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okay. good evening, all of you.

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this is a Tg, 3. Session rising authority, realism and prospective on democracy and globalized world.

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In before beginning the session and paper presentation.

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we will read out the country acknowledgment.

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that is me it

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by a

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so I will redraft the place known as the Australia.

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comprises the additional state of over 250 First national language groups.

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For nearly 50 years now Australians have increasingly.

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formally recognize the importance of country and the first nation, people's relationship

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and protocol

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for connecting business in country acknowledging countries

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source respect for the country

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and the first nation. Continuing connection to the country.

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Tasar

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T. A. And a 2,023 World Congress.

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2. Which to

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the cultural protocol to be known to all and observed

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the country we made

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on on for this World Congress

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is called

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now n M.

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And it is the home of the

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Koolean nation.

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Only vow pouring people, we acknowledging

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they are already. and pay our respect

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to their elders and ancestors.

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I agree with all these things that we suit. pay, and respect all those peoples

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who were there. and we has worked for the unification of the country, laid down life for the country.

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that is, must because you have to respect

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the people, the land and the I went.

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and you know, see at the Globe why we think about this session. because, you know, at the Globe

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the authoritarianism is in some way or other way. It is rising

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in somewhere. It is impacted through religion.

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Some way it is through economy. What's

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a author? Realism

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and the democratic country which were known to be democratic country

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rule of the people, for the people by the people

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and people were the first choice, and people were the maker of the government

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and government war for the people. but a due to I thought it. You need some

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and new kind of colonization by

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corporate houses and rising of primordial loyalties

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in terms of cars, creed, race reason, even food.

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close preferences, tradition, preferences

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to maintain the heismic power. The various government

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is, you can see this organizing the institution of democracy.

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whether it is democratic, set up in form of government.

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party systems

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and judiciary and other means.

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And that is why we thought that

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we should have a session in which we can have

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various perspective from different area. different part of world on democracy. And what kind of threat

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democracy is facing in time of globalized world.

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And what we as a thinker, being a sociologist and being a human being. what we can do to save the democracy

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and save the nation and save the world for a betterment of human life.

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So this session will be chaired by Dr. Jackson.

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and I request drops as the Exchange to come, and co-chair by Professor Dorges. 3 party they will be there.

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and one professor from Vathram is is there with us. It's verified

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so, and this will be also followed by Dr. Hasina on the way.

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And there are 4 paper presentator, and this is co-ccessor. The co-chair is Dr. Bina Jotidas.

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So over to Dr. Benovicho Tidas.

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and over to Dr. Jacqui and the party to start the session. Thank you.

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Okay. We would like to start, and already we have a a direction

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so to discuss about and to present our understanding. Elected with the situation, which is very important and contemporary topic.

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rising authoritarianism and perspectives on democracy in globalized world.

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as we have already discussed about the democracy is the 4 most important point for any civil society for any nation.

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so that we can be able to start our basic idea observation of the same to discuss on various issues

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in this session

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we have our chair, Officer Jackson, and we have a Nicholas, Professor Nicholas from Vietnam, from our Mit University, and some of the you know paper presenter, especially from I think. we are here to discuss about a demo

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who is here as your offline presenter, and we have 3 papers. It may be online presenter.

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and we have our

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 One of the university does, I think.

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session co-organis here with us, and I feel published to have all the paper presenters and professors and scholars in this region to discuss on very pertinent, very important topic, on the issues related to the democracy and authoritarian understanding, or the

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or any kind of a a social security, civil civil society, to understand about the the the causal effect and impact of democracy and authoritarian society for the global world would like to start first to, to, to, to, to to start this with the.

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I think we have the paper presenter online.

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Yeah, Nicole, yes.

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Nicodem, is you. Okay? The first presenter is presenting online.

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Okay? Very nice. You may start your presentation. And okay, you may start your presentation

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first, and you may have to understand about the limits of our time, or a constraint of the time, so that you have to restrict your presentation, and to conclude.

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15 min, sir, 12 min, 12 to 15 min. You may have to conclude, please.

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You may start now.

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Thank you so much. I hope you can hear me. Well, greetings from Croatia.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: so. But it is 9 30 here at the moment in the morning. I'm sorry I can't be there with you in a person. I had some family applications. So I had to do this online. My colleague Nicodem, is also sending his regards.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So today, I will talk about the authoritarianism and attitude stores the environment in Central Europe in both rural and urban areas. And we did the cross national analysis of the 3 waves of data from European Values study.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So we will examine today authoritarianism and attitude towards the environment in 8 Central European countries, and they have chosen Austria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia. I will just briefly discuss the reports of democratic backsliding in Central Europe, and look at some research on democratic versus authoritarian relation toward environmental protection. And then the main part of the presentation will be the empirical results from this cross country and cross-time analysis.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: so the reason they've chosen Central Europe is because Croatia, of course, is a part of it, and because of its common geopolitical position these countries have a shared history. They also have a shared a social and cultural identity. They're all part of the you tomorrow. We are celebrating our 10 years as the Member States of the European Union.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: they also, are part of either former or so packed countries, or former Yugoslavian countries. So post Socialist or post Communist countries.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: and then Austria and West Germany are additional to this, However, they despite their similarities, also have some differences, especially because of this historical experiences. So there is a lot of socioeconomic differences as well. So it will be interesting to see what is happening regarding the environment and also authoritarianism.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So after the fall of Communist regimes in the early 19 nineties, the newly formed sovereign states of Central Europe, opted for democracy and liberalism. in place of Communism and Socialist ideology. And this meant not only fundamental changes within their political and economic systems, but they also had to make very a major socio cultural as well as psychological adjustments.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: However, some literature still shows that there may be a sources of democratic breakdowns in these countries, and they question, or they look at their resilience or possible lack of resilience to authoritarianism.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: However, this is not only limited to these countries. in the Europe recently. we have had reports of the same kind of backsliding of democracy. And this has been connected in literature to economic crisis, regional and social disparities, immigration crisis

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Tijana Trako Poljak: mit Ctl, and a European integration or crisis of European integration, and also a reported loss of trust in national and European institutions throughout the EU 28 countries. One

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Tijana Trako Poljak: all of this contributed to the European countries and their citizens questioning the liberal democracy at least in its existing form.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: however, majority of research still suggests that democracies take better care of their environment than autocracies and totalitarian regimes. And one of the main reasons for this is popular vote and the supply of public goods. So from the very pragmatic perspective. Democratic representatives are dependent on popular vote, and the tasks are more interested in providing high quality. Public goods, such as healthy environment.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: also liberal principles, such as freedom of information and speech, as well as the freedom to act, mean that even if democratic leaders put their shortsighted interests above the environment, citizens are better informed about environmentally friendly alternatives, and they're more actively engaged in environmental protection

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Tijana Trako Poljak: in authoritarian regimes and totalitarian regimes. On the other hand, The rolling elite is largely left checked. One person or one-party rule inhibits the dissemination of information and scratches any protest pivizing the citizens.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So in the existing literature. Authoritarianism is defined that the macro, in micro level of analysis, and, according to the classical definition, violent authoritarianism relates primarily to a type of regime different from totalitarianism or democracy. Another approach by a doorkno and altimire, which we take in this paper. see authoritarianism more as a personality trait

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Tijana Trako Poljak: mit Ctl. And so Altemayer defines authoritarianism as consisting of 3 attitudinal clusters, obedience to authority, conventionality, and aggression towards the others. So it is not surprising that this type of personality further supports the dominant anti environmental paradigm in non democratic regimes as the authority to which obedience is required. This pro growth, 150.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: The tradition that is encouraged by To be preserved is anthropocentric and hostility towards the inferior. Others can be directed to people, but it can be also directed to nature as the other one.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: It is interesting, however, that these authoritarian personality traits have been increasingly found in democratic countries as well.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So what we are asking is, if a growing body of literature warrants about the present crisis of democracy, and if these personality, authoritarian personality traits are growing. What does this mean, for example, for Central European citizens and their attitudes towards the environment, especially with their post Communist, so autocratic history?

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So this is the methodology. We have done a cross-country and cross-time comparison of 8 Central European countries. And we've especially focused on rural urban differences. we looked at these 3 waves of Pvs. So 2,000 2,009 and 2,018, and they all have representative something of national population. And this is part of the research project funded by Creation Science Foundation, called Sets Rural

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Tijana Trako Poljak: I will not go into the items that we constructed the indexes from. Maybe we can go back to this into this in discussion if somebody wants to. look at methodology more deeply. But we have constructed 2 indexes authoritarian index. And

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Tijana Trako Poljak: for the analysis of the environment. We've chosen 3 items, one that repeated in all 3 waves, of whether you would give part of your income to protect the environment, and 2 that only appeared in 2,01718 wave. So whether we would protect the environment, even if it means that we cannot create new jobs and continue with economic development.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: and whether we are interested personally in the protection of the environment, we constructed an environmental indifference index. From this

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Tijana Trako Poljak: we also correlated this with this social demographic characteristics, to see if there is any predictors of environment. The latitudes based on gender age, education, income and residents. So the results for environmental attitudes, so that willingness to give part of income for environmental protection has decreased over the years

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Tijana Trako Poljak: in these countries, and it still remains the strongest in Croatia, Slovenia, and Germany in 2,017 respondents also were more in favor of environmental protection than economic growth and jobs. Except in Poland, which is a good thing and personal. This interest, environmental protection is still strong, and it is the strongest in creation, Poland.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: when they look at rural urban differences. they are significant in most central European countries, which is really interesting except in Germany. So in rural areas. they are less willing to give part of their income except in Croatia.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: environmental protection versus economic growth is also more visible in cities than in a rural areas except in Slovakia. And then personal interest events significant. we find most more this interest in rural areas in environmental protection.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So this is just the graphic to visualization. You can see that over the years so 99 to 2,017, this willingness is, on average, the precinct to give part of the income to protect the environment. And here, for example, you see this personal interest, or, better to say this interest in the protection of environment. in 2,017 it is quite strong still in Croatia, Poland, Slovenia as well.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: The results for authoritarian attitudes are quite interesting. They showed that this desire to have a strong leader is increasing. In 5 Central European countries. It has been on the rise in Austria and Hungary, in between the 2 waves, and now it is slowly decreasing, and then we see a decrease in Poland as well increase also in the desire to have a stronger respect for authority.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: in Austria, Christian Slovenia, and then in most countries, except in Czech. Yeah, there is a decrease in desirability of trying to get children to obey, or that obedience is something that they should learn at home. There is also a decrease in conventionalism. So this is in relations to questions regarding homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, and casual sex. This is what constructed the index

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Tijana Trako Poljak: when they look at through the urban differences when significant, except in Germany. Again, a rural areas and smaller cities have a stronger desire for a strong leader and stronger authority. and all rural areas except in these 3 countries. Slovenia, Slovakia, and Germany think that children should learn more obedience at home.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: Mit Ctl, and so here is just the show over the years that you can see very clearly that this a desire to have a strong leader, is growing, and that it is quite strong. In some countries where it is decreasing. In some countries it has grown in the second wave, and the decrease never reached the first wave 150

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Tijana Trako Poljak: again mit ctl, and so when we look at both of these results, so for an authoritarianism and environmental protection, one of the important predictors for environmental protection we have found is the desire to have a strong leader, 2

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Tijana Trako Poljak: mit. Ctl. And so in all Central European countries, respondents who are more inclined toward the authoritarianism are also more inclined for the economic growth and the creation of new jobs as opposed to environmental protection. In all countries there is a positive correlation between authoritarianism and personal disinterest in environmental protection, and this is similar for both rural and urban settlements, 250.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So when we look at associate demographics just briefly, and I will conclude, authoritarian is a mis predictive of this interesting environment for these countries, especially strong leader, and attitudes to homosexuality.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: rural urban differences were found, and I associate demographics for not as consistent. So lower level of education, for example, is an important predictor of environmental disinterest. In some countries, income in some countries so lower income and also gender age, parents, education were not shown to be good predictors.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: So what does this show us increase in awareness? of environmental protection in Central European countries has been prominent. And we can see this obviously in former Communist and post-socialist countries this is good. It is obvious that these countries are moving away from dominant tanks or pro growth paradigm. however, there is also obviously an issue with personal engagement. So when we talk about personal interest in environmental protection as opposed to

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Tijana Trako Poljak: so giving income or tax, etc., so giving it over to the government, there is a passivity of citizens which is not surprising, based on the history.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: there is an worrying rise in the desire to have a strong leader and stronger authority. and this is not, as I say, related only to these countries, but to Europe in general. and we have found this positive correlation between authoritarianism and personal dis interest. So what we would need is a further research.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: To see why this is happening especially why rural areas are so different. So why there are stronger authoritarian attitudes and non environmentalism there. Of course, we know that these are traditionally more conservative areas, there is stronger anthropocentrism, lower Gdp passivity stronger. But it would be interesting in further research to see why are some countries different? 2

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Tijana Trako Poljak: mit, Ctl. And what does this mean for the development of environmentalism in general in these countries and in rural areas? And maybe we need different approaches for rural and urban areas, and for these countries as well.

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Tijana Trako Poljak: Thank you so much for your attention. I'm looking forward to the discussion.

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Thank you. Thank you so much.

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Rosanna Praco Bulljack from University of Jagre, and your paper is very interesting, and you have done your research

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observation on very important topic which is

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covered about autism and attitudes towards the environment in rural and urban Central Europe. a cross-national analysis of the 3 waves of Evs data.

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And I do believe that your data, your conclusion

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can be the can be the way forward for a policy document for across national studies. And you have already, explained and mentioned about some of the credentials and contributions from Poland, from Slovakia, and I recall that I have visited the Slovakia Bathslava of University of Economic just a couple of weeks before.

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That's why I remember. I recall that your study comprises a cross national study and can be the way forward can be the policy matter, policy, direction for Some of the countries related to this rental Europe. Thank you again. And we can be able to appreciate your observation understanding related with your study

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again, I would like to, so I would like to request one of the paper presenter

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Padomo Jona Padomo is here to discuss about Their understanding about your topic is later. With this, the sustainable well-being approach and the right of future generations to to to contract the global risk of ecological authoritarianism. It's a very important topic, and we must

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at her, and to listen about and to know about your study. And I would like to request to all of you. If you have any question we may be able to. To

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those point out after the completion of this issue.

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Please keep your questions. Thank you all, please, Adam.

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Okay, Hello. My name is Jonah. member, the Central University, Venezuela. my English is so so so I better try reading.

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Okay? And he

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this.

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what?

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No?

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Okay. Sorry. Okay, we called technical glitch, for you understand?

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Okay.

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 to begging. It is important to remember the global rise according to unsusky Latin nuclear war or someplay Ukrania or Korea

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laws and aation or democracy populism.

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embarrassment, problem. Increasing in recent years.

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we combine the iteration of democracy and environment problem. We embrace the rise on by coming and ecological and the tatorship. Okay.

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things have already win in sil life.

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Freedom don't matter. What matter is this environment?

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if the democratic system does not allow the environment to improve, then we will has to change the system. Okay.

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Also, we has at a growing environment population and sampling climbing population with greater and other in the picture and smiling. Okay.

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these had already win satellite. Yeah. Sorry.

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As for the progress for the sampling of the Sd. He, Europe, and we 2023, we have the lies, Rapper, and the is in my head.

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We can hit lead. 2 teens. Okay, differs in the position of force

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as the aspect of economics. Growth are the most significant.

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Follow it. We. We progress in priority finale with less progress we have to is the he associate with environment aspect.

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We are watching the net revenue development.

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The question is how to make an environment aspect more relevant in the balloon-brain border with all ruining the rice or started era of ecological authoritarianisans. Okay fears

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we need a Posh, 2,030 agenda.

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The focus more on the UN. A.

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20 twelfth recommendation, the future we want for her on the U.

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1987. All common future. Okay, that is where the individual is the mayor on the end of development. Okay.

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the. For with their couple cts are these stimulate opportunities and freedom in grace

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important to understand the unsustainability, begging fears, wedded individual.

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In practice

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we has an alternative, miss, of the never well weighing approach.

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the space, the diverse contribution for Latin America, and various regions on the war for someplay, or and we be it in Latin America all the time in that

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asperity, on depressing. What weighing lead to fish I will weigh in continuous to be on, since

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what it yous on is that the well we on the future, the pain or the pressing with not by this person. It's comprehensive. Well weighing is to we ashes as part of just about

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are to face the station of adulteration, a direct multi-dimensional capabilities. Approach is need

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in the over. The other work, integrate the capabilities of the future as a multi-dimensional valuer over way in the press. Okay.

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it is important to remember that capabilities and sustainability can be displayed in saying a newsbound as follows.

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people need not only to has a capabilities today.

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but also a showed expectation that the capabilities will continue to system tomorrow.

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No spam, mostly in the capability on the present. We, though, compromise the capabilities on the future

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go

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against auditory Sierra, desirable to establishing a network of certainability and justice. is essential to lean the one way on the present. We did well weighing out tomorrow. Okay.

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Money models.

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money mode fresher in the cateral level of well-being and depressing. Okay?

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Would. They may know we sustainably over time.

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We might be affecting what weying levels in the future from depression.

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so to say, that we, harsh as as a tableable way in depressing, we must see how sustainable design will weigh in the future.

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Okay.

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the fourth of the inevitable way in se. To lean boots, stays, or tying into one

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drifting condition or sustainability on depressing, and how such sustainability guarantees the condition for future well way.

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therefore, the Futura population as rights

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this sense the most seed to guarantees that

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as an example. We already have some loss in the case on the rise of matter, on future future and ratio. At 2,019. In Western Australia

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we use New Zealand Tain. Central capabilities approach

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estimation of such a level well way

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resorting in 12 dimension, and for macro dimension for sampling the body micro-dimension

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as the dimension of life, physical care and physical integrity. He had dimension, the creepy additional expedition for the newsbound as ad the day, with the sustainable weighing approach.

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Now. as a practical size, we asked Missouri the approach recruiting these sustainably well-way indents

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for these 19 Latin American countries were selected are the more the and 200, that the sources were rebuilt.

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the 116 indicator I distributed in the the 12 correspondence dimension.

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This wall, with the complete tabula with the finer resol or the form acclaimation. 12. Dimension. Okay.

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He colored 3 levels

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about contracts qualification on the condition they have for S in the library one way in the blue, the most of the enable towards the the list of the neighbor.

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or why Chile Costa Rica.

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are the countries with the best condition or such a noble world way. These 3 countries half the Us. Guarantees to has great opportunities to be undo what they evaluate.

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disguise. The Ruizios are monitored.

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Several dimension unlike in Panama, does are the one scene between the mesh.

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So

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for the white chi length of Toerica, the country that can we stop. territory, Nissan Al-habadi, with the best condition to avoid it. Okay.

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the hypothesis is that to the instinct that the individual on the country enhance ray capability, half opportunities, and freedom.

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This rise on the Americans or at the Italian decrease

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East, is in society having a concept of well-being, incorporate sustainability.

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It is important to integrate into our current wellness, resource the condition of what it will, we lie in the future.

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promotes a sustainable, level-wing approach, reconciling the rise in the food to refineration and monitoring, in which an Indus is a way to prevent ecological outdoor iteration.

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more information in the paper. Okay.

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thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

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You must appreciate your approach

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and your topic. Your topic is very contemporary, and your topic I can be able to read out again.

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It's a very important topic I can say in nowadays

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the sustainable well-being approach and the right of future generations to contract the global risk of ecological

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so that we can be able to understand that the ecology or environment should be protected by each and every citizen of our country, of any of the situation of the global world. As you have already selected and discussed about many points with the ecological conservation, environment and sustainability, we may be able to ask any question. If you have from the from the audience perspective.

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It may be

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any of the question, or we may go to next presenter Stephanie. No Gru and Joshua clean

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Joshua or a Stephanie.

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Stefani Nugroho: Okay, I'm here. I'm having trouble with my connection. So I'm on my tablet now instead of on my.

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Stefani Nugroho: you may switch off

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Stefani Nugroho: your camera. But you know, okay, this. That's what I'm going to do now. And I'm going to share with you. But just you know, it' be possible to to listen us.

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Stefani Nugroho: Yeah, okay, so I'm going to.

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Hmm.

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are you facing any technical problem, Stephanie?

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May, I know? Do you? Do you? facing any problem. Have you facing any problem?

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You are not audible, Stephanie.

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We are not audible, please.

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or in the future

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is any technical ditch.

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Once we see a

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okay.

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Think she's trying with her mobile phone?

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Yeah.

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it is visible. Stefan. It's visible. You may continue, and you may start.

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Stephanie. I think you have muted yourself. Please switch on your camera or the mic.

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Stefani Nugroho: so that we can be able to listen. Your representation. Yes, yes, that's right. I was still on mute.

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Stefani Nugroho: Thank you. Sorry for that. Sorry for that, everybody. So my presentation is about the state of academic freedom in Indonesia, and this is a part of a chapter that I wrote for. the edited volume on the New Threats of

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Stefani Nugroho: new France on Academic Freedom in Asia. So I just go straight and continue with this. So what? Why is it interesting? because In Indonesia we had the end of the authoritarian rule in 98.

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Stefani Nugroho: So what happened afterwards was the unfolding of democratization. So you had the cancellation of many oppressive decrease. for instance, on subversion on the political activism of students and the prohibition of certain books.

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Stefani Nugroho: and then we also had the higher education law of 25. It guarantees academic freedom, and that is the freedom the whole academic assembly is an uphold scientific economy.

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Stefani Nugroho: but yet, The academic freedom index of 2,020

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Stefani Nugroho: says that Indonesia falls into the B minus category with a score of 0 point 6 on the scale of 0 point 1. So it's not. It's not really bad, but it's also not You know how ideally recognizations should the democratic country should be, and then also scholars at risk. says that between 2,015 and 2,020. There' been 18 cases of attacks against scholars.

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Stefani Nugroho: So what exactly are we looking at here?

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Stefani Nugroho: And I wanted to know more about it. So I did the study. These articles of a past decade, and I looked at instances where there has been repressive acts against academics, whether they are students or lectures.

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Stefani Nugroho: And I look at what are the so-called taboo topics, like? The topics? Are the sensitive topics, the topics that if you were to do a discussion about this especially when you invite the general public, then you do run the risk of attracting the mob, for instance, or being intimidated by a certain parties, and so on, and so forth. So what are the table topics in Indonesia?

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Stefani Nugroho: Who are the perpetrators of the repressive X. Who are they? It used to be that maybe

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Stefani Nugroho: like before 98. It was mainly the government was in charge of doing all this control and monitoring things. But who are they now? And what are the exact form of repressive acts? So that's what I looked at.

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Stefani Nugroho: So

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Stefani Nugroho: What the table topics are. there are certain table topics. The first one is everything related to the Indonesian Communist party

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Stefani Nugroho: the

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Stefani Nugroho: anything adjacent to it. So common is Marxism is also are also sensitive topics

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Stefani Nugroho: Papua the province especially in the context of separatism. and then somewhat relatively, so to say, newer topics are issues related to the Lgbtq

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Stefani Nugroho: and then non mainstream interpretation of religion, and then, several instances of a protest against government policies or protest against a university leadership, have received backlash.

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Stefani Nugroho: So who are the actors of this censorship?

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Stefani Nugroho: the illiberal civil society organizations. So they are civil society organizations, but they are a liberal These are militant organizations that we present and protect the interest of certain ethnic or religious groups, and they are also associated with political parties and and serve as the security forces, so they present themselves as defenders of ethnic or religious or national interest. So they are defenders of these

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Stefani Nugroho: of these identity groups. Basically. Yeah.

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Stefani Nugroho: you also have law enforcement institutions to a certain extent the military and the police, especially with issues regarding to you know, communism or separatism. Then you you can see them. you know, sort of controlling

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Stefani Nugroho: And then also university leadership with which is a little bit ironic. But then, what often happens is also that

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Stefani Nugroho: university leadership are being pressured by either the Cs or the you know the law enforcement to control their staff for their students, you know, but they are often

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Stefani Nugroho: they often give in.

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Stefani Nugroho: So what are the forms of censorship? You have disruption of events? by what this is for since you know, you have a a discussion or a filled screening, or you know, both discussion. And then you will have mobs coming to this first event. and you know, just shut it down. It happens by. That's that's one of the main modes

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Stefani Nugroho: You have all that tunnel and intimidation of the speakers or of the organizers.

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Stefani Nugroho: you have qualifications of books and other publications, and then the sectioning of the individuals like a revocation of scholarship, a force, resignation, academic stop students. So I will go through like each topic one by one, and give you an anecdote of of the cases of of repression.

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Stefani Nugroho: So, for instance, regarding to Communism. what you see here on the slide is a student publication.

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Stefani Nugroho: it's a special issue on the height of the people who are accused of as being Communist. It's a lot to get that is in Central Java

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Stefani Nugroho: and you know. The student published the magazines and distributed it in the coffee shops around the university.

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Stefani Nugroho: and when the university leadership heard about it they asked the students to physically remove the magazines. But then, before it was completed

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Stefani Nugroho: the police got hold of the sophisticated, confiscated them, and that in intro to the students.

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Stefani Nugroho: So so this is just an instance of of how how sensitive Communism still is.

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Stefani Nugroho: another issue is a poplar separatism. in the last, I think, in the last decade.

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Stefani Nugroho: Papua, as a province is, is the province with the strongest with the strongest demand for for separatism.

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Stefani Nugroho: if not the only province, with with a strong demand for separatism and It's cost, you know, a lot of turbulence, and so on, and so forth. And what happened here is this girl, Heronica Covan. She's a human rights lawyer and

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Stefani Nugroho: what she used to. no, she still less. you know

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Stefani Nugroho: tweet about what's going on in pop! What? So on and so forth. She received a scholarship from the government. in 2,016, I think, before she became an

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Stefani Nugroho: activist. But then, later, the government what? She came back and once became such a visible activist, the Government asked her to pay the scholarship back

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Stefani Nugroho: right. And I think, even though this is just one anecdote, I think this really sends a message to all the I could academics who have received scholarship from the government, or any kind of funding from the government. Really that

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Stefani Nugroho: you have to be aligned to the Government's political staff, even after you graduate, even after you're not, you know, even after you've used that that funds, and so on and so forth. So you have to be always be aligned to the government stance. because you run the risk of being That's where actively sort of punished like what happened to miss, here.

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Stefani Nugroho: another issue is Lgbtq. And this is quite a relatively new in comparison to issues of separatism or communism.

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Stefani Nugroho: an example of this is, for instance, what happened to this fear support network of the University of Indonesia, but they provide to counseling for the Lgbtq community.

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Stefani Nugroho: so they distributed the flyers. you know about that, the counseling and sort of what the service that they provide. But then, when I think the traditional well, the media got hold of of this. we fire

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Stefani Nugroho: The narrative became that they were spreading both on quote the Lgbtq lifestyle to universities, and and

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Stefani Nugroho: sadly. He response to that the Minister of Research and Higher education at that time. They, he responded by saying that you know Lgbtq, in the nations, values and sense of morality

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Stefani Nugroho: University of Indonesia. And then subsequently, this about this group, and even though they're still active, what they cannot use the name the University of Indonesia anymore. They cannot.

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Stefani Nugroho: the you know, formally affiliated to to them.

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Stefani Nugroho: And then no mainstream approaches to religion. like, for instance, what happened in 2,015, with a lecturer from a sheet of gender class, a gender studies past to a church about

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Stefani Nugroho: You know how how the church deals with or conceptualizes gender, and so on and so forth. I think it was somehow on Facebook people that got to know about them, about this activity. And

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Stefani Nugroho: and then she was intimidated, terrorized by the mobs. she had to run away from from Asia, and then she was forced to take leave by her university.

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Stefani Nugroho: You know. Demonstrations still, runs the risk is still risky to some extent. So I think in a few years ago the government was about to

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Stefani Nugroho:  sign the an omnibus. Well, this this was a very controversial, all because. for all the positivity that it provided. It had also a causes that were

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Stefani Nugroho: threatening issues of labor and environmentalism. So students are all over Indonesia. We're demonstrating against this. I mean this law.

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Stefani Nugroho: and in that, it is southeast syllabus to students for counts During the demonstrations

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Stefani Nugroho: one police officer was eventually convicted of for one of the of the killing, but Until late 2,022, the the what actually happened to the students? What will kill the other students is still unclear, right? And again, the Minister of Education during this time, I think. during this very, for both time of student demonstrations.

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Stefani Nugroho: basically to the university presidents that they would be sanctioned if they encourage the students to demonstrate. And I think this is

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Stefani Nugroho: the most this has been the most direct.

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Stefani Nugroho: I mean a direct way of of

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Stefani Nugroho: of controlling the students from very high a public official

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Stefani Nugroho: and then protest against your diversity leadership. I know it's it's a little bit weird. But this is this has to do with more of with freedom of speech.

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Stefani Nugroho: so is a lecturer. He criticized the hiding process of the university and faculty in a close. What subgroup! So that was only between.

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Stefani Nugroho: you know, people from the same university. But then he was jailed for information, and eventually granted amnesty. By the President. And this goes, I mean, this is not He is not talking about something

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Stefani Nugroho: academically, per say, but it goes to show that the University

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Stefani Nugroho: it South does not really guarantee the freedom of speech here, let alone academic discourses.

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Stefani Nugroho: but it does not

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Stefani Nugroho: so. Conclusion. what do we have here? The end of a proxy does not guarantee academic freedom as such, because and what is not interesting is that censorship is not just the government versus the civilians.

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Stefani Nugroho: because there are so many different nodes, so many different actors involved in this

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Stefani Nugroho: and what we see in Indonesia is that censorship can also come from excess state since the

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Stefani Nugroho: and I think with that I conclude my presentation. Thank you very much.

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Stefani Nugroho: Thank you, Stephanie.

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You have already done various aspects of

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questions of academic freedom in post, authoritarian Indonesia. We have already mentioned, many important points, nuances of the same.

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Again, I would like to request, if have, if any of the audience have any question

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Stefani Nugroho: is that you ask?

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Hmm.

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And again. We have last presentation of this session

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from Joshua, killing from Yona University, U.S.A. And Daniel pattern to do a university. U.S.A. Ponit core from Iona in a city. U.S.A. Myles Charlotte from Iona City, U.S.A. Trained Caspo from your nesty Iona University, U.S.A. Russell, last Viox Iona University, U.S.A. And Jess and Peter man from Usc. Usc.

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A genius. The presenter.

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we may ask to any of the presenters in online or offline

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me.

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I think.

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because winter is not able to join us. so that we have any question from the audience to the presenter.

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Okay. then I would like to request our

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co co-chair, and esteemed Professor of Sociology and mass communication media studies Professor Nicholas from our Mit University, situating in Vietnam. I would like to request Professor Nicholas to so, and to to express your observation

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related with this presentation of the Nicodem, and Prideoma and Stephanie, please.

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So you may.

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Yes, son Lankan here. Thank you very much. everybody

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for your presentations. I think it's very interesting to hear the perspectives. I I teach film of video production. I'm a filmmaker, and filmmakers have broad, broad interests and hopefully progressing world conditions. And so it's really interesting to hear the research that all 3 speakers have been doing

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to address challenging global situations that

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won't go away, will they, without us acknowledging them? And I think valuable work like this, that researchers

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the depth of the problems and starts to address the challenges, I hope, for positive steps towards being able to progress positively beyond some of the challenges that all of all the research and presentations have explored and outlined very, very clearly.

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I'm I'm interested from

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Jonah. You talk about the challenges of present sustainability and future sustainability. is one of the questions you're exploring is, maybe we are too selfish at the moment, and that's a danger for the future. And we need to explore

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ways to the well-being for the future.

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I kind of just

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just I I I'm just

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my understanding. Was you were warning us about maybe the problem of current well-being. If we only think of our current well-being, we do not think about the future, that we should be thinking about the future.

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Hmm!

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In that

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I you understand the question.

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Oh, it is.

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I'll try and summarize for the people online.

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Yeah. bracing and future.

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The

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the connection is is only the right?

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Right? Confidence.

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the condition and Brexit.

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they determine the

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in the

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in right. Now, the contest.

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Yeah. yeah. Yeah. And so. yeah, I mean, I I

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what I can express my gratitude for the research that people are doing are valuable research to address challenging, challenging problems.

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 I took the first speak. Teach it to your now, wasn't it?

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I'm very interested to hear what obviously there are challenges of rising authoritarianism throughout throughout the world. And you' about Central Europe. But the positive things you are recognizing in Croatia

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the All this excellent. I think we have a I like to come up.

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Yeah. Yeah. So

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Tijana Trako Poljak: do you want to let the presenter present, and then we can.

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then we may continue our deliberation and debate over the various perspective and issues related with our title and topic, and the station

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where we have another presentation from we have already

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called upon and requested.

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I think, Joshua Kellen, you are Joseph clean? Oh, very nice then, Happy to hear from your side, and to to receive your to receive your presentation. I would like to request Mr. Joshua clean from you, and I know city U.S.A. To present his understanding, observation, and research on very contemporary topic.

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How authoritarianism legitimates imperialism. It's a very important topic and title from your side, Joshua, and would like to listen about your observation. You are in depth, inquiry about this title and topic, please, Joshua, please, you have, and it's yours.

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Thanks. A lot. Great, perfect. Okay, great. Ok, so thank you very much.

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So I'm Josh. Dan is right there, and the other co-authors are students who none of whom could come with us. Unfortunately so.

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But thanks for this opportunity, and I look forward. We look forward to your responses and thoughts about this. What this is is a a start at theorizing the legitimation of Imperialism. focusing on authoritarianism, treating authoritarianism as a key.

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a of legitimating Imperialism.

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So the the framing we're doing is that this is

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criminological sociology. We're we're interested in.

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It's really sociology. But we're thinking of us empire or imperialism in general as a kind of crime. This is obviously a kind of a critical criminology. Perspective terms like systemic crime.

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or

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like, can I? Economic system, be criminal? These are the kinds of these are the the concepts we're we're coming out of here. So we

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introduce this by saying that you've got 2 things that criminologists don't talk about us imperialism and this notion of a core self. And

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really, what we're doing is going back to first-generation critical theory. Here

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we're saying that first of all, criminology, as I'm sure everyone knows, does not talk about imperialism. It's considered off topic. But we should. We should be doing that. And then the core self is really about a half-century old idea.

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you know, mid mid twentieth century, and I guess maybe later, after mid twentieth century, social psychology and and psychoanalytic perspective certainly talked about the core self.

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And in, as I'm sure everyone would agree

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for what? 3 or 4 decades now, the notion that we have in any a a core self, a stable self, a lasting self. Individuals. is anathema. It's it's almost taboo. It's I, you know. So we hear about

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fluid selves and multiple selves, and so on. So we're pushing back and saying, Let's go back to the old way of thinking to some degree, and talk about some stability in who people are, and then connect that to

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the

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inculcation of imperial values and and and nationalism and such.

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So

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I imagine folks here don't need to be reminded of the actualities of us imperialism. But just here is a quick

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summary of the the violence and and and harm involved. Right? You've got a very nationalistic United States.

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You've got a a Us. Military, that's all over the world. A massive portion of you know, with what is at 4.5% of the world's population. The Us has almost half the global spending on the planet.

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We're talking about a transnational corporate dominance being key to this empire. It's not, as we often read, scholars giving cultural or

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even psychological explanations for us empire. And we're just emphasizing here that it's political, economic

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As as at least as much as anything else. And then just as just a recent. by the way, I don't have sources in the notes. But if people are interested, I can share the all these sources. But just recently came across this horrifying statistic about this handful of post 9, 11 wars, all of which, I think it's accurate to say, were led, are led by the United States

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and the statistic of at least 4.5 million directly and indirectly killed. So we're talking about a lot of harm, a lot of criminality.

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and I'm The last bullet point is from

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now I'm going to go blank one of my favorite scholars, anyway, characterizing the the the war on Terror as a a global police state, right? And and again. This isn't just the Us. But it's very much a Us-led process. Right? So the point here is to say that there is such a thing as us. Imperialism is harmful, destructive, predatory, and and and and and criminal

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and then what we're pointing at is the extensive acceptance of this within the United States and people will remember the Wilhelm Reich book, the mass psychology of fascism. So we're deliberately echoing that phrasing.

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And we're saying that there is a real problem.

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2 decades into the 20 first century that a huge portion of the Us. Population, either enthusiastically or passively accepts us. Imperialism. Most people in the Us. Would look at you. Funny if you said the Us. Isn't is an empire.

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But we're saying that they are still accepting a lot of that reality, unfortunately. And when I say it's a substantial minority. I'm thinking of survey data

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that show that in various survey questions national surveys, you can get 30, maybe even 40% of the public advocating advocating policies that I think most of us would agree are in some sense unilateral or aggressive or imperial. you know, the Us. Should be the strongest country military spending should be higher things like that.

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And then so. But I'm acknowledging. We're acknowledging here that there in surveys you often have a majority of the public saying things that are really not a aggressive, imperial right! pro-diplomacy, pro fairness, and such right?

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But our argument is that even those folks are because of nationalism because of American exceptionalism, because of the the normalization of the Us.

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Being the indispensable nation, the better country, the the the world's cop, the world's police officer. The blundering giant trying to do good! All these narratives and images because of those things.

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even folks who are doavish that is not pro military, not particularly

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01:05:01.960 --> 01:05:13.829
enthusiastic about war or power are still accepting a lot of what us imperial power and and predation exploited relationships?

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 and so we're saying that there is criticism certainly abroad outside the Us. And even within the Us. Although again.

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01:05:23.530 --> 01:05:30.129
part of the story here, right? I'm thinking of my students at a small Catholic college just outside New York City

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01:05:30.140 --> 01:05:46.419
is. is that the Us. Empire is fairly invisible and and not questioned, and and the criticisms, scholarly or journalistic or activist criticisms of the Us. Empire are just not not

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01:05:46.790 --> 01:06:05.060
heard by most people. They don't they? The media doesn't mainstream. Media doesn't, doesn't share those criticisms right? So you end up with an empire that's invisible. And then a little bit of drawing on survey data to try to to try to back up our story here

404
01:06:05.380 --> 01:06:13.859
again. A huge portion of the Americans when they're asked in surveys about policy preferences.

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they are not sounding imperial right. So in 2,016, these are national representative surveys in 2,016. 4 out of 10 describe themselves as more as more as global citizens than as citizens of the United States, which is kind of a very unnationalist way to talk so it's a minority of Americans. But it's a a rather astonishing

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01:06:39.810 --> 01:06:59.389
it's a very large minority saying, I'm not. I'm not just. I'm not really. I'm I'm I'm more a global person than an American person, in a sense, and then jump to this year, a slight majority saying that we should. The Us. Should pay less attention to problems overseas. As folks probably know

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01:06:59.430 --> 01:07:08.419
questions about us. Foreign policy, the us role in the world. Survey questions are rarely the kind of questions I might ask like

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01:07:08.460 --> 01:07:31.730
is the Us. An aggressor, but they're often more kind of should the Us. Be more active or passive in the world? And so this is this question, this 2023, 55%, believing the Us. Should pay less attention to problems. Overseas is the common way that people are asked, should the Us be poking its nose in other people's business?

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And then but so you've got substantial. Portions of the public saying that they are essentially anti-imperial. On the other hand, in 2,01940% said we should spend more on on the military. The Us. Should spend more on the military

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01:07:48.720 --> 01:07:57.439
again at a time when the Us. Portion of military spending is far disproportionate to the Us. Population.

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and in 2,023, almost 2 over 3

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It's viewed, viewed Russia as an enemy of the United States.

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and that brings up a whole topic which we don't have time for about

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framing and narrative on the Ukraine war. But the point here is that the media's

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very

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cooperative repeating of officials narrative about the Ukraine war and Russia. have have been effective and have made Americans feel that the Us. That that Russia is an enemy when

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it has

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not been threatening the Us.

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Most Americans like the idea that our nation's destiny is to remake other societies. So these are. These are fairly imperial, and Unilateral ways of thinking. So the the big picture here is you've got a mixed bag. You've got a kind, you know. Contradiction. Our point is that the part of the the side of the contradiction that is

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pro-power pro-imperial is is substantial and is a problem. Okay?

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So and then again, the what we're focusing on here is that a lot of people just go along with or accept as normal or perfectly reasonable

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Us. Power in the world?

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and that actually does enable it's not a cause of us imperialism, but it is an enabler. Right? And so again, we're bringing back some pretty old ideas, first-generation, Frankfurt school.

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a one-dimensional society, the ideas of culture and ideology and propaganda being contributors to getting people to have something of an Imperial Imperial Orientation. Right?

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01:09:45.480 --> 01:10:07.049
 so I mean it. Just just throwing quickly here. I I brought I I have a Marcosa's description of one dimensional society. I just think it's rather striking that a half century old description of the United States still feels rather relevant, right? atomic catastrophe. That's old language. But right, we're we've been talking about nuclear war for good reason lately

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and so on. Right? And then the larger story is an irrational one, and our argument is that the

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Us. Empire, though it's rational in the sense that it's

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benefits. elites in the military, industrial, complex, and upper class interests. It's certainly a rational among other things, because it's a major contributor to global

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01:10:28.910 --> 01:10:30.810
warming and such right?

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01:10:31.020 --> 01:10:37.899
 So the idea here, what does authoritarianism have to do with this? The idea here is that

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01:10:38.540 --> 01:10:46.709
people may well, we think, have some awareness of what's going on that the it's not so much that

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people really think that the United States is better than anyone else, or that one country should run the world. It's more that people are going along with what they believe others

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think. In other words, it's There's The scholar Noel Newman, long ago wrote about the spiral of silence, and she was saying that people hide what they think because they're afraid that they're gonna that other people won't agree with them. And I, and and and and to me, that's an an authoritarian thing, that I would that I would not speak out and question us foreign policy, because I assume no one else does, and that I would get.

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Disapproval if I do, that's what I'm I'm thinking of as as authoritarian, right? It's I'm I'm going with the herd. I'm going to follow the leaders and follow the the other, and and and

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conform.

436
01:11:37.230 --> 01:11:42.579
And so you end up with this individual authoritarianism. And then, again, this is a

437
01:11:42.630 --> 01:11:55.610
Altamayer who is a major researcher on authoritarianism. Has these 3 psychological facets right submission to authority? Willingness to engage in aggression when the authority says, to do it. In other words.

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I hate the outgroup that my authority tells me to hate. I'm willing to go to war, and then conventionalism, which

439
01:12:03.000 --> 01:12:07.710
to me is very close to going along with the herd following, conforming.

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01:12:08.320 --> 01:12:18.609
So we think there the the idea here and this is kind of the the future research. part here. We think that there are ways to get at

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01:12:18.830 --> 01:12:23.009
denial and awareness on the part of the public.

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01:12:23.180 --> 01:12:25.580
That is.

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01:12:25.780 --> 01:12:34.550
I personally think people are aware there are double standards here, right? I've been doing a survey with my students

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where I take the the Ukraine war, but I switch the actors, and so I asked them in effect, if

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the if Russia was meddling in Mexico. what you know, how, what? How would you respond? And and my thought on this is that

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01:12:51.690 --> 01:13:04.049
people, they're somewhere in people's minds and awareness that there are double standards here, that if the if Russia did to the Us. What the Us. Has been doing with expanding NATO?

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01:13:04.130 --> 01:13:09.410
the Us. Would have a very strenuous response.

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01:13:09.770 --> 01:13:18.649
and and so I think that's it. And thank you. We look forward to your thoughts. Thank you. Thank you. Joshua. Yeah.

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You have inquired your title topic and presentation with the detail of level with the national surveys and most of the surveys.

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and you have collected your data to to represent your understanding and to establish your policy, your understanding for the same. Thank you. We are I just here. We appreciate your direction and inquiry related with your topic.

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01:13:45.750 --> 01:13:49.220
Now, I would like to request Professor Jackson

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01:13:49.430 --> 01:14:06.689
these you may might oh, thank you, thank you to the but I'm more than comfortable here, so I would like to thank Professor Popezing and my big brother Professor.

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01:14:06.860 --> 01:14:32.270
now, I think before. to include the session by Professor. So I would like to invite professor from the International Scholar. He's a very brilliant student from Jane in daily New Delhi. So he he want to express his

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ideas remote.

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01:14:34.230 --> 01:14:39.390
the session, so it may allow. So in in 5 to

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7 min.

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Yeah.

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so please, no. We know that a scholar from

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01:14:52.730 --> 01:15:00.279
it can be able to discuss and

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01:15:01.890 --> 01:15:13.990
thank you. Thank you, Jaxia. I don't know. I just entered to this. And then I was thinking that this topic would be nice. And thank you, Professor Bogg. You are always encouraging us

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to share our views.

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01:15:17.130 --> 01:15:40.460
yes, definitely, this, this globalizing democracy is a sort of topic for me as well, because I was part and parcel of one of the global movement that is called globalizing democracy. And that is based in helsinki. And we have. We have had couple of discussions and publications as well.

463
01:15:40.520 --> 01:16:02.539
 But while going through this data, this is a sort of random thoughts, because I just entered and I was allowed to speak. That's nice, in a way, a to frame kind of perspective as well. But but but I might not be that with coherent beg me pardon for that.

464
01:16:02.540 --> 01:16:12.880
see, this definitely, this is kind of a global perspective now, and if we try to go through even academic literature.

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01:16:13.040 --> 01:16:38.790
we find this this authoritarian attitude to to our scholars as well, we try to go through to the ports, the published by democracy globally to a 20 to 2022. And then also this idea international, that is, based in Stockholm, and that is also by intergovernmental agency, which is working for democracy globally.

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01:16:39.050 --> 01:16:56.110
that both. The report were having common characteristics, saying that definitely this authoritarian is rising, and democratic space is being sinking. And that's the case for South Asia as well. For example, we're proud to mention that at least we have.

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01:16:56.320 --> 01:17:05.149
except Pakistan, Nepal Bhutan. We have had a relatively stable democracy, but

468
01:17:05.240 --> 01:17:14.380
but now it's the other way around. For example, Bhutan seems to be in a way democratic, because it is practicing constitutional monarchy.

469
01:17:14.430 --> 01:17:28.129
at least parliamentary democracy is given kind of to go ahead. And Nepal, yes, definitely, we have had the good Constitution since 2,015 onwards. Bangladesh. Yes, people question, but at least

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01:17:28.240 --> 01:17:32.969
they also try to try to go for. But but the largest democracy in the world.

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01:17:33.120 --> 01:17:54.530
I think from where a couple of my friends are here, seems to be having a question by very many, and even there is There are people who started. Questioning! Yes, freedom of speech, is there? But no one knows. If you Your freedom will be, remain the same if you we speak.

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01:17:54.530 --> 01:18:18.189
So that's the that's the concern coming up and and and and that's that's the kind of version for us. And then I try to go through my own country data as well. We we used to have democracy survey while we. We have had authoritarian regime. For example, our king was so active since 2,005,

473
01:18:18.280 --> 01:18:21.380
and from 2,005 to 2,000 and

474
01:18:21.550 --> 01:18:39.269
8, we didn't have election and an and definitely, we we we which is this monarchy away in a peaceful manner in 2,008. But that time also you could see kind of a people's aspiration for democracy.

475
01:18:39.290 --> 01:19:07.880
and very many people were for democracy. If you consider a kind of survey, and I try to conduct a I being part of Kartmon University, tried to conduct 4 surveys after this Constitution, recently 2,016, 2,020 and 2,022, and and we tried to compare this this survey with 2,007, Sharway, 2,007 survey, and in 2,007. Who else for democracy could be kind of

476
01:19:08.150 --> 01:19:17.139
we could say, this quote, end, quote elite, meaning, dominant group, for example, educated quote and code again.

477
01:19:17.600 --> 01:19:22.709
meaning those who are having more qualification will be.

478
01:19:22.790 --> 01:19:36.360
I mean those who could make a public opinion. They were for democracy until 2,007. And but now we have a good constitution that has given right to everyone.

479
01:19:36.680 --> 01:19:49.849
But now that very dominant group definitely, this is a small, but that is very important to create kind of a wise, great kind of atmosphere for democracy, but they are now having sort of

480
01:19:49.920 --> 01:20:07.409
costs a note saying that might, we were not in right direction. And my, we are. We are going in depth study out of that survey. because that survey is showing all 4 survey. I referred 2,017, 2,018, 2,022,

481
01:20:07.420 --> 01:20:15.769
all were having common characters, saying that marginalized majorities were for that very constitution. And the way this is leading for

482
01:20:15.970 --> 01:20:32.750
and dominant minority were against this, saying that no, we are not in right direction, and then, and my presumption we are at to do kind of analysis, and if they study by. But my presumption could be

483
01:20:33.000 --> 01:20:44.950
that this very democracy, along with the Constitution, try to give right, try to give you space to the marginalized, and that people like we don't like. We like democracy

484
01:20:45.080 --> 01:20:48.809
for us. But if it is for the marginalized most.

485
01:20:48.950 --> 01:21:14.729
then we have sort of a a, a set of anxiety. So this is kind of a thing I could see from all report and etc. But, as I said, this is my own but we'll have to have this study and do it. I have data, and we are doing this index study. So might be. That may bring something concrete conclusion later on. But my assumption could be

486
01:21:14.810 --> 01:21:40.539
yes, definitely democracy. Everyone logged to have this. But for our own sake, if it is going to give a kind of right to others, then we have, we have, we have problems. So I think that may be considered one of the masses from our kind of perspective from Nepal. And definitely, as I mentioned, South Asia is another case. So thank you very much for having this thing, and definitely we scholars should be

487
01:21:40.540 --> 01:21:52.190
knocking the door to make democracy for the down to us people. And in Hindi Gandhi used to tell last man.

488
01:21:52.770 --> 01:22:01.340
then the last man, the last person, the first could be the masses of having this this kind of discussion. Thank you so much.

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Thank you, Professor. We go. You have. we have. You have accepted our request

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01:22:08.780 --> 01:22:18.939
to sow your understanding observation on the topic of the same, and you have already debated. You have already pursued.

491
01:22:19.030 --> 01:22:47.850
and to related with the topic in a 5 to 7 min. We are thankful as a chair, and I would like to request Dr. Vina Jyoti Mini jyoti, I think. she has already joined us and listened us about all the presentation. Now, I'd like to request your observation. Dr. Binajyote will lighten us about your understanding your observation on the topic.

492
01:22:48.110 --> 01:22:49.680
Dr. Vincent.

493
01:22:51.050 --> 01:22:52.329
binoyjyoti das: Thank you. Chair.

494
01:22:52.780 --> 01:23:07.059
binoyjyoti das:  am I audible? I. I am not able to. Yeah. But I'm not able to see see myself. Okay, there's no video coming. I don't know. So it's fine.

495
01:23:07.380 --> 01:23:15.859
binoyjyoti das: we really have a very mind boggling sessions on authoritarianism, and which is very

496
01:23:15.940 --> 01:23:22.610
binoyjyoti das: contemporary scenario across the world. And

497
01:23:23.660 --> 01:23:33.570
binoyjyoti das: we had a 4 great papers from Croatia, Venezuela, Indonesia, and us.

498
01:23:33.680 --> 01:23:48.669
binoyjyoti das: and we also had a observer, a professor from Nepal when we were, you know. enlightened with the situation in Nepal also.

499
01:23:49.020 --> 01:24:02.669
binoyjyoti das: and the paper first paper that presented by Paul, Jack. Right about a growing autoitarianism in European countries, you you

500
01:24:02.670 --> 01:24:19.360
binoyjyoti das: and well, people are moving towards the like towards strong leadership, and which is correlated with the authoritarianism. Somehow, that's what things say, we also can witness in our country like

501
01:24:20.090 --> 01:24:23.190
binoyjyoti das: people are looking for a strong leadership

502
01:24:23.360 --> 01:24:29.200
binoyjyoti das: which is like we could hmm

503
01:24:29.620 --> 01:24:42.009
binoyjyoti das: connect or have comp comparison. And this the concerning factor again, from Indonesia, that we do not have the academic freedom

504
01:24:42.030 --> 01:24:47.099
binoyjyoti das: where it is very concerning because we we are not able to.

505
01:24:47.400 --> 01:24:59.410
binoyjyoti das: you know, research on certain topics which is much related to society and future. And that's a very

506
01:24:59.640 --> 01:25:14.860
binoyjyoti das: yeah, what I I would say. concerning situations, and I also at May. I also feel the same way the professor from Nepal. I I just a missed his name

507
01:25:14.860 --> 01:25:34.680
binoyjyoti das: when he's told that you don't know. Once you speak, the situation is like freedom of speeches there, but you are not sure what your freedom would be after speaking so that kind of we have. we all have freedom of speech. But we need Now thing is that we need

508
01:25:34.920 --> 01:25:39.540
binoyjyoti das: to learn that what? Not to speak. And

509
01:25:39.980 --> 01:25:53.209
binoyjyoti das: it was for me it is very enlightening session. I thank chair. I thank organizer, Professor, who and also Professor Jackson.

510
01:25:53.520 --> 01:25:55.869
binoyjyoti das: and chair by.

511
01:25:56.420 --> 01:25:58.460
binoyjyoti das: I just

512
01:25:58.970 --> 01:26:15.790
binoyjyoti das: I missed your name. But I really thankful to the chair the way the chair is conducting the station whole session. And thank you. Oh, everyone presenter Paul, Jack presenter Pardomo

513
01:26:15.970 --> 01:26:39.099
binoyjyoti das: presenters Tiffany, and Joe presenters Joshua for enlightening us with such a great research work. Thank you. And all the best. Thank you.

514
01:26:39.400 --> 01:26:44.409
Again, if you have any question from the audience to the presenter.

515
01:26:44.770 --> 01:26:48.090
we welcome. Have any question.

516
01:26:48.640 --> 01:27:00.279
yeah, please. As a volunteer we have a young guy, a young sociologist, I can say you may have any question you may ask

517
01:27:00.320 --> 01:27:03.360
many people a question for.

518
01:27:04.980 --> 01:27:11.989
so I'm kind of interested in your study that I don't know if I get that picture correctly.

519
01:27:12.890 --> 01:27:19.630
From what I got you from your presentation, according to what I've got you from your presentation

520
01:27:19.670 --> 01:27:22.869
per day with your vision of

521
01:27:23.120 --> 01:27:44.169
United States, which is for me a very interesting concept, because, coming from a developing country, I used to have this notion that invariance in the notorious, but the influence of the

522
01:27:44.320 --> 01:27:48.439
see that as my citizens but in this case

523
01:27:48.480 --> 01:28:11.050
it's more of like what the general public has internalized, and that should be to of its government. So for us my 2 follow up questions would be first. I'm not sure if your studies, provided insight on what kind of possible pergratulating mechanisms that allow such for such kind of idea of the covering them to persist?

524
01:28:11.070 --> 01:28:14.869
And would you say that in a current technologies of the

525
01:28:15.200 --> 01:28:21.379
a lot of technologies that I've accessed in service application kind of communications and social media

526
01:28:21.810 --> 01:28:28.020
that also played a factor in developing this kind of idea about the is allowing

527
01:28:35.940 --> 01:28:38.060
one thing, I'm just gathering that we

528
01:28:38.640 --> 01:28:45.939
showed up like the next step, because we thought it was 6 30 the whole session started, but it looked like we were with it. So I've purchased myologies because I didn't.

529
01:28:48.100 --> 01:28:49.979
that this everything

530
01:28:50.120 --> 01:28:57.070
my volunteer has presented his observation appreciation. And the question.

531
01:28:57.080 --> 01:29:03.820
yeah. So I just apologize for I can try to answer some of your questions.

532
01:29:03.980 --> 01:29:04.650
Yes.

533
01:29:05.160 --> 01:29:20.669
yeah. You may come over the the he. You may you may, you may. You may explain your understanding. Yeah, please. You may come. Yeah, no problem. You may come, which is good. It's good to to have your idea. Observation.

534
01:29:20.870 --> 01:29:32.739
inquiry. The best I can edit. no problem. Okay, no. I guess.

535
01:29:32.790 --> 01:29:45.499
you're trying to remember your question, you can jump in just adding one more. Just, I want to ask you that the country who always talks about the protector of human right

536
01:29:45.520 --> 01:29:50.060
in globalized world. How the people

537
01:29:50.210 --> 01:30:01.920
I accept that domestic. You have said that domestic acceptance of us. Imperialism is rooted in peoples. The people who always talk about

538
01:30:02.210 --> 01:30:08.350
human rights and globalized world, and how their own people sports.

539
01:30:08.620 --> 01:30:28.340
This imperialism in name of Nationalists is very, very easy question, but this is very contemporary, and quietly, I can say, as we know, that U.S.A. is always, very always been educates like a liberal society humanitarian society. That is the main question.

540
01:30:28.740 --> 01:30:32.110
All right. So I have a a million thoughts in my head

541
01:30:32.120 --> 01:30:38.680
that maybe dance on some of these answers. The first thought that came up to that question is of

542
01:30:38.890 --> 01:30:40.830
a couple things. One is

543
01:30:41.130 --> 01:30:43.930
so teaching American students, you know that, hey?

544
01:30:44.060 --> 01:30:58.199
They don't even know they have human rights, all right. So One of the things we do in a class is like, look at, like the conventional human right, and like the Declaration of human Rights, and go over some of them and say, You know, what are you surprised by? What are you interested? Because some of the stuff in there

545
01:30:58.360 --> 01:31:08.230
the Us. Doesn't even have. You know, American citizens don't have, you know, like right to health care. You don't have that which is, of course, an oddity in the in the wealthy world.

546
01:31:08.490 --> 01:31:18.230
So that 1 one hand is like, no one even is thinking about human right? It's not even a concept really like in the in general sense. Yeah, different.

547
01:31:18.520 --> 01:31:25.970
You have freedom to choose which health care you want to purchase, but you don't recognize. You can't afford it. Oftentimes

548
01:31:26.040 --> 01:31:31.979
this is true for a lot of facets. But another thing related to that question, I think, is.

549
01:31:32.410 --> 01:31:36.929
and when we're talking about. how, how do you like legitimize that? I think that's

550
01:31:37.450 --> 01:31:41.870
the perfect example of what we're talking about, and that

551
01:31:44.140 --> 01:31:54.540
we, you know the concept of, we're going to sort of bring democracy and human rights to the world. And again, maybe not. Human rights is the language more democracy. We're going to democratize the world.

552
01:31:54.790 --> 01:32:00.580
I mean, I'm using the word funny in a very facetious way here.

553
01:32:01.950 --> 01:32:06.370
Just a a dark, comical example of this is, is Iran

554
01:32:06.410 --> 01:32:12.330
right? The history of us influence in Iran was actually destroying democracy.

555
01:32:12.410 --> 01:32:24.459
and then we, you know, in the modern era we're we're talking about conflicts with Iran part. You know. We want to democratize that right. If you're an Iranian, you have to. You just have to laugh at this like, what are you talking about? Like

556
01:32:24.490 --> 01:32:31.870
you played a hand in installing authoritarianism in a dictatorship? In those true sense.

557
01:32:31.970 --> 01:32:33.370
I think

558
01:32:33.650 --> 01:32:39.619
it's all. It's just the ideology in which that it's passed down. Now let me get back to your questions.

559
01:32:39.840 --> 01:32:48.810
I'm trying to remember them. If you give me, like one word

560
01:32:48.930 --> 01:32:57.100
right. the resource of passive idealization, that this is influence of that like.

561
01:32:58.110 --> 01:33:01.730
There was one thing I say, because I just give it to you, because

562
01:33:02.980 --> 01:33:07.639
this is it relates, I think. I don't know if it's answering your question, but

563
01:33:09.010 --> 01:33:18.320
part of like my my concern always, and like thinking about this is from the outside. Maybe looking in, especially where your question might be coming from, is like

564
01:33:18.350 --> 01:33:22.339
the Us. Is an exemplar of like liberal democracy. This idea.

565
01:33:22.510 --> 01:33:23.330
but

566
01:33:25.040 --> 01:33:35.210
this this kind of relates to what we're talking about in that. How do you? How do you essentially legitimate, also authoritarianism within a democracy, because that sort of seems antithetical.

567
01:33:35.460 --> 01:33:42.459
But the reality, I mean, it's sort of a weird for me. It's always weird when we're talking about democracy in the Us. Because from my perspective.

568
01:33:42.870 --> 01:33:54.500
it's not that democratic like just Blunt. Right? It's a it's a plutocracy. If you look, if you study the political system in the Us. and in most of the most of the research that I'm aware of

569
01:33:54.520 --> 01:33:56.960
who influences policy. It's not

570
01:33:57.010 --> 01:34:05.510
the average person. It's not me. I I I mean, it's it's not the the experts, even unless the experts are attached to like

571
01:34:05.540 --> 01:34:12.040
corporate interests or wealthy interest. So in that sense, it's not really that, to begin with.

572
01:34:12.080 --> 01:34:21.799
So I think the democracy is kind of that. That charade of that facade that you put on top of it to legitimize the more authoritarian and hierarchical structure that does actually exist.

573
01:34:22.500 --> 01:34:28.119
which relates, I think, to your question because you're like thinking authoritarianism, repressive regimes. Right?

574
01:34:28.440 --> 01:34:31.699
And this is just a soft repression.

575
01:34:32.220 --> 01:34:36.160
If you're using violence, that's because the ideology didn't work right.

576
01:34:36.340 --> 01:34:41.159
And so I think that that's kind of the maybe the contrast. But we

577
01:34:42.090 --> 01:34:43.970
kind of a quick point.

578
01:34:44.030 --> 01:34:48.100
I'm not sure this is what we're thinking about. This.

579
01:34:48.990 --> 01:34:50.159
You have 2 different

580
01:34:50.560 --> 01:35:07.499
uses of the term authoritarianism is often used to mean authoritarian government, authoritarian regime. Right? That's a political term. We're talking here about psychosocial oratorics. It's talking about urbanism.

581
01:35:08.610 --> 01:35:14.020
When they came. When you said they keep up, said, Yeah.

582
01:35:14.390 --> 01:35:15.670
it's interesting

583
01:35:16.100 --> 01:35:22.429
international context to think about the Us politically and rights. And yes, I think in some ways.

584
01:35:22.750 --> 01:35:38.290
The Us. Is a free or has more rights than many countries. But, as Dan is saying, it's not terribly free. In my opinion, right people are following unwritten rules. Right

585
01:35:39.100 --> 01:35:45.920
in my classroom, in every classroom in my college there is an American flag and a crucifix of Jesus.

586
01:35:46.790 --> 01:35:51.940
I said anything out those 2 things or took them off the wall, which I'd love to do.

587
01:35:52.290 --> 01:36:03.160
I'd be in trouble. So there's a culture of conformity. That's what I'm what I'm thinking of right. So I quickly another example.

588
01:36:03.410 --> 01:36:32.570
binoyjyoti das: excuse me, I would like to ask your question question to everyone like I. That's a query like, how? How come in the age of such liberal democracy, when we are so much vocal about our rights, freedom, and equality, when now, how, in this contemporary time. people are opting for authoritarianism in the name of strong leadership.

589
01:36:32.570 --> 01:36:34.700
Are we like our

590
01:36:34.700 --> 01:36:42.879
binoyjyoti das: the people around the world are, you know, soft like experience in some kind of hostility, or what

591
01:36:43.490 --> 01:36:48.860
binoyjyoti das: can anyone please? Anyone can control light on it. So I I'm asking

592
01:36:49.280 --> 01:36:58.320
just why Bina juti as my understanding. If everyone will speak about this topic.

593
01:36:58.320 --> 01:37:25.509
I think we have already classed the time, you know. No anyone can like I've it's it's for it's not for a particular person like anyone who would like to even respond. We have a perspective from Venezuela, from U.S.A. From Indonesia, from no, no, no, I said, who who also ever would like to? I respond to my things like I I think I would like to have a this kind of response from the people from us.

594
01:37:25.880 --> 01:37:28.250
Us. Very nice.

595
01:37:28.760 --> 01:37:53.659
binoyjyoti das: Can you say, can you say the question one more time? Yeah, yeah, it's a very simple thing. When we are all talking about rights liberal, and we are living in the most advanced age, and we are compassionate to our environment, people race anything. And when? Why we are opting more for authoritarianism

596
01:37:53.830 --> 01:37:56.950
binoyjyoti das: are in the name of strong literacy.

597
01:37:58.050 --> 01:38:02.799
I. Because one thing I that's why, when I heard your question and I

598
01:38:03.160 --> 01:38:05.740
your name. I think when you came up here

599
01:38:06.160 --> 01:38:18.839
because you said, like, essentially like, everyone loves democracy when we're generically asking it. But then, when you're like, okay, here comes the topic of abortion or something controversial, right?

600
01:38:18.890 --> 01:38:25.489
Democracy chooses aside. And that's not your side. You're like, yeah, democracy sucks. Right? You know, we don't like that.

601
01:38:25.620 --> 01:38:27.230
and I think

602
01:38:27.410 --> 01:38:34.029
that opens the door for an authoritarian regime is to come in

603
01:38:34.090 --> 01:38:40.300
and kind of make those claims, whatever the reasoning in this case, maybe a moralistic claim.

604
01:38:40.580 --> 01:38:50.640
Okay, democracy is not great. I think this is some of the issues of democracy, like Aristotle, points out issues with like democracy. I because

605
01:38:50.700 --> 01:38:56.209
one thing, of course, is, people are not educated right? I mean, on on certain top, people are not experts

606
01:38:56.440 --> 01:39:07.270
which I know in the Us at least. And I I know some of this, at least, like I know in Europe. A lot of the West is happening, is there's this anti elitism happening anti-intellectualism.

607
01:39:07.500 --> 01:39:25.669
you know. We can't trust experts. If that legitimacy breaks down, then it's sort of do your own research movement in the Us. So people think they can go on Google and diagnose themselves with cancer or figure out how to solve like a a century long crime issue or whatever it is that experts have been studying.

608
01:39:25.840 --> 01:39:31.680
And of course. and I would argue, there's good reason for this skepticism, because experts

609
01:39:31.770 --> 01:39:38.659
have kind of done a lot of damage as we. We're talking about imperialism, right? A lot of this has been done in the name of expertise.

610
01:39:39.500 --> 01:39:47.279
so I don't know if this is an answer entirely. The I mean, I'm definitely not giving you solutions right now to to solving the problem. But yeah.

611
01:39:47.300 --> 01:40:14.330
binoyjyoti das: there was a paper I I forgot. I forgot the you know, very in the renowned professor from America. Only I talk about the and decaying of democracy because of the emergence of social media, and we are losing legitimacy in crisis of a particular class which is like, we do not have the elite class like.

612
01:40:14.330 --> 01:40:17.990
binoyjyoti das: So that's the he was pointing about that.

613
01:40:18.570 --> 01:40:19.610
binoyjyoti das: Thank you.

614
01:40:19.760 --> 01:40:31.080
And before we are going to, as we know that we are running against the time, so that before we are going to to to invite

615
01:40:31.080 --> 01:40:50.499
location coordinator, Professor Group singing, I would like to request to all the audience and the paper presenter to be come over the dias, and I'm requesting you to all. It's my book to launch in a Isa World Congress in 2,023, please.

616
01:40:51.540 --> 01:40:52.270
So

617
01:40:54.590 --> 01:40:57.890
okay, you may come on the dias, please.

618
01:40:58.490 --> 01:41:00.829
Yeah, please.

619
01:41:01.500 --> 01:41:10.430
just a minute. I would like to invite Professor Bob Singhi for a thank you. Note

620
01:41:11.400 --> 01:41:12.530
this.

621
01:41:13.490 --> 01:41:17.890
so Being a as an organizer

622
01:41:17.960 --> 01:41:26.380
of this session, rising a authoritarianism and perspective of on democracy and globalized file. I thanks

623
01:41:26.390 --> 01:41:33.169
Dr. Jackson for chairing this session, and Dr.

624
01:41:33.190 --> 01:41:43.570
The party for co-chairing the sessions, and Professor Pro Vetna and Dr. Asina and Dr.

625
01:41:43.600 --> 01:42:10.439
As a panelist. For making this session more interactive and more fruitful, and all the paper presenter Done very well, and I also thank my Co. As an organizer, doctor. we know Joti das are making it successful. And also, I thanks. Professor Brass for saying, Yeah.

626
01:42:10.560 --> 01:42:14.889
yeah. because she is very active. Member of T. Z. 3.

627
01:42:14.980 --> 01:42:17.320
I thanks, I also.

628
01:42:17.350 --> 01:42:26.480
And tomorrow also, we have another session. rising authoritarianism and challenges before marginalized community

629
01:42:26.800 --> 01:42:28.290
in globalized world.

630
01:42:28.340 --> 01:42:32.770
So you can come at 1212, 30.

631
01:42:32.790 --> 01:42:47.800
In this same room, so please. be there if you want to introduce. I also thank Verniga. For coming here. Thank you. Thank you, all of you. And now For a groove! Photo

632
01:42:48.230 --> 01:42:55.360
Excuse me, Jim Carlis, I ask all the presentator.