WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:00.000 And that's where it's get difficult. Hello, everyone! 2 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:21.000 My name is Christian Dona, and I was asked to be the chair of the session I'm going to start by reading the ignorance of country, and I do apologize if I mispronounce any of the names that I don't know well we have to run gather and pay respect to the 3 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:29.000 spirit of country. Here in Norm, where we're meeting, I acknowledge the past and present cooling nation Borunjeri, Wai Burung, as a sovereign people. 4 00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:41.000 Here the cultural knowledge holders to maintain, promote the norm, aboriginal law, customs and custodianship, responsibilities for country and the people. 5 00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:45.000 The country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future. 6 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:54.000 For all of us I recognize the important contribution that first nations, thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges or dominant ways of thinking. 7 00:00:54.000 --> 00:01:03.000 We thank all first Nation Dilllegate in the room today for the contributions to knowledge in the discipline. 8 00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:04.000 So, we're going to start with this panel that's titled. 9 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:20.000 How does migration and scholarship contributed to public discourse? 10 00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000 Come over you. There! 11 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:28.000 We're going to go in the same order that's here. 12 00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:34.000 So what I said. Sorry. 13 00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:51.000 And I think I click the right one or. 14 00:01:51.000 --> 00:01:57.000 Okay. 15 00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:13.000 Hi! Everyone. My name is Rusom Rossi, and I'm from the University of North Carolina, in Chapel Hill, and today I'm here to present my paper on Immigration Policies and media framing in Japan titled from Criminality to conditional inclusion law media 16 00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:21.000 framing of migrants in 1,987 to 1,990, in 2,016, in 2,019 Japan, as in any research presentation, I have a lot to say, but there's a little limited amount of time. 17 00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:26.000 But I'm happy to answer any questions that might be come off as unclear throughout the presentation. 18 00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:48.000 After this presentation. So before I started to actually talk about the research context, I wanted to start off with talking about the motivation behind this project as an international student from Japan, currently studying in the US. 19 00:02:48.000 --> 00:03:05.000 And as my experience of becoming an immigrant myself, I've noticed that there's a widespread public perception of what an immigrant is, and oftentimes, unfortunately, it's talked about in a very negative tone that immigrants are criminals are threats 20 00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:09.000 that they are loud, that they do not follow the local rules, etc. 21 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:28.000 The puzzle for me within this question was the fact that where do the public or where do people actually attain this kind of constructed a social image of what an immigrant is for one we know for a fact that most of the time native born population do not have actual direct interaction with 22 00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:37.000 immigrants themselves, immigrants are oftentimes live in segregated neighborhoods, such as ethnic enclaves, and have a very distinct community for another. 23 00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:59.000 We know for a fact that these socially constructed images often digress greatly from actual social facts, official statistical measurements, and so forth, so if it's not based on direct interaction with immigrants themselves, or actual based on actual social facts, the question here is where do these social 24 00:03:59.000 --> 00:04:08.000 images come from? To answer this question. Past studies have pointed out to the relationship between immigration policies and media framing. 25 00:04:08.000 --> 00:04:09.000 So there has been a global trend of increasingly restrictive immigration laws and policies. 26 00:04:09.000 --> 00:04:30.000 And this trend of crim migration, scholars have been alarmed at the increasingly punitive immigration laws leads to the criminalization of immigrants themselves, and what they're implying here is that restrictive immigration laws and policies reinforce this 27 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:40.000 rhetoric of elegantly, of immigrants through the media, which may have an impact on the negative perceptions of overall immigrants. 28 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:57.000 So within that global trend of crim migration, the case of Japan stands out as a slight outlier, and Japan has been very well known to be a nation of a very restrictive and conservative immigration policy. 29 00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:02.000 It has never in the past accepted, unskilled foreign workers. 30 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:10.000 They have had side door policies or camouflage policies, but never officially announced that they would be accepting unskilled workers. 31 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:15.000 This has greatly changed when, in 2,01919, the Japanese Government said that they would be officially accepting unskilled workers. 32 00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:31.000 And what this meant was that for the first time in Japanese history, that unskilled foreign workers would have legal status, and that has led to a growing discussion of whether or not Japan would become a country of immigration. 33 00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:38.000 So we're in past studies where capacities have been focusing on restrictive immigration policies. 34 00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:45.000 Possibly impacting the media frameing in a negative way, and having implications to public perceptions. 35 00:05:45.000 --> 00:05:58.000 The case of Japan provides us with a very unique opportunity to actually empirically test how the broadening, not the restricting, but the broadening of immigration policy, may be associated with the change in the media immigrants. 36 00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:18.000 So within my research, I'm asking what happens to media framing of immigrants when immigration laws drastically changed from restricted to allowing actual legal entry of immigrants to answer this question, I take a mixed message approach I did a quad state and qualitative content analysis. 37 00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:21.000 Of 1,929 newspaper articles. 38 00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:29.000 They are from Yommi Yushimbu, which is a conservative newspaper outlet in NASA Hishingu, which is a liberal newspaper outlet in Japan. 39 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:59.000 I also do a comparison of the both the newspaper outlets of Liberal and Conservative and comparison with time frames 1987 to 1990, when the immigration policy was still restricted and 2,016 in 2,019. 40 00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:09.000 So within this the newspaper that I tain I look through the newspapers to get a sense of what they were actually talking about. 41 00:07:09.000 --> 00:07:16.000 So the coding process was an iterative process of looking through the literature and national data to see what kind of frames emerged within that process. 42 00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:27.000 3 dominant frames emerged the first one would be positive aspects, foreigners bringing the subcodes would be integration, multiculturalism and economic contribution. 43 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:32.000 The second would be problems. Foreigners face with subcodes, social problems, cultural problems, racial ethnic discrimination. 44 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:41.000 And the third one would be problems foreigners create with subcodes, social problems, cultural problems and physical problems. 45 00:07:41.000 --> 00:07:43.000 I'd be happy to explain more about the coding process and the 3 dominant frames that emerged. 46 00:07:43.000 --> 00:08:01.000 In detail. If anyone may be interested. So the first step was to do the quantitative analysis, and within the quantitative analysis I was looking through the frequency of each frame and based on the frequency of each frame. 47 00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:10.000 I performed a quiet-square test to see whether there's a statistically significant and difference between the Conservative and the Liberal newspaper outlet and the two-time friends. 48 00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:30.000 When the policy was restrictive to when it drastically changed, and the main takeaway for this qualitative analysis was that indeed there was a difference by ideological leaning the Liberal newspaper outlets were more likely to talk about immigrants in a very positive way they were more likely to talk 49 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:40.000 about the problems that they faced. But even with this ir difference of ideological leaning, both newspaper outlets followed a very similar trend of an increase in positive aspects. 50 00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:41.000 Foreigners, bringing in a decrease in the social problems. 51 00:08:41.000 --> 00:09:02.000 Foreigners create in 2016 to 2019. So basically, the implications are is that Wednesday immigration policy did change in 2016 in 2019, it seems that as if there's more positivity about foreigners, and there's a decrease in the problems that foreigners create talked about 52 00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:08.000 within the newspaper. This left me with a question of what does this pattern actually mean? 53 00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:20.000 And to follow up. On that I followed up with a qualitative analysis, focusing on how more on how different frames were used in the article through in-depth and repeated readings of the articles. 54 00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:26.000 So it's more about learning about how these phrases were being actually used within the articles themselves. 55 00:09:26.000 --> 00:09:38.000 And from here on I'll be talking a little bit about each characteristics and what I found from the qualitative analysis about the characteristics of each time so 1,989 to 19. 56 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:45.000 Sorry this is supposed to be 1,987 to 1990 foreigners were seen as a key for economic development. 57 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:54.000 The job at the book binding factory was 4 Malaysian men employed starts at 8 30 in the morning, continues till 70'clock, sometimes past 80'clock at night. It's not rare. 58 00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:56.000 They work on Saturdays and Sundays as well. 59 00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:59.000 Under these conditions no Japanese person would come to work here there's not a factor around here, and that doesn't have any foreign work. 60 00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:18.000 Er and workers. So we can see that foreign workers at this time were very important to the labor force, but also at the same time they were seen as a threat to society with the increase of foreign workers there also has been an increase in pinoc cold crimes. 61 00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:19.000 By foreigners visiting Japan by 1,988. 62 00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:26.000 The number of crimes and arrests, has jumped up to 7 times what it was in 1,979. 63 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:30.000 There has especially been an increase in atrocious crime, such as murder and burglar. 64 00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:49.000 It has been said that, due to the difference in customs and culture, they become frustrated with their work or everyday lives, and are pushed into committing crimes, and the result of this was that there was much social and emotional distance toward foreigners among the native born population this quote here on a 65 00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:50.000 train stop a foreigner with dirty clothes got onto the train. 66 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:57.000 I clutched my bag firmly, hoping that he would not sit next to me, but he sat next to me. 67 00:10:57.000 --> 00:11:00.000 I couldn't move, and now just wish he wouldn't talk to me. 68 00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:06.000 But he did his Japanese was so bad. At first I didn't understand what he was saying, even as we were talking, my fear did not. 69 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:12.000 It felt like the men in the train who turned their eyes away from us, were listening to her conversation intently. 70 00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:18.000 So you can see from this 1987 and 1,990, when the immigration policies were still extremely restrictive. 71 00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:25.000 Foreign workers, although they were seen as essential for economic development, there is still a distinct sense as a legal subjects, and are strong to lead tied to the increase in crimes. 72 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:35.000 And therefore there's much social and emotional distance toward foreigners. 73 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:46.000 This drastically changes in 2,016 in 2019 about how foreigners actually talked about within the newspapers when the immigration policy was changing. 74 00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:51.000 So foreigners were seen as more as blending in and as essential to members of the Japanese Society. 75 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:55.000 One of the remarkable changes is that foreign workers have begun to blend in. 76 00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:00.000 The other day I went to a restaurant in Kyoto for work, and most of the people working. 77 00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:07.000 There were foreigners? I asked for a receipt, and Chinese and the Chinese woman asked which conje should we put down for Shima? 78 00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:17.000 So this emphasizes not only the increase of foreign workers working in Japan, but also the smooth interaction the Chinese woman was able to knew what the person wanted. 79 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:25.000 When she was asked for a receipt she knew that there was different ways to spell the word. 80 00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:43.000 The name caught Shima, and so forth. There was also a lot more development of support for foreigners at the governmental level so you can see the latter half of this quote that what is needed in discussion of the Icrra that extends the entry of foreign workers is a serious consideration of 81 00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:53.000 Japanese education, to teach foreigners, Japanese, a crucial skill needed to live in Japan in a support system that provides support within their daily lives, and for child care. 82 00:12:53.000 --> 00:13:10.000 But what's interesting here is that even with this development, that foreigners are an essential part of Japan, and that there's a need for support at the governmental level, there's social boundaries of us and them are so strongly varying intact, I grew up in haamat city where there are a lot of 83 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:15.000 foreigners. A lot of the foreigners live in city housing and it seemed like they were clustered together. 84 00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:21.000 The people around me also avoided shops that were run by foreigners because there are a lot of foreigners I couldn't mentally interact with foreigners. 85 00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:30.000 When I entered college I started living in Kyoto, and was supplied to see a lot of foreigners walking confidently, and the Japanese salespeople talking to them with a smile. 86 00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:39.000 I wondered at first what the difference was between Mohammed City in Kyoto, but realized they were welcomed because they, in that local residence. 87 00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:58.000 And there's this boundary, social boundary of us in them was made through this mechanism of other othering was through subtle social exclusionions, such as emphasis of being a foreigner or surprised when foreigners are able to perform tasks such as speak write Japanese or act in a 88 00:13:58.000 --> 00:14:15.000 Japanese manner. For example, this article is talking about a foreign worker from the Philippines working at a nursing home as a leader of 15 Japanese employees during mealtime martial arts to the residents in a Nursing Home in Kansai van while giving out orders 89 00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:25.000 through eye contact to her fellow colleagues. A resident Chioko Tsuruga calls her Mahisan. She's a good person. She listens to everyone. It doesn't bother me at all that she's a foreigner. 90 00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:32.000 So it starts off with this article that talks about how Marshall has very much a Japanese characteristic. 91 00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:33.000 She's not only speaking in Japanese, but she's also speaking in the local dialect. 92 00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:48.000 She's making eye contact. She's communicating through eye contact with her colleagues but in the concluding sentence there's that emphasis that she is still a horror. 93 00:14:48.000 --> 00:15:00.000 So within this 2,002, 16, to 2019, as foreigners are continued to see the social control of orders is being justified throughout the discourse. 94 00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:13.000 The foreigner, who was admitted Bangsa, clear our cleric board that divides the controlled area in the living gear, and glares at me among the 70 foreigners there 70% of the people have a history of community kind of crime. 95 00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:25.000 They say that not being able to fit into the Japanese society, push them into, do voice is a concern of how the sudden increase in corners will lead to a deteration of public order in the legal state are still heard within the diet. 96 00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:39.000 There was criticism of how the new policy will lead to immigration within 5 years the number of foreigners increased by 200,000 there has been an increase of trouble between foreigners and local residents due to their difference in lifestyle manners. 97 00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:53.000 The revision of Icra has been implemented to not only saw the flavor shortages, but there are also high hopes that with with cultural backgrounds, new ideas will come to flourish, leading to technological innovation, we will need to make an effort to remove the invisible glass so that 98 00:15:53.000 --> 00:15:57.000 foreigners do not get isolated in our city. The W. 99 00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:03.000 Wisdom of balance, control, and living together will be the key to the growth of justice. 100 00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:21.000 So just to conclude within the quantitative results I've been showing that there's a statistically significant increase in the mention of positivity concerning immigrants in 2016 in 2019, implying that there might be a change in media framing aligning with the change in 101 00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:27.000 immigration policy. But the story's not that simple qualitative results really complicate that. 102 00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:34.000 Finding by saying that immigrants are continuing to be conditionally included by subtle forms of othering. 103 00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:38.000 And there's a justification of social control via policing in surveillance. 104 00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:45.000 I think oh, II think I'll stop there. 105 00:16:45.000 --> 00:17:15.000 I hope that this was interesting, and I'm looking forward to your comments and questions. Thank you. 106 00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:59.000 Good afternoon, everyone. I'd like to start acknowledging that when the lands of the warranty warring people of the Khulin ice and would like to pay my respect to the eldest past, present, and emerging the land always wasn't was will be aboriginal 107 00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:00.000 land. I have originally intended this as a critical engagement with economism and Australian scholarships. 108 00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:20.000 I have to disappoint you. I didn't quite get there, so what I will offer is a reflection of the relationship between migration policies and scholarship also under the influence of my recent experience as a migration researcher in interaction with representatives of a government department I should say, this 109 00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:28.000 is really work in progress, and is yet under theorized, but I hope to offer some useful reflections on the potential for impactfuls. 110 00:18:28.000 --> 00:18:42.000 Sociological engagement with government policy and discourse. 111 00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:45.000 Here are the ars I click on the arrows. 112 00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:51.000 Let me down! 113 00:18:51.000 --> 00:19:04.000 Sorry a Tribeelle the fourth, and this time. 114 00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:09.000 So this is what I'm planning to do in the next. 115 00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:15.000 Minutes or so so, with a very broad brush, and some of you may well be familiar with that. 116 00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:28.000 We can identify 2 major shifts in Australia, migration policies in the twentieth century it's a one that obviously major Shift in the twentieth century whom we had the colonial migration regime with races submission policies known as white Australia policies 117 00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:42.000 legislated in the Immigration Restriction Act, to an increasingly culturally diverse immigration country, with gradually less discriminatory admission policies combined with assimilationist policies and finally a commitment to multiculturalism in the 19 seventies 118 00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:54.000 so why, I'm including this here is because this shift was also to multiculturalism, was importantly shaped by contributions of several activist scholars, including sociologists, simply political scientists. 119 00:19:54.000 --> 00:20:01.000 And really the increasing research evidence on the downfalls of an assimilatory response to migrants from non-angular origins and raise it on the structural disadvantage. 120 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:09.000 Experienced Bernie arrivals, now a second fundamental shift in the Australian migration system. 121 00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:13.000 Middle-class from the 19 nineties onwards, first with the Lp. 122 00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:30.000 Government and the Keating, and even also with the Coalition Government, had from a migration program that was supporting migration for permanent settlement and citizenship to a program that is increasingly skills focused governed through points test skilled occupational distance on and increasingly geared towards 123 00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.000 meeting employer demand with attracting temporary migrants. 124 00:20:34.000 --> 00:20:49.000 Now this shift from population, policy. If your labor market focused policy shaped by employer demand or capital has been referred to by Australian demographers and sociologists as an immigration revolution and it was evident in measures such as anchored visas for temporary 125 00:20:49.000 --> 00:20:50.000 migrants as opposed to permanent family visas. 126 00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:56.000 A rising shelf employer sponsored these altogether. 127 00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:12.000 This fundamental shift in Australia migration policy since the late 19 nineties has led to a temporary migration policy regime and don't worry too much about the detail so what I've tried to show here is this increasing differentiation by different visa streams maintaining a complex 128 00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:21.000 hierarchy of temporary user holders with varying prospects for long term, permanent residency, and with different sets of rights and entitlements. 129 00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:29.000 Now I want to turn out to different strains of scholarship on temporary migration and relevant temporary market work. 130 00:21:29.000 --> 00:21:43.000 In particular, which has grown to substantially over the last 10 to 15 years, and a deliberately extent this review, beyond the sociology of migration to key texts in a thematic area of temporary migration in Australia firstly there's a strain of analysis that encourages with 131 00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:47.000 the meanings of the shift to temperament migration for the future of Australia's nations. 132 00:21:47.000 --> 00:21:54.000 Society, and this scholarship is impeded in political sociology, political economy, political science, demography, and social, economic. 133 00:21:54.000 --> 00:22:04.000 By scholars. So the questions that have been addressed in a scholarship by scholars like the Lestein castles and others are, how has Australia changed its orientation as an immigration country over time? 134 00:22:04.000 --> 00:22:12.000 What are the political and social consequences of a migration system that is geared towards short-term economic returns, for social cohesion and Australia? 135 00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:20.000 Multiculturalism. And how does Australia's migration policy system compare to other guest worker migration systems that are known for their flaws? 136 00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:27.000 Another strain of Australian scholarship, including in sociology and social legal studies, has been inspired by sociologists. 137 00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:41.000 Richard Emerson in the Uk. And Lewin Goldring in Canada, in exploring the ways in which migration regulations produce precariousness at work and beyond, in people's lives, and the key concept here is precarious migrants status such analysis have asked how specific visa 138 00:22:41.000 --> 00:23:02.000 requirements contribute to temporary migrants, vulnerability to expectation, and negatively affect agency and vis evidence produced shows, for example, how employers sponsorship, requirements, or restrictions of work hours affect such agency, other sociological studies have focused on the employment experiences of temporary 139 00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:20.000 visa holders often focus on specific industry sectors or specific visa groups, visa holder groups in specific industry, sectors and research on employment relations has, for example, highlighted the prevalence of wage theft in industries where many international students and how did I make this work concepts of 140 00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:31.000 precariousness and precarity have been brought to this analysis from more narrow focusing, precarious work to more ontological understanding of precarity in people's lives. 141 00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:45.000 And over all this research has built a strong evidence, base on precarity and exportation labor markets with high shares of temporary margins yet another strand of scholarship has analyzed the meanings of time and temporality and structuring young temporary 142 00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:53.000 migrants, trajectories, or pathways. Again, we see some conservation of migration policies here, in structuring temporary migrants, experiences, and pathways. 143 00:23:53.000 --> 00:24:02.000 But the focus here is really on the experiences of temper migrants on the move whose transnational life courses and biographies are fragmented by visa regulations and concepts. 144 00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:11.000 Such as staggered migration and spatial temporal complexity are used here to depict these consequences of fragmentation on young people's lives. 145 00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:14.000 Now I want to now turn to the relationship between policy changes and migration. 146 00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:24.000 Scholarship. So I just pick these 3 examples, and I will rush through them. 147 00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:27.000 So one is on temporary skill. Visa holders. 148 00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:44.000 So this relies on a change that basically extended the period that temporary-skilled migrants, the second largest group of temporary markets in Australia, had to find any employer, and this was extended in 2,013 from 28 days to 3 months and research with temporary visa 149 00:24:44.000 --> 00:25:01.000 holders! Headlong, highlighted that 28 Day rule worked as a disincentive to leave an exploitative employer, and as such they all deterred workers from well diminished their labor agency. 150 00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:15.000 Another example is the agricultural visa. So that was a veryicit egg visa, based on bilateral agreements with countries in Asia that has been lobbied for by farmers, and the nationals for several years in 21 the Liberal national's government coalition 151 00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:22.000 Government finally announced the introduction of the visa to address workforce shortages in primary industry. Sectors. 152 00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:38.000 And remember, this is, in addition to all the visas I've just shown you before academics rising on the employment experience of horticulture workers on-temper viewers have, of course, long pointed to the expectation of workers based on these regulations, with especially employment relations scholars. 153 00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:43.000 Questioning the variety of for shortage and pointing to the conditions being the problem, not the shortage of labor. 154 00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:51.000 While some labor law scholars argued for the egg visa, thinking it might serve as a regularulatory tool to address exportation. 155 00:25:51.000 --> 00:26:09.000 As it turned out, the eggb was was abolished by the incoming Labor Government last year, and the focas, so that new government focused instead on reforming the Pacific season worker, program which is the Australian program most equally characterized as a guest worker program and I should mention here 156 00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:28.000 that while the program, the Pacific labor program has been designed as a development policy aimed to generate remittance flows to the participating pacific nations, scholars have pointed for some time to the expectation of program participants by labour market intermediaries that are very much 157 00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:41.000 a consequence of the design of the program and they highlighted inherent justice of the program as the only one that does not allow a path of the permanency now, what are these examples of scholarship? 158 00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:46.000 One of these examples of policy changes in scholarship tell us about the relationship between window. 159 00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:52.000 What's happening to really track back particular policy changes to specific pieces of scholarship and text. 160 00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:54.000 As you all know, especially if you work in an academic system where you have to prove the impact of policies. 161 00:26:54.000 --> 00:27:00.000 And there's also, of course, all these other forces. So there's independent inquiries. 162 00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:06.000 There's lobbying there's advocacy and activism. 163 00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:14.000 So looking at the relationship now between these, yeah, between migration, scholarship and policies. 164 00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:19.000 And I said, This is a 2 directional relationship, and I want to use the focus on temporary migration scholarship and the categories of scholarship. 165 00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:35.000 I had distinguished earlier to argue that the influence of migration policies on migration scholarship is most clearly evident in the social, legal, and the sociological analysis of employment, experiences of specific groups of visa holders. 166 00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:51.000 So we tend to adopt the regulatory definitions, the bureaucratic categories for specific groups of visa holders, and in that sense policy shapes are methodological choices, and the research questions we ask, this does not have quite an uncritical adoption in research 167 00:27:51.000 --> 00:28:09.000 of governmental interests in turn it could be argued that it is these types of research, social, legal analysis of specific regulations, and maybe let's just sociological studies, of particular visa holders, fun experiences that are most likely to also contribute in turn evidence that can be used to inform migration policy changes 168 00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:13.000 even under government, with an economicistic migration agenda. 169 00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:16.000 Now this influence may not emerge directly through articles and academic journals, but might be mediated through industry or government. 170 00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:25.000 Commission, reports, submissions, inquiries, or expert testimonies. 171 00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:41.000 The research that appeared to influence government policies and government discourses less, if at all, over the years of the Coalition Government, were the macro level critiques of overall migration policy systems, the political sociology and the macrosological accounts, but also the sociological analysis of the 172 00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:45.000 meanings, and consequences of prolonged temporiness in people's lives. 173 00:28:45.000 --> 00:29:03.000 And yet it is those letter analysis that are in particular that impacts closest to the worth imperative for demigrantizing research as proposed by the hinder and others, and to emancipate migration research from its utility to governments primarily economic agendas it is this 174 00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:18.000 letter analysis that may be closer to identifying and understanding the role of migration in broader social and cultural change, and helped to understand the entanglement of migration with many aspects of contemporary society now, Dupian means to do this presentation. 175 00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:35.000 And not speak about the very recent shift in Australian policies under the current labor government, which which really signifies shifting concerns with employment, related aspects of temporary migration, and when speaking to the results of a major review of the Australian migration system Commission in November 176 00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:42.000 last year the Home Affairs Minister Claire O'neill announced in February this year the Australian migration system is broken. 177 00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:47.000 She pointed to temporary markets in Australia, living in a state of permanent temperance. 178 00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:56.000 The trap in a Kafka is limbo, and this is really all phrasing that we have as scholars used for several years, so terms like permanent temperance and limbo, and so on. 179 00:29:56.000 --> 00:30:06.000 And together with the Minister for immigration, citizenship, and cultural affairs in the Minister of Employment a package of measures was recently announced. 180 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:12.000 Just last month, and introduced a Parliament that is, imam, that are more effective deterrents of employers from exploiting temperament. 181 00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:20.000 My temporary visa holders. Yeah, through several measures I won't get into that now. 182 00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:34.000 So government-wise. This appears to be a moment in time. In Australia, where sociological insights can contribute to informing policy change, together with social, legal, and regulatory analysis, instead of a conclusion. 183 00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:48.000 And instead of a conclusion, I would like to end with a brief anecdote of my recent experience as a migration researcher interacting with government representatives which possibly challenged the very dichotomy that I've drawn the app between escolarship that is shaped by 184 00:30:48.000 --> 00:31:07.000 migration policy, seeking to influence policies and that other sociology of migration that rises more purely sociological and conceptual questions as well as systemic questions about migration over all so in the last year I have been involved in producing a report to a government department, that is Commissioned to throw light on the segmentation of the market and 185 00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:14.000 labor force, and horticulture, together with 2 colleagues a sociologist in the room, Anthony Moran and an anthropologist, and the possibly most influential aspect of our work. 186 00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:20.000 Which is pertinent to the questions I've been looking at here. 187 00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:32.000 Was the deliberation of categories that we used to describe the very segments of the horticulture labor force in the report which was written on the basis of internal circulated confidential. 188 00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:49.000 Input so this is deliberation with government representatives occurred by government department officials, I should say, occurred by queries that revised or received, and various conversations that took place in person and by email falling hours submission the point of contention within the team was the very labels we used 189 00:31:49.000 --> 00:32:06.000 to describe and justify the segments, and while our partners in government sought to represent the perspectives of stakeholders, such as employers, American workers, and their utility for different types of work, my colleagues and I challenged the ethnicizing and visualizing assumptions about 190 00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:17.000 different nationals, visa holders by speaking about things like racializing notions of different workers or ethnic stereotypes that cut across visa categories. 191 00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:21.000 Dimensions of the multicultural sector that contribute to intersections of precarity with ethnicity. 192 00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:25.000 So we had this exchanges, and for me and for us. 193 00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:43.000 So we all thoughts are both the Government and my colleagues acknowledged that these interactions were very worthwhile, despite extending beyond the time that we had to fight, Budget for this project, but this very recent experience indicates to me that what we that we might find 194 00:32:43.000 --> 00:33:13.000 unexpected opportunities for bringing a critical sociology of migration on governments to pay our government, which extends beyond the addressing regulation specific problems, such as visa regulations and yet highlight problems that well-designed migration policies. 195 00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:40.000 Hi! Everyone! Good afternoon. My name is Ashika Nirola. 196 00:33:40.000 --> 00:34:10.000 It hasn't come yet. 197 00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:02.000 If there. Okay, perfect. I'm not touching anything. 198 00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:06.000 Okay. Tech 2. Hi, everyone. Good afternoon. My name is Ashika Nirola. 199 00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:13.000 I am a senior research fellow at Toronto, Metropolitan University, formerly known as Ryerson University, in Canada. 200 00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:28.000 First of all, I'd like to thank the panel organizers for the opportunity to present this paper that I had coathered with my colleague Anatrey and deafened, who could not be here in person, but has sentitary gods in this paper we explore how the concepts such as equity 201 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:34.000 and diversity, travel and translate across different geographical, political, agricultural contexts. 202 00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:38.000 Especially in the course of international mobility, of migration researchers. 203 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:44.000 So this paper is basically a reflection on how migration researchers. 204 00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:49.000 Past experiences of, and shifting understandings of the concepts of equity and diversity. 205 00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:54.000 Save the way we think about and conduct research on migration-rated issues. 206 00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:59.000 And this paper is very much, and I stress very much work in progress. 207 00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:04.000 So we will appreciate your feedback and comments. 208 00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:14.000 Equity and diversity are important policy imperatives related to migraine integration as well as minority, accommodation in major destination countries such as Canada and Australia. 209 00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:32.000 In migration, scholarships and policy discussions, equity for migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers is often and not just considered as an end goal, but our means of achieving a just society with equal opportunity for all and as we know migration is the process 210 00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:49.000 by which different ethnic, cultural, social, and religious group of migrants and citizens come into contact, which presents both challenges and opportunity is for migrants and host communities, and in addressing such issues of migrant inclusion and social cohesion it is important to reflect on how we as 211 00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:01.000 migration. Scholars in particular, those who have lived and worked in different geographical contexts comprehend the concepts of equity and diversity. 212 00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:23.000 Equity as a concept in compasses the policies and practices we used to ensure fear, treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people, while at the same time trying to identify, and eliminate barriers that have historically prevented the full participation of some individuals or groups including 213 00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:42.000 indigenous people, racialized people, ethnic minorities, women, communities, and person with disabilities, while the concept of diversity is used in reference to empowering people or groups by respecting and appreciating what makes them different which could be in terms of age 214 00:37:42.000 --> 00:37:49.000 gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation. 215 00:37:49.000 --> 00:38:00.000 In this paper we argue that the concepts of equity and diversity present different challenges in terms of translatability and contextual understanding. 216 00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:09.000 Equity is not easy to translate, and usually get confused with equality, while diversity is easily transferable. 217 00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:28.000 But may incorporate invisible nuances as to what type of diversity is the focus the paper draws, draws on the discussion on the traveling concepts proposed by Mickey Bau, who argues that the concepts travel between disciplines individual scholars historical periods 218 00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:38.000 and different geographical locations, and in course of such trouble meaning reach an operational value of the concepts, often change. 219 00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:44.000 We also draw on the previous work of my colleague, our co-author on Anna Chanda Fidu, and her colleagues on the Trans. 220 00:38:44.000 --> 00:39:03.000 -cultural or capital framework which helps us to understand multiple ways of being and belonging of migrants and their strategic use of knowledge skills, networks acquired through cross-cultural connectivity and transnational mobility. 221 00:39:03.000 --> 00:39:10.000 And, as we all know, the international mobility of researchers is a significant feature of the globalization of knowledge. 222 00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:31.000 And of the University Sector more broadly. Hence, adopting such a transcultural approach, opens spaces for understanding how the internationally mobile researchers experience of working with the concepts used in migration research in a cross-cultural context can shape the research process and outcomes 223 00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:39.000 and at times their personal migration transjectories as well. 224 00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:57.000 For this particular presentation I focus on my own migration journey from Nepal to Scandinavia, Norway, and Denmark, and then to Canada and explore how I, as a migration researcher and also a migrant have understood and experienced the very conception of equity 225 00:39:57.000 --> 00:40:03.000 and diversity in this diverse, geographical, political, and cultural context, in order to set the context of the paper first, I will very briefly reflect on my work. 226 00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:25.000 Experience in Nepal, which largely centered around empowerment and inclusion in education and local, and making processes, particularly that of women and local people and numbers. 227 00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:33.000 Given the historical, patriarchal mindset as well as social and economically constructed exclusion practices in Nepal. 228 00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:37.000 First, as a development practitioner, I'm then a researcher. 229 00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:55.000 I often advocated for positive discrimination to change mindset and practices towards equity, seeking groups, and thus to practically reinvance the power structure in the police society an or more personal note, because of my gender and cast my family and friends have often cautioned my life's 230 00:40:55.000 --> 00:41:02.000 sources. For example, my desire to join a football team at the age of 8, which was not accepted. 231 00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:11.000 Are pleading my mother to resent marriage proposals, to join a Master's degree or marrying my husband from a higher caste, or going abroad for further studies. 232 00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:16.000 Therefore, for me personally, it equity and diversity have been more than just. 233 00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:20.000 The boxes that needs to be taken. 234 00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:38.000 So when I moved to Scandinavia, first first studies and then for work, I was very happy to be in a country often ranked as one of the top nations in gender equality index, and a country with so some of the world's lowest income, inequalities however, in the course 235 00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:57.000 of my research on highly skilled migrants in Denmark, and my old personal experience of being a South Asian migrant, I often came across this dominant welfare immigration nexus narrative that's centers on the construction of non-european 236 00:41:57.000 --> 00:41:59.000 migrants and refugees, as the external other. 237 00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:16.000 So narratives often corresponds to and reproduced the fear of losing historically achieved welfare benefits to the immigrants and refugees from my experience, both in research and as a migrant again, the concept of diversity in denmark is often used 238 00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:32.000 in relation to political interventions in companies or education institutions in the identity, politic debates which often centers around the discussion of what is Danishness, and who is a Dale? During my Phd. 239 00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:47.000 Project amidity of highly skilled migrants, that I talked to, stressed that the Denis concept of integration often promotes a vision of a society that resembles a cup of soup where the newcomer immigrants and refugees were exactly to 240 00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:51.000 blend in and dissolve as fast as possible. 241 00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:57.000 Initially, I wanted to examine the Labor market integration of highly-skinned migrants in Denmark for a Phd. 242 00:42:57.000 --> 00:43:16.000 Designation, however, during the field work a majority of my interview participants started talking about how the progressive story of the Danish welfare state is often accompanied by the story of the threatening other leading to the precarious legal economic and social positions I took part in various protests rallies. 243 00:43:16.000 --> 00:43:35.000 Like those are the photos from the rallies organized by the highly skilled migrants to encounter and resist the restrictions caused by the harsh denish immigration policies and the lack of access to equal rights which resulted in significant changes in my research questions from looking 244 00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:45.000 into labour market integration, I actually ended up examining how highly educated migrants reflect upon their encounters with a Danish immigration authorities. 245 00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:56.000 The Danish labor market and the Danish Society, and how such encounters shaped their understanding understandings of being a highly skilled migrants. 246 00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:10.000 So, after completing my Phd. Degree, I moved to Canada with my family, and in the last few decades, as we know, Canada has been at forefront of attracting immigrants, refugees, temporary foreign workers and international students. 247 00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:26.000 As a result, Canada is often globally represented as a nation that is welcoming migrants, diversity and equity aspects of multiculturalism have remained central to the Canadian policy, and public debates over decades. 248 00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:43.000 The Canadian Multiculturalism Act, introduced in 1,988, declared that the Canadian Government would recognize and promote the cultural and racial diversity of the Canadian Society and acknowledges the freedom of all members of Canadian society to preserve inhance and 249 00:44:43.000 --> 00:45:03.000 share their cultural heritage. As I conducted research, migration research in a more homogeneous society like Denmark, I became more interested to explore whether multiculturalism as a policy and a concept, only acknowledges the presence of different cultures in Canadian society 250 00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:20.000 and only maintaining one's heritage. Our culture are the notion of multiculturalism also simultaneously promotes migrants, inclusion, and reduced barriers to full and equitable participation of highly skilled migrants and international students in the Canada. 251 00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:22.000 Labor, market and society and the current work that I'm doing at Tmu. 252 00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:42.000 I also look into how the imaginaries of Canada, of Canada, as a multicultural country that promotes equity and diversity, shape, migration, decision, making among highly skilled migrants and international students, so in conclusion as the researchers embark on their own 253 00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:49.000 migration journeys and conduct, research and migrant integration at the local, national and transnational level. 254 00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:02.000 They often embody this cross culture, competence, and multiple understanding of the concepts, such as that of like equity and diversity, which in turn often shaped their research process. 255 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:17.000 Research research projects and research processes. This paper argues that traveling nature of concept in today's globalized world is an asset rather than a liability for migration res scholars and the work they do. 256 00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:21.000 And reflecting on how migration researchers understand and experience the concepts. 257 00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:38.000 So as equity and diversity, we can take a critical approach regarding the fixed and the close definition of the concepts and reconstceptualization of researchers cross cultural knowledge as their mobility capital. 258 00:46:38.000 --> 00:47:04.000 Thank you for listening, and if you have any questions I'll be happy to answer. During the Q. And A. 259 00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:09.000 So I was at immigration and at the airport. 260 00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:13.000 Then he asked me, Where are you going? And I said, Well, to Australia, where are you going to? 261 00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:14.000 Melbourne. As I said, I'm going to Melbourne. 262 00:47:14.000 --> 00:47:24.000 They were like. Why, oh, there's a Sociology Congress, and they were like, Hmm, so tell me more about this astrology Congress and I'm like there is an astrology Congress. 263 00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:34.000 We should go there. 264 00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:41.000 Before I present. I will like to situate our panel and myself and this land that we're standing on. 265 00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:46.000 We are at the banks of the bureau, and what we now call the Yarra River. 266 00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:50.000 And we acknowledge the traditional owners of Nam, the Warren. 267 00:47:50.000 --> 00:48:03.000 Julie Boy. War on people of the culmination we pay our respects to the elders passing in, emerging and a recognized significance of the Yara as a live source and meeting place. 268 00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:07.000 I am from another land, and like some of you, a visitor. 269 00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:16.000 That is wonderful place. We may be granted safe passage, so like my colleague, who presented before me. 270 00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:23.000 I am from the Canada Excellence Research Chair. In migration integration from the Toronto Metropolitan University. 271 00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:31.000 So my author who is also, if she happens to be our center's chair, I'm not trying to Fillidu and joined us today. 272 00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:39.000 She can't. Well, you know, we definitely have this case of wanting to be everything, everywhere, all at once. 273 00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:45.000 We haven't really hit the multiverse in the Academeme as much as we want to. 274 00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:53.000 So I thought, well, let's just restore to other sophisticated means of dividing work, such as drawing straws. 275 00:48:53.000 --> 00:49:01.000 So this topic that we're working on is a part of an ongoing discussion on what? 276 00:49:01.000 --> 00:49:05.000 Let me. Just if the the zoom thing I need to adjust. 277 00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:14.000 I'm good. Okay? So it's an ongoing discussion on what we have on the idea of the centering migration knowledge. 278 00:49:14.000 --> 00:49:22.000 And you know where we lay out perspectives that are different from the normative point of view. 279 00:49:22.000 --> 00:49:32.000 And thinking about migration. So while the dissentering idea has been here for more than a decade, I'd say there seems to be a louder call. 280 00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:45.000 The center, the study of migration, governance, and someone with a background on different migration worlds and beyond the global north, I find this as an exciting challenge. 281 00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:56.000 So at the interest of time I will discuss our working analytical framework, which is the first part of our study, and one which we have been trying to grapple with it. 282 00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:04.000 We find trickier. Now the second part is very much situating the term temporary migration. 283 00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:10.000 In context as a comparative study of 4 countries. So again, it's a work in progress. 284 00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:15.000 So I am sticking with our first part, which is analytical framework. 285 00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:25.000 So the past decade. We've seen the proliferation of perspectives across disciplines. 286 00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:36.000 So migration studies. You have border studies, security studies, ge politics, and they offered these critical voices that countered the traditional paradigm. 287 00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:43.000 So context beyond the global north have been sought. And deemed of equal importance. 288 00:50:43.000 --> 00:51:01.000 And where normative expectations are challenged. So movie. And for example, my colleague, Ribo Lapbee, for example, it works with African international students in China, reexamining notions of international student mobility. 289 00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:07.000 Vote. We imagined so. Mexico's artillery border, moving beyond. 290 00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:18.000 How we understand borders, especially next entities, but as constantly shifting dynamic sites of violence. 291 00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:27.000 Individual agency and contestation. There's also this article by Brenda Yo and and colleagues at. 292 00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:31.000 I think it was done with Sylvia. 293 00:51:31.000 --> 00:51:41.000 That looked. And through this new racism that is beyond color, and the West underlining a gap in studies on Co. 294 00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:46.000 Ethnicity, and other intersectional factors, such as nationality. 295 00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:54.000 Glass, gender, central frames. So how about migration, governance? 296 00:51:54.000 --> 00:52:06.000 So when we think about alternative. So we think about alternative perspectives that migration policy and academic discussion frameworks can consider. 297 00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:15.000 So, instead of imposing a minstring view of what is good, safe, and orderly, and by this I'm referring to the Gcm. 298 00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:20.000 The global contact of migration. So how do we go about this? 299 00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:26.000 And we have thought about. Wait, this is what we have been thinking about. 300 00:52:26.000 --> 00:52:34.000 So are regional governance perspective. For example, highlights, context-specific migration, governance. 301 00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:56.000 Were actors, their needs and interests are plural, so, instead of assuming a categorization of global north versus global sound countries, for example, if we look closer, most of these movements are south to south, especially within temporary migration, and this is true in the African region, so some can 302 00:52:56.000 --> 00:53:01.000 be noted with labor migrants in Asia, working in Gulf countries. 303 00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:13.000 It is south to south and global migration contexts, only 30% of the world's refugees, asylum seekers and labor migrants are moving to the global north. 304 00:53:13.000 --> 00:53:17.000 Yet it's been framed by politicians as this problem. 305 00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:23.000 It's so big, and you know, and we've been making, and they've been making use of migrants as scapegoats. 306 00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:41.000 So that's one another approach that we've considered is to look into historical contexts, especially on how the conceptualization of terms have evolved over time and how they have been obscured or highlighted by whoever uses them. 307 00:53:41.000 --> 00:53:53.000 So in discussing the focus of our topic, we refer to multiple connections between time and migration, where temporality. 308 00:53:53.000 --> 00:53:57.000 Shapes and frames. Migrant experiences. 309 00:53:57.000 --> 00:54:04.000 With this the temporal dimension which is the relationship between time and migration. 310 00:54:04.000 --> 00:54:15.000 It's another way to examine migration, bringing forward migrants and their experience, their sense of time up against a new unfamiliar environment. 311 00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:22.000 And with this we have these few points that we have considered. 312 00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:27.000 First is that in migration, time and migration is a legal concept. 313 00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:35.000 Defines, who is legitimately present at the destination country, and under what status migrants can be admitted. 314 00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:42.000 Temporarily, such as temporary foreign workers, international students, or those in need of international protection. 315 00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:51.000 There can also be long-term residents, such as permanent residents or family members of residents or citizens. 316 00:54:51.000 --> 00:55:04.000 Second, the time of my good stands at the destination country is a key factor that affects their acquiring a long term resident status, and eventually citizenship. 317 00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:11.000 If they wish. So rendering this part, it's both political significance. 318 00:55:11.000 --> 00:55:35.000 Then their socioeconomic perspective, where recent research has focused on the permanent or protected protected temporariness that characterizes different migration regimes, such as those seasonal migrant workers in agriculture for example, for tourism, so while we do not specifically 319 00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:48.000 address, the conceptual relationship between time and migration. At this point we contribute to this line of research by showing how temporary workers a temporary migration. 320 00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:52.000 Is classified in policy and experience from the point of view of the migrants. 321 00:55:52.000 --> 00:56:00.000 This is sort of how we are imagining it so. Table one. 322 00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:13.000 The possible combination of temporariness as a policy category and as a category of practice, and within the boxes we offer a relevant examples. 323 00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:18.000 So what is a policy category? A policy category examines the role of the state. 324 00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:34.000 And international conventions in regulating who can come and stay now as a category of practice, we look at expectations, plans, and experiences of migrants themselves, so I know as boxes go. 325 00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:55.000 There can be ambulance, and you know, considering the nuances within each box, to the extent that a temporary migrant, for example, then prayer for Rooker or international students may prolong their stay by obtaining a permit of long duration session to permanent 326 00:56:55.000 --> 00:57:08.000 Residency. That's one. Similarly, someone who initially planned to stay and was allowed to do so may up for returning to their country of origin, even if they're allowed to stay indefinitely. 327 00:57:08.000 --> 00:57:18.000 So this matrix is also not implying that every migrant 6 to stay permanent at destination. 328 00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:25.000 What it is aiming to show, though is the complexities of analyzing temporary migration. 329 00:57:25.000 --> 00:57:41.000 As formal categories become rigid, that you know they do not correspond to their initial design, and mainly because dynamics within migrant decision-making and expectations, they shift over time so relevant literature. 330 00:57:41.000 --> 00:57:44.000 So let's look at. 331 00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:57.000 This part so regulatedulated temporariness, so relevant literature and temporary migration would typically focus on this category regulated temporariness. 332 00:57:57.000 --> 00:58:08.000 So it is a legal and policy construct that seeks to strictly govern conditions of entry and stay of aliens in a given country. 333 00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:23.000 It typically reflects the scope of entry. For example, to undertake course of study or professional qualification, or to fill a labor position that is explicitly defined as temporary. 334 00:58:23.000 --> 00:58:28.000 So this usually. And you know, with this. 335 00:58:28.000 --> 00:58:36.000 It involves limited rights, regulated stay for international students. 336 00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:40.000 Some pursuing a degree, you know a higher degree. We seem a bit, you know. 337 00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:52.000 It's clearer. There's clear cut categorization now, but when it comes to employment, the nature of this temporaryiness becomes easy. 338 00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:57.000 So the job may be temporary because of the nature of work. 339 00:58:57.000 --> 00:59:09.000 For example, seasonal work in agriculture, tourism, or baby, because there is a temporary labor market shortage. 340 00:59:09.000 --> 00:59:23.000 Now the next one is called flexible temporary ness, and it is very much, you know, in this increased emergence of enhanced mobility schemes, we can find this, for example, in the EU framework and regional mobility regimes. 341 00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:35.000 So usually they have this recognition of, you know, thighs so I can make, and geopolitical ties among the countries that wish to govern migration regionally. 342 00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:42.000 So that's one. So you have the EU enhance mobility scheme. 343 00:59:42.000 --> 00:59:51.000 Another example can be, say Asean, which rhetorically, under the name of trade, liberalization, and economic. 344 00:59:51.000 --> 00:59:53.000 Okay. You know, bush forward skills recognition among member countries. 345 00:59:53.000 --> 01:00:04.000 So recognition of professional qualifications will be implemented among its 10 member. 346 01:00:04.000 --> 01:00:06.000 So that's another example of flexible temporariness. 347 01:00:06.000 --> 01:00:20.000 Now, finally, the policy and concept category of forced temporariness aims to reflect a situation in which a person is forced to leave their country. 348 01:00:20.000 --> 01:00:24.000 Of origin, because they need to seek protection elsewhere. 349 01:00:24.000 --> 01:00:29.000 But such protection is deemed temporary. 350 01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:37.000 No, you look at it this way. You have that lived experience, component. 351 01:00:37.000 --> 01:00:52.000 Now looking at temporariness as a category of practice, the focus is on the relationship between temporary migration and temper and migrant agency, so his temporariness, intentional. 352 01:00:52.000 --> 01:00:56.000 Is it planned, or is it befallen upon the migraine? 353 01:00:56.000 --> 01:01:09.000 So distinguishing between these 3 options, we emphasize that migrants, regardless of there's the level of skills, are their migration status. 354 01:01:09.000 --> 01:01:17.000 The exercise agency in important ways, seeking to navigate obstacles and the use of policies to achieve their migration. 355 01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:23.000 Objective, so there is a lot more complexities going on here. 356 01:01:23.000 --> 01:01:34.000 Intentions change, for example, and they will, you know. Maybe they're not well formed in the beginning, or they change over time, and you know they can be, and they can also be shaped. 357 01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:52.000 My existing opportunities and costs. For example. So the assumption is that only temporary and we have this assumption only temporary migrants categorized as low salary or low skilled, are prone to this precarity and vulnerability brought about by temporariness we have 358 01:01:52.000 --> 01:02:03.000 that thinking, but then again, we've seen work on how Dom, highly skilled have to have me have to make these adjustments as well there is the scaling involved. 359 01:02:03.000 --> 01:02:11.000 The sum staggered temporary situations in order to work our own policies. 360 01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:22.000 So we find that the temporal aspect, Mr. Effective, in trying to explain. 361 01:02:22.000 --> 01:02:25.000 Did I skip something? No, I'm like a right. 362 01:02:25.000 --> 01:02:31.000 And yes. 363 01:02:31.000 --> 01:02:39.000 That's why framework of analysis. So yes, and that's why I'm like I am waiting for that final minute. 364 01:02:39.000 --> 01:02:47.000 The life course component is useful in appreciating these 3 different processes of temporariness. 365 01:02:47.000 --> 01:02:48.000 So I will end this presentation now, and I think that's why I'm like, why is it at the end? 366 01:02:48.000 --> 01:02:59.000 Maybe because it's in the final minute, and because this is a work in progress, and I'm ending this without a form of conclusion. 367 01:02:59.000 --> 01:03:07.000 But an open invitation to think about how you think about migration, governance off-centered kind of way, and I look forward to your questions later on. 368 01:03:07.000 --> 01:03:20.000 Thank you. 369 01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:30.000 Do something. Oh, I ended it! 370 01:03:30.000 --> 01:03:40.000 The next presentation by Seline Beck is actually prerecorded. 371 01:03:40.000 --> 01:03:45.000 Dear colleagues, we are very pleased to have the opportunity to communicate our world today. 372 01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:50.000 Of course, we are also disappointed that we are not able to be with you in the session today. 373 01:03:50.000 --> 01:03:53.000 My name is Dr. Silva Beck. I'm a fellow. 374 01:03:53.000 --> 01:03:58.000 Yeah, at the Convergence Institute of Migration at the College of France. 375 01:03:58.000 --> 01:04:04.000 My research interests focus on the study of expatriation through a sociological lens. 376 01:04:04.000 --> 01:04:07.000 I have recently published, an edited edited book, entitled Expatriation and Migration. 377 01:04:07.000 --> 01:04:14.000 2 phases of the same coin with brilliance, share. 378 01:04:14.000 --> 01:04:16.000 I am presenting this paper with my colleague, Dr. 379 01:04:16.000 --> 01:04:23.000 Benedict Brick, who is a senior lecturer at Manchester, Metropolitan University in the Uk. 380 01:04:23.000 --> 01:04:37.000 Her research work, explore the intersections of gender and bordering in migratory and educational contexts, even though we cannot be with you today, we hope our paper can generate interesting conversations and connections. 381 01:04:37.000 --> 01:04:41.000 Our contact details appears on the slide. Please do get in touch. 382 01:04:41.000 --> 01:04:54.000 We would love to hear from you and continue the conversation, particularly as time is limited, for this pre recorded paper and choices had to be made. 383 01:04:54.000 --> 01:04:58.000 Based on a critical discussion of the terminology, used to describe France. 384 01:04:58.000 --> 01:05:16.000 May migratory flaws. We explore how through fruition prominently on immigration and disconnecting immigration, immigration, and expatriation, migration studies may inadvertently narrow public discourses, on migration, and participate to a 385 01:05:16.000 --> 01:05:35.000 unidimensional representation of human displacements going back to the themes of the Congress in this panel this paper questions how researchers might contribute to the public debate in the face of the Reser John to thaloitarianism using either to we relatively understood the question 386 01:05:35.000 --> 01:05:43.000 of French nationals living outside of France. As a case study our ethnographic work, cast light on the fleeting and multi facility. 387 01:05:43.000 --> 01:05:47.000 The rarities of their migration, trajectories and practices. 388 01:05:47.000 --> 01:05:52.000 Before exploring their implications on the categories of Souths prevalent. 389 01:05:52.000 --> 01:06:11.000 Yet Sodom debated in migration studies. Indeed, whilst growing in practice, emigration remains more generalized in academic debates on French migration and mobility which would benefit from its inclusion, and going further a renewed use of the term expatriation. 390 01:06:11.000 --> 01:06:23.000 It did. We argued that this invisibility of immigration participates to the production of public discourses portraying migration and migrants as problematic. 391 01:06:23.000 --> 01:06:42.000 Our proposition seeks to shift the decorum between migration and expatriation beyond the new entanglement of religions, politics, and economies in an ecological regime of rity, as captured in the entrepreneurs narratives. 392 01:06:42.000 --> 01:07:00.000 In the first bulb we argue that although it is a growing phenomenon, French emigration is marginalized to the point of invisibleization in academic debates and public discourses, indeed, in the vast majority of instances migration, are discussed in sole 393 01:07:00.000 --> 01:07:06.000 reference to incoming migrations to France. Was immigration really features at all? 394 01:07:06.000 --> 01:07:16.000 With 2.5 million French citizens currently living outside France, immigration is a growing phenomenon involving a diverse range of realities and experiences. 395 01:07:16.000 --> 01:07:20.000 French immigration also has a long strutstructuring history. 396 01:07:20.000 --> 01:07:36.000 The Yuanons are one of the most well known examples of that history of French immigration, but it also needs to be connected to the French colonial project with more than 1 million people emigrating from metropolitan France to french-occupied algeria. 397 01:07:36.000 --> 01:07:47.000 Whilst the production of French national history displays metropolitan centering tendencies and participates to the invisibleization of French immigration in public discourses. 398 01:07:47.000 --> 01:07:56.000 There is also a reluctance from the French modern state to think of itself as a country of emigration. 399 01:07:56.000 --> 01:08:11.000 A country. Its citizens want to leave the terminology used in official documents to discuss French immigration is revealing French nationals living outside France are not referred to as immigrants, but as expats, and in this particular instance it is interesting to note how sociology. 400 01:08:11.000 --> 01:08:31.000 Seems to take its cues from the State. This seems at odds with sociology's mission to scrutinize the disclosive power of the State and the categories it produces this category needs to be interrogated for their shape. 401 01:08:31.000 --> 01:08:32.000 Our understanding, perception, and attitudes of human movement towards me. 402 01:08:32.000 --> 01:08:43.000 Even human movement. Expatriation is constructed in opposition to the term migrant. 403 01:08:43.000 --> 01:08:46.000 Expectation is associated with unspoken whiteness. 404 01:08:46.000 --> 01:08:51.000 Western transnational elites and cosmopolitanism. 405 01:08:51.000 --> 01:08:57.000 By contrast, migrants are racialized and deemed to be ended by material conditions. 406 01:08:57.000 --> 01:09:17.000 We argue that this dichotomy obscures the fact that migrants and so-called expats, immigrants coexist inhabit and reproduce complex hierarchies based primarily on race ethnicity and national identity deemed 407 01:09:17.000 --> 01:09:27.000 unproblematic. Any grunt, slash expatteries women remain relatively understudied in sociological research. 408 01:09:27.000 --> 01:09:30.000 Work on lifestyle migration, privilege, mobility, and skill. 409 01:09:30.000 --> 01:09:38.000 Migration, offer insights, but they do not ask broader heuristic questions around migration categories. 410 01:09:38.000 --> 01:09:58.000 He too, the bulk of the literature produce on expatriates come from business and management studies, and they do not engage in the critical exploration of the production of this category of salt, but nonetheless participate to the construction and legitimization of that category as forming part 411 01:09:58.000 --> 01:10:03.000 of the neoliberal global order. However, we argue immigration and expatriation need to be taken on as a subject of inquiry for itself. 412 01:10:03.000 --> 01:10:15.000 So immigrants. Experiences are can be considered, particularly around policy development. 413 01:10:15.000 --> 01:10:31.000 But also there is a need to interrogate category as disconnecting migration from immigration and expatriation has important consequences in shaping our understanding of human movement. 414 01:10:31.000 --> 01:10:41.000 In this second part we reflect on the impact of the invisibility of immigration from migration studies and the public debate in France. 415 01:10:41.000 --> 01:10:53.000 Migration studies have gone seen significantly since the 19 eighties in parallel with the growing popularity of far right powers and versus discourses. 416 01:10:53.000 --> 01:10:54.000 Until then transcended, to be perceived as a country of immigration and non nationals. 417 01:10:54.000 --> 01:11:09.000 Foreigners, with a received limited attention in academic research and limited visibility in the public debate, taking cues from Dewey's work on the B. 418 01:11:09.000 --> 01:11:18.000 S's experts may inadvertently introduce in public debates. 419 01:11:18.000 --> 01:11:40.000 We highlight, how social scientists may contribute to the construction of migration as a public problem, even if concerned by the defense of human rights and the advancement of social justice for migrants, social scientists tend to use the voodoo words the categories of the dominant 420 01:11:40.000 --> 01:11:44.000 Ideological discourse, oftentimes the category is used by the State. 421 01:11:44.000 --> 01:12:06.000 Let's view immigration as a challenge and negative wise viewing expatriation favorably interrogating this, constricting this too readily accepted world and categories of thoughts, and uncovering some of the assumptions they convey leads us to question dominant representations. 422 01:12:06.000 --> 01:12:16.000 Of human displacements. So we might start thinking differently, following Alan Turain's invitation. 423 01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:22.000 We are aware that it might seem untimely to argue for a powering shift in migration studies. 424 01:12:22.000 --> 01:12:28.000 While this academic feel struggles to find its legitimacy in the public space. 425 01:12:28.000 --> 01:12:51.000 For example, in France, public and academic debates tend to be polarized by questions concerned with the closing and opening borders on one side, and the rush hour and rain just question until there this polarization obscurs and invisibilizes the reality of the social and ecological 426 01:12:51.000 --> 01:12:56.000 Anthropocenex question as it plays out on a global scale. 427 01:12:56.000 --> 01:13:04.000 We argue that migration studies would benefit to broaden their remit to all kinds of human displacements. 428 01:13:04.000 --> 01:13:27.000 To not create a blind spot in its midst. For instance, the term expatriate legitimizes a social distinction based on colonial domination in the history of international and Russian relations, while human rights advocates generally avoid it except when pointing out the Russia aspects human resources 429 01:13:27.000 --> 01:13:39.000 literature is at ease with the term. In substance we can see a justification for a modern state. 430 01:13:39.000 --> 01:13:47.000 Modern nation states to maintain their power in international relations as developed and more on countries. 431 01:13:47.000 --> 01:13:55.000 Yes. Why should Black Dairy men on their bike in big cities not be considered as expatriates? 432 01:13:55.000 --> 01:14:12.000 They are belonging, as nearly by our subjects in a global world, appears to be denied, liberal public policies are typical of a modernity in which they expatriate as a hero of globalization, as noted by a Japanese. 433 01:14:12.000 --> 01:14:28.000 2,022 appears as a paragon of morality, namely, a figure of which researchers might like being identified as travelling in all around the world. 434 01:14:28.000 --> 01:14:33.000 But academics also have a responsibility in the unshable scene. 435 01:14:33.000 --> 01:14:34.000 That way we might consider expatriation as a moral and social concept. 436 01:14:34.000 --> 01:14:43.000 At a global scale with the earth as a patriot or homeland. 437 01:14:43.000 --> 01:15:02.000 This costs mobility than view of migration and expatriation would not only allow us to create a common identification to the human displacements, but also the linking relations from the logo to the global aspects of the territoriality. 438 01:15:02.000 --> 01:15:10.000 To conclude discussing this paper, immigration remains marginalised in academic and public debates on French migration and mobility. 439 01:15:10.000 --> 01:15:17.000 Migration studies would benefit from the inclusion or reentering of immigration in its debate. 440 01:15:17.000 --> 01:15:35.000 Thinking about immigration, mobility, emigration, expatriation, as forming part of the complex landscape of human movement would support the questioning of categories, of souls that are often too readily accepted and used and therefore naturalized. 441 01:15:35.000 --> 01:15:46.000 This civilisation of immigration participates to the production of public discourses, portraying migration and migrant as problematic. 442 01:15:46.000 --> 01:16:05.000 Proposition. 6. To shift the dichotomy between migration and expatriation, and beyond the new entanglement of religion, politics, and economies in an ecological regime of reality, as captured in the entropy narratives looking ahead the future of studies on expatriates 443 01:16:05.000 --> 01:16:15.000 and migrants need to need to look at the colonization of planet mass transhumanism, and the vulnerability of climate refugees. 444 01:16:15.000 --> 01:16:19.000 These topics are generating a system of action and feedback. 445 01:16:19.000 --> 01:16:28.000 Why, some continue to pull you the air, oceans and soils with their project of colonizing mass and transcending their own humanity. 446 01:16:28.000 --> 01:16:35.000 Others end your pollution and exploitation, dreaming of emancipation by becoming expatriated themselves. 447 01:16:35.000 --> 01:16:48.000 Social sciences, as a rule, to play in softening these binaries and advocating shared cosmopolitan belongings. In the time of the entropy scene. 448 01:16:48.000 --> 01:16:51.000 Thank you for your attention. Details of some of the key references we used are for scubming publication, and our contact details are on this slide. 449 01:16:51.000 --> 01:17:13.000 We look forward to hearing from you, and enjoy the conference. 450 01:17:13.000 --> 01:17:21.000 Thanks. Everyone. We have about 30 min for questions, it is that we're gonna get, you know, 3, 4, 5 questions. 451 01:17:21.000 --> 01:17:28.000 First, and then we'll but the presenters answer, and then we'll be. 452 01:17:28.000 --> 01:17:40.000 We have time we can go back and and add another set. 453 01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:52.000 And I can see here. 454 01:17:52.000 --> 01:17:56.000 Should it stop, share, or? 455 01:17:56.000 --> 01:18:01.000 To see other people. 456 01:18:01.000 --> 01:18:07.000 Close this. 457 01:18:07.000 --> 01:18:12.000 I'm still still. 458 01:18:12.000 --> 01:18:21.000 There's one in the chat. I don't know if there's another question here. 459 01:18:21.000 --> 01:18:28.000 And. 460 01:18:28.000 --> 01:18:34.000 Hi, I have some. Yeah, I have some questions for Ashika. Rica. 461 01:18:34.000 --> 01:18:39.000 Actually, no, it's not really totally a question, because I know II know Rica did this cool thing where? 462 01:18:39.000 --> 01:18:47.000 Like you ask, like pulling straws like, you know the work in progress. 463 01:18:47.000 --> 01:18:50.000 Get some ideas right. I done that a lot of times, knowing, I answers. 464 01:18:50.000 --> 01:18:51.000 So I'll answer for a bit for you. Yeah, yeah, yeah. 465 01:18:51.000 --> 01:19:08.000 So. Yes, first, Pereka, it's it's what you're talking about is related to a theory in society article I published, and some book manuscript. 466 01:19:08.000 --> 01:19:25.000 Trying. Oh, I'm Jacob Thomas, the Chinese University of I'm also tackling similar issues, and I think I think a lot of one way to think about it is with the issue of like temporary lanes which is it's definitely related to the life course for sure I think that a 467 01:19:25.000 --> 01:19:27.000 lot first thing, and it relates to what I'm going to say. 468 01:19:27.000 --> 01:19:36.000 Relation to Shiko's work. It's important to think about these categories of analysis of these categories, these terminologies are produced by governments for a specific purpose, and they want to define Ok, these people. 469 01:19:36.000 --> 01:19:49.000 They want to kind of control the people, the migrants, their purpose with these different categories but a lot of the time. 470 01:19:49.000 --> 01:19:51.000 What you're pointing out is it doesn't conflict. 471 01:19:51.000 --> 01:19:53.000 It conflicts with the life world of the of the and how Ramasi, in terms of the person. 472 01:19:53.000 --> 01:20:21.000 And so it's important to think about that tension and how the life world, the experiences of the migrant challenged that. And I think that's where you can have your in the in that tension of temporariness and thinking about in a stable way like for a given 473 01:20:21.000 --> 01:20:27.000 migrant from a particular country, how their expected life course is going to unfold. 474 01:20:27.000 --> 01:20:38.000 Bearing in mind that the live course is lengthening. People are getting married later, and how that constrains people's behavior, and it has huge impacts in terms of if you're documented migrant, for example, you could you might start a company invest in buy a house. 475 01:20:38.000 --> 01:20:49.000 Get a mortgage, get married so many things you would do but for your visa status. 476 01:20:49.000 --> 01:20:56.000 And so it really affects people's time horizons and their discount because of what they're willing to do. 477 01:20:56.000 --> 01:21:17.000 And so I think you really could benefit. Yeah, considering that those kind of legal constraints, those 3 or ten-year bars, for example, in the United States, how those affect people's behavior, and then relatedly for Ashika, in my own experience experience migrating through most countries are not 478 01:21:17.000 --> 01:21:26.000 migrating, traveling to most countries and migrants just for to a few I think that one thing that really strikes me again, you think about how. 479 01:21:26.000 --> 01:21:33.000 Who is actually not being an entrepreneur and creating this terminology, which often are academics. 480 01:21:33.000 --> 01:21:42.000 People like us artists, celebrities, but the people that actually make them propagate that, and often those are again their administrators. 481 01:21:42.000 --> 01:21:47.000 You know. So for me. One thing that was kind of is, I come from the Us. 482 01:21:47.000 --> 01:21:55.000 Where diversity and equity, a certain terminology and I always thought about him in terms of the subject of the students. 483 01:21:55.000 --> 01:22:12.000 Then, when I became a professor, at Chinese University of Hong Kong, which has an incredible tension between Hong Kong students in the mainland, Chinese students, when I saw equity and diversity everywhere, I couldn't just see it as appropriation it's not appropriation. 484 01:22:12.000 --> 01:22:14.000 It's a globalization of this term. They're taking it on. 485 01:22:14.000 --> 01:22:15.000 And it also is very valuable for them to post this everywhere. 486 01:22:15.000 --> 01:22:32.000 Everyone get along or university of functionality. What we can't have people like trying to attack each other, or anything like that but then, of course, that damn isn't. 487 01:22:32.000 --> 01:22:36.000 Anyway, that's just my not question. My suggestions. 488 01:22:36.000 --> 01:22:49.000 Yeah, send you that. And the others. 489 01:22:49.000 --> 01:23:08.000 Thank you all the presenter today for very interesting presentation about kind of the temporary arrays and also temporality of migration, because, you know, I don't really do the research about their own tie up their immigrants here only as a grandparents. 490 01:23:08.000 --> 01:23:17.000 Migration, but my concern is about the temporaryness and a temporality of the migration, for all the people at own ages. 491 01:23:17.000 --> 01:23:26.000 So currently, for you know, I was a pigeon's bath at Fort Martina, and also Ashika Enrique. 492 01:23:26.000 --> 01:23:36.000 I don't really know about that Canadian immigration policy, but I read quite a lot about the Australian migration policy. 493 01:23:36.000 --> 01:23:51.000 And recently, they just released, high up the review of migration system, and they have a lot of issues related to the temporaliness of the migration, and they have the policy about Kaya. 494 01:23:51.000 --> 01:24:11.000 The people who study less than 2 years, and in the future maybe have no chance to apply for Pi here, and they also have care, and maybe a lot of the care programs visa program to to stop types. 495 01:24:11.000 --> 01:24:16.000 The permanent temporary migrants who have not method criteria to stay here, for example, no skew assessment. 496 01:24:16.000 --> 01:24:27.000 No full time job, or maybe a no K of the skew that's relevant to the Australian country. 497 01:24:27.000 --> 01:24:41.000 So in this guy? From the research, my question is, how is your research from the perspective of the sociology contribute to the types of migration policy Review. 498 01:24:41.000 --> 01:24:52.000 Because when I report the the the perspective, many from the economies, like the only bandwidth economic contribution of the migrants. 499 01:24:52.000 --> 01:24:55.000 But you know that live migrants is all has been. 500 01:24:55.000 --> 01:25:12.000 Carry cover a lot, especially so political religion, and also kind of I mean every aspect, not only economics, but the the receiving countries only values and migrants in terms of become mixed aside only. 501 01:25:12.000 --> 01:25:42.000 Yeah. So I think we need to think more about how these sociologists can she be more to the policy advocacy, how to raise the voice of the immigrants in the new discord about their rise and how they can be protected from their masodinization and so vulnerabilities? 502 01:25:43.000 --> 01:25:51.000 Bill. Thank you very much for the very interesting presentation Mariko-gava, from Chiba University in Japan. 503 01:25:51.000 --> 01:26:12.000 When we talk about the migration studies and its contribution to the public discourse, I was thinking, like, when we do the studies we do things theoretically as well as empirically, and often we find out some of the very critical issues, like the the for example the number, of those are undocumented 504 01:26:12.000 --> 01:26:17.000 migrants happen to be originated from a particular country. 505 01:26:17.000 --> 01:26:21.000 Or the number of those school dropouts happen to be concentrated in a particular country. 506 01:26:21.000 --> 01:26:43.000 So these kinds of data, empirical data, when we getather those things, I'm just wondering how we can avoid the stigmatization and the stereotyping of a particular group while raising this as a policy advocacy that's my first question and my second question is to the first 507 01:26:43.000 --> 01:27:00.000 presenter about the media, representation of the foreigners, but foreigners are such a diverse group, and they are actually divided according to those colonial histories, religious affiliations, ethnicity. 508 01:27:00.000 --> 01:27:01.000 So I'm just wondering, how can that kind of nuances would come into the analysis. 509 01:27:01.000 --> 01:27:11.000 Thank you. I'm gonna David. 510 01:27:11.000 --> 01:27:24.000 Yes, Hi, everyone. So thank you all to all the presenters for such really interesting papers, and thank you to Christian as well for sharing the session given that I can't be in Melbourne. 511 01:27:24.000 --> 01:27:41.000 So I just have 2 quick questions. The first is to Ashika Ashika, your presentation included reference to the idea that concepts can mean different thing and different concept in different contexts, and I think that's a really important comment to make. 512 01:27:41.000 --> 01:27:42.000 Especially in the context of Isa. This is one of the things I think I is. 513 01:27:42.000 --> 01:28:06.000 A should really try to excel at by bringing together researchers from different contexts, we should try to learn from each other the differences that we bring, and I wondered if you could pursue the example that you introduced the idea of equity the possibility that equity means different things in 514 01:28:06.000 --> 01:28:11.000 different contexts. I'd be curious to hear about the details of that. 515 01:28:11.000 --> 01:28:29.000 And because I think that we could benefit in terms of our own understanding rather than taking for granted the meaning that we all implicitly understand, and we could gain familiarity with with different different options, different ways of seeing a concept like that, and then from our Tina 516 01:28:29.000 --> 01:28:34.000 the impetus of this session in my own mind was that we would. 517 01:28:34.000 --> 01:28:57.000 I expect it to hear papers that would tell experiences where we, as researchers, have been successful in in terms of having some sort of influence over public discourse, and I think that your presentation it sort of it, hinted at successful experiences that you have had along those lines and I 518 01:28:57.000 --> 01:29:02.000 just wonder if if there's a way for you to describe. 519 01:29:02.000 --> 01:29:06.000 Sort of more explicitly the kind of successes that you've had. 520 01:29:06.000 --> 01:29:12.000 You spoke about meeting with various types of politicians, policymakers, etc. 521 01:29:12.000 --> 01:29:22.000 And I have the sense that that experience involved influence of your research over people that were then that had a sort of a public audience. 522 01:29:22.000 --> 01:29:25.000 And I just wanted to hear more along the lines of successful experience of that sort. 523 01:29:25.000 --> 01:29:43.000 Okay. Thank you. 524 01:29:43.000 --> 01:29:47.000 I also. 525 01:29:47.000 --> 01:29:53.000 And so other questions actually, can Vick. And thanks to everyone, because we're great papers. 526 01:29:53.000 --> 01:30:12.000 So I was wondering whether in your project which seems to be a project that both of your papers are part of the same large sort of put together, whether whether you do compare, I mean you mentioned the kind of the distinction isn't a concept as a category of practice and as a sociological concept 527 01:30:12.000 --> 01:30:28.000 pure. But I wonder whether you do then differentiate those different meanings of concepts in different places and I'm asking these also as a migration researcher originally from Europe, coming to Australia and seeing how multiculturalism was still talked about and really relevant and obviously learned about the 528 01:30:28.000 --> 01:30:31.000 multiculturalism means in Australia, and its trajectory. 529 01:30:31.000 --> 01:30:45.000 But also its utility as a category of practice, and I think it's really important, because when then, interculturalism arrives in in Australia a bit later than in Europe, I was almost outright thinking there's a very different history. 530 01:30:45.000 --> 01:30:46.000 So there's a very different need for an alternative concept. 531 01:30:46.000 --> 01:30:57.000 So. Yes, I think it's really important to not just compare the meaning of these concepts by scholars in those different places, but also really, what are the utilities of these concepts as a category of practice. 532 01:30:57.000 --> 01:31:08.000 But maybe that's exactly what you're doing. So. 533 01:31:08.000 --> 01:31:17.000 MI did some research on newspapers in Taylor, in the nineties, when the new migration sort of started, and I found that well. 534 01:31:17.000 --> 01:31:25.000 Both Conservative and less conservative newspapers had similar opinions. 535 01:31:25.000 --> 01:31:32.000 Those who were closer to government, to the administration of time, where more we're less. 536 01:31:32.000 --> 01:31:36.000 We're did an attack. Obviously, the government much the other. So. 537 01:31:36.000 --> 01:31:40.000 And there was a slight difference that you could see in the qualitative. 538 01:31:40.000 --> 01:31:48.000 I just wanted to know if you had been able, if there was anything like that in your analysis is the cause. 539 01:31:48.000 --> 01:32:04.000 I have no idea of Japanese politics at all. If the Conservative newspaper was closer to the court of the time, or the more liberal school, or through that affected in any way how they presented the the immigrants. 540 01:32:04.000 --> 01:32:13.000 Let's start with Ricka. 541 01:32:13.000 --> 01:32:17.000 So, Martina, thank you very much for your comments, and I agree. 542 01:32:17.000 --> 01:32:21.000 So meaning, that that's why it is. In a way, it's tricky. 543 01:32:21.000 --> 01:32:31.000 There is some problematic things still like, for example. But then, again, you did mention that, yeah, what we're doing in our second part of our study is very much to provide the context. 544 01:32:31.000 --> 01:32:42.000 And it would be like situated, for example, if it's a a destination between, say, 2 destination countries and 2 migrant sending countries. 545 01:32:42.000 --> 01:32:57.000 And but then again, that is also problematic. Because are we saying that you know at destination country cannot be ascending country as well like we have, for example, in our comparison, we're looking at Greece. 546 01:32:57.000 --> 01:33:02.000 And how we can categorize Greece as a migrant sending country. 547 01:33:02.000 --> 01:33:12.000 But now it's also a destination country. And so the 4 countries that we're looking at is Canada, Singapore, Philippines, and Greece. 548 01:33:12.000 --> 01:33:20.000 And it's like Whoa! It's everywhere. But then again, because it's very much based on, you know. 549 01:33:20.000 --> 01:33:33.000 I mean Anna is so she's very much a so European Union, EU and so, and at the same time we're we're both based in Canada, and I have, you know, experienced in Singapore and the Philippines. 550 01:33:33.000 --> 01:33:39.000 As well. There, but it's worth right now. We are problematicizing terms, concepts. 551 01:33:39.000 --> 01:33:44.000 So, for example, I mean one issue that we have been encountering is very much on. 552 01:33:44.000 --> 01:33:49.000 Okay, you have this talk and it's a very much a destination country kind of conceptualization of terms like pigr immigrants. 553 01:33:49.000 --> 01:34:01.000 So, and it's very destination, and so sometimes we're like, how about the Philippines? 554 01:34:01.000 --> 01:34:02.000 Are we going to talk about immigrants, or are we going to talk about migrants who would come to the Philippines? 555 01:34:02.000 --> 01:34:13.000 And would that be a better fit to the temporary migration? 556 01:34:13.000 --> 01:34:18.000 You know, focus that we wanted to look at. So that's it. Yeah, it's still, it's tricky. 557 01:34:18.000 --> 01:34:25.000 But now we're very much. We have decided that it is very much on temporary migration, and we have that framework. 558 01:34:25.000 --> 01:34:31.000 That's to show at the same time, I mean, it hits, you know. 559 01:34:31.000 --> 01:34:41.000 If you look at, say, the 4 country compared to the comparison, it would hit, I mean our table, and that's why we thought I mean to manage that. 560 01:34:41.000 --> 01:34:55.000 Expectation. This it still is broad. It would fit in that. You know the table that we that was created. 561 01:34:55.000 --> 01:34:56.000 Thank you so much for all the questions, and also the insights. 562 01:34:56.000 --> 01:35:02.000 That's really helpful. I really do appreciate that a lot. 563 01:35:02.000 --> 01:35:08.000 And, as I said, it's very much work in progress. 564 01:35:08.000 --> 01:35:16.000 And this particular paper, like Anna and I started thinking about it, because both of us are migration scholars who have lived in different contexts. 565 01:35:16.000 --> 01:35:21.000 And we have been using these terms like it, like edi, equity, diversity, and inclusion, which in Canada is used a lot. 566 01:35:21.000 --> 01:35:43.000 I was really, really overwhelmed when I moved to Canada in 2020, and it was everywhere like coming from Nepal in a Nepali context, also working with especially the issue of equity, which is mostly used in relation to empowerment empowerment in relation to women's 567 01:35:43.000 --> 01:35:44.000 empowerment, then moving to Denmark, where equity and equality they had the same term. 568 01:35:44.000 --> 01:36:14.000 They use the same term. I forgot the exact term right now, and especially using it in relation to equal rights, and also kind of not being used much in terms of political discussions on immigration, and that coming to Canada to 2,020 where it was everywhere and I remember when I first joined shark we had to 569 01:36:17.000 --> 01:36:19.000 do an edi workshop, and that was a very interesting. 570 01:36:19.000 --> 01:36:29.000 Eye opening moment for me because they were talking about who falls into this racialized category? 571 01:36:29.000 --> 01:36:33.000 So when I had applied for the job, we had to take. 572 01:36:33.000 --> 01:36:38.000 Which category do we belong? South Asian tech and racialized person? 573 01:36:38.000 --> 01:36:39.000 I was like, no, I'm not a regionalized person. 574 01:36:39.000 --> 01:36:56.000 I did not take that category, because in Nepal I belong to the second higher class, and for me a civilized person would be someone from a lower cost, and in Denmark I was always a South Asian migrant, and I never saw myself as a racialized person so when during that 575 01:36:56.000 --> 01:37:02.000 edi, the training, and they were asked, like all this socialized group. 576 01:37:02.000 --> 01:37:05.000 And then one of my colleagues was like we ticket. 577 01:37:05.000 --> 01:37:10.000 I was like, really, and she told me that you should ticket that box too. 578 01:37:10.000 --> 01:37:16.000 Why, I don't feel like racialized. So for me, this understanding of the concept, what is Edi? 579 01:37:16.000 --> 01:37:37.000 What is equity? What is diversity versus inclusion is so different in different contexts, and for me, being by a Christian scholar working on migrants, it's a very important to reflect on how these terms are understood like how I understand this term, so depending on that I can use it that it really I really feel 580 01:37:37.000 --> 01:37:42.000 that it shapes the resource process and us as scholars. 581 01:37:42.000 --> 01:37:50.000 We need to reflect on that. 582 01:37:50.000 --> 01:37:54.000 Where are you able to get? 583 01:37:54.000 --> 01:38:03.000 So I'm not sure whether in before as many comment or my question, I just quickly say on the economizing or de economizing. 584 01:38:03.000 --> 01:38:16.000 So this is really where my patient project isn't. I've just not evolved enough to speak about it, but I absolutely agree that we need to go beyond the governmental economizing and economistic discourses about migration. 585 01:38:16.000 --> 01:38:25.000 And and as much as I ended on this semi-positive note about all these changes and pickups of, you know, recognition of precarity, and so on. 586 01:38:25.000 --> 01:38:32.000 But it's still everything that was around that the text that I didn't highlight still had absolutely this economizing element. 587 01:38:32.000 --> 01:38:36.000 Yeah, so I agree with you to to dive it. 588 01:38:36.000 --> 01:38:44.000 Yeah, I'm not sure that I alluded to successes because I wouldn't claim that what we did in that project was a success. 589 01:38:44.000 --> 01:39:05.000 What I probably wanted to say is that there's spices and and there might be this very micro interaction level with people in government. When I say government, we did not work with the kind of government the minister, but with an official in a government department who constantly sort of managed our expectations her little 590 01:39:05.000 --> 01:39:09.000 influence he has, and the report will have. So it was really just. 591 01:39:09.000 --> 01:39:13.000 It is so at the micro level of interaction. But so why? 592 01:39:13.000 --> 01:39:35.000 What I found positive are happening about this, that it was somehow speaking to power and speaking not in terms of yeah economicistic rationales or visa regulation changes, but actually about sociological insights, such as race and racialization, and so on so if that makes it into even an internal government document, then yes, I do, look at 593 01:39:35.000 --> 01:39:39.000 it as a success, but it's something that would never be claimable, claimable as impacts. 594 01:39:39.000 --> 01:39:46.000 And it's and yeah have to decide how much impact it has so it's more about saying, there's this microspace is probably for influence. 595 01:39:46.000 --> 01:39:52.000 Far from influencing public discourse, and finally sorry for taking so long. 596 01:39:52.000 --> 01:39:59.000 But there was a question that chat about what demagramthesizing migration research is about. 597 01:39:59.000 --> 01:40:04.000 And it's exactly about some of the things that you've been talking about. 598 01:40:04.000 --> 01:40:08.000 It's about questioning categories that we take for granted, such as migrant. 599 01:40:08.000 --> 01:40:16.000 And it's basically questioning that the very existence of a lot of migration integration research has been as a slave to government. 600 01:40:16.000 --> 01:40:26.000 Or I kind of not not a safe to come. A handmaid government that delivers the kind of research that helps the Government to manage and govern migration. 601 01:40:26.000 --> 01:40:41.000 So this is the in a nutshell. What democraticising migration would thank you! 602 01:40:41.000 --> 01:40:45.000 Everyone, and my co-presenters for their exciting presentations. 603 01:40:45.000 --> 01:40:58.000 I think there was a lot going in through my mind as I was listening to everyone's presentation and it really resonates with my experience of immigrating being categorized and being, when I first went to the United States. 604 01:40:58.000 --> 01:41:03.000 I remember what is equity and diversity, learning a lot, new things, and so forth. 605 01:41:03.000 --> 01:41:11.000 So I think this is all very exciting, and thank you for the comments. For the first comment. 606 01:41:11.000 --> 01:41:15.000 Thank you. Yeah, that is an extremely great comment. Because that was one of the things that I was grappling with, because in Japan, of course, when we talk about foreigners, foreigners are not homogeneous. 607 01:41:15.000 --> 01:41:26.000 They come from different countries, and they have very different historical histories of coming into Japan. 608 01:41:26.000 --> 01:41:31.000 And so forth, and they have very different socioeconomic statuses. 609 01:41:31.000 --> 01:41:56.000 But I think what I was trying to get at are the motivation behind this research was there was this ethnographic study where they were interviewing people within a community where there was a sudden increase of foreigners in that community, and they were asking questions about to the people who are living there the native-born population about what their experience with 610 01:41:56.000 --> 01:42:01.000 foreigners were like, and they would say, Oh, I hear that they're very loud, I hear that they don't follow the rules of throwing out the garbage and so forth, and they would be asked, Where did you get this information? 611 01:42:01.000 --> 01:42:11.000 And they would say, Oh, I heard it from maneuver, or I heard it from a rumor. 612 01:42:11.000 --> 01:42:14.000 So there's this kind of socially constructed image. 613 01:42:14.000 --> 01:42:35.000 When we say, guiding, or a foreigner within Japan. And I was trying to get at that kind of socially constructed image that everyone, it seems to float around within people's mind when they're talking about it and part of me was really tempted to actually look into different ethnicities and racial 614 01:42:35.000 --> 01:42:39.000 groups and so forth. But it was just a little bit too much within the coding process. 615 01:42:39.000 --> 01:42:50.000 So the first time was kind of get at that. Hi, kind of socially constructive foreigner image that seems to be shared among the public. 616 01:42:50.000 --> 01:42:56.000 I guess the second question was about the differences between the Liberal and the Conservative newspapers. 617 01:42:56.000 --> 01:43:02.000 And I would have to check again. But I think for the Liberal newspapers. 618 01:43:02.000 --> 01:43:06.000 They have been talked about, that they are more pro. I'm not exactly sure the positionality, but they're more prone to be. 619 01:43:06.000 --> 01:43:27.000 More famous to be attacking or targeting the government. So I think in that way that the Liberal newspaper talks a little bit more about how the immigration policy has been criticises a little bit more. 620 01:43:27.000 --> 01:43:45.000 But even with that, when they were talking about it in terms of those differences, it was interesting to see that in 2016, in 2019, there was this still kind of sense of foreigners being talked about in terms of well, they are an economic contribution. 621 01:43:45.000 --> 01:43:49.000 But still, what are we going to do if they come in? 622 01:43:49.000 --> 01:44:05.000 How are you gonna be be able to? I guess, in a way, control them us in a way that is a balance between protecting the social or the shared community. 623 01:44:05.000 --> 01:44:30.000 And then actually having foreigners inside. So that was kind, interested. 624 01:44:30.000 --> 01:44:35.000 Hi! Thanks for all the presentations. My question is for Rica as well. 625 01:44:35.000 --> 01:44:40.000 I was wondering about oh, so I'm Sarah from York University. 626 01:44:40.000 --> 01:44:59.000 I was oning about your temporariness and the categorizations that you all working on, and how someone without status might fit into that like you know whether they are entering into the country without stuff, or what they're falling out of status like if that's something that you and 627 01:44:59.000 --> 01:45:07.000 Anna were thinking about, or how you're sort of. 628 01:45:07.000 --> 01:45:13.000 So like, someone comes in the country without status falling out of status. 629 01:45:13.000 --> 01:45:25.000 It is a part of it, I think. Well, because what we are, yeah, temporariness in that way can be under, like, you know, befallen right? 630 01:45:25.000 --> 01:45:32.000 But then again, if this took again, I'm I'm talking about contexts here, and we're talking about Toronto, for example, and how it's different. 631 01:45:32.000 --> 01:45:37.000 For example, if it's in another place in Canada in terms of status, right? 632 01:45:37.000 --> 01:45:43.000 So meaning, if your regular migrants within Toronto, and we have the Sanctuary City, for example. 633 01:45:43.000 --> 01:45:47.000 So it is again very different in context, we will. There will be a part of you know. 634 01:45:47.000 --> 01:45:54.000 We're thinking about that as well, but very much on, you know. 635 01:45:54.000 --> 01:46:06.000 Including it in the Canadian context. 636 01:46:06.000 --> 01:46:15.000 So!