you know somebody brings it

465
01:44:44.000 --> 01:44:55.000
up and then from what I understand in Mexico some vaccines are quite popular if you will are used but almost nobody gets it's almost just not discussed, nobody even knows it exists in Mexico.

466
01:44:55.000 --> 01:45:06.000
So definitely it's a cross. National but that thank you for your comments about covid one thing I didn't mention because it wasn't the main part of the study, but.

467
01:45:06.000 --> 01:45:26.000
That it's pretty clear to me that. Because of COVID flu shot uptake increased that's why older adults increase the percent of who was getting the annual shot in 2,020 compared to 2017 that's some but you know it's maybe good to tell you that maybe Americans may be more likely to take a

468
01:45:26.000 --> 01:45:34.000
shot if they think they're gonna die. Maybe it takes that scare and then so some individuals and they got the covid say, oh yeah, I usually don't get the flu shot but I'll get that too.

469
01:45:34.000 --> 01:45:37.000
But the shingles no, it's not going to kill you. Too many shots for me or something like that.

470
01:45:37.000 --> 01:45:44.000
I don't know.

471
01:45:44.000 --> 01:45:50.000
I just, after that, Yemen and I'll be speaking in the next session.

472
01:45:50.000 --> 01:46:03.000
It's possible that the seasonality of the flu gives more opportunity for the doctors to suggest more opportunity for the doctors to suggest the vaccine, than something that's continuous maybe doesn't have a opportunity for the doctors to suggest the vaccine, then something that's continuous maybe doesn't have a particular.

473
01:46:03.000 --> 01:46:08.000
There is no protocol for the doctors to say now you get to offer it. So that could be another reason.

474
01:46:08.000 --> 01:46:15.000
That's great. Thank you. Yeah, right. It's almost like academics, unless there's a deadline.

475
01:46:15.000 --> 01:46:34.000
I think I don't know if, How many wanted to comment on your original question about the, was but the increased meta studies and where you see that going in sociology for this type of research.

476
01:46:34.000 --> 01:46:47.000
It's not with us. Our time is up. Oh, okay. Okay, so Mohammed if you want to Make a comment.

477
01:46:47.000 --> 01:46:48.000
You are welcome to do so.

478
01:46:48.000 --> 01:46:58.000
Well, No, well, hello. No, I think that we are at the last moment, but, thank you for raising these questions.

479
01:46:58.000 --> 01:46:59.000
No doubt, thank you for raising these questions. No doubt, more sociological resources. No doubt, more sociological resources are needed here.

480
01:46:59.000 --> 01:47:08.000
Since I am a demographer and are needed here. Since I am a demographer and a population, since, I am a demographer and a population, population, population exports in that category.

481
01:47:08.000 --> 01:47:09.000
You know, not only I am a demographer and a population, population experts in that category.

482
01:47:09.000 --> 01:47:13.000
Not really experts. I'm learning actually. So in that context, I think, you know, we would like to see the inequality issues.

483
01:47:13.000 --> 01:47:23.000
You want to see, from variation from demographic variations or. Or subgroups of analysts.

484
01:47:23.000 --> 01:47:26.000
But for technological analysis that is possible. But so what kind of methodology we might use, whether we will do from quantitative resource or we'll do for some qualitative reasons.

485
01:47:26.000 --> 01:47:35.000
That is the critical constant, but no doubt I think, the study what I have shown to you, this is the systematic literature review.

486
01:47:35.000 --> 01:47:57.000
And based on that we did, but no doubt further resources are needed for more sociological point to view, particularly focusing on inequality issues subgroups of variation issues and and and and so on I think so I think with this I think I would like to I think.

487
01:47:57.000 --> 01:47:58.000
Oh

488
01:47:58.000 --> 01:48:05.000
So I think with this, I think I would like to, conclude my, thank you.

489
01:48:05.000 --> 01:48:13.000
So yes, thank you all our presenters for your wonderful presentations. And to audience we are grateful.

490
01:48:13.000 --> 01:48:23.000
So we have a 10 min break. I think it's reduced to 8 min break. We'll we'll be back at 1030.