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So like we have now like everybody in in the panel so maybe we can stop. Usual. So warm welcome.

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Good morning and welcome everyone. My name is Aja. So warm welcome. Good morning and welcome everyone.

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My name is Aja Kotano. I'm a detailed candidate at Oxford University.

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I'm chair of this session. I'm a detailed candidate at Oxford University. I'm chair candidate at Oxford University. I'm chair of this session on Migration and Gender Raven.

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We have 5 wonderful papers and of the session on Migration and Gender Raven. We have 5 wonderful papers and, Migration and Gender Raven.

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We have a 5 wonderful papers and the presenters and the presenters and the presenters and 3 of them are presenting on the presenters and the presenters and 3 of them are presenting remote 3 but we have a 2 in personers and the presenters and 3 of them are presenting Remote 3 but we have like 2 in-person presenters here.

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But we have like 2 in-person presenters here. But we have like a 2 in-person presenters here.

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So I, you know, both in-person presenters here. So like, you know, both in-person and then, Inside for presentation and discussion, I hope.

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So before we start, Let me share. You acknowledgement of country. So on behalf of everybody gathered, I pay respect to the sprout of country here in Nan where we are meeting.

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I acknowledge the past and present Korean nation warranty war Link as a sovereign people here. The character knowledge holders who maintain and promote the norm Aboriginal law, customs and custodian responsibilities for country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future for all of us.

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I recognize the important contribution that First Nation thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all First Nations delegates, First Nations delegates in a room today for their contributions to knowledge in a discipline.

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So this is a, some like online, information sharing information. So if you're happy to share any information on your social network or like an even for those participating in online, please feel free to share your thoughts and comments or even questions, please feel free to share your thoughts and comments or even questions during your thoughts and comments or even questions during the presentation so that we can

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pick it up. After the presentations. Just to know for a bit of housekeeping. So presentation time is 15 min and then I will make a cue for in-person presenters like this for 5 min at the 5 min.

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Left and one minutes left like this and then for the online presenters I may maybe send you some cue on the chat but just you know like please be mindful to keep the time because we have 5 presenters today and the session time is limited.

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But I hope, you know, like, despite some constraint of time, I think we have so many rich.

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Topics today on migration and gender labor. So like I'm hoping to have we have very rich discussion among even among all presenters.

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So like, shall we start from resume? I stop sharing this screen and then allow Rashimi to share your screen.

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Rashimi, you can share, can you share your screen?

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Wonderful. Yes. And maybe you can just, you know, put it in there. For a screen.

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Do you know, do you know how to do it? Yes, yeah, that's right. Exactly.

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Okay.

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Click the one. Yeah, perfect. So you have a 15 min, yeah, and otherwise yours is regime.

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So, I will put early good morning to the presenters in India and of course. Good morning to everyone.

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Welcome to the session. Online migration. This is from a working group of law and migration of the ICRC 12 and I will be talking to you about gender migration and let me just begin a little bit, by, setting the context.

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So if you look at migration, it cannot be seen as a single discrete event, but it should be seen as part of the broader strategy of families to cope with economic change.

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Most of the migration takes place because of economic factors. Women are often neglected due to the secondary migrants status which basically emanates from the assumption of a subsidiary income earning position of women and all cross we have seen this it is not only in the Asian countries but also in the Western world.

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The traditional image of women as tied to the home and family is not true for the working masses who form a majority of the population.

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Women's labor migration is increasingly a means. Through which a symmetrical intersecting relations pertaining to gender, cast, and class are structured and negotiated.

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This is particularly important in the context of major economic changes which have implications for the mobility and structural positions of women.

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The migration of email workers has been steadily increasing in both absolute numbers and in terms of proportion to the migrant population.

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Women now comprise nearly half of the all migrant labors worldwide. This friend was feminization of migration is a function of demand.

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For female employment in the service sector. Health sector, entertainment industries and in particular the domestic sector. All over the world we know we have few papers also in different sections where we have seen that citizenship is also under the question people are migrating.

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So to look at the domestic work more closely, developed countries require a constant infusion of migrant domestic workers as women in developed countries in increasingly meet or desire to participate in the formal wage economy in this context and supported by the neoliberal policies, foreign workers are employed to take on the task associated with social reproduction including childcare, elder

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care, and household maintainers. And we have seen this in America. In, other parts of the world where we have to see that, you know, domestic, workers are going from Philippines, from Indonesia, and they're working in in the black part of the

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world. So the gender division of labor and labor market, it's culturally patterned.

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Family preferences and definitions of appropriate male and female behavior all influence migration which necessitates the understanding of sex differentiated migration patterns.

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The general distribution among migrants today is reasonably balanced with almost 50% of the mobile bike in population today being female.

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Although the increase has been mainly in the developed world. Admit it year 2020 if I take the date of 2020 female buy-ins comprise somewhat less than half 1 35 million or 48.1% of the global international migration stock.

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So significant regional variations that have existed in the share of women among the total maintenance workers. In 2,019, women represented more than 50% of the migrant workers in the northern southern and western Europe.

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But the share was below 20% in the Arab states. Though the labor force participation of migrant women was lower than that of migrant men.

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The labor force participation rate of migrant women was higher than that of non-migrant women in many countries.

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So high income countries had the highest part participation gap with 12 percentage points between women and non-migant women followed by the middle income countries.

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We do know that in most developing regions more females are migrating independently. That is not just a dependence of family members.

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We've been always thinking like guys when I started the I was contact setting we were talking about that women are secondary migrants.

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They migrate because the their male members migrating but now we are seeing more and more seeing more and more independent migration of women.

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Not just as dependence of family members, but more as making being a part of the development process. According to the UN, women make up 73.4% of international migrant domestic workers, yet only 26 countries have ratified the ILO convention on domestic workers, which is the cause of concern.

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The increase in female migrations has several explanations from then among them which we'll be discussing later, but the point I want to make here is that women migration is missing in politics.

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The policy discussions about women employment.

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It is unseen, yet it is widespread and this migration is shaping.

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In the live bottom not just because it influences the women's entering to the various ecosystems related to higher education, scaling employment, but also because women have different migration motivations, patterns and obstacles that meant.

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And then the absence of this perspective is a structural barrier that not only perpetuates invisibility of female migrants, but also prevents them from being recognized as a key component.

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Especially in the Indian for course. Now if you look at these are certain you know factors which are responsible for we can see the gender division of labor in labor markets.

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We often find that if you look at the labor market, so that's a very clear cut division.

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Of the gender division where we are finding that more and more women are employed in informal sector rather than the formal sector.

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So the number of women in the formal sector is quite low as compared to men in the in homeless sector.

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Then there are sort of culturally pattern family preferences which Do not allow the women to work in certain types of work profiles.

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There's wage discrimination also. There is transferring to economies. We are looking at transitions of economies which has created a demand in low paying service sectors of economies which has created a demand in low paying service sectors of developed economies and find that most of the women are now going in as I already said as a domestic level as

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you know care providers and similarly. There is a demand in demanding services as we see in the Western world is grain.

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We find that most of the demand is coming from the developed world to provide services so these services are being provided by most female workers.

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See another motivation for a few females to migrate is the rising aspirations of the limit themselves and we find that more and more women want to join the workforce and are also forced.

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You look at. You know, factors affecting female migration in India, then you would say that better not employment or opportunities.

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If you look at that 80% of the migrant eligible female graduates choose not to participate in the organized work.

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So they are moving because of migration, with employment opportunities. But we find that there's a desire for employment, but still they are not employed in the organized workforce.

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Increase education seems to encourage more migration of women. The better income, 67% reported in the census.

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67% reported that better income and better work opportunities, motivate them to as a whole factor, and better work opportunities, motivate them to as a whole factor follow up opportunities, motivate them to as a whole factor followed by having well settled relatives in Delhi Mumbai and family movement because of 17.9%.

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So we find push factors that no money in the household. If you look at the whole region of northeast not exactly northeast but West Bengal and up you will find that most of the women are coming I mean most of the domestic care is being supplied by the women within India also from women from particular parts of the country, not

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all but particular parts of the country where we find that rampant poverty prevails and hence women are pushed.

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To go and do work in far off areas as part of as, you know, webinar coming from Oh.

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From the, from Westminster. Ouch Bihar to Jaipur or to any other parts of the country as well, where even the language is a barrier to them.

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They they cannot communicate so they learn them because they learn to have to learn to speak in Hindi or to the local dialect whichever wherever they go.

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So the satisfaction would work it done at home. Lack of employment in their home districts, political instability and environmental conditions such as droughts, floods or debt at home of frequently reported as the vectors affecting female migration in India.

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Yeah, if you look at, what I wanted to look at was that, how Women as a category, the female migrants as a category.

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So whether these female bygrads are as a category What look at the intersectionality of what are the factors which cut across.

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This, category. So if you look at intersectionality, it refers to the ways in which different aspects of a person's identity.

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Which we can call layers. Effect the ways they are viewed by others and this affects their life.

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It also recognizes that intersecting and overlapping identities can be both oppressive and empowering.

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We can see that whether it is the intersection of cast or gender or age, it can be oppressive but it can also be empowering in certain circumstances.

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It recognizes that forms of questions such as racism and sexism do not operate independently but intersect compounding the impacts of age which is very evident when we look at the female migrants.

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So it creates both the strengths and vulnerabilities in the individuals. Now when we, see when there has been a prime shift in labor, demand from industrial to service sectors in the globalized world in a highly-gender dish have appeared in some sectors like domestic work, health, child and aged care.

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These sectors are likely to be more female dominated. The growth in domestic service is often attributed to increasing in inequality in both the rural and urban areas, the shift from an aggregation based economy to a manufacturer and service based.

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Economy and the rise of an urban middle class. The export oriented industrialization driven by FDIs particularly in the larger growth economies in Asia, but also in Latin America and Africa or drawing females from depressed rural areas to textile and government in factories.

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And into domestic caring jobs with the cities and such examples of, you can see, of our neighbor.

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With, you know, in in Mangladesh where we find that they lot of women are working in the, textile industries.

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The government factories and textile industry. So rich community countries are increasingly dependent on migrant women in the domestic health, entertainment and textile industries.

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So female migrant domestic workers who tend to live in the, you know, houses of their employers also suffer from living arrangements.

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In many cases, these women do not have a room of their own or refuse where they can relax and rest.

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Or even on the they sometimes have to sleep on the even in the floor in the kitchen or and this is the case in at least in India in Mumbai where we see that the the you know The living quarters are very, very, you know, very difficult to point for and we find that women the domestic

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health.

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Is offered to buy 3, you know, square foot area where they have to live and then they have to share.

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So we find

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And this, So if you look at, let me share this picture with you of the migrants when I talk about intersectionality.

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Look at this. When I talk about intersectionality, look at this. Let's look in this picture.

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The cross cutting of gender and past. We find that, One moving from, this is a case from India that we see with the women when they migrate, they are doubly marginalized because one for one they do I mean poverty is one.

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Secondly, cast the lower pass status as another. And thirdly, Being women and for being migrant with having no voice that they have to face the problems.

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So the problem of migration gets compounded when it comes to women and when in women also when it comes to the cost sc category or it also comes to the age.

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Here I have seen

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The generations. These are elderly who have to face the problems of again these are women who have been left who are migrated from their homes.

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Whether willingly or unwillingly to banaras, where, to, where they are forced to live.

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Life of so-called purity and they have been shunned by the family they've been left by their families there and these women shift from there.

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In a place of residence to the temples of Vrindavan where they they live and they live in abject misery.

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So now again here the marital condition the fact that they have become a widow they do not have a male partner anymore puts them into you know what then pushes them back into the, invisibility and they are not allowed to be visible in the, the families do not want them to be with them even though when before

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they're male partners, this is, and if you look at their status, it would have been much better.

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Cease to have any kind of let me say status and they are shunned by So my their family members only.

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Now if you look at the picture here. This shows the kind of intersectionality that migrants can have.

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It is not only true of females, but it is also true of males, but more of females.

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Because if you look at age, gender, legal status, noality, race, ethnicity, and disability.

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Sexual orientation, social status, they all intersect. With the

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The migrant population. And when this is as it is the migrant population is, you know, is in a precarious position already because they have left their home.

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They're, they're visiting, they are going into an area which is, you can say they're not familiar with or, they are going, you know, in, in jobs where, they find that, they are not being, you know, they are not given their due.

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And if Within that precarious occupation. If There is a intersection of functionality, there's intersection of ethnicity.

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Intersection of disability when this position gets more compounded. It becomes more and more difficult for them to,

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So the problems and vulnerabilities are migrating with it due to the invisibility of women and children in general.

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My and women become even more vulnerable. There is a lack of awareness about programs available for them, especially if I talk about India, then this keeps women out particularly from Alan body services or the public distribution services.

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So the universality in each government talks about the universality of services but this universality loses its meaning if there is no probability attached to it.

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When women migrate then they're, they're in within the country also. So there are, you know, we can say internal migration or international migration within the with the internal migration there also we look at we find that within the country also with the migrant women have to face more challenges because of that they do not

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have a you know they do not have a ration card because the ration.is only applicable in the state that you are.

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Born in or you, you have domest, you know, So migration due to marriage also results in an increase in domestic crimes against women since most of the women are migrating from rural areas are going to be illiterate and have no one to share their concerns.

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So even, you know, when women move from one place up to manage to move from one place so they also lose their social support system.

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They also lose their network. So daughters married in some other villages or some other parts of the country find it very difficult to attain the land right and inheritance right for women.

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Sorry. Your time is a.

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So it also raises questions on the laws which have been made for women. The financial growth, we find that there's no identity of workers.

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Then we recently we both witnessed the pandemic and we've seen that in the, in the pandemic, since lockdowns were imposed.

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And suddenly there was a food crisis and worse because, the, you know, the card, the rational, as I already said, is non-transferable.

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Migrants could not get access to food and everywhere the internet was full of pictures of migrant workers returning from their places of work to their homes without any kind of support or without any even migrant workers live and work in very unhygienic conditions, makeshift centers that work sites besides their home, especially if they are involved in

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the construction sites. Women migrants are also vulnerable to sexual assault at these sites, lack of excessive outreach facilities or services by the health workers.

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Sexual harassment and workplace act, does not include informal workers. And so it makes migrant women vulnerable to sexual harassment at workplace because it only talks about

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Pardon?

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Sweet unless you meet, can you look up? Are you coming to the conclusion?

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Okay, please. Thank you.

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Yeah, yeah, just coming. Just for me. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So, you know, under, we find that, you know, many studies are indicating that migration involves the scaling for some groups open.

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For example, when we find that women are by grading that even those women who have higher degrees or have color degrees work at in the domestic sector or in the entertainment industry and do not get jobs.

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In advance to their qualification. So they tend to occupy jobs within the informant sector and which are not protected by the labor legislation or social profession.

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So they themselves black knowledge of their rights, fear the authorities are not organized. And just a quick, you know, trends of migration of women in India.

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If you look at that marriage becomes the most important factor of women migrating. So out of the 45 year old migrants.

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We have 31 corors are women and which means 67% of the migrants are women and they out of this When one proves migrate because of marriage.

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71, you know, so almost 70%. 11% my women migrate within their family and only 3% are solo worker migrants.

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So and the biggest room for which we have no status. Women whose husbands migrate for work and will migrate from them.

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So, Rajimi, can you congratulate your presentation? Okay.

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So this is just Yeah, this is just, to show that how females are almost, you know, absent in if you talk about my international migration.

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So this is a data which shows that, how women are migrating from, from the same state, another state and to other countries in these rural and urban setup of India.

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Yeah, so that's all that I have to say. I just, because this is, you know, a part of the bigger work that we are doing on, on gendered migration, but the the data for being the cast analysis is still not with us but the hence I've just presented the

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basic time later. So thank you.

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Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much, Rashimi. Such a wonderful, rich data and a.

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Yes.

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Yeah.

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Such a wonderful rich data and a presentation. Sorry for why we don't have enough time to discover everything.

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How can I do that? So we can just put it down. Oh yeah, that's it.

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And then, you know, this is your presentation. Oh, that's it. And then, you know, this is your presentation.

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Just make sure Mike is on. Yes, yes. Mark is home. How can is that?

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Sorry. Yeah, it's now, okay, good, good. Sorry. Something happened.

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Like, yeah.

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Okay, okay and How can I? We do them now. Oh, okay. Okay, good morning everybody.

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My name is Hideki from Japan and today. My name is Hideki from Japan and today I'm talking about my name is Hideki from Japan and today I'm talking about the citizenship from Japan and today I'm talking about the citizenship in East Asia from the viewpoint of a female migrants.

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Of course here in migrants tend to suffer from inequality in the world and key is citizenship. One of the key keys is citizenship.

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The citizen is functions as the entitlement of various rights and also it becomes it can become a barrier to the enjoyment of rights.

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So that's why citizens is very, very important. And In recent years, it is said that Citizenship is rebelized in so-called comfort zone like Western Europe and North America and British Oceania.

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But there are some quiz. Is it inverse of trend in the world and is it for female Americans too?

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So that's why I pose 3 questions to answer these questions like what is the citizenship trend in comfort zone first.

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Then a secondary, an Eastern trend in female migrants. Mozart. And thirdly, why the trend emerging is Asia?

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These 3 questions I will approach. Then, okay, okay, first, this is the basics of citizenship of as you know.

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Citizenship is the former membership society, fully or partially, right? And also, citizenship has 3 dimensions like a status, rights, obligations and identity.

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So that's why citizens come some, function like inclusion of people and and also exclusion of people and and also exclusion of people that are too.

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And the state and the agencies very often use citizenship as an instrument to regulate migrants. These are basics of citizenship.

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Then in the liberation thesis, these 3 dimensions like a status rights identity moving like this. Now status is liberalizing access to full citizenship is the first thing.

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And second thing is rights in in rights are social rights are weakening. However, Aian and minority rights come 4.

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This is a second thing. And the third thing is about identity. Many many states try to operate national identity right and they suffer from some products of universalism. Right?

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So that's why in the comfort zone, female migrants are in this track of liberalization. So what happened in East Asia?

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This is it. Firstly historical background. I will focus today Japan South Korea Taiwan 3 so-called industrialized democracies because of course on East Asia I include China and North Korea but it's a bit difficult for me to investigate China now and also North Korea.

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Oh, that's very, very hard for me to investigate what happened in North Korea this is very difficult so that's why try to try to find some evidence in Japan and South Korea Taiwan.

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Frostly in his truckery as he may know Hiwand Korea and Japan very rated historically.

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Firstly, Thai and Korea are were Japanese imperious subjects. Before, then World War 2 Japan defeated, right?

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And Japan issued emulation control ordinance. Then suddenly the director of the Civil Affairs Bureau of Minister of Justice declared.

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Koreans and timelines shall lose Japanese nationality. They are not Japanese anymore. Very harsh, very harddition.

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3 then 3 democracies share the same character like they suffer wartime, and they attain economic development and democracy.

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Politically and they all shifted from migrants sending regions to migrant receiving regions. There that common characters among the 3 democracies.

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Ok, shall we go to the citizenship? The first I may joint status. For the first element is nationality transmission.

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3 democracies, East Asian democracies, has long tradition of youth sandwiches.

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By Patarina Leenage and also they have family registration system without use solely. So that's why that's a family registration system without use solely.

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So that's why that's very very restrictive character but they revise nationally act and they put a maternal image as well.

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So now mother can transmit their national key to child. This is very good. This is open, right?

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And the second element is naturalization. Before on marriage, they can, women can have citizenship with male citizens, right, in Korea and Taiwan.

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But now they need to apply now. Right? And also, now women tend to be heavily subject to state discretion like for example in Taiwan. They need proof of income. For example, in Taiwan, women try to fulfill a lively food requirement.

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They need proof of This is not good. And the third element is multiple citizenship. Now only, only Korea among 3 democracies are possible to have multiple citizenship and but male nationals has to satisfy military service to renounce Korean nationality.

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This is a bit tricky, but not for me. So in this dimension of status, I can say there's a mixture of liberalisation and restorationism here.

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Second Dimension is right. Firstly, social rights. Japan, relatively generous. Yes, surprisingly.

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And since 1,982 and also Korea follows Japan spas and apartment residents can have the wide range of social rights.

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That's very good. However, Taiwan. Even spouses with alien permanent residence certificates have difficulties in having a social provisions.

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This is not good. And a secondary rights of aliens including portraits in particular. Now, Korea.

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Has become the first East Asian country to provide local suffrage into the 1,006. And very interestingly, the targets that main targets are Taiwanese spouses.

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Right? They are maturity of targets. This is very interesting from the gender point. And the third element is MOTHER CATHERED MINORY.

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Korea again is ahead of Japan and Taiwan. Now Korea had Murdoch's family support act and magical support center so-called and they tried to put forward Mount so-called multi-culture policy.

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This is Multiculture, Multiculture Policy. But that such policy is for foreign wives and their children.

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Only, almost only. That means they assume a patriarchal family there then they try to provide some rights and multicultural policies to them.

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This is it. And finally Taiwan. This is a bit good. Taiwan recently dropped mandating pregnancy checks for female migrants.

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This is good. So that's why I can say in this second right restorationism it seems that restrictism surpassed all over liberalization, I feel.

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Okay, thirdly, identity. In East Asia before, not upgrading national identity but and also Japan still retain no strategic tests, no naturalization ceremonies.

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However, Thailand Korea moved closer to comfort zone. For example Taiwan, the government issued Bill of Language and natural gas and they are passed into that 5.

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Because they very very concerned about integration of Southeast Asian brides and their children with lower educational background. This is it.

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And also Korea introduced immigration and natural attitude tests to evaluate our language labor or naturalization applicants. Right?

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And after that, the government interviewed for Into with them for language ability and attitude as a citizen and the respect of democracy.

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Then after that, such nurtures as opponents have to do citizenship oath. And after that, the government will Gibb provide certificate of naturalization.

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This process shows Korea has very big concern about again patriarchal feminism first. Then Ethan National Citizenship and National Security.

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That's why Korea introduced such tests when and the oaths are Brother Bah, right? Again, I have to say it seems that in the third dimension of identity, risk mechanism surpasses over liberalization.

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Okay, summary, let's make summary. This is summary and you can see you can see that the diversity of citizenship for female migrants in East Asia, in particular.

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In the status modern life of transmission in Japan, Korean Taiwan. Yeah, probably that's labeled trend and also procedure of naturalization impacted in Taiwan that's restrictive and for example social rights okay for permanent residents in Taiwan very restrictive and also but booting rents and mud

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crashes in Korea. That's yeah, probably liberal. And also I didn't keep Thailand Korea tried to upgrade nationality.

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Probably that's a restrictive. So that's a very diverse mixture.

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Okay, so final question is why had the female this trend emerged? In recent years. You can you can share you can divide 3 questions firstly why why is it their restrictions remain in East Asia right now.

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Secondly, family registration registration system. It's going on, even now. And based on Patriarchy.

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And thirdly, colonial legacy in particular about strict immigration contour, I am afraid Korean Taiwan succeeded it to the Japanese way.

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This is not good. Japan's awful country, I'm afraid. OK, so, Within the framework of restrictiveness, some liberal elements mixed in aesthetia.

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Why? Again, mainly 3 factors. Pavishal decline. This is it.

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First so children's declining declaring in the grand right elderly people are increasing, increasing. That's why the 3 Democrats need migrants from abroad.

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So economic growthation puts such acceleration like in particular they want to have highly skilled migrants and such highly skilled miners want to have much rights.

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Much citizenship like that. There, gradually 3 democracies increasing. In the foreign states have increasing foreign stairs and more diverse more diversity in the society.

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So that's why in these societies they increased anxiety about integration of foreign players. And such anxiety makes some power.

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On domestic pressure on change of citizenship. Right? That's why. That's why our mixture of liberalism and arrangement is going wrong.

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However, please make sure that such change is from concern about women and children mainly. Yes, based on Patriarchy in particular Thai when Thai and Korea, right?

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So that's why I have to say it here, I can call it. This is only nation reproducing citizenship.

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That means Paying migrants can acquire citizenship, can enjoy citizenship as long as they contribute to reproduction of the nation. This is it.

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So we are not happy in from this conclusion. I'm afraid. So in the near future, these 3 East Asian democracies might challenge or might face challenge like this.

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Ethan, whether it is whether ethnic national identity and patriarchal family concept is changing towards liberalization or not.

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Property 3 democracies will face this challenge. Okay, thank you very much indeed and I'm afraid East Asian situations like that and a bit class guy and a that's guy I'm afraid but I hope I can have a question and comments from you.

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Thank you very much.

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Nice. Thank you. Thank you so much, Hidekey. It's such an interesting topic and interesting comparison.

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And thank you so much for keeping the time and interesting comparison and thank you so much for keeping the time.

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Yes.

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Even with an ending with Black Sky, we can continue our discussion. So next presenter is Mani Shadow.

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From Lajasthan University of Rajasthan, India, we can, I think you have your own

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Yes, I think, you have to stop the screen presenting. Yeah. Alright.

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Sure, sure, I will stop it and then you know you can share your own screen.

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Is it visible?

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Yes now and then you can make it through screen.

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I cannot because my computer it just hangs if I just put it on full screen so I mean just bear with me.

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Yeah.

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Oh, okay. Okay, it's okay. You can you can put the small first screen on bottom down there though.

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You know, you could see like 100% 100 like 11% and the next one. Yes.

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Okay, okay, okay, okay, yes, yes, Is it better?

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Yep, no, not that one. You go left. Left, left, left.

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Yeah, no, no, that's one. The left to the, yes, that's one.

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That's what I'm saying. If I put it on slide show, it just hangs.

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Cricket? Okay, okay, yeah, no worries. No worries.

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That's why.

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Yeah.

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You can you can go ahead. You know like with this, yeah, I think we can, we can, yeah, yeah, see the screen, you are with PowerPoint so no, no problem. Thank you so much.

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So please the floor is yours.

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Alright. Thank you. Thank you. So a very good morning to, so I shall be presenting my study on global migration, sexuality, law and class based mobility capital of, Indian gaming.

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So as you can see here, this study is an attempt to address the overlooked role of sexuality in migration, particularly in context of India.

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So it tries to explore the legal and social environment LGBTQ activism, cultural and family dynamics, economic opportunities that may face, that may influence migration decisions among gay men.

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So these areas are still under research and offered, valuable insights into the intersection of sexuality and migration and hence motivated me to undertake this study.

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Coming onto the next slide, I have discussed about the purpose of the study. So this study tries to examine how social tasks influence the square migration among affluent gay men in post-independent India.

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So it explodes migration as a strategy to navigate social stigma, family pressures and state oppression while considering the constraints of citizenship and migration policies.

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So additionally, it also investigates the multidirectional nature of migration and a generation of mobility capital.

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Drawing on board use concept, which can provide a cultural, economic and social advantage. And finally, the study addresses a gap by shedding light on the experiences of gay men and their interactions with the migration class and capital in the Indian context.

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So in the next slide, I have discussed, the theoretical framework. So this paper, discusses the evolution of migration studies with regard to the inclusion of sexuality in class.

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Traditionally migration studies focused on the economic and sociological aspects of migration. Neglecting the role of sexuality.

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However, in recent decades, scholars have recognized the importance of considering, you know, sexuality and understanding the migration experiences.

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Now the emergence of study of sexuality in migration can be attributed to 2 main factors. Firstly, the rise of the AIDS pandemic, which prompted researchers on non-mainstream sexualities.

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And secondly, the consolidation of these feminists race ethnic and queer studies.

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So the interaction of these events, led to an increased, interest, in studying the sexual practices and the identities of the migrants.

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But, I've also introduced the concept of sexual migration, which was first used by Lionel Kant with in migration studies after conducting ethnographic research with gay men in Mexico and US between 1,997 and 2,000 which emerged as a way to analyze patterns of migration and

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its influence on the sexual behavior and the spread of HIV. I mean, this has been used as a framework for the study.

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The study also highlights the concept of sex ill or sexile which was given by sociologist Manuel Guzman, which refers to the displacement of individuals who have had to leave their home countries due to their sexual orientation.

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Now these migrants often face unique challenges such as lack of family support, fear of violence and discrimination based on their, sexual identities.

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So their migration is often motivated by a search for sexual freedom, equality and legal protections.

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This falls in consonance with the situation of that A-min have faced and highlighted in their interviews.

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Additionally, I've also used the concept of the role of class and mediating the links between sexuality and migration.

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Class-based capital, including economic, cultural and social capital, plays a significant role in shaping migration experiences.

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So elite came in who engage in global multiple migration strategize utilizing their class advantage to overcome obstacles and and improve their social economic position.

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In the Moving on to the next slide, I have discussed, the research questions. That guided the study.

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So these questions are centered around the intricate relationship between sexuality and migration. The influence of class based capital on the experiences of gay men, the diverse motives behind global migration, the impact of societal is stigmatization on life decisions and most importantly the role of law and state in shaping

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the migration trajectories of Indian gay men.

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Alright, so in the next subsequent slides I have discussed the research process, the methods and the field work.

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So this slide, shows the sample composition. So for the research process, the study employed to qualitative methods and conducted a total of 8 online in-depth interviews due to challenges of locating the suitable participants, a snowball sampling was utilized.

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And during the recruitment process, I focused on 2 specific criteria. Firstly, self-identified gay men and secondly who have migrated internationally.

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So social class was not initially considered as a recruitment criteria but it became apparent that most of the respondents who met for the study criteria would be categorized as part of the elite which can be which was demonstrated through their high education qualifications, professional profiles, and nephew and family backgrounds.

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So among the respondents as you can see, here that 2 had completed post-graduate degrees, 3 were professionals who were entrepreneurs.

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One was pursuing a post-graduate degree well and seeking employment at the time of the interview. All the respondents had experienced multiple changes in migration destinations, which is, as you can see here, one was residing in New York, one in San Francisco, in Canada, 2 in London and one in

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Bangkok and after arriving at their overseas destinations 6 respondents changed their migration destinations once again.

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One, relocated within the U.S.A. moving from Maryland to New York. One from California to Toronto, the other 6 relocated internationally.

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All right, so in the next slide, I have discussed the mapping of the respondents. So in June, 2022.

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The studies respondents mapping began initially connecting with gay student on facebook this contact in Jaipur led to connections with other gay men and access to Yaria face gate room.

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Through a reference from respondents, I expanded my network and collected data.

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So in the next slide. I have discussed.

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I've given an overview of how interview data was analyzed using symmetric analysis, examining narratives, patterns and structures.

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So interview notes were considered for a well considered for a comprehensive understanding. Comparisons with existing literature help develop analytical themes informed by theory and empirical data.

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No, in the, subsequent slides, I have discussed results and findings in the light of the research questions.

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So coming on to the very first research question that is in what way stigmatization of homosexuality impacts game and slice decisions.

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So the findings suggested that the stigmatization of homosexuality had significant impact on respondents life and influence their decisions in these following men in base.

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Firstly, all respondents agreed that they faced intense and oppressive subjugation. Due to societal expectations of the masculinity, causing them to feel shame, guilt and self rejection regarding their sexual orientation.

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Now this led to a struggle with self acceptance and negative impact on their overall wellbeing and influence their decisions relating to coming out and disclosure of their sexual identity.

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Secondly, stigma affected respondents ability to form and maintain relationships. The fear of rejection, discrimination and judgment led them to social isolation and difficulties in building intimate and supportive connections.

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Now stigmatization impacted decisions about pursuing romantic relationships openly, participating in social activities within the LGBTQ community and seeking support from family and friends.

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Thirdly, it also contributed to issues pertaining mental health such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.

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Discrimination and societal attitudes that devalue homosexuality led to chronic stress reduced self-esteem and sense of marginalization among respondents.

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Fourth, stigma also impacted career choices. Workplace experiences and professional advancements for respondents.

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The fear of discrimination, prejudice and potential career setbacks due to their sexual orientation influenced decisions about being open at their workplace.

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So respondents were continuously seeking for more LGBTQ friendly work and wants. Fifth, it also drove decisions related to geographical mobility.

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Especially in society like India, where homosexuality is still stigma, is stigmatized.

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Respondents were willing to migrate to more. Accepting and, inclusive locations.

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So this migration involved considerations of safety, access to LGBTQ friendly communities, legal protections and opportunities for personal and sexual expression.

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And finally, stigmatization impacted family relationships and social support networks. Respondents pointed out that they faced rejection, stained relationships or the fear of losing family support due to their sexual orientation.

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So this influence their decisions about coming out to family members. And the building alternative support networks which is within the LGBTQ community.

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Coming onto the second research question. That, what are the biggest motives to undertake the global migration for game and in India?

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The common motors are discussed here. Respondents pointed out that they face discrimination, social stigma and limited acceptance due to prevailing cultural norms and conservative attitudes towards homosexuality.

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Migration to more accepting and inclusive countries provided an opportunity to escape these challenges and live more openly and authentically.

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Secondly, global migration also offered access to legal protections and rights for LGBTQ individuals that was lacking or limited in India.

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Thirdly, migration to countries with greater social and acceptance and LGBTQ visibility allowed respondents to express their identities, relationships and sexual orientations openly without the fear of any repercussions.

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Fourth, global migration also, you know, provided the opportunity to connect with established LGBTQ communities and support networks and destinations which were known for their vibrant queries.

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And these communities basically provided more social support, friendship, mentorship and chance to engage in LGBTQ events.

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Fifth, migration for education and professional purposes was another motive by the respondents. So this, Now basically enhance their skills.

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It, help them gain new experiences and expanded, their networks. This in turn contributed to their personal growth, career advancement and increased economic opportunities.

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So migration was also motivated by the desire to establish or maintain relationships with the same sex partners. Because in case of India, a legal recognition and protection is still a gray area.

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And, finally, global migration offered an opportunity to, personal growth, self discovery, and exploration.

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It allowed respondents to experience different cultures, lifestyles and perspectives which contributed to their sense of identity.

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Coming onto the next, research question. What is the relationship? Between sexuality and migration and in what ways it is mediated by class-based capital.

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So elite Indian gay men engaged in global multiple migration as a means of self-realization and was driven by class resources, strategies, and sexual identity.

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Now class based resources were utilized to facilitate global multiple migration serving as a strategy to navigate social stigma, family pressure and restrictive state policies.

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The preferred destinations for these migrants were cosmopolitan or metropolitan cities. With established gay communities which provided enabling spaces for their sexual authenticity.

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Now the ability to migrate between high-cost cosmopolitan cities presupposes a class advantage here.

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The migration patterns of elite game and also challenged the notion of the lenient movement and emphasized an open ended process constantly searching for better opportunities.

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And next step for migrants, these are individuals where capital rich and constantly seek better destinations rather than having a preferred one.

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So they lived simultaneously in multiple countries but did not prioritize establishing roots in any one place due to their class advantage.

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So the concept of mobility capital also emerges here which refers to the resources generated through global multiple migration and convertible to economic, cultural, social and citizen ship capital.

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And finally, coming on to the question 4, which is. What is the role of law and state, in influencing the migration trajectories of the Indian game.

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So commonly, a migration decisions of the respondents were influenced by these following issues. So prior to landmark judgment in 2,018 by Supreme Court of India, homosexuality was criminalized under under under section 3 7 7 of the Indian Penelope.

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Now this criminalization created a hostile environment for gay men and subjugated them to stigma.

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As a result, respondents chose to migrate to countries or regions where their sexual orientation was not criminalized.

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However, the subsequent decriminalization of homosexuality by the Supreme Court, provided legal recognition and protection for gay men, but societal acceptance is still far lagging behind.

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Secondly, the recognition of same-sex relationships to legal means such as marriage or civil partnership significantly impacted migration decisions.

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Manage equality rights will are still pending with Supreme Court and current government doesn't seem to be in favor of this and hence respondents pointed out that as of now migration seems only viable option for now.

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Totally, the absence of antidiscrimination laws and policies protecting individuals based on sexual orientation also influence migration decisions.

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The existence of legal protection against discrimination areas such as employment housing health care and public services creates a more inclusive environment.

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But unfortunately, either such rights are not available or even if they are to an extent, their practice is not reinforced.

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I'll take just a minute. And, finally, The socio-cultural climate and public attitudes towards homosexuality are shaped by state and its policies.

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Plays a crucial role in migration trajectories. Now the state's action, public discourse and societal acceptance or rejection of homosexuality creates an environment that can either facilitate or hinder the migration of GMA.

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So hostile environments, social stigma and lack of acceptance pushed respondents to seek migration to countries or regions where they could live more openly and freely without the fear of discrimination.

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So it is important to note here that the influence of law and state on migration trajectories is complex and can it varied on complex individual circumstances, socio economic factors and personal motives.

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So thank you very much and with this I conclude here. Thank you.

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Thank you. Thank you so much Manish. I'm such a wonderful presentation and like we already discussed intersectionality.

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And like we already discussed intersectionality, we already discussed intersectionality with Lashimi and then you added an important layer of sexual orientation.

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So like we may discuss this topic further in a Q&A discussion here in a session. But thank you so much.

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And then maybe you can just stop sharing your. Presentation. Thank you. And then we have a next presenter and another presentation on India from Mohita Shalma.

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I think she's, yeah, you're, you're there, right?

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Good morning. Good morning everyone.

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Mari Mahita

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Let me just share my screen with you.

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Yes, please.

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I hope it's visible.

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Now it's still not for a screen. Can you make it?

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There's a minute full screen.

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Oh yes, it's now for a screen. Thank you so much Mohita and then Thank you so much for presenting.

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About this interesting topic. So for why it's yours, you have a 15 min.

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Thank you so much. Good morning everyone once again and Dr. And I'm a post daughter and fellow under the Roosa program, in University of Rajasthan.

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And, Gill, I'm presenting along with my colleague, Yasha Svishurana.

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She's a research assistant. And we are doing our fellowship under the guidance of Professor Rashmi Jen and one of my.

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Cool. Principal investigators is also here. Dr.

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Amiti just showed, yeah, she's, She's a part of the audience today.

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So let me begin, my presentation. as you run. This has been a several, several discussions about the MRT dimensions and multi layers.

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Of the migration what exactly migration is And, and the people here is based on secondary data.

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So the There are several aspects to, the study of migrations. I have, here highlighted a few specifically spatial aspect.

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You had enough population is moving from one geographical area to another, then there is human mobilization of course.

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The structural changes and inequalities as a result of this migration and movement process, the social construct of boundaries and the political conflict that may arise due to this shift or movement of population from one area to another.

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Now migration has always been a multi-dimensional project. concept and it requires a As in when we studied about the paper, we, we acknowledge the fact that, it requires not only qualitative.

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Assessment. It also requires, quantitative assessment. Each of these method methodologies proved to be inadequate if you separately.

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So the, whatever researchers were conducted, in, we came across during the, data collection process.

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Yeah.

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We are mostly based on mixed methodology and they emphasize. Oh, pretty. And they emphasized on the use of, both micro level as well as, macro level analysis of the process of migration.

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As in when we were, we were studying about, migration as a sociological process.

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The first in, the first and the most famous, work, we came across was that of, where George Simmel went and he discussed, the stranger and in his book titled This Stranger in 1,950 when he discussed he identified the stranger as who comes Today and leaves

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tomorrow.

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Then he identified another group of individuals which were, which he identified as those who were left behind.

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So, he, discussed, D process in. Simultaneously he discussed 2 processes simultaneously.

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He discussed the coming. And the staying of the stranger and then is leaving and those who were left behind so the inter-relationship between the Stranger and those who were left behind was highlighted by him.

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As I've already discussed the And the studies was based on secondary data and. Where as in when we were study, migration.

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Individually as a process and migration as a sociological process there were 2 broad teams which emerged. First was that those who were migrating, the migrant population and the second, theme was that of those who were left behind the family and other.

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And the second, theme was that of those who were left behind the family and other, associated social groups, those of those who were left behind, to the original place to wish to belongs.

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Now in case of of what made migrant population more vulnerable to HIV. Because eventually we, we were analyzing the close relationship between HIV and migrating population.

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So the what we felt was that the nature of work in which the migrating population was involved, the stress the long hours of the peer pressure all these factors contributed and also a well-developed network of female sex workers and other kind of sex workers which was well organized and very easily readily available to the migrating

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population. All these factors made them more vulnerable to HIV because, there was lack of awareness of, say sexual practices.

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And sex was, seen as a source of entertainment rather than, and The lack of use of condoms was also a visible, and knowledge of, say, sex practices was also, seen among the migrating population.

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So in case of if the migrant became HIV positive, then they were, they were further categorized into the feeling of isolation and guilt.

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They were,ing strategies which were based on individual because there are there are no fixed strategies which were based on individual because there are there are no fixed strategies which were based on individuals, because there are no fixed strategies which an individual uses.

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There are multiple strategies working simultaneously and there is no timeline as to how an individual goes to him be in or her being positive.

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Hiv positive. So it completely depends on the individual and there was social stigma because in society, such as India where we are, the sexual practices and activities are concealed, you know, And, their view another model morality lens.

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So stigma begins a major issue for all the tools who have become positive and the family status, the economic status of the family also has a major factor as to.

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And whether the individual faces some kind of a problem or problem at the family faces some kind of a social problem because in case we were very studying for the research we also came across that family if the economic status of a family is fair enough they if they belong to a middle or higher income group in such scenarios they were

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not. Subdue to so much stigmatization as compared to those who belong to a lower income group.

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Now these were the major objectives of the paper. The first was that of, developing a So sociological understand, to understand migration as a sociological process.

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Let me just move on to my next slide before discussing. Yes. Migration as a sociological process here and we discussed we studied various theories sociological theories which helped us create a better understanding of migration as a sociological process.

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And the, theories were majorly divided into 2 subparts. That were the classical theories, and then the contemporary theories.

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The classical theory somehow proved to be inadequate in dealing with certain issues. I would like to issue a highlight those issues.

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First of all, the classical approach failed to analyze the transnational impact of migration and post-migration processes.

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Lack of viewing, of these theory from gendered lens. And, many questions related to gender relations and migration reality remained unanswered.

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And the questions pertaining to various ethnic groups. And social processes like a simulation. Adjustment and.

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Conflict also remained unanswered. And the social psychological issues which emerge due to the migration process were also not given due attention.

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So, As a result of all these, Lecunas, the contemporary sociological theories emerge.

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And the contemporary, sociological. Series were also divided into 3 subparts. These were the migration and mobility as a social practice in day-to-day life.

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So the migration process was viewed as an everyday activity and it as a social practice which helped create a better understanding of the migration process.

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Secondly was the gender sensitive migration studies and the third was the study of transnational families. The second objective was to assess the impact of migration and migration population and those who were left behind as I've already discussed.

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The study was, divided into 2 major sub teams. Those who are migrating and the second was those who were left behind.

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The third objective was to highlight the factors responsible for risky behaviors. Here in I would like to, move, I guess.

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So, why is the migrating population is at risk? And there were several factors as I've already discussed.

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Some of them earlier, but I here I would like to discuss them in detail. First and foremost was the regular separation, was a long time period of separation.

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From the regular partners. The road conditions where here we majorly focused on truckers and, migrating labels.

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So the improv working conditions, the extreme pressure to work to meet the deadlines and everything were also, contributing to the stress, related to work.

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And there was a frequent alcoholism visible among the migrating population and and easy access to well-developed sex networks operating at highways and other Hey, areas where migrating population resides.

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And there was a lack of health care service and the major factor was the knowledge or lack of knowledge of, safe sexual practices, availability of condoms.

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And there were not a there of major. Lee were not aware of how, the existence of sexually transmitted diseases.

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And they were not aware of how HIV was transmitted from one person to another. The mode of transmission or transmission of HIV was also not seen among those awareness about the mode of transmission was not there in case of migrating population.

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Now the third And the last objective was to suggest ways that would lead to early detection and also initiating of HIV treatment and also reduction of dropouts.

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How can we reduce the number of dropouts from HIV? Treatment. Oh.

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In case of a migrant population being positive, there were several aspects which influenced his life. Yearin I would like to I divided them into 4 major teams.

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First was the medical condition. Of course he was diagnosed with Hey, and hoping with it, became important.

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How although there is counseling provided at ART centers and to to retrieve treatment centers ART centers.

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That is what they are named in India. And, so although there is, but the amount of stigma associated with HIV because of it's a moral aspects attached to it.

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There is large amount of denial seen among HIV patients they tend to relate it with some other kind socially acceptable diseases such as Do you, even with cancer, but they were they were not ready to admit that.

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They are HIV positive. So they, they were hesitant to admit that they had HIV positive.

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So. There was psychological aspects then gained those social aspects in which they were they disclose it to their family or friends.

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Cases where the family members also came out to be positive. There the situation changes where because the female in case of specifically female, in case of specifically female, family member being positive.

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Yeah, sometimes even blame for the condition of their spouses. And such kind of situations create even worse, because, some in some situations they are abandoned with their, by their family members and then left to, take care of themselves on their own.

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And, in scenarios, there is also. Hmm. There is always a concern related to, their, monitoring of their wire load and the need for nutrition taking care of their general health.

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And at the same time, they were, they, health practitioners have to ensure that they do take on the you know regular medication they do not leave the medication so that they are continuously linked their viral load is continuously.

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Monitored and managed so that they can heave a normal or I would say a healthy life.

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Okay.

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And the economic factors related to migration and of course HIV became, even more important because, in some cases it was visible that what, in they were doing before being a HIV detected they are they have to leave the work because of their either in case of their, because of their

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health condition or because of, the fear that they might be. The other people might know about their HIV status in such scenarios, they tend to leave their, whatever, occupation they were in and they tend to pay, You know, take up new occupation on new means of earning

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livelihood.

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Okay.

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The, government of India, has a specially, design program to take care of people living with HIV and, it comes under the national age control program NACP as to what they are called and there have been several efforts by the government to put up targeted interventions

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for specifically for migrating populations. And year they have. Put in differentiated outreach in initiative based on risk and typology.

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So those, the government has identified, the migrating population as a high risk group and they have put in different approaches, different targeted interventions to cater to the different needs of the migrating population such as men having sex with men, female sex workers and other such groups.

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So there are. Initiatives and they have been. 7, a first put in by the government and majorly they have emphasized on the need of awareness generation not only among the high-risk groups but also among those, the general population.

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So they have put in D addiction camps. They have, various, awareness.

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They put up posters. They put up straight place. And they have made, have they put in an effort to, provide an environment where they can be stigmatized the HIV and and encourage people to take up voluntary, testing.

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I

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But despite their several efforts put in by the government and the It was been, decentralized to state and even to district levels.

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There have been, It's certain issues and challenges which they have been facing. Of the major issue is unawareness and incident uncertainty about the HIV status of the migrating population in case of an individual not knowing about their, HIV status, their risk becomes higher.

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And there is a lack of, you know, they people tend to avoid a voluntary HIV testing.

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They don't want to be a part.

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Rohita, I'm so sorry. Can you come into conclusion? Yep. Thank you.

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Just wrapping up. Yes, please. Thank you. So, also lack of voluntary HIV testing and, Yarin, I would like to mention the government has initiated that in case of an HIV positive person, their spouse and their family members.

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Are also encouraged to take a HIV testing in order to, make sure that we are the most, we are able to identify those who are positive.

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Factors such as gender, education, self-perceived knowledge and socio economic or stages also contribute as a challenge.

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No, I just wrap up in 2 min, but I hear in I would like to, identify the fact that all the studies have been focusing on considering the fact that all the studies have been focusing on considering the fact that all the studies have been focusing on considering the migrating population as the high risk group and those

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or high risk groups as as those who are vulnerable to HIV, but I we consider in during the course of the paper, we consider them as a bridge population and we would like to consider the families and spouses of the migrating population as the actual risk group. Why?

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Because they are not aware of the risks involved. And we would like to consider the migrating population as the bridge population.

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And get a few of the suggestions. We would like to assess the, there is a need of gap assessment in government policy and implementation, promotion of voluntary testing and implementation, promotion of voluntary testing and promotion of preventive measures.

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Education and awareness about the modes of and about the HIV modes of transmission of HIV.

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Reducing stigmatization and involving community to meal HIV care and reducing the doctor patient ratio providing specialized treatment and also training to a health practitioners.

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To cater to the needs of, people living with HIV. Thank you so much for your time and I hope, I did not like you know exceed much.

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Thank you so much.

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Thank you. Thank you Mohita. Wonderful presentation. And it's so interesting to see such a wonderful presentation and it's so interesting to see such a wonderful presentation and it's so interesting to see a wonderful presentation and it's so interesting to see like such a sort of compounded elements affecting HIV and migration.

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Thank you so much. Thank you.

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So thank you so much for a sort of compounded elements affecting HIV and migration. So thank you so much for a wonderful presentation again and migration. So thank you so much for a wonderful presentation again. Yes, thank you.

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We can continue our discussion in a Q&A Sure, just know me. So, Oh, it's Tarimo do something?

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Why? You turned the session this morning. Yes, this one. Hopefully your presentation is not uploaded.

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Sorry, thank you Echo. Let me get my time on. I know that you will be very, uneasy if not.

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So first of all, good morning everyone. Thank you for being here to listen to my presentation.

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And I also thank you for being here to listen to my presentation. And I also thank the organizers for being here to listen to my presentation and I also thank the organizers for giving me the opportunity to present my work here at this session.

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And I also thank the organizers for giving me the opportunity to present my work here at this session on migration and gendered labor.

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So before I go any further, I would like to acknowledge the first nations people whose lands on which we meet and work and I pay my respects to elders past and present.

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At the outset of my presentation, I want to say that although I focus on gender, migration is just one dimension.

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I want to say that although I focus on gender, migration is just one dimension to my research. So I focus on a workforce which consists of a majority of women workers and most of them, a majority of them are female migrant workers.

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So, Let me go to my next slide. We sort of, you know, we heard from the previous speakers who touched on themes of gendered labor, migration, and also intersectionality.

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I will be touching on these themes in different sections of my presentation as well. But the key focus of this research is to understand how women workers negotiate their work rights in globalized April supply chains.

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I take Sri Lanka as a case study. So of course as I said before I'm looking at the collective bargaining power or the power to influence the decision-making in April supply chains by workers and as I said before a majority of them are women workers and also migrant workers which sort of place them at a neglected

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point of intersection. So I would also like to mention that this is just a part of a bigger project, which is my PhD, which focuses on the collective voice of women workers in garment supply chains.

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So in this particular presentation, I focus on the aspect of legal and other norms and how these are beneficial to marginalised groups of workers to advance their position in workplaces.

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So I think I should start with some context to Sri Lanka's apparal industry and why I have chosen the Apple industry.

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So if you look at the pie chart on my slide, you would realize that it contributes to close to 50% of Sri Lanka's export income.

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And Sri Lanka's apple industry is a mature industry which was set up in the 19 eighties sorry in the 1,900 seventys but it opened up for the global economy in late 1,900 seventys and as I said right now it's the biggest export industry in the country.

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The world map on the other side of my slide indicates the supply destinations of Sri Lankan garments.

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So you see that a majority of garments being exported to destinations in the global north, including America, Europe, and also Japan and India.

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And I would also like to sort of highlight that Sri Lanka ended its war in 2,009 which is about 13 years ago.

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Because economic development was extended to people, especially women in these war affected areas in the place of incomplete reconciliation.

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So although Sri Lanka's, yeah. I just, I just wanted to.

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I did. Oh, the penalty. Yeah, that's OK. Yes.

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So although Sri Lanka's Although the conditions or the working conditions in Sri Lanka's April industry is comparatively better and praised by the international community.

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Comparatively better compared to other Asian competitors in the April market. There have been red flags raised in the case of labor bargaining and collective voice of workers.

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So

483
01:27:43.000 --> 01:27:52.000
Sorry, I think I've already touched on this. Of 80% of the April workforce is women workers.

484
01:27:52.000 --> 01:28:08.000
And the industry employs one in 7 women in the country at the moment. So what I want to say here is that the industry has a significant impact on the female workforce of the country.

485
01:28:08.000 --> 01:28:24.000
And what happens in the industry is important for that reason. And currently, in the context of the economic crisis in Sri Lanka, the April industry is sort of expected to step up and fill in the income gap caused by other disrupted industries such as tourism.

486
01:28:24.000 --> 01:28:30.000
And when the industry is pressurized in this manner. The lowest layers of the supply chain keep absorbing the shop.

487
01:28:30.000 --> 01:28:44.000
So the discussion on worker rights and work a voice is quite crucial in this time.

488
01:28:44.000 --> 01:29:01.000
So in order to collect my data, I've sort of conducted field interviews in different parts of Sri Lanka to have my data, I've sort of conducted field interviews in different parts of Sri Lanka to field interviews in different parts of Sri Lanka to have a representative sample of 42 women workers from

489
01:29:01.000 --> 01:29:31.000
both Singlees and Tamil ethnicities.

490
01:29:35.000 --> 01:29:52.000
So before I present to you my data, I think I would start with conceptualizing. My dissertation or rather my research, this project in particular, it sits at the intersection of 4 different areas.

491
01:29:52.000 --> 01:30:10.000
I'm trained as a lawyer. So I approach this problem from a legal perspective primarily, but then I also draw in from industrial relation laws, legal anthropology and regulatory theory because legal anthropology and regulatory theory because I'm interested in industrial relation laws, legal anthropology and regulatory theory because I'm interested in looking at

492
01:30:10.000 --> 01:30:17.000
the regulatory impact that the workers are able to make on the decision making of the industry. So. Sorry, I need to elaborate on this.

493
01:30:17.000 --> 01:30:40.000
Extraction. So I conceptualized apparel industry as a world onto its own. If you look at the quotation on the slide it says that institutions even more those regulating relations between management and the workforce depend not only on written laws, but on decades of practice and trust.

494
01:30:40.000 --> 01:30:54.000
And this cannot be easily and quickly changed by laws. Sally Falkmore's semi-autonomous social fields is the theoretical framework that I'm using for this part of the project.

495
01:30:54.000 --> 01:31:18.000
And I conceptualized apparel industry as a semi-autonomous social field. So a semi-autonomous social field has its own rule-making capacities, which means that the industry is able to make its own regulatory arrangements for its workers and employers and how things are conducted within the industry but at

496
01:31:18.000 --> 01:31:33.000
the same time it is embedded in a larger social matrix where the industry is impacted by other constitutional and legal reforms that happen outside the industry.

497
01:31:33.000 --> 01:31:47.000
So these industry arrangements, these informal mechanisms would have been or other informal agreements would have been ideal in a fair world where there was no massive power gap between employers and workers.

498
01:31:47.000 --> 01:31:59.000
And also, if there were equal bargaining positions, this sort of an arrangement would have been ideal for an industry.

499
01:31:59.000 --> 01:32:15.000
So if you look at the slide, I just wanted to highlight the complexity of Apple's supply chains and the complexity of actors involved in production and also sales of the April supply chain.

500
01:32:15.000 --> 01:32:31.000
So a different legal and normative frameworks applied to these actors, but then you see that they are all connected in various different ways.

501
01:32:31.000 --> 01:32:47.000
So actions, especially at the transnational level at the international level, what the consumer decides to do and also what the brands decide to do impact the workers at the shopflow level in the global south countries.

502
01:32:47.000 --> 01:33:03.000
So like I said before, I am using this conceptualization of of semi autonomous social fields to focus on the rule-making and norm using capacities of different actors, especially in my case.

503
01:33:03.000 --> 01:33:15.000
The the influencing capacity of women workers. So I'm interested in how women workers use these complex dynamics and plural norms from outside the industry to maximize their position within and bargaining powers within the industry.

504
01:33:15.000 --> 01:33:27.000
So I just wanted to highlight, I've included a picture of a layered cake on my slide.

505
01:33:27.000 --> 01:33:43.000
I just wanted to sort of, imply that the April industry could be the middle layer which is sandwiched between 2 other layers which impact the shape of the industry.

506
01:33:43.000 --> 01:33:54.000
So then I come to my case study AKO has indicated that I have only 5 min. So let me quickly summarize my case study on the struggle for violence and harassment free world of work.

507
01:33:54.000 --> 01:34:10.000
Here I've looked at how lawmaking at the international level or rather soft law making at the international level can impact the behaviors of workers and also the employers at the ground level.

508
01:34:10.000 --> 01:34:39.000
So South Asia's significantly low female labor force participation is partially attributed to work place and work related violence and harassment and this includes public transportation and also public spaces connected to work because the broader definition of the current ILO regulations on sexual harassment at workplace includes other spaces connected to work such as transport and commute to work and also public

509
01:34:39.000 --> 01:34:54.000
spaces that the workers represent themselves in during the course of their duty. So violence and harassment of course was more prevalent during COVID across South Asian government manufacturing hubs.

510
01:34:54.000 --> 01:35:13.000
And interestingly, the criminal law provisions, especially in Sri Lanka, was not accessible to women workers and especially the remedies for violence and harassment have, interestingly, never been incorporated into collective bargaining agreements negotiated between male-led unions and the employers.

511
01:35:13.000 --> 01:35:37.000
So I mentioned before that ILO passed a new soft law or rather a convention to govern or rather to influence state behavior and state law making on violence and harassment in workplaces.

512
01:35:37.000 --> 01:35:38.000
Kevin.

513
01:35:38.000 --> 01:35:45.000
So this convention came into existence or other came into effect. Sorry, came into effect in June of 2,019.

514
01:35:45.000 --> 01:36:10.000
So at the international level, of course conventions are negotiated at the international level and people are very skeptical about their impact at the local level what I observed during my field interviews is that this opened up new spaces for women workers and their organizations to speak up about sexual harassment and violence-related issues at the ground level.

515
01:36:10.000 --> 01:36:28.000
This drew attention to this matter at the ground level and there were campaigns to push for national level legislation on this matter and also to train and create awareness among workers about their right on this.

516
01:36:28.000 --> 01:36:58.000
So these are 2. I quotations that I wanted to highlight. So one worker, if you look at the second extraction it's from a worker who shared with me that it was very helpful to be educated on sexual and violence, sexual harassment and violence-related issues and that she appreciated that the trade unions and women's organizations especially

517
01:36:58.000 --> 01:37:13.000
have started imparting this knowledge and in a way that empowered workers. A challenge that was highlighted by a trade union leader, a woman trade union leader, is that as long as workers do not have rights literacy, the campaigns will not be effective.

518
01:37:13.000 --> 01:37:34.000
So that takes me to the last slide in which I highlight 3 key themes. I know that I didn't have enough time to elaborate on these but I'd like to flag them maybe for discussion later on.

519
01:37:34.000 --> 01:37:50.000
So firstly, presence of plural norms in April supply chains and also within the broader context can be advantages for certain marginalized and weak, I would say, or other groups with weaker bargaining power in industries like the April industry.

520
01:37:50.000 --> 01:37:58.000
So women are able to draw from outside the industry, use norms from outside the industry to maximize their bargaining power and their regulatory influence within the industry.

521
01:37:58.000 --> 01:38:28.000
The second theme on rights rights acts as a combining force. It brings together not just workers as one unit to come and advocate for their rights, but also it helps local actors to recruit international activists and organizations to advance or amplify their campaigns.

522
01:38:28.000 --> 01:38:38.000
And finally, the potential of rights as an accountability mechanism beyond regulation is a widely discussed theme so I'm not going to elaborate on that but that has a strong implications for my project as well.

523
01:38:38.000 --> 01:38:52.000
So I think I will leave it at that. Thank you very much for listening and if you have any questions I'm happy to clarify.

524
01:38:52.000 --> 01:38:56.000
You

525
01:38:56.000 --> 01:39:03.000
Thank you so much. Asjali and all presenters. Now we have 10 around 10 min.

526
01:39:03.000 --> 01:39:18.000
I'm for Q&A. So just let me. Stop sharing this one. Yes, and then hopefully I can just make it to see everyone.

527
01:39:18.000 --> 01:39:29.000
Gary, no Gary, is it? Hi Rashimi. Again. Kenny hears.

528
01:39:29.000 --> 01:39:30.000
Yes, I can.

529
01:39:30.000 --> 01:39:39.000
Okay, great, great. So now we are coming to the QNS session both online and in person, both online and in-person participants.

530
01:39:39.000 --> 01:39:42.000
Do you have any questions or comments? Both online and in-person participants. Do you have any questions or comments?

531
01:39:42.000 --> 01:39:52.000
Just feel free to raise your hands or just put it in a chat or, yeah, just come up to the question for them on the mic.

532
01:39:52.000 --> 01:39:53.000
Even, Rashimi, you have a question. Okay, go ahead.

533
01:39:53.000 --> 01:39:59.000
Thank you. Okay, not a question. I need a clarification from Videki.

534
01:39:59.000 --> 01:40:02.000
I mean, because he when he was concluding, I need a clarification from Videki.

535
01:40:02.000 --> 01:40:09.000
I mean, because he when he was concluding, Hidey you had said that you know citizenship when you're talking about citizenship contribute to the nation of that the migrants should, contribute to the nation of reproduction.

536
01:40:09.000 --> 01:40:15.000
I just wanted to know what do you mean by that?

537
01:40:15.000 --> 01:40:23.000
Wonderful. So. Okay, thank you Rashimi. I have another question.

538
01:40:23.000 --> 01:40:24.000
Good.

539
01:40:24.000 --> 01:40:34.000
And that means if the if female migrants can acquire a citizenship. They are they are expected to contribute to something.

540
01:40:34.000 --> 01:40:35.000
Hmm.

541
01:40:35.000 --> 01:40:45.000
If not, they can't acquire citizenship. But what, what, what it contribution? That's it, reproduction of the nation, right?

542
01:40:45.000 --> 01:41:03.000
They are almost all of them are F in brides and their children right right? This is the point and the government try even but the Korean Taiwan government tried to provide citizenship to them because they can make a family and children and something like that.

543
01:41:03.000 --> 01:41:11.000
No, if not, they they want to do that. That's it. That's a point.

544
01:41:11.000 --> 01:41:15.000
Thank you very much.

545
01:41:15.000 --> 01:41:20.000
Thank you Hideki and Rashimi. Now him as was in hand. Great.

546
01:41:20.000 --> 01:41:25.000
Yeah, thank you. Ask me for a very interesting presentation because it's quite similar to the gender labor situation in Vietnam.

547
01:41:25.000 --> 01:41:43.000
Women just dominate, kayak the cabman and textile footwear makers I'm making so I'm very interesting about the aspect you say that the woman started in the transport sectors.

548
01:41:43.000 --> 01:41:47.000
My question is what type of work that we're available in transport sector because in Vietnam, not many women go in transport sectors like even the construction.

549
01:41:47.000 --> 01:42:02.000
Or maybe even the services for transport service like the masses or. Maybe I mean, different kind of job in this transport.

550
01:42:02.000 --> 01:42:03.000
So you want to know about? March yet.

551
01:42:03.000 --> 01:42:13.000
My tile. What type in infrastructure is that the woman, is working from her presentation.

552
01:42:13.000 --> 01:42:16.000
What type of work? Yeah. In transport sector.

553
01:42:16.000 --> 01:42:23.000
Yeah, so. Yeah, in transport sectors. I did not mention exactly the transport sector.

554
01:42:23.000 --> 01:42:36.000
I was talking about the construction sites that women are Yeah, so they are mostly, I mean, we find that, female, May labor is more, involved in the construction sites.

555
01:42:36.000 --> 01:42:37.000
Construction.

556
01:42:37.000 --> 01:42:42.000
Yeah, I don't know. Foot construction slides because, that's the informal sector of, employment.

557
01:42:42.000 --> 01:42:43.000
I know.

558
01:42:43.000 --> 01:43:02.000
Yeah, they do not need any papers and the jobs it's readily available and hence most of the migrant female population is going towards the construction site and here we find a differential and then earnings also.

559
01:43:02.000 --> 01:43:03.000
Okay.

560
01:43:03.000 --> 01:43:04.000
Why, I mean they find different earnings. So that is what I was trying to say and it is easy to find jobs.

561
01:43:04.000 --> 01:43:18.000
Especially with the networking that they have when they come from their rural areas to the cities or to the construction sites and they already have a network somebody from their village is working there and they get them jobs and they start working there.

562
01:43:18.000 --> 01:43:30.000
So you know the more and when they especially when I talked about the migrants from which we are or the West Bingo or the northeastern part of the country, we find that they sense the language is a barrier.

563
01:43:30.000 --> 01:43:31.000
Yeah.

564
01:43:31.000 --> 01:43:34.000
So we find that most of the problems emerge from that, that they cannot converse in the local language.

565
01:43:34.000 --> 01:43:35.000
Yep.

566
01:43:35.000 --> 01:43:45.000
So they have are dependent in instruction. We know it is a labor or intensive activity where if the communication is not required it is the physical labor which is required and so we find that most of the women are working.

567
01:43:45.000 --> 01:44:01.000
You know, in the construction, at the construction site is floating gradually. You know, I also notice when we're doing, this field work on, the female migrants in Jaipur.

568
01:44:01.000 --> 01:44:20.000
We noticed that slowly in gradually these women and you know, we notice that slowly in gradually these women and you know from work, they start learning the language of the city where they are working they start learning the language of the city where they are working they start learning the language of the city where they are working they try and come to

569
01:44:20.000 --> 01:44:21.000
Hmm.

570
01:44:21.000 --> 01:44:27.000
the language of the city where they are working, they try and come to the domestic sector where it is, equally depending in time, but less laborious than the But equally, we find that equally they are facing discrimination even at the domestic front also.

571
01:44:27.000 --> 01:44:34.000
So, if they were in the construction site, what type specific type of jobs and I really curious about that because it requires a

572
01:44:34.000 --> 01:44:41.000
What type of, okay, what type of jobs? They are basically doing, lifting off, the bricks.

573
01:44:41.000 --> 01:44:42.000
Cool.

574
01:44:42.000 --> 01:44:47.000
Having the the cement or you know the construction material to the side. So they are not doing any kind of, you can say.

575
01:44:47.000 --> 01:44:51.000
Yeah. Not the beauty, not the beauty. I mean the people. Yeah.

576
01:44:51.000 --> 01:44:56.000
Oh, and very still, no skill is required in that job.

577
01:44:56.000 --> 01:44:57.000
No scaling. No scaling is required.

578
01:44:57.000 --> 01:45:05.000
No, Yeah. Yeah. That's it. I understand.

579
01:45:05.000 --> 01:45:06.000
Yes, yes, yes.

580
01:45:06.000 --> 01:45:07.000
Like I have says, support staff for the builders or maybe for other ski workers. Yeah, okay, I understand.

581
01:45:07.000 --> 01:45:08.000
Thank you, thank you.

582
01:45:08.000 --> 01:45:12.000
Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, thank you Hannah Rashimi. It was so interesting.

583
01:45:12.000 --> 01:45:18.000
I think in impact now some kind of construction work is prohibited. I think in in that now, some kind of construction work is prohibited for women.

584
01:45:18.000 --> 01:45:24.000
So it is actually like some laboratory.

585
01:45:24.000 --> 01:45:25.000
Yeah, yeah.

586
01:45:25.000 --> 01:45:31.000
Yeah, I really curious because really different from my country women even in construction are not many people just support in that field and We may focus on the indoor activities, the very gender aspect.

587
01:45:31.000 --> 01:45:32.000
Yeah. Very

588
01:45:32.000 --> 01:45:42.000
Yeah, thank you so much for your question and then in response to. We have a question from the floor.

589
01:45:42.000 --> 01:45:58.000
I always say, I said it's really I don't know whether it is really part of your case tell me I was interested Sri Lanka researcher.

590
01:45:58.000 --> 01:45:59.000
Can't hear.

591
01:45:59.000 --> 01:46:05.000
Find out the can we do jazz or not? You maybe you can come here.

592
01:46:05.000 --> 01:46:06.000
A cool we're going to.

593
01:46:06.000 --> 01:46:29.000
Yeah. Got that anyway but she didn't look at it. I have a question for utterly, I don't know whether it is part of PhD research, but when you really in my understanding the case study, I mean you normally really paint a picture of the demographic top participant that you have interviewed and the second thing is

594
01:46:29.000 --> 01:46:37.000
the factors that they really, really look at the Sri Lankan context, they have the demand for these high professional jobs.

595
01:46:37.000 --> 01:46:48.000
Why did this? To go. I mean that probably are due to economic factor but I really want to find out at the Ingridial research on Sri Lanka, why did they really accept that job?

596
01:46:48.000 --> 01:47:00.000
What kind of background do they come from. It's very good that you have really included St. Louis and Tamil.

597
01:47:00.000 --> 01:47:14.000
I wonder whether you have really included St. Louis and Tamil. I wonder whether you have also represented the Muslim community which represent about 10% of the Sri Lankan population, that's all.

598
01:47:14.000 --> 01:47:26.000
Yeah, thank you, Sunila, for that question and also giving me the opportunity to talk to that aspect of my project and also giving me the opportunity to talk to that aspect of my project and also giving me the opportunity to talk to that aspect of my project and also giving me the opportunity to talk to that aspect of my project.

599
01:47:26.000 --> 01:47:32.000
So in terms of the demographies of my project. So in terms of the demographies of the project.

600
01:47:32.000 --> 01:47:40.000
So in terms of the demographies of the April workers, I would say I can talk to my own sample because it is exceedingly difficult to access these data in Sri Lanka.

601
01:47:40.000 --> 01:48:02.000
No formal state institution really collect demographical data. Of course, now they have sort of, you know, the Labor Department has started collecting gender segregated statistics, but not so much on not so much in terms of racial and other class and other criteria.

602
01:48:02.000 --> 01:48:28.000
So we need to really advance in those areas. My answer to your question on, you were wondering why these workers accepted the job and that's a question you were wondering why these workers accepted the job and that's a question that I asked the job and that's why these workers accepted the job and that's a question that I asked every single worker that I interviewed.

603
01:48:28.000 --> 01:48:33.000
So I think a majority, not a majority. I think almost all of them said their own life circumstances compelled them to take up the jobs.

604
01:48:33.000 --> 01:48:41.000
Most of the workers, like I said, women workers were migrant workers coming from rural areas in Sri Lanka coming from Impoverished backgrounds.

605
01:48:41.000 --> 01:48:54.000
Most of them had just left grade 10 or 11 at school and some of the family, their fathers are sick, and the male breadwinners are non-existent in the families.

606
01:48:54.000 --> 01:49:03.000
So the workers were compelled to come out of school prematurely and to take up these jobs to support their families.

607
01:49:03.000 --> 01:49:20.000
Mostly the women that I spoke to, some of them were elder siblings and they were quite committed to taking care of the family and their younger siblings.

608
01:49:20.000 --> 01:49:43.000
And there is also research to indicate that the reason why the April industry workforce is young women is because you know some of them take up the jobs temporarily until they get married and some of their motives, some of their motives to get to earn.

609
01:49:43.000 --> 01:49:48.000
Earn enough money to basically to earn enough money as dowry when they get married. So poverty is the key reason as to why they accepted the job.

610
01:49:48.000 --> 01:50:08.000
As dowry when they get married. So poverty is the key reason as to why they accepted the job.

611
01:50:08.000 --> 01:50:09.000
And if you look at the north of Sri Lanka as to why they accepted the job. And if you look at the north of Sri Lanka where you have to look at the north of Sri Lanka where you have a majority of Tamil workers the other alternative to factory jobs is farming.

612
01:50:09.000 --> 01:50:35.000
They consider factory jobs as more secure and more lucrative compared to farming in the area. You also pointed that Sri Lanka has 10% of a Muslim community.

613
01:50:35.000 --> 01:50:43.000
Interestingly, in the government industry, I did not come across any Muslim workers, but I have heard that there So that's an interesting dimension as well.

614
01:50:43.000 --> 01:51:05.000
My sample was Yes. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, of course. I mean, it has been explored by previous Yes, of course.

615
01:51:05.000 --> 01:51:11.000
I mean, we have some participants from India as well and it's a similar sort of concept that exists.

616
01:51:11.000 --> 01:51:19.000
I think mostly in South Asian context and probably in Southeast Asia as well. I'm not really quite familiar with that setting.

617
01:51:19.000 --> 01:51:36.000
But then a dowry is like a bride price that is paid you conventionally or rather customer really paid by the bride's father or bride's family to the groom for taking her away in marriage.

618
01:51:36.000 --> 01:51:41.000
But you know in the case of the garment workers, like I said, most of them are coming from impoverished backgrounds.

619
01:51:41.000 --> 01:51:55.000
So their families do not have the means to offer this bride price and the women themselves have to work and earn this for themselves to be eligible for marriage.

620
01:51:55.000 --> 01:51:58.000
Yeah, so thank you very much.

621
01:51:58.000 --> 01:52:05.000
I think it's so interesting, like you know, marriage or a customer or a marriage itself is really like influencing the labor.

622
01:52:05.000 --> 01:52:10.000
Behavior. I have, sorry, I can we at least in time, but you know, I think very last quick question to Moniche, Moneta and Mohita.

623
01:52:10.000 --> 01:52:20.000
Because you know like HIV AIDS and then like HIV AIDS and Mohita.

624
01:52:20.000 --> 01:52:38.000
Because like HIV A's and like like a gay and also like a gay and also like a resb issues are sort of like interrelated, you know, like how do you have any like last word, you know, like and how, you know, what you learn from other each other's presentation or how you see, for

625
01:52:38.000 --> 01:52:52.000
example, like you know, Monishi, you didn't really much talk much about HIV A's, but it's maybe one of the part of Stiga's, but it's maybe like HIV A's, but it's maybe like a part of Stigmer issue and then Mohita, maybe your sort of subject

626
01:52:52.000 --> 01:52:59.000
or part of gay people could be your subjects. Part of gay people could be your subjects. So how did you find your subject?

627
01:52:59.000 --> 01:53:05.000
So how did you, you know, could be your subject? So how did you find, you know, could be your subject?

628
01:53:05.000 --> 01:53:11.000
So, like, and how, how did you like find, you know, from, what did you find from each other's presentation?

629
01:53:11.000 --> 01:53:14.000
So whether you want to go first or

630
01:53:14.000 --> 01:53:15.000
Yeah, yeah, sure, please.

631
01:53:15.000 --> 01:53:17.000
Hey, you go ahead.

632
01:53:17.000 --> 01:53:36.000
Okay, so I think. you know, because I did my, my PhD also on a similar, topic and, when I interviewed participants, I came across the fact that the problem is particularly, in India is of stigmatization and discrimination.

633
01:53:36.000 --> 01:53:44.000
And, although as I said that, the board for the the vote for the legal rights.

634
01:53:44.000 --> 01:53:58.000
Has been pretty long. In 2,009 the Supreme Court, the High Court of, Delhi actually, legalize him, say, legalize the, same-sex relationships.

635
01:53:58.000 --> 01:54:20.000
But then in 2,013 it was again it was criminalized and back in 2,018 it was decriminalized again So what really happened is what really happens from the what I get from the narratives of the respondents is that this stigma this kind of discrimination actually forces them is actually one of the factors which forces

636
01:54:20.000 --> 01:54:40.000
them to get into you know risky sexual behavior as well. It's sort of kind of company shades for, for the, for the, not the heterosexual normativity that has been, you know, established.

637
01:54:40.000 --> 01:54:56.000
In the 4 walls So, they won't, they want them to, you know, to be seen as somebody who falls in, consonance with the very definition of what a masculine man should be.

638
01:54:56.000 --> 01:55:09.000
And hence, you know, this kind of sexual behavior also, emerges. Although I haven't discussed, but yes, I mean, I think the core reason behind is still the stigma and discrimination.

639
01:55:09.000 --> 01:55:27.000
Yes, I absolutely agree with what Manisha is saying because there is large amount of morality. Majorly patriarchal and.

640
01:55:27.000 --> 01:55:45.000
And the kind of, traditional and orthodox in what they believe in. So, such kind of practices about openly discussing this sexuality of an individual and openly accepting that they are gay or lesbian.

641
01:55:45.000 --> 01:55:57.000
Is a major stigma. Specifically in case of HIV. Because of the mode of transmission is majorly due to sexual activities and unsafe sexual practices.

642
01:55:57.000 --> 01:56:24.000
The stigma is further enhanced. We have because of again the morality concept associated with it. So the respondents are when we went to the field work the people were not those who positive were not readily accepting the fact that they were positive due to which mode of transmission they use usually identified them as themselves as being a positive due to

643
01:56:24.000 --> 01:56:38.000
blood transfusion or due to needle exchange but they did not Openly accept that. What was the major mode of transmission of them being positive and their spouses also being positive.

644
01:56:38.000 --> 01:56:44.000
And specifically in case of a respondent female respondents who were positive and their spouses were not positive.

645
01:56:44.000 --> 01:56:59.000
The scenario was even worse. If the female is positive and her husband is not positive. And so there is lot of you know, stigmatization is, many folds in case of women.

646
01:56:59.000 --> 01:57:05.000
So that is also another factor associated with. Yep, that's it. Thank you.

647
01:57:05.000 --> 01:57:06.000
Thank you. Thank you Mohita and thank you Manish and thank you so much to all the presenters and papers.

648
01:57:06.000 --> 01:57:23.000
They are all fascinating.

649
01:57:23.000 --> 01:57:27.000
Thank you. For stepping in as chair and helping us and the session. Thank you so much.

650
01:57:27.000 --> 01:57:35.000
Yeah, thank you. Thank you, thank you Dashimi and thank you so much to be an organizer actually over this session.

651
01:57:35.000 --> 01:57:46.000
Yeah. It has been a wonderful session. We had very good presentations and you know. Tapping across the boundary so that was very good.

652
01:57:46.000 --> 01:57:47.000
Yes, yes, yes.

653
01:57:47.000 --> 01:57:49.000
That is, this is the session that we have with presenters from, you know.