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Good morning, Good morning. Everyone. Thank you for as well, especially the presenters, but also our audience for making it here by 8 30 for our second.

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Panel on the international political economy. Digital platforms. This one is on sovereignty and infrastructure power.

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And I'll begin with the country acknowledgements before we start with our first presenter. The place known as Australia comprises the traditional estates of over 250 First Nations language groups.

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For nearly 50 years now, Australians have increasingly formally recognized the importance of country and First Nations people's relationships and protocols for conducting business in country.

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Aledging country shows respect for the country and the First Nations continuing connections to country.

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Taza and the ISA, 2,023 World Congress to which the cultural protocols to be known to all and observed.

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The country we meet on for this world Congress is called Norm. It is the home of the Coolant Nation, where in Jerry, where wrong people, we acknowledge their sovereignty and pay our respects to their elders and ancestors.

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And our first presenter will be Dr. Carolina Mikolozka Saha. Talking about giving an ecosystemic perspective on the growth of Airbnb.

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So you already should look at the presentation. Yeah, it's working. Good morning, everybody. Thank you for coming.

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It's a real commitment. Yeah, it's working. Good morning, everybody. Thank you for coming.

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It's a real commitment to be. Sorry, a way that you and you have to. Yeah, very good.

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I already asked as well. Yes, I'll do my very best to stay within the 15 min.

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Yeah, give a take. All right. All right, so the title of my paper is an ecosystemic perspective on the growth of Airbnb.

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So we're going to be looking at what that means in a second. And first one to set the stage a little bit and say that you know the growth of short-term rentals is a one a very good example of digital platforms.

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Growth is causing an erosion of the environment in which they're, they're operate, the platform's digital platforms operate.

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So increasing and increasing saturation where BMBs and other SDRs gives rise to compounding self-reinforcing dynamics including the intensification of over tourism.

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The loss of affordable housing, gentrification, the erosion of social tissue, the growth of neighborhood crime, etc.

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So there is, I think there is a growing understanding of an ecological connectedness of these barriers effects.

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That the growth of platform sets in gear. So meanwhile in this paper these are just a bunch of ideas of brilliant brilliant bunch of examples of brilliant research I want to turn this around a little bit and look at the.

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Some of these processes, dynamics that helped platform growth beyond the typical stories of setting gear successfully kind of coordinating network effects and being you know kind of fueled by lavish VC investment.

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So in this paper I want to and shed light on an Ecopy systemic perspective and platform growth and it's limits, so platform power and weakness.

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And yeah, so, so through that arrived at a theorization of platform power. Continuing with Airbnb as a case study, you'll see that in a second.

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So a few points here. So a lot of times I think platform power scholarship builds on this imagery of a top-down powers top-down unilateral control as exemplified by this quote from Shashan Zubov.

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I'm here in my first bullet point. Or a seduction if you want them more Fukudi and bend.

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So meanwhile I wish to dramatize the notion of platform power by turning to a cybernetic epistemology of Gregory Bateson, perhaps a somewhat forgotten classic in sociology, not necessarily a classic in sociology everywhere, elsewhere in cybernetics and communication.

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And several other domains. A highly added word I think for for studying our techno-ecological condition today.

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So Bateson formulated an epistemology of an ecological inquiry understood as connecting across domains thought of as at Fought of a separate kind of or opposite according to modernistic conventions seeing communication as a primary catalyst for a human organization and for order in living systems, focusing on patterns that connect.

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So patterns of patterns. Allow observing change in relationships that's relationships first, things second, epistemology.

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Following that an inquiry is especially focused on following 2 types of patterns that those of intensification such as an escalating conflict and those of into like interventions aimed at regaining balance or integration.

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And from that kind of cybernetic circularities point of view. Basin was an outspoken critical to notion of power in social sciences and seem to largely less rest on that sort of unilateral.

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Control he was striving to describe world in terms of seed back and Relationality. So.

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His way of reconstructing power in cybernetic terms was that powers is something that's going to be intrinsically relational developing as a developing a relational developing as a developing a relational asymmetry.

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And it might have to do something, might have some things that are with the ability to inflict stress on others.

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Stress meaning putting excessive demands on orders abilities to adapt without feeling it. Yourself. Okay, so where this is where are we?

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Yes, the one last point that it's gonna be important for setting the stage in terms of theory here is that Survival of living systems is not a matter of Specialization to particular circumstances that's rather short-sighted but rather maintaining the flexibility to change which is not carried by any particular part of a living system but rather is harbored

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by the system as a whole and from that perspective the unit of survival is a flexible organism and its environment.

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Rather than. Yeah, a single species or a single organism. All right?

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Okay, so where do we now we we jump before we kind of see what's how I make sense of these terms and notions in the way of thinking.

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I want to give you a little bit of background on the field work that has that I've been doing mostly in 2,017 on the on airbnb kind of regulation conflict around the Airbnb and hometown San Francisco So that's based on 24 interviews with The range of stakeholders except actually Airbnb

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staff. I had to make that clear that I could not get to them. Observations including in court and hosts club meeting at city hall etc So I'm I'm going to focus on the period from about 2014 till 2017 and that's gonna be clearer why that is.

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A little bit later. So, okay, so First, I want to show light on some of these systemic dynamics which I suggest helped Airbnb game dominance and set in gear these, Positive network effects.

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We'd have to do that has to do mostly with the housing. And a particular.

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Configuration of property taxes very low. Yeah, to keep the story short very low for annual property taxes and the city of San Francisco quest that's my interpretation.

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Questions to to fuel the booster city budget a little bit boost their income. A going hmm how can we get out of the financial crisis Well, by inviting tech.

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Companies so that so-called Twitter tax break came happen in in 2,011. Have long story short trying to keep trying to attract Silicon Valley companies to set up their offices in downtown San Francisco or not to escape from the city.

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Giving them tax breaks. So, hmm, giving people tax breaks. Doesn't necessarily mean that you're going to help your city budget, right?

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But that's brought into the city loads of new people. Hashed up, right? So rents as we see on the chart from that moment onwards rents begin to grow.

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Rapidly again and then that's the moment when some of these residents well and unlike the previous boom of the you know.

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Com Airbnb is around so when people are saying oh we're actually struggling with the cost of life.

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Some are able to turn to Airbnb and Airbnb their place. To cope with these costs.

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Right, so, actually. Yeahbnb has been illegal. Short-term rentals are largely or have been largely illegal because there have been so-called anti-hotelization provisions.

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Since the 70, s in the city of San Francisco and many other Americans cities. So until about 2,012 Airbnb has been flowing low, you know, kind of flying low under the radar has been flowing low you know can flying low under the radar until the city tax collector says.

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10 at the same time, you know, just to do the people, the people living in San Francisco tenants organizations begin to see that in terms of affections.

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Inensifying infections. And at the same, yeah, so that's the second thing happening.

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The third thing happening is that Airbnb hosts actually see that they are that they should protect their interests as well and they start forming a clock.

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And in important order, the legalization of of short term rentals happens in 2014. It says it provides an exception for permanent residence to the prohibition of short term residential rentals under sensitive conditions, etc.

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It introduced host registration. But the city it capped the so-called unhosted rentals for to 90 days but what kind of control mechanisms were there in that piece of legislation?

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Absolutely none. So in turn, so instead of actually solving problems for a lot of actors in the city that only triggered, I'd say, intensive organizing on any, and like on a few fronts.

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Because the competitors thought that Airbnb bought itself a convenient legislation. That practically blocks other business models.

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Home shares club were unhappy that the permanent resident requirement about yeah and about the low limit on hosted rentals.

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They also thought they are not being treated as a serious actor, so they actually formed a they decided they're gonna scale up their efforts and they're gonna become a they decided they're gonna scale up their efforts and they're gonna become a chapter of the Democratic Party.

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The new law did not, the opposite, did the opposite of finishing the discussion at a city hall because there is a lot of frustration that there are now.

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Control mechanism, okay. Okay. Yep.

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But then the balance is shifting. The new law in terms of the composition of the of the board of supervisors I should have said that the San Francisco has been kind of all shades of blue just a just democratic politicians in the in the districts but then there are shifts between Democrats that are considered liberal and more like this is friendly and

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progressive. So there has been a balance shift in the office for short term rentals was passed. That established a new control regime.

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FLOGGY Complaint Driven managing. Registration of the hosts They have been, you know, finding, playing guacamole, I say, their practice has been based on bureaucratic.

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Processes that don't scale very well they're very manual they had to produce screenshots at Sita, all kinds of documentations of the bad players.

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They had to walk so they had to live with that kind of reality established by the by the platform.

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Layer by the corporate player where and they are kind of in unwillingness to provide any data to the city.

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So in that sense, they had to log in afterwards. They have to take trips. They have to do a lot of what leg works.

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They have to try they're trying to triangulate and kind of Fine these people who are not complying with the city Okay, so then I'm trying to be real quick and jump to my jump to my conclusions.

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They, they, interesting development that happened is this a very unusual anti-Rbnb coalition that included Lloyds organizations and tenants organizations yeah housing rights organizations hotel organizations and hotel workers trade unions etc that was driven by the you know kind of same sort of narrows relatively narrowly defined against that kind of class background and whatnot

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right like fairly narrowly defined goal of that of that movement so they've been moving forward, proposing a plot, but they have become an actor in trying to formulate what platform accountability should be.

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Huh? So they have proposed a ballot measure. That have that has been, that did not.

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Come through, yeah. But then again, like the composition of the Board of Supervisor changed and a lot of these solutions that they have been proposing will actually put, were actually implemented not through a ballot measure but like in a more top-down way from the city hall.

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Okay, Airbnb says we're having none of it. We're suing the city.

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And they felt strongly about it because they have because they suit the city in the in federal courts so that means that if they won that could have been the result of that could have been applied, you know, elsewhere.

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Right? Meanwhile, the the judge sense them into mediation which my interviewers said that was actually very favorable for them.

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Anyway, long story short May, 2,017 there's been a set the settlement action that actually introduced platform accountability understood as Airbnb has to monitor and remove a illegal listings provide city with all SDR details and they would they've been billed for that IT adaptations and okay what does that mean for

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platform power Look, I want to have a have a think about platform as inspiring kind of scale-making efforts, optimization is aspiring scale-making efforts of different social actors.

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Here, especially Airbnb has been inflicting stress on the city by data design means insisting on blurring the details of hosts for years, right?

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Hosts, you know, there's been stress inflicted on them by Airbnb, due to their, you know, kind of non-compliance with a city, you know, kind of non-compliance with the city, lack of guidance with the city, lack of guidance, lack of support that triggered

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them getting together kind of like lack of support that triggered them getting together kind of scaling up their efforts forming a club, getting together kind of scaling up their efforts, forming a club, kind of scaling up their efforts, forming a club and then only to find that Airbnb is scaling up their efforts, forming a club

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and and then only to find that Airbnb has actually well copied and scaled their their idea in a in in the US.

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Airbnb and Airbnb coalition scaling sideways, building a big tent.

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But where is that? Is that a lasting tent? Well, probably not. Have to tell.

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So. What I want to suggest is platform power, you know, kind of is ecological, relational, dynamical, negotiated, shifting, and no single actors bound in circularities can.

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Take control. So okay, on the one hand platform has this parasitic power. Where they offer a quick fix to an urgent and intensifying problem.

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So for instance, the need for extra income, lack of more affordable combination, but they're increasingly transformed modes of living, making them, you know, increasingly making people increasingly dependent not only on the platforms to solution but also on the continuation of that runaway condition of like completely yeah escalating costs of living but then in that

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lies their weakness yeah because in any ecological systems needs for whoops living systems are for optima not maxima and going beyond optimized.

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Right? So maximization of power by individuals uses up the flexibility of broader ecosystem. So then, yeah, I see that they have, I would say that goes beyond that.

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Of power is changing, they're switching to other means more collaborative means trying to make themselves also an actor in humanitarian aid,bb and for you know for instance for housing.

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Refugees from Ukraine. Is that boosting Airbnb's chances to survive as an important part of a bigger, you know, urban ecosystem in the long term.

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Possibly, yeah, but by different means. All right, thanks. Sorry.

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Okay, thank you very much. Our next presenter is Elivier Diatel. And.

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I think we successfully loaded your presentation. Okay, 53 in this past. I'm from the University of Otago and the Mona Fenawa are Nitahu.

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And yes, I would like to acknowledge the Kulan Nation as many people have beautifully done throughout this summer.

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Conference. So thanks. My my talk today on platform governance and hybrid war. It's a bit of a hot take.

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But I would like to talk about the emergent disinformation studies field, which I feel passionately about because I'm a communication scholar that's long been thinking about the deleterious effects.

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Of Web 2 platforms, advertising platforms upon our democracy, but there has been a new social science discovered which will answer all the great emerging threats to democracy in our society and it falls under this rubric of disinformation studies.

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So I want to think about where this field has come from. Some of my work I look at I guess what Bordeaux would call the complex processes of interleigimation that make this feel the complex processes of interleigimation that make this field emerge with the complex processes of interleigimation that make this field emerge with a sense of

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autonomy that make this field emerge with a sense of autonomy. But one of the things that's really important here is there's a sense of autonomy.

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But one of the things that's really important here is a sense of autonomy. But one of the things that's really important here is there's some, the field of power as B Third rails here, excuse me, the metaphor.

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It has to navigate that and is shaped by that. And also the thing that's I guess to navigate that and is shaped by that.

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And also the thing that's I guess interesting about things like the Digital Forensics Lab or Stanford Internet Observatory is that they are, they ratify the kind of big data epistemologies that sort of make platforms a kind of fate accompany and and this sort of field stands in Stansa

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Thwart's more traditional antitrust. Mechanisms for dealing with this problem of the internet and democracy.

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So yeah. Here we go. So yeah, just to reiterate, web 2. That's sort of like when we talk about platforms and in my field obviously we're you know we talk a lot about Facebook and the like but where self-publishing ontology is is the kind of key thing that makes these

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networks. Meaningful, profitable, and the rest. And I, and I deploy sort of governance as a sort of interfield discussion between my discipline, the political economy of the media.

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Critical geography and of course Borgia and field studies and the way I like to think about.

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Governance on on platforms this is a kind of commingling of the kind of hard power of the you know algorithmic black box and material infrastructures.

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And the soft power of the kind of, yes, the spacemaking potential of kind of self-publishing ontology.

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So the kinds of habitats, embodied dispositions and cultural practices on platforms. And I'm going to suggest or I have done in my work that we are now all in the sort of ways we inhabit online, wracked by the notion that we are being attacked from outside by malevolent external forces that would constitute

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some sort of, you know, if not Russian, but network of right-wing malevolent actors.

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And yes, they exist, but the way in which that is the overall sort of governing, animating habitat has some important political consequences.

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And again, protects these institutions from from anti-trust. Excuse me, the platforms. Okay, sorry.

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So that's the cryptography stuff. The platform imperialism thesis that Daliang Jin has, Developed is really like you know seminal to my work here and then that's just explaining this kind of, you know, American network.

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Of extracting intellectual property rents, of creating digital capacities to map the world for further use and expansion of platforms to remain dominant in the development of new and emerging technologies.

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One of the things that's so interesting or terrifying about Openai and chat GPT is that yes, the models are the last 30 years of the internet that is what I mean it'd be interesting to measure how much of that is the American internet, right?

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So this is the sort of platform imperialism. That pervades these networks in addition to a kind of let's just say American clout influencer culture.

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So the spiritual hegemony of American entrepreneurialism as he puts it. Yeah, I'm French, so I'm French and American, but the French have long had a sense of like, but the French have long had a sense of like Americanization as a kind of you know thing and that's for parochial

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reasons but I yes cultural imperialism is really important here and lastly again Robin Mansell from the political economy tradition talks about what we live in the American internet you know CDA 230 the telecommunications Act these policy settings are really important for like you know and I really look forward to your work on how Rupert

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Murdoch. Arm wrestled platforms but but by and large we inhabit sort of American policy settings and so the American imaginary of governance is really important and that can shift between a kind of free market or global openness rhetoric which is I think the electronic frontier foundation's big MO is sort

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of taking American entrepreneurial free market ideas and wrapping it up with the kind of civil society, resilience, digital civil society discourse.

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And there is less of a regulatory imaginary of the state and to the extent that it exists and it is being deployed in the current moment and you know I wish Lena Khan the best but it is largely the national security state that sort of wielding that.

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Social imaginary. So, okay. 6 min. So I would like to suggest and I hope you can all accept that, 2,016 was this kind of pivotal moment where the conversation about the internet and its effects on democracy radically changed.

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When Obama won in 2,008 I remember New York Times articles saying that he was the wikipedia free and open source software candidate that his victory was the internet.

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And then now Obama's like, the internet is the greatest threat to humanity and democracy, etc. So something has changed, right?

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And absolutely there are, but you know what, I like, I like Yvonne Morzov's thesis on this, which is like, OK.

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The right wing and foreign powers or used the platforms as they were designed to be used, in this sort of advertising behavioral model.

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And we can argue about to how much extent they were determining factors in, hey, things like in New Zealand we've been explaining we've been writing off the anti-vax movement as something that's like this Miles Gwau, Bannon, Russian Alliance of Dark Force.

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There's you know there's something there but by and large this has become the prevailing preoccupation for why the internet why we can't have nice things anymore.

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So that's been the kind of prevailing thing. And again, from a Bourgeois field perspective, it's been the kind of preoccupying question of the media field, of academia, of security studies, and it emerges as this kind of like.

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Universal discipline for understanding social problems at large. I used to write in, I used to write about populism 10 years ago and now everyone just has populism.

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It's just this kind of Between our thing that's just all our populism populism anyway so this is the kind of moment but what's what's really interesting here is that we all kind of agree now.

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We sort of inverted where we're openness and Arab Spring and all the Facebook democracy, public sphere 2.

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Or whatever was prevalent 10 years ago as a American networks were working their way through the world. Now we acknowledge that, yeah, the internet is a weapon and America's openness has been used against it.

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It's kind of the prevailing. You know, Americans were too idealistic. We spread this too fast and now like a babe in the woods these malevolent forces have used this too fast and now like a babe in the woods these malevolent forces have used this great bounty against us. These malevolent forces have used this great bounty against us.

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But of course we know that we have used this great bounty against us. But of course we know that from the origins of DARPA and the National Science Foundation and communication studies that counterinsurgency and the weaponization of communication have been at the core of the emerging technologies that gave us the internet as such.

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So there's been kind of like a reversion to this history without and or this notion of communication without any sense of history without any sense of empire.

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And I just want to Christopher Simpson's book, The Science of Coercion is an incredible book and it really talks about this Cold War civilizational struggle view of communication that The essence of communication is this, you know, domination of your rival and these sorts of grand geopolitical scales and that

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through sort of behavioural techniques in the perfection of communication that we would have as Leo Lanthal put it, a push-button millennium where Voice of America would beam in the perfect message and then the Berlin Wall would crumble or something.

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That was the view of communication and it's back. It's really back in an a historical sense and by and large as Patina Wrens puts it like this view of hybrid war.

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Thinks of the kind of Russian- Chinese Iranian threat as like you know, whether it's the CCP or Putin or the Mulas, there's like a grand chess master of a kind of central committee, authoritarian view that they are able to perfect communication as warfare in this way because they have these

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centralized powers and we're liberal, we're open, we're all these things. And, and so yes, this is very much framed in sort of Cold War terms and and hybrid war has become the prevailing concern of this moment and you know as as many people in the security studies discipline will say like

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hybrid war is often conceptually like it can mean anything is a form of warfare. It's often so broad as to lose meaning.

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But I do like B Swiss Milan's notion here, which I think is really useful for thinking about habitats of online that that hybrid war turns the fog of war, ie, is this am I being attacked or not?

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Inward into the sort of internal battleground of subjectivity. So that sort of I think explains in a certain sense the feeling that we're all being gang-stocked or bot-ted or whatever it is.

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And look, Yeah, Professor Zuboff has been mentioned a lot in this in this conference and I could say some things about surveillance capitalism from from my discipline but I think it's pretty instructive that You know, she's a really important scholar in sort of framing the sets of concerns that things like the Center for Humane

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Technology are talking about here, but she is very much. Using this language of sort of Cold War, hybrid war in her public interventions, with the New York Times.

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She's talked about Americans are now subject to this regime of epistemic terrorism. And lo and behold, she's reheated the push button thesis.

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This is an incredible article. You are now remotely controlled. As she writes, people have become targets for remote control.

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We're now learning to write the music, one scientist said, and we let the music make them dance.

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This new power to make them dance does not employ soldiers or threaten terror and murder. It arrives carrying a cappuccino, not a gun.

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So, you know, so that yeah, the weaponization of your cough. I mean, I had a coffee this morning.

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I'm pretty sure it wasn't part of a hybrid warfare. Thing but this this is now the prevailing view of how we think about communication online that this is all potential open to these malevolent forces shaping us from afar.

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And Cambridge Analytica was big in that. Anthony Mon Sui is a French journalist who's done amazing work.

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He's interviewed Christopher Wiley, Bannon, all of it. And this is a enormous beat up.

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The psychographics did not do what it was said that it could do, but it was a very important framing mechanism for this current moment.

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We've seen, and I want to shout out Alice Marwick. And the crew over at CTAP.

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Over at UNC Chapel Hill, they've put out a great critical disinformation studies sort of syllabus and one of the key some of the key critiques they make is that in this prevailing view of hybrid war are forms of anti-communism, fantasies of an

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epistemically consistent past when facts were facts and liberal democratic values worked seamlessly and we simply just need to it's very normative we just simply need to reimpose these things.

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There's no internal, excuse me, problems or contradiction to our liberal institutions. And then this is, and then they said this is an anti-black discourse in the sense that We see, we view these types of huge issues as subservient to an overall hybrid war framing.

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So. 2020, George Floyd, Susan Rice. This is right out of the Russian playbook.

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Wolf Blitzer. You're right about the foreign interference. Yes, we see this every day, all the time for years in our social media.

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Their aim is to divide us, to make us disintegrate from within. And I like this sort of, this is a heuristic.

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When you are mad online, it's a Russian or it's a thing. It's a but 1 min.

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Okay, so the field, yeah, this is a sociology conference. You know about Bertie or field theory.

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I think that very much this is a science that or a social science that thinks of itself as he would put it as the universal Hegelian technocratic class as this divine science that sits atop all the rest.

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Which I guess would make me a crank. That's okay. And it is something that is permeating throughout NGOs, research centers, national security think tanks.

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I mean a few examples right the digital forensics research lab which is an Atlantic Council NATO think tank.

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Stanford Internet Observatory. I got a lot of things to say about them, but they are sort of the key meeting point of like academia, Silicon Valley, and the national security state.

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CHT, I would call them a kind of like controlled opposition NGO and and things like OSent things like Bellingcat which distributes to you the tools by which that you can do the work and crowdsource and be part of a resilient digital civil society that is resisting this hybrid war and you know Paul

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Gagliati calls this this is roughly the hybrid war industrial complex so I can conclude by saying that this sort of spirit of the cultural capital of platforms and platform governance has replaced a kind of you know utopian web 2.

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Openness with this overall prevailing concern for hybrid war which protects American platforms from antitrust which rayifies sort of like American Empire and dominance over these.

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Questions and I'll just leave it there. Thank you.

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Thank you. That's another fascinating presentation. Our next presenter is Licao. He will be presenting.

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Remotely, but I think. The presentation should be shared here. Yes. Okay.

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You can start.

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Hello Ken, can you hear me?

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Yes. Yes.

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Can you hear me? Okay, so hello everyone. Very happy to join this presentation and so my research is about the, maybe not, not, not very similar to what has been or have been done for the previous 2 presentations, but my research is mostly about how China's 2 presentations, but my research is mostly about how China's.

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been done for the previous 2 presentations, but my research is mostly about how China's a Chinese people's everyday life and consumption practices are being manipulated and changed by the digital platforms and then changing the urban landscape.

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So my so now I want to change our. Presentation our sessions focus from America to China so I want to start my oh sorry I cannot move my My slide.

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Sharing says she and so if we hop out of Yes. And we do.

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So can I share my screen?

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Just give us your stop shit we're going to do stop share and then you're going to stock share. So doing that.

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Yep. It's not responding. There we go. So now if you start sharing your own screen.

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There we go. Okay, now we can see you as well, which is better.

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Okay, so yeah, so my research is the mostly about. How digital platforms affect people's everyday life and consumption practices.

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And then reflect on the urban landscape. So, the first thing, So the thing is, different from the mostly this, discussed, digital platforms such as Facebook, Teacher, Instagram, or Airbnb.

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So I think everybody knows China has a relatively, relatively enclosed the digital system that we have kind of social media platforms that is different from what has been what is being widely used across the other world.

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So here I needs to 2 kind of digital platforms. One is code. Need her red book, so Hong Kong, which is kind of 2 Chinese variations of Instagram and trip advisor but the difference from these 2 digital platforms but the difference between these 2 digital platform to from other like Instagram and the

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and and the chief advisor is Chinese digital platforms are always associated It was very, mature online retaining system.

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So this is mostly because of China's, robust. Online retaining model that has been incubated, has incubated this kind of, digital ecosystem.

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So we can see so I screenshot 2 pictures here, make pictures here which is most of the people they will try to a post something on this kind of digital platforms and if you can get high attention and also a lot of likes, on this, kind of, on, these digital platforms.

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You can usually receive a lot of attention and attract a lot of consumers. Come to these places to check in.

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So in Chinese we call this kind of place as well home consumption places. So a home is kind of something.

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You can understand it's a kind of something that relate to social media and influences, but law is kind of like a widely emerging social phenomena in China that refers to anything it can be a place it can be a, in China that, refers to anything, it can be a place, it can be a store or

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it can be a place it can be a store or can or can be anything that is a store or can or can be anything that is popular on social media platform.

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So we can see that there's one thing I wanna say is because of the usage of digital platforms, we can see there's kind of.

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In-nash urban space that's usually we only pursue our everyday life and the social and the consumption consumption practices in other material space, but because of the use of digital platforms, we can see the space for our everyday sociality has been greatly enlarged.

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So people who produce their everyday life on digital platforms. And also attract those people's attention and then invade and also make them to check into these places shows how open spaces has been greatly enlarged.

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So here, I made a, I made a 2 nearly 2 year fair work in, neighborhood.

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Code, Don't Shanko in Guangzhou, which is now being regarded as one of the most popular or home consumption places in China.

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So from my 2, for my 2 years, field work, there's kind of very, Evident changes in this kind of never in this kind of residential neighborhood.

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So if you can see the picture, the size here, like on the left side it was what it looks like it is what it looks like because it is just a very normal and normal residential neighborhoods So most of people, so it is mostly being used as kind of residential purpose.

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But because of its historic design, so many people who come here take photos, but now recently because of those emerging Wahong stores in this place.

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So many young Chinese people come here to check into these places and then take photos on tick photos and then post them on their social media account.

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So my question is, so under this kind of situation, Don't Shanco the historic neighborhood now is becoming a hated consumption place in Bonjour and also it has tremendous retaining changes in its retail landscapes so in the past this neighborhood was mostly surrounded by very normal and Monday everyday meeting the necessities for to

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accommodate local students everyday life such as like wet markets groceries or some kind of hardware stores and now if you go there you can see most of those are traditional retailers has been greatly replaced.

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By emerging news shows such as, like coffee shops. Designer brands and also some kind of likes perfume shops that's being regarded as kind of our home stores on Chinese social media platforms.

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So here we can see there's a kind of consumption oriented urban change and development. So, so this is also another picture that I've, took during my work.

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So, for any of you who don't know Chinese here, so on the left side is a kind of like small and I can, clothing shop like so clothes shoes at a very cheap price.

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Now it has been to but not most of the retailers has changed in something like this kind of elegant and good looking.

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Coffee shops. So. So, so the Toe Shanghai has now been regarded as a new coffee consumption landmark in going through and also has been regarded as a place which has been accumulated by a lot of young and fashionable Chinese people.

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So here I want to mention one thing is I think everybody if we do something about social science research. We are all very, familiar with, people use work about cultural, cultural capital and social distinction as just, has been mentioned in the NASA presentation.

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So, In my research, I want to argue, 1 2.1 view is we can see that, we, David Lay has in 20, in 2,003 he has made a argument about how artists went to a neighborhood like doing a kind of cultural capital aiding process.

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To a place and he called this place this kind of urban transformation. Process as kind of urban is theization process.

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But because of the usage of these digital platforms as we can see like people post a good-looking photos or digital platforms.

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So I think we also And also we can think about that as that kind of process as adding new cultural capital through the digital platforms.

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So, regarding the recent war which has been published by, Monica Diga and Gina Rose in 2,022 about the new about about how the new cultural capital has been produced and the used by users through Oh, craft it.

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In images and filters. Okay, if it is a kind of new cultural capital accumulating process.

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So in my research, I want to call this as a kind of new urbanization process. As you can see the urban as for example like the Don Shanko case it's showed in the past it used to be very like normal ordinary residential neighborhoods but now because of these consumers.

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Visually impacted consumption practice such as the photograph, they take a photo of one place and then the useful, they use.

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Filters they use different kind of photo edits so you can see people the photos we should they present on digital platforms actually very different from those we can see in the reality.

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So this is kind of something I then. Collect it from my phone work. So because as I said, Storm Hong Kong is a Liverpool that is usually mostly useful.

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Residential purposes. So there's existing some kind of like a very normal shop. So on this picture, on the First a picture on the right on the naphth side, the top one, the picture, which is a shoe cobbler the picture which is a shoe cobbler she has

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been working there for over 20 years and she, during the interview she told me like, her renting, she's talking about the growing interface, but also talking about the rapid changes of customer types, cause she used to need mostly on social social levels such as those.

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Kind of people who come to visit her are most of mostly mostly mostly mostly mostly mostly her acquaintances. They keep taking photos in front of her stores without, showing, like kind of respect to, her business.

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So she thinks she get kind of exclusion, exclusionary pressures. But on the other hand, so we can see that many, if you can see the picture on the on the left, the second photo here, like people who take photos here.

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I keep, because Donahoo has a very narrow street and it is not like those open space, a huge open space for people just come here for like, for their consumption practices against local reasons.

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3 min left, sorry.

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During interviews, Noah resins in set, express it there. Okay, exclusionary pressure such as the film, lot of people come here to take photos and also a lot of people come here to take photos and also a lot of people come here to take photos and also like they didn't notice that being

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photographed and in they invaded a lot of people come here to take photos and also, like they didn't notice that being photographed and in they invaded in their, privacy.

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So they think they get, excluded a lot. So we can see there's kind of like, so that are my research, findings and I also wanna conclude here is we can see there's a kind of interactions between the material and in material open space mostly because of the use of digital platforms that is changing

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the capital cultural capital accumulation and the production process and also we can see because of the use of digital platforms, there's a kind of new like urban imaginaries that is being structured by the photographed and also the filtered urban images.

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And also we can see. There's another maybe I want to talk about, which is maybe related to media studies.

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That so we can see, this kind of heard behavior being initiated by the communication process. And also maybe some thing related to China that may not, maybe different from other countries around world about their digital platforms such as its online retaining system by training by converting the fence base into some like alongside buyers.

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So that's everything of my presentation and thanks for listening. Thank you.

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Thank you so much for that really interesting presentation. Right, so I need to stop share. And who out.

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And yes, are you here? Oh, yes, I see. So you can start sharing your presentation now.

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So our next presentation is from Dr. Anne Koalainen. I will let her start now.

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Thank you very much, Julia. Hi, I'm Anne, from Finland. And I will talk about this is our.

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New social order and let me share my slides with you. We are good to go probably right. No, we should be getting them up.

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Yes. This is a work I've been doing. Together with my colleague, Dr.

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Seed, and then also from University of Tokyo. And on the topic we have published 2 books just recently one couple of years ago it's edited volume together with our colleague on big project on looking at the digital work and the platform economy.

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And the second one just came out now in May, a little at here about skills productivity innovation and in the digital platform era analyzing the new reality of professionals and entrepreneurship.

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So a very catchy tidal, I would say. Requested by the publisher. So, this paper, which is still much in progress, has 2 names.

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First of all, it aims to make sense of the platforms and their formative role in through and beyond those social institutions and social mechanisms that traditionally have been understood.

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As relatively constant or stable. In social theory. I second the aim is to argue for the idea of platformization.

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As a new social order. Why the idea of platformization that's in your social order is so important in the following I would first lay down the general Let's say key ideas for the importance of the topic and use the remaining time to address some inpirical foundations for all the

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So, what are platforms? I will not 12 time on the technical details, or matters, but just raise a couple of points here, which are important for the argument.

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The analyzes that have been, doing a lot important research on platforms and platformization, especially in platform work.

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Mentioned here as well and shown here as well, focusing on working on consumption patterns. They offer very meticulous and detailed evidence of the new patterns.

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And the new, types of inequalities and features or digital capitalism emerging in societies.

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Indeed as shown earlier presentations. But one of the unexplored void, in most studies addressing platforms and their invasion and the new inequalities inflicting presence in the contemporary working life, for example.

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Or business life, or in society more generally is that the systematic analysis of the increasing omnipotence.

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Or platforms as an efficient technological solution is understood mainly through Oh, it's sociological conceptual frames.

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Such as institutions or indeed. Understanding power in specific ways.

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We argue that platformization is much wider and more transformative power in society transforming and shaping.

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It's waste in several. Pipes. As, as, sorry, as recent research shows.

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Going back here a bit. I come back to this a bit later. What platforms do is that they structure and govern most markets with the tenants.

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That's platforms and data monopolies. So this concerns as well labor platforms as consumer service platforms.

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No, not only do they structure on government, but they also intermediate their own rules and regulations between multiple actors.

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So in that sense they they become defined by platforms. And finally, what Eastside interesting is that they can't construct a new digital user subjectivities not only identities but user subjectivities with consequences in material lives.

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So. In our larger work or which this paper is developing further. And we analyze the growth of platforms and they controversial and growing power in society and use their the term maximization.

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I will only highlight a couple of things here. As we see platforms, we understand platforms as universally applications.

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Engines in a sense that they, of operating socioeconomic activities. Leading to the platform.

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So they are not single units or single business ideas necessarily, but they function. More alarmingly at the at the public sector state including So understanding the platforms.

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As a function becomes more tangible and we think about the material situations where they are in use.

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And how they are being operated and used. In society.

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So how do these technologies then work? We know that platforms have. The governors mediation and reorganization work, markets and public services for example.

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The construction of new digital subject. DPTs and subject positions with consequences in material lives.

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They are all examples of this transformational power and tensions the platformization produces. So in the paper we elaborate the understandings of the workings or platforms and algorithms.

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Shaping the modern society through technology. To do so. Pipe addresses the key aspects behind the growth or platform economy as the foundation for the new types of social relations and discusses how technology is become absorbed.

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Into existing organizing as a new social order as a kind of fluid. Mechanism that that invades, the previous organizations and organizing ways.

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So when technology becomes fused into the workings of the individuals, institutions and organizations. In contrast to thinking technology as an entirely separate entity of black box.

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Hi of activity, brings in the new idea and understanding of how that's on my section.

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Shapes and transforms the established institutions that functions as well as the ways we work. Or do other activities in societies.

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So, in that sense.

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I will go into the examples of the platform.

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Has proven to be omnipotent, an organizing model and principle in many activities. And taking platforms and their functions into society more generally.

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It is important to distinguish. Platforms as corporations. Such as online platforms and platforms as generic solutions available to institutions and organizations alike.

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The one example that I probably have time to go through here shows that platformization of society and platforms as fluid organizational form show the omnipotence of technology as in the arrangements of various system functions.

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So platforms in enable new forms of expertise and professions. For example, we have discussed, some of these in our book.

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But platforms also assemble. These forms of expertise with new types of tools. So often these tools are platform specific and they may have increased dependency of the platforms and their functions.

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Creating a kind of, new invisible ties between. What we've only seen in the capitalist development.

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So the examples that I take here come from inland are one of the countries where digitalization has become the kind of mantra.

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For the development of society where governments even the present. Government. Aims to fulfill the digitalization of society which means that most of the state provided services from taxation to welfare benefits.

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Or digital, DISTORY, managed and applied at the state provided platforms, which is called paradoxically so I made out of fee which is the Finland of Fi.

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It doesn't work in English only in So several ongoing experiments and practices and I take here only one example because I don't have time to go both of them.

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It's one project run by the Minister of Finance, which was very ambitious or still is ambitious project trying to.

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Capture the platforms into the use of state so that all individuals would go to the platforms instead of trying to find a person in the public sector.

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Services to help them. So Aurora artificial intelligence project. Defined the human life into so-called life events through Meticulum's work through all the ministerial departments.

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It came up with 40 different life events. So this call this so called human centric modeling of live events is highly interesting as such.

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I will not go in depth in that how the normalization of citizenship becomes then. Developed through platforms.

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But these 44 0 life events cover all possibilities of human life. According to these, platform developers.

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So they range from both school. Study years, buying a flat, buying a house. Into marriage separation, divorce.

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Retirement and then death. How these control with the idea of the normal see within Citizenship is highly interesting.

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And what we call, takes place here because it is through these practices and experiments. The normal is being created this is the way you should go further when you seek advise whether it is taxation.

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Housing benefit or indeed information about death. The portification of welfare state as we call it. Means that you, artificial intelligence as the platforms learn by doing, support you along the way through these life events.

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Here's one example of such, activity.

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So what the website tells is, it informs individuals of how to go further. It guides you through these bureaucracies that individual faces, whether it is about marriage or divorce or death.

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Here you can see on the right hand side. At least my right hand side what the individual does if there is a death in the family.

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You go to the website, you fill in the blanket, you press the dots, you choose different alternatives.

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Given to you by the platform. And developed my box over time with the users information. And through that you get probably right type of information about the services that you might need.

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Well, of course the idea is to cut costs here and like, or feel the kind of nearest idea about how the state should.

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Support its citizens so the private companies are being invited to this platforms as well.

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I'll skip the next ones and just coming closer to the end. Closing up with 2 slides.

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One platform is so important in thinking about the new social order. First of all, this one example shows you very quickly how platformization leads to deep politicization, especially when driven by the state.

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It doesn't give, opportunities or gives very little space or possibilities to challenge or repoliticize aforementioned design processes and practices, especially when they take place.

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Through the state run platforms. So technological and economic in mean that there are no alternatives which leaves a lot of information to be gathered and needs further analysis, especially in terms of different relations between structures, governance and global platforms that is markets and then relations within the the governance itself between institutions and Now closing why the platforms are so important and trying to

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answer this, it is especially because of these 3 points that I mentioned earlier about the structure and governing.

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Oh, not only markets but also public sector. How the platformization takes over because of the technique. Technicality and easy.

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Easier technological fluid solutions. It intermediates between, public actors. But very often defined and reformulated by platforms and the platform companies.

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And highly interestingly it creates a new digital user subjectivities with consequences in material lives, meaning that state gathers information creates a digital double ginger of you.

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Meaning that then again state knows so much about you that it can correct your life choices. With the help of the bots, hopefully.

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To exaggerate a bit. But these are the kind of argumentations related to the to the key point of platformization as new social order and I suppose I will stop here.

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Thank you very much.

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Thank you so much. I'm sorry. Both you and the cow are unable to be here in person, but we really appreciate.

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He's still participating. So. I'm going to stop share.

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Yeah, oh I do sure Oh, right. Okay.

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Okay, and our

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Next presentation that she was actually below time

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No mixed one just after that. Yes, there is. Dr. Kubi, yeah, okay, KB Halen and You should be good to go.

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No, I'm still a PhD candidate, so. Neely, merely a doctor. Hi everyone, I'm Kay Bee Halen from Macquarie University in Sydney and I'm going to be talking about Australia's news meeting a bargaining code which just came back into the news actually today you might

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have seen that Canada has implemented a similar legislation. So I'm gonna have to rewrite my entire conclusion, but I haven't done that for today.

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So that's annoying. No, but that's good. So I'm this is some research that I recently published in New Media and Society.

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Thank you. Which looks at Google and Facebook's responses to this legislation and I argue that Google and Facebook's actions are tantamount to enforcing platform sovereignty.

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To

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Okay, so first of all just to introduce the legislation the news media bargaining code is a law that requires ostensibly requires Google and Facebook to pay news publishers for news content that appears on their platforms.

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It came about through digital platforms inquiry which actually came about through some backroom dealing where our conservative previous conservative government here in Australia was trying to deregulate the media sector and ended up alluding to increasing regulation.

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So that's that's a lot of fun. So that's the law that we are looking at.

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So what I've been trying to investigate is What were those responses of Google and Facebook in their public campaign against the news media bargaining code and how did they use that to Inforce platform sovereignty, the role of Google and Facebook's graphical user interfaces in that.

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And as Anne just pointed to the sort of digital subjectivity that is created through the user interface and then of course what are the lessons for future regulators which Canada should be taking heat of right now.

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Okay, so I cause it is 90'clock in the morning I've given you some memes so just in terms of research framework really using Wendy Chun here who argues that the graphical user interface is really using Wendy Chun here in terms of research framework really using Wendy Chun here who argues that the graphical user interface is a key site of ideological

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interpolation. You know, hearkens back to Alpha's as sort of ideological state apparatus, the idea of

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In interpolating subjects to the dominant hegemony. So I guess Alfie says policeman on the street who calls out hey you there and the subject the citizen knows that that the place is referring to them by the term of you because they're part of that dominant.

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Once they identify themselves as the you, they become part of that hedge money. So Wendy Chuin argues that our interfaces are doing the same work.

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And has a range of tactics which I explored through my discourse analysis. Such as the interface using the you, but things like repetition and some other tactics that.

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That were also came up in the EM. Analysis. So that's sort of one of my frameworks and then the other is the idea of platform sovereignty.

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A lot of people talking about sovereignty now but I really relied a lot on Benjamin Bratton's definition.

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So of course sovereignty is the idea that a state has the right to make laws and rules to govern, you know, particular territory with platform sovereignty, of course platforms transcend territorial boundaries.

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So they're kind of out there making laws and rules for their subjects. The users without necessarily any regard.

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For the rule of law by states. So there's this kind of ongoing contestation between governments and platforms as to what laws, what rules apply.

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But of course, Unlike governments who are accountable to voters, platforms have no accountability to users. You just tick your terms and conditions except and then you're governed by those rules.

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So really This analysis was really looking at how those platforms, Google and Facebook were pursuing and enforcing this notion of platform sovereignty.

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Through their campaign against the news media bargaining code. So briefly on the method. There's a discourse analysis as a large data collection sort of between when the when the draft legislation was introduced and when the legislation was passed.

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It's about a seven-month window so that was sort of my span. The data collection in that time there was 1,500 news articles, 10 government press releases for Facebook did 4 statements, Google did it 29 through video open letters and these pop-ups that you would have seen all over Google if you were in Australia

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at the time. So that was sort of the broad corpus and then of course I whittled that down and and and you know a very close discourse and contextual analysis as the sort of grammatical and language level.

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These are the texts that I analyzed and the way I chose to whittle them down was really to avoid repetition of message because it's a campaign so there's a lot of repeated language.

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By type making sure I had one of everything like one video and pop-up that sort of thing. This is what I looked at.

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And just a bit more framework I really relied heavily on Foucault for that discourse analysis because I'm interrogating.

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Power of course platform power so really looking for those power relations and how Google and Facebook are constructing relations of power both with the state and with their users.

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Okay, so what did I find? So Google, as I mentioned, had pop-up banners all over the place.

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So if you were in Australia at the time you probably saw it it was on the Google home page it was on YouTube it was in Gmail, it was at the top of search results.

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Google's own research. Show that more than 50% of Australian adults had seen it seen one of these pop-ups at the time which is quite significant.

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Because people don't normally pay attention to these things, right? So one of the ways in which they attracted that attention with this lovely yellow triangle and exclamation mark.

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This was sort of an I thought like a digital icon that we come to represent. Much like how Chun talks about the graphical user interface and those icons are sort of directing action, directing users.

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Not use a choice but forgotten the word. Sorry, attention. Illusion of choice sorry out of mental blank there illusion of choice you think you have choice but the computers that well the computer the software is actually on that giving you an illusion of choice you can either do A or B.

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There is no CDE, but one of those ways of interpolating subjects into ideology is to give this illusion of choice.

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So that's what these pop-ups did. You could either close it or you could click through to learn more and if you click through it will take you to the open letter or one of the videos.

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So this yellow triangle became a signal of Google is talking to you and this is a kind of warning that something bad is happening.

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Interesting icon that I explored in a fair bit of detail. But the language that Google used, this is where Google constructed a sort of power relation between itself and positioned the government as technologically illiterate.

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So it used language like the government would break search. The government doesn't understand how the internet works, the government's gonna break the internet, you're all going to suffer, actual language but a threat that the underlying threat was really you're going to end up having to pay for these search results.

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That were previously fit free. And so in a sort of Fukotian sense, they've constructed this hierarchy of knowledge.

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Google's the holder of official knowledge. The government's stupid, they don't know what they're doing.

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And Google came out and said, look, we're not opposed to a regulation, but we just we just think that we can do a better one.

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So Google did come up with its own a new policy and this idea of policy substitution of course is a well-known corporate tactic for avoiding regulation.

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So I've called this sort of technocratic rule that Google was trying to enforce. If we have to have a law, let us write it because you don't know what you're doing.

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Facebook. So Facebook obviously communicated much less with everyone. They had 3 posts, blog posts in their international policy newsroom that wasn't even directed at Australian users that was directed at you know international policy makers and sort of worked as a threat against other governments if you do if you try and follow this regulation you know we'll come in for you

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next. The one time Google. Not Google, Facebook, communicated with users, was through this pop-up on the left, which was placed in users news feeds the day that they switched off the news.

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So Google, I keep saying Google. Facebook issued a news ban in February, 2,021 where they stopped Australians from being able to access news links and stop Australian news pages.

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Or when we knew about it as users was this pop-up in our in our feed. Google didn't even communicate this pop-up in our feed.

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Google didn't even communicate this directly. Except for this pop-up they communicated it to in the policy newsroom first right so this went out to journalists before it went even to users.

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I literally woke up. On that morning and screenshot at this first I'd heard of it.

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So in their policy. Blog post. Facebook talked about, you know, this is just a sense of context.

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It's February, the 21. We're in the middle of the Covid vaccine rollout here in Australia and also our worst bushfires season in you know decades.

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Google took down the pages of Australian government health department pages. You know, emergency services. Weather bureaus so all the sort of news that you'd want during covert and during bushfire season right and on their policy blog post.

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They said look we're really committed to providing the best public health information that we can and we know this is a difficult time for you, but at the same time they cut off.

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News from the official source. So this was really a key example of Facebook sort of encroaching into the role of government right they're saying we know Public health information is important to you, but we're going to cut off the government from providing that on our platform and we're going to provide it instead.

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And you know I argued that that was obviously a deliberate tactic. Facebook said at the time, you know, after.

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News was restored. They're like, oh no, that was just an accident. It's because of the broad nature, the wording of the legislation, about what defines news page.

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But I didn't think so. And it turns out in 2,022 a Facebook whistleblower came out and said yes no that was indeed a deliberate tactic to force the government's hand.

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Which just goes to show the sort of power of the infrastructure you know the power of platforms to make these incursions into state sovereignty as they see fit and you know it's a really effective warning to other governments around the world who might want to do.

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Influence. Implement similar legislation. So just to wrap up.

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It's fun. We didn't need a regulation. I mean, governments, I guess for the last 20 years, neoliberal governments have seen their role as one of facilitating in a entrepreneurship technology.

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Let's just get out of the way and let the tech people do their thing. Governments are being forced to start considering regulation.

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So it's really important that we look at those campaign tactics of platforms as they push back because You know, there's, I'm sure everyone in this room agrees, we need that these platforms to be regulated that you know they're unaccountable, they're a law into themselves and so my research is really just trying to

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say, OK, what do platforms? Do in this situation and what can we learn from that? And I'll leave what we can learn from that probably to the discussion.

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But thank you.

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Thank you so much. All right. One more presenter, Dr. June Wang.

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From City University of Hong Kong.

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Thank you.

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Okay, so, really great to follow this wonderful presentations and Actually, I do see a overlaps of your concept.

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Oh, I see. Okay. So my topic, I changed a little bit. Anyway, the topic, I changed a little bit.

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But anyway, the topic is a creator economy in China, the topic is a creator economy in China infrastructure and a new value of IP.

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Actually the cover page here is the new value of IP. Actually the cover page here is kind of the project.

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Actually the cover page here is kind of the project, the case here is kind of the project, the case I trying to do the project, the case are trying to do, but field because of it was the project itself was suspended because the pandemic itself was suspended because of the pandemic.

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But anyway, let me just give you a brief idea itself was suspended because of the pandemic but anyway let me just give you a brief idea what this project is So here you see this is a project by Tencent in collaboration with the City government of Lee Young.

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In Jiang province of China. And so the here we have actually originally there's a fiction, it's a novel writing by some online writers about some.

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Story and then tension convert that story to a TV drama and and then the movie and then actually in Tenson is further trying to develop Mobile phone game.

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And in collaborating with the city government of Li Jam which is very much a small town. So try to develop a game something like a Pootball goal so that you can search for this experience.

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This kind of adventures based on that. A story. So this is actually the thing I are trying to work on.

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Yeah, so here, this is what, Tenson called, there's a creator economy.

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Actually, this is the CEO of Tencent Pictures but who recently resigned. Anyway, another set story of my project.

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Anyway, so this is called actually the Pen Entertainment Industry and the Creator Economy.

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They then, us, let's say, advocated by the CEO Channel. He said that Tenson is trying to build up a circuit of partner and entertainment industry from the literary church and animation on comics to pictures to game and sound tracks.

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So that all these different sectors of culture production can be linked. By one story and tooling that story actually you will see actually this is actually a the study might be a continuation of the film industry studies in terms of decentralized production in the audio video industry and also with the help of platform in its intermediate roles.

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And then So the key to link all these different sectors of cultural protection is IP, intellectual property.

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But intellectual property here is not really what we normally accepted the normal concept we accepted. But some more refers to something dynamic and something can be accumulated.

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So for example, if somebody of online writer for some online platform, fiction platforms to write a story and this IP can be purchased and convert to a meet a the picture and perhaps to animate and also to a game.

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So the very point is actually to minimize the transaction cost of the IP. So that you will find actually people.

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Follow the readers of the fiction perhaps. Many of them will go and see the movie at the same time and also plays Try the mobile game again.

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So it is expected the audience of this particular culture products will grow. With each and out of these new sectors.

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Trying to study this and trying to understand why, what does it mean when we look at the platform to one platform to do actually all different platforms try to link up together to form the entertainment industry and I try to use this term called interface.

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So again, in by interface I'm also using Benjamin Brent when quick occupants. So first of all let me see that actually I put this study into this platform society.

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By Van Deek who argued that a platform society is trying is very much about the relationship between platforms and different things, different social structure of the society.

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So, but by interface, I'm trying not to see interface as separate or disparate interactions between 2 different systems.

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I follow Benjamin Branton to see it as a chain effect thinking on the relay of moving things that transcends a rid of the gaze.

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So in this light, the interface is no longer a singular standalone entity, but assemblage that entails multiple tangible and intangible gaze.

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Programmed by the chain of facial effects of a succession of relays through an intended pathway of connections.

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And so, oh, we will argue that we urge in prison. Epidemiological shift to treat platform society as a dynamic heterogeneous home reconfigured by the platform city interfaces.

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But more importantly, actually we try to argue that it is necessary to right now to revisit Michael Mound.

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It's infrastructure especially when microphone listed 4 key factors in his infrastructure power. We pay particular attention to 2 of them.

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The first is the design of value measure for commodities. So by community we we refer to those products produced.

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Along the entertainment chain but also refers to human capitals that also involved in the mobilization of this.

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Cultural production. And then the channel, the infrastructure for the flow of message, people and resources. So basically we try to understand how infrastructure techniques diffuse outwards from the particular power organizations and inventing them.

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So here actually we are looking at the 2 major pillars. One is that that there's potent power is open to new agent.

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Here I refer to the platforms. Which actually didn't exist at least before the invention of platforms but right now they are trying to get into this new governing system the public system provision and also more important in the creation of new values and new more that new mentalities.

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Of the government garments. So there is shuffle sectors along the value chain and distribute them to the entire societies through the network, the material structures.

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And another hand. When the power actually reached to the society, it is very much a frictional process of encounters between the new value, new lawn and in the behavior actors.

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So here again, a deploying for coal in terms of commonality. The new norms actually trying to reshape the behavior of the citizens.

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That's the actors involved in this process. So along the first chain, I expect I need to speed up actually.

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So a lot of the first chain when we talk about the reconfiguration of the power structure. We do look at some those copyrights and how do they reshuffle different agents in them aspartic power.

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Here is actually Tansent. What tenants, tension actually is so far the largest,

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Corporate in China and basically it is mobile games, mobile phone games. But right now, Tencent's trying to set up a pictures in

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So here is a group, a new tenant in active entertainment, which include games, animation and comics, China literature.

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This is about fiction and the tension pictures, which is very transparent about production of the films and TV dramas.

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And basically this strategies here is through investment investment into different apps. In different sectors so that they can coordinate.

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All these different things. At the same time they also have the distributor distribution sector sector of VTV, the Tencent Penguin Pictures to distribute different things.

442
01:29:47.000 --> 01:30:02.000
Also another big actor here is Alibaba. Who actually not really so strong in terms of culture protection but more on cultural distribution.

443
01:30:02.000 --> 01:30:15.000
Alibaba invested in in in social media in garment photos also the newspaper photos. And then double TKs, which is very much about publicity and distribution.

444
01:30:15.000 --> 01:30:25.000
And also you will see actually basically the most influential. 2 sectors at first is the Shinnan Weibo, something like Facebook.

445
01:30:25.000 --> 01:30:34.000
Overseas countries and for publicity reasons and the other is actually talk about ticket that actually

446
01:30:34.000 --> 01:30:45.000
Used to to to link to many seniors in China. So basically, USC in in terms of the

447
01:30:45.000 --> 01:30:56.000
Video video industry the production is very much controlled by Tencent and the distribution is very much into them. A heavily interviewed by Alibaba.

448
01:30:56.000 --> 01:31:21.000
And, As I mentioned before, actually, It is normal actually to see all these apps. Have their rankings system as we familiar with the algorithm, conditional visibility on different home page of different amps, there they have their own criteria to determine which pictures which films will be displayed first or which videos are be displaced on the

449
01:31:21.000 --> 01:31:28.000
top. So this is actually commonly practiced, but the

450
01:31:28.000 --> 01:31:39.000
I don't want to see unique but the very special thing of this pan entertainment industry is that They have the metrics of media to link all the different rankings.

451
01:31:39.000 --> 01:31:47.000
So we're seeing there's a ranking of films or ranking of a fiction or ranking of TV dramas and different videos.

452
01:31:47.000 --> 01:32:03.000
Something like a YouTube short videos. And the idea that actually First of all, as the CEO of Tansin Picture argue that he cautioned that there's a tension between the explosive growth of UTCs.

453
01:32:03.000 --> 01:32:09.000
User-generated contents and the limited attention of the audience. So that it is necessary.

454
01:32:09.000 --> 01:32:18.000
Make the we create and perhaps enhance that competitive air for everyone to feel the tension, you know, you need to compete.

455
01:32:18.000 --> 01:32:25.000
For your IPs to get noticed rather than just assume you will be converted to another version of culture products.

456
01:32:25.000 --> 01:32:38.000
So the value of IP is relational and must be assessed constantly. And another thing is that by build up at metrics to link all the different rankings, all the different apps.

457
01:32:38.000 --> 01:32:48.000
The architects and you know, IP is constructed accumulated affection. It's a cumulative affection across different sectors, cross generations.

458
01:32:48.000 --> 01:32:53.000
What determines, for example, when when producers come together to discuss what are the stories.

459
01:32:53.000 --> 01:33:04.000
Words to be converted to a TV drama project. Perhaps the rent can come from a short video.

460
01:33:04.000 --> 01:33:16.000
YouTube or the Chinese version Billy Billy. Not really on the ranking of a fiction. Always, they are interconnected, always affecting each other.

461
01:33:16.000 --> 01:33:26.000
So here I'm trying to argue that here we do have a by building up this kind of a chain of pan entertainment industry.

462
01:33:26.000 --> 01:33:40.000
Actually, there comes a new definition of IP, which is constructed through accumulated affection when the same group of audience and fans are mobilized across different markets.

463
01:33:40.000 --> 01:33:49.000
Size of wage expected to grow at each phase. This kind of accumulated affection, okay, has some.

464
01:33:49.000 --> 01:33:59.000
2 major implications. First of all, it denies ownership held by any single entities in its process. So what is important and it becomes fragmented.

465
01:33:59.000 --> 01:34:13.000
So everyone has a share symbolically metaphorically not really really You don't really own anything but it seems everyone contribute to this affection and what matters is not who own IP.

466
01:34:13.000 --> 01:34:22.000
For example, the writers online of their fictions of the novels but who mobilize the flow of IP story to a different sector.

467
01:34:22.000 --> 01:34:36.000
And, and other things that, temporal dimension was also added to this IP to say that it's not a static thing but must go through a process of accumulation so which then compel everyone to contribute.

468
01:34:36.000 --> 01:34:45.000
So here actually I'm trying to ask you the second dimension here. The new definition of IP actually try to nurture.

469
01:34:45.000 --> 01:35:04.000
Effective contribution of many, many subjective eyes. Many, many small audience, everyone when you either read the novel or you at watch a TV drama or film, actually you should contribute to the IP and in a constant way.

470
01:35:04.000 --> 01:35:09.000
Here the first point is actually to the IP and in a constant way. Here the first point is actually well elaborated in a constant way.

471
01:35:09.000 --> 01:35:14.000
Here the first point is actually well elaborated in the exciting literature about how how the users at those objects of commodification in this process.

472
01:35:14.000 --> 01:35:26.000
But. What is different in this new entertainment industry in China is that uses not, uses not an not unconscious users.

473
01:35:26.000 --> 01:35:36.000
They are very much becomes conscious about how they should be very proactive to contribute to make their love stories to be very popular.

474
01:35:36.000 --> 01:35:55.000
So they will You know, network with each other. Put a lot of emotional connections so that to make it more influential for example this is one strategy is use a lot of viewers and short video streaming platforms with this called a demo.

475
01:35:55.000 --> 01:35:59.000
So this is actually subtitles.

476
01:35:59.000 --> 01:36:10.000
Comments let's say put by users and the more comments the more intensive that comes when story when video has that means it's more popular and you see a lot of interactions between the video and also the users.

477
01:36:10.000 --> 01:36:23.000
And that will a check of investors. So this commodification of consciousness in the process, IP value accumulation make it very different from the from the other previous studies.

478
01:36:23.000 --> 01:36:33.000
So I will stop here.

479
01:36:33.000 --> 01:36:46.000
Thank you so much. And we have about 10 min for questions. And stop sharing.

480
01:36:46.000 --> 01:36:55.000
And I see we have some online. People as well Yes, so. Keep an eye on that as well.

481
01:36:55.000 --> 01:37:02.000
Any questions for our? Thank you. Could I? Are there 6 chairs?

482
01:37:02.000 --> 01:37:11.000
Yeah, Levi. Or yeah, actually that's. See where you are. Thank you very much.

483
01:37:11.000 --> 01:37:21.000
And, okay, it's working. Thank you very much for these amazing presentations. I have a question to KKB.

484
01:37:21.000 --> 01:37:32.000
Thank you very much. Was so interesting. I really liked your slides. I so your presentation made me think of a referendum that we had in Paris a couple weeks ago.

485
01:37:32.000 --> 01:37:40.000
It was on the city wanted to ban electronic scooters. As you know the Mobility one such as Lime, Belt, etc.

486
01:37:40.000 --> 01:37:54.000
So the wise is referendum and of course the companies made a big campaign against it. But the thing is that they did not make a campaign such as the one you described doing Purpose a video was I mean they made it but it wasn't the core, the bulk of their campaign.

487
01:37:54.000 --> 01:38:04.000
I think it's bus because well. You know, when you're using, when you're opening your Mability app, you do not have as much time as you know when you're calling Facebook etc.

488
01:38:04.000 --> 01:38:10.000
And also I'm not sure that they have the same epistemic authority as Facebook Google. I mean, I don't know it's an open question.

489
01:38:10.000 --> 01:38:16.000
You know when they're saying oh governance the way you said it to governments I don't really understand it, etc.

490
01:38:16.000 --> 01:38:25.000
I don't know if it would have the same impact. Users. So what they did is that they launched a massive influencing campaign using you know TikTok, Instagram, etc.

491
01:38:25.000 --> 01:38:31.000
And the page entrances. Now I was wondering if this is something that you've encountered in your field work.

492
01:38:31.000 --> 01:38:44.000
Is this something that Google and Facebook did to what extent did they do it and did the message change when they were using these influencing

493
01:38:44.000 --> 01:38:53.000
Yeah, thanks. That's a good question. I mean they mostly use their own infrastructure power rather than engaging in a campaign on other social media platforms.

494
01:38:53.000 --> 01:39:00.000
So of course. Google used Google and and YouTube and Gmail. Facebook really didn't do anything.

495
01:39:00.000 --> 01:39:09.000
I mean really not until the end. They were they they were doing all their lobbying behind closed doors and a couple of post sort of that international journalistic newsroom.

496
01:39:09.000 --> 01:39:23.000
So I think the I think it actually highlights the power of say google that they had their own entire infrastructure system that they could commandeer for this campaign and didn't need to.

497
01:39:23.000 --> 01:39:32.000
I mean sure they made some you know posts on their Twitter channel and Instagram but they didn't need to because they had their own, but they didn't need to because they had their own infrastructure power and that sort of.

498
01:39:32.000 --> 01:39:42.000
One of the The issues with trying to regulate these platforms is is just how massive and how reliant we are on the infrastructure it's so embedded.

499
01:39:42.000 --> 01:39:51.000
In everyday life. So I think, you know, similar, similar issues but but different tactics to in Paris.

500
01:39:51.000 --> 01:40:07.000
There's an online question. Or you can kind of see it up there for June. Do you refer to I as users of platforms in general?

501
01:40:07.000 --> 01:40:28.000
Yes, a quick answer is yes. I refers to almost everyone, including those viewers but also including those writers and also both consumers, let's say, both producers and consumers of this industry.

502
01:40:28.000 --> 01:40:41.000
Very succinct. Any other questions? Yes.

503
01:40:41.000 --> 01:40:52.000
Oh thank you everyone for your wonderful papers. I have

504
01:40:52.000 --> 01:41:07.000
Yeah, it is a So I have 3 quick questions. Is that fine? I'll just. If they're quick, because maybe we should collect 2 questions now.

505
01:41:07.000 --> 01:41:18.000
Those 2 questions first, specifically to Professor Anne and perhaps to all of you in general. When we think of platforms or even the idea of platformization, what are we actually talking about?

506
01:41:18.000 --> 01:41:28.000
So it seems to me that There could be 2 kinds of platforms, especially in the kinds of examples that you're bringing out.

507
01:41:28.000 --> 01:41:34.000
A platform, a digital platform could be used as a tool, right? So for example, there is an app.

508
01:41:34.000 --> 01:41:44.000
For this conference, right? Or you could have something like say Amazon, which is a logistics company that is also online.

509
01:41:44.000 --> 01:41:55.000
As opposed to that for instance you can have something like say a YouTube or a Tik Tok or a Twitter for instance where the primary centers of value generation are online and actually come from the consumers of that particular platform, and not the company that's actually doing all the work.

510
01:41:55.000 --> 01:42:15.000
Are both of these equally platforms and if so how? Right? That's 1. Second to KB, if I'm right, I'm thinking of the reverse example to what you pointed out.

511
01:42:15.000 --> 01:42:22.000
Of course, there is a constant clash and conflict between the interests of this state that represents the people.

512
01:42:22.000 --> 01:42:47.000
As opposed to for instance these digital media platforms or say something like Google I'm thinking for instance of more authoritarian regimes more recently let's think of Turkey India for example even Myanmar, where there is an active collusion by a platforms such as Google in the interests of these governments which are at least on paper very often democratic like in the

513
01:42:47.000 --> 01:42:57.000
case of India for instance right so banning accounts that challenge the government is very much part of the democratic mandate that Google actually adopts in several of these countries.

514
01:42:57.000 --> 01:43:05.000
So in fact, in the global scale, it may not be a conflict wherever it's convenient it may be collusion.

515
01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:09.000
With the state as well. So just

516
01:43:09.000 --> 01:43:18.000
And Carolina had a question. Quick question for Olive, thanks so much for your presentation.

517
01:43:18.000 --> 01:43:44.000
Very powerful narrative. I'm wondering about the following, how to reconcile this narrative of American platform imperialism with this notion, you know, after I'd say the watershed moment of Cambridge Analytica that these that the American imperialist platforms are making democracies vulnerable.

518
01:43:44.000 --> 01:43:49.000
Around the world not only not only in the US. All right, thanks.

519
01:43:49.000 --> 01:44:01.000
Yeah, maybe for answers. Come up to the platform or use a mic so people online can hear as well.

520
01:44:01.000 --> 01:44:12.000
It's not, it's not on. It's on now. You go really quickly you can't go wrong with Sterna check's typologies of platforms in his book platform capitalism.

521
01:44:12.000 --> 01:44:24.000
And I think the interesting thing is that with if large language models replace search then the cloud platforms will absorb and consume everything.

522
01:44:24.000 --> 01:44:26.000
So I think that's the sort of watch the space where we'll absorb and consume everything.

523
01:44:26.000 --> 01:44:28.000
So I think that's the sort of watch the space where we've been sort of, is it advertising platforms?

524
01:44:28.000 --> 01:44:36.000
Is it cloud platforms or lean platforms? The lean platforms don't make any money. And it's the cloud platforms that might just engulf everything.

525
01:44:36.000 --> 01:44:39.000
But anyway, you.

526
01:44:39.000 --> 01:44:44.000
Yeah, no, I would agree with that. I think that's a great question. Thank you for your question.

527
01:44:44.000 --> 01:45:04.000
You're a hundred percent right. I should have really couched my research as in this is a look at how platforms respond in I guess the global north we've seen the horrors that you know Facebook in Myanmar and so on so yes you're right it does depend on you know, those relationships between state and platform, whereas sometimes it's

528
01:45:04.000 --> 01:45:11.000
collaborative and sometimes it's antagonistic.

529
01:45:11.000 --> 01:45:18.000
Yeah, hey, this is an awesome panel. Thank you and I appreciate the question. And this, you know.

530
01:45:18.000 --> 01:45:32.000
In general, the global south or the rest of the world out there is not really something treated with seriousness or respect for their own interests or concerns or whatever.

531
01:45:32.000 --> 01:45:46.000
I also write about blockchain and something like Libra, Facebook's attempted like well we got 2 billion users that there's not much value here well why don't we just like I don't know destroy their economies and financial institutions let's just see what happens.

532
01:45:46.000 --> 01:45:55.000
We'll just say growth before profit or just enlarge the network and snare as much, drag it in and then you know, we can think of it.

533
01:45:55.000 --> 01:45:59.000
Yeah, we could think of like imperial blowback, I guess, would be one way of thinking about it.

534
01:45:59.000 --> 01:46:14.000
Or we could think about it as a kind of Initification too, which is to say right like that we've had fun with our growth the utility of openness and growth and all that stuff and now it's time for the imperial core to like.

535
01:46:14.000 --> 01:46:32.000
Do as it will with with how we're yeah yeah yeah yeah so i mean i still hold to the idea that One of the things that's interesting here is with the Cambridge Analytica thesis that we can just peel back your cranium and like a thesis that we can just peel back your cranium

536
01:46:32.000 --> 01:46:44.000
and that we can just peel back your cranium and like plug you in and you know, your cranium and like plug you in and like plug you in and you know take you over is that that's a great narrative for that that's a great narrative for this shift towards the kind of imperial logics of platforms because it says

537
01:46:44.000 --> 01:46:53.000
that the advertising click economy is so powerful. It really works. It really is like we can create our little Manturian candidates.

538
01:46:53.000 --> 01:46:54.000
Okay.

539
01:46:54.000 --> 01:47:08.000
Advertising of course is powerful but the sort of like straight line thesis that you know insert message target to audience mobilize you know like I think that's kind of the myths that this whole economy needs too.

540
01:47:08.000 --> 01:47:14.000
So Yeah, it wasn't like a perfect answer, but some stuff there. Anyway.

541
01:47:14.000 --> 01:47:29.000
I'm holding the mic here. I think this was a really great panel. Thank you so much to our panelists and to our what?

542
01:47:29.000 --> 01:47:32.000
No.

543
01:47:32.000 --> 01:47:39.000
Oh, wait, sorry what?

544
01:47:39.000 --> 01:47:43.000
Oh, Anne had to leave.

545
01:47:43.000 --> 01:47:54.000
Because it's 3 a. M. In Finland so I don't think she's here she was just saying hello Yeah, yeah, yeah, I appreciate her commitment, definitely.

546
01:47:54.000 --> 01:48:06.000
All right. So yeah, thank you everyone. Our time is up and so let's give a round of applause.

547
01:48:06.000 --> 01:48:09.000
And move on to our next panel.