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to the

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a cabartenessena, a secretary of Polaris.

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Hmm! What

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on a

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it's to be.

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Now

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see the the

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Agustina Corica: okay

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matost pimenta, Melissa, youth and violence in Brazil and Latin America, addressing the impact of COVID-19 on mortality rates from an intersectional perspective.

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And

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it should.

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okay.

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yes.

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for the sorry.

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Okay. Good morning. Everyone. first of all, I would like to thank Ada and the other session organizers for accepting my abstract. I'm sorry I can't speak Spanish very well, so I will restart to English. That's my second language. Anyway.

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this presentation is based on a paper which it will be published in the Journal, youth and Globalization in the next issue, and with a further discussion on the impact of COVID-19 on mortality rates through this intersectional perspective. And so it brings some of

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a literary review findings on a comparative perspective between different countries. Okay.

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I've been researching this phenomenon, which is the mortality rates among young people in Latin America, and especially in Brazil, which is one of the most critical research issues in your sociology, because we're talking about young people who are involved in violence both as victims and perpetrators.

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and the result is that in Latin American death by violent means affects a huge number of teenagers and young people in such striking ways that it has become a severe social problem in various countries.

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there! Although we have to consider, there are differences between countries and within countries, among cities, areas within cities and social groups.

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so we have to take a careful look on mortality rates due to aggression in Latin American emphasizing that this Considering these specificities, they still are the highest in the world which points out to the seriousness of this problem.

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So we're talking about violence against teenagers, which we are ranging between 12 and 17 years old, and those aged between 18 and 29 years olds in various forms, from sexual abuse to homicide, including intentional, violent deaths and police interventions.

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to measure the scope and impact of these violent acts. researchers have resorted primarily on data produced by public health offices and global homicide reports. These include intentionally or deliberate to inflicted injuries that result in death. Interpersonal injuries, legal innovations such as actions by the police or other law enforcement, personnel, war or civil insurrection, including disservices in riots and deaths, calls with no identified intent.

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which is an indicator of violent mortality cause, but it's not actually precisely defined as homicide.

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Well, I focus specifically on homicide rates because they are considered the most reliable indicator of violence. it's according to the UN. Od. C. The United Nations office for drugs and crime. It is defined as unlawful death purposes to be purposely inflicted on a person by another person.

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In most Latin American countries intentional homicide is the young people's leading cause of that. That is a very serious social problem.

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And according to the latest global study on homicide, homicide rate is in the America's article almost 3 times higher than the global average. That's why it's

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an increasingly serious problem that we researchers in sociology of youth must pay attention to. The region, although, accounts for only 13% of the world's population reported 37% of the worldwide victims, and these homicide rates have been consistently high for at least 3 decades.

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Well, there are regional differences. And in this table I

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put together Countries in Latin America, according to estimates of rates of homicides per 100,000

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inhabitants. And you can see there Brazil, together with Belize Column and Bahamas, stand among the highest homicide rates.

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and behind only Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Venezuela on Duras and El Salvador.

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but one of the most

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tragic, I think not. Interesting aspects of this phenomenon is the gender differences.

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because when we compare homicide rates for men, we can easily see that they can be 13 times higher than for women, and twice the average for both sexes, which poses a question why so many young men fall victims to homicide.

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Well, empirical evidence shows that homicide victims and Latin American are mostly young people, aged between 15 and 20 years old.

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mostly young men, blacked or ethnic, ethnic, mixed with few years of education from lower-class origins, who live in poor neighborhoods, suburbs, plums, and favelas in urban centers.

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There is a component of this violence which is police violence in state interventions through public security institutions and police police forces

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that have to be accounted for. For, for instance, Brazil's participation in this scenario is alarming. whereas it bears only 2.7% of the world population. It concentrates 20.5% of the world's violent deaths.

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According to the Brazilian forum for public security, 50% of all homicides were committed against people aged from 12 to 29 years old.

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The majority of intentional, violent death victims are men that rates in Brazil, 90 point

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91.3%

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black, 77% and had completed just a few years of schooling.

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Firearms were used in 7 or 70% of homicides

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and police interventions are also significant cause of violent deaths between 2,013 and 2021 at least 43, 171,000 people were afraid of act victims of police actions.

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99.2% were men. 77% were aged up to 29 years old and 81.4 of those with racial record were black in a clear over-representation of poor young black men who live or tranced in the urban peripheries.

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There's there's some discussion of the reduction of homicide rates recently, and Due to the difficulties of keeping track of homicide rates during COVID-19

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and in Brazil, due to change in government during Bosonado's government, the registry of of homicide rates modified a little bit, so there has been an increase in violent deaths, with no identifiable intent, and some researchers point out that at least 30% of these are, in fact, homicides.

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The risk factors associated with youth. Youth homicides are can be

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access to the victims. Profiles which indicate some of the risk factors.

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And but they are not only risk factors per se, as social demographic factors, because Latin American studies show that they, they are related to expansion and diversification of organized crime, drug trafficking, and broad access to firearms.

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together with persistent social inequalities, high poverty levels and insufficient social policies.

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That are also related the involvement with gangs, illegal markets, and violent. I would add a third, another component, which is the public security policies based on the war, on drugs. We should also take a massive toll on young lives lost to police violence and very repressive social control measures, and El Salvador. Monodouda, policies have had this kind of effect on youth mortality.

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Well, Moving on through the impact of COVID-19 on homicide rates, I try to find Do! Some visitor to review on that on a comparative perspective in most of the papers published. Actually compared. Homicide rates during the first months of implementation of modability restriction measures.

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Then it got more complicated to produce models. Because Mobility restrictions varied enormously across countries, cities, and it became a little difficult to make comparisons

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anyway. We can say that the pandemic in 2,020 had a profound effect on everyday life, through the mobility restrictions that were imposed. So

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it is relatively comparable in the 3 first months. In some papers considered a major experiment in criminology and tried to study how crime indicators varied. In the early stages of the pandemic there was a significant impact on crime rates through mobility reduction.

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One of a very interesting study. conducted by Nivet, and all which collected data on crime from 27 cities in different countries in the regions.

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With different mobility. Restriction measures. I refer to the early effects of the stay at home policies in the first 6 months of the pandemic.

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The results suggest that the stay at home restrictions worse are associated with the clients in all types of crime except homicide, which had a marginal decrease in the following the following implementation of stay at home limits.

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So there is a lot of discussion going on why this effect was limited on a homicide rates.

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and they can be. They had to be explained by other fact. It unrelated to the situation of interrupting daily encounters in public spaces

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so different studies on homicide rates in the early months of the pandemic show that in some context there was a reduction in homicides, as mobility, restriction measures came into place, but as soon as these actions were rethrown they rose again.

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The odd, considering other crimes, it was the least affected by pandemic effects. I'm looking into some regional studies, for example, made in Brazil by circuit of a here, and when So that homicide rates remains stable. In some cities they rose due to the dimension mix of organized cream.

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and furthermore, the effects varied according to gender, with different results for male and female homicides.

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 As to the relationship with with organized crime. Mayo youth homicides is missing a word there in Brazil and Latin America is strongly associated with organized crime, drug dealing and belonging to gangs, also known specifically in the Brazilian context as factions or commandos.

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I was also beginning of the pandemic, the social rupture introduced by social distancing isolation, and what we did dubbed as lock down policies, because we never had a real lockdown in Brazil. They had some impact on homicides, related organized crime, but some studies showed that this effect was limited. In some cases, as in Mexico City, and for tales in Brazil, criminal organizations seem to have used the exceptional situation to expand their power and influence over drug markets.

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and they reacted to the reduction of economic activity they had to survive with their business. So they went out.

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Wow! Now turn to the other stream of gender.

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I made a a little immersion on literature, on the effect of restriction measures on domestic violence, because one of the reasons why mortality rates and homicide rates were not affected by the restriction measures was the fact

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was the fact that they had a different impact on women.

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So while stay at home measures in the early months of the pandemic affected, for instance, crimes like burglary and theft, there was an increase in other types of violence, such as domestic and intimate bird nervous

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stay at home measures profoundly affected, women, especially those who already lived with abusive partners, spending most of the time in close quarters in a stressful situation, featuring income laws and employment, drug and alcohol abuse contributed to the increase in interpersonal and domestic violence.

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and there was a more serious problem, which is the fact that Protection actwards and victim support service were severely cut and interrupted during this period, so it made it very difficult for women suffering from violence to get help.

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So female homicides became more frequent, and that's the process. Homicide rates or mortality rates due to homicide, including feminicides, rose or were not so impacted by stay at home measures specifically because of violence against women.

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And you know who was more frequent in places with greater social vulnerability, where there is a higher of interpersonal violence and involvement with drug trafficking, alcohol use and poverty among others.

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so women, especially those socially and economically vulnerable with children, were more severely impacted by mobility, restriction, measures, and they they had the opportunity to escape and report abuse during this period.

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So as for the final considerations, what I can state is that the studies on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic relating stay at home. Measures to variations in crimes, especially homicide trends, have not yet focused on their effects on young people. It's very difficult to find the studies that really concentrate on age, different age differences.

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and some results, aggregate data on homicides for the population in general. So, considering domestic violence, intimate partner violence, and the difficulties for victims to denounce violence and get support. The rise in feminicides might have increased homicide rates

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so Conventional crime, such as robbery, burglary, and theft in general showed the decline after the mobility restriction measures were established, but in some cases the diminishing of economic activity, as I said, led criminal organizations to expand their activities or escalate the conflict with rivals to a certain financial and territorial power, whereas in the case of violence against women, social isolation, mobility, restrictions and lockdown measures aggravated the situation.

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So if it stands the fact that the homicides and feminicides affect mostly young people, we expect further in this research that we'll find the impact of these homicide. the differences homicide rates on young people more aggravated after the during the pandemic period, because of the factors. I've pointed out.

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Thank you very much for your attention. Hope that was not too fast.

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Okay.

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that's yeah. Melissa

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bueno out.

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They don't go with them. Sorry. What I come. Yeah.

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 the proxima.

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Andrea Bautista: If I say to you.

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Andrea Bautista: Andrea.

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Andrea Bautista: that quite a lot. Same way.

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Andrea Bautista: I just am in my presentation and

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Agustina Corica: the perfect one.

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Andrea Bautista: Okay.

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Andrea Bautista: I can't do it at them.

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Andrea Bautista: E, and

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Andrea Bautista: those meeting

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Andrea Bautista: the

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Andrea Bautista: as yeah. It was me when you know.

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Andrea Bautista: And

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Andrea Bautista: if we're not better, see, I am

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Andrea Bautista: Sobria. So

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Andrea Bautista: metropolitan.

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That's a

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I know

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my order

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and other Masa Presenter.

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Aki and

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Latin America. The Isa.

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Okay? No, it's not.

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I'm sharing. Okay.

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meditation. Yes.

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on your citadel.

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I it.

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And as in the as well as socio-economic as yeah.

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or the

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a Eltema-la reconciliation to your trava, you studio via familiar

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perform the solutions.

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yeah. Push

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a problem. No.

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Thank you.

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The

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Maria Carla Corrochano: what? What see?

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Maria Carla Corrochano: I know.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: we present our

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Maria Carla Corrochano: this keeps that kid

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Agustina Corica: when you smoke on.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: Okay, good.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: And

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Maria Carla Corrochano: a line for 10.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: It's the

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Maria Carla Corrochano: the investigation on entry pipes. Those do do the holiness

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Maria Carla Corrochano: multi-plus

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Maria Carla Corrochano: and

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Maria Carla Corrochano: avia. I'll be a multiplier. But

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Maria Carla Corrochano: and

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Maria Carla Corrochano:  okay.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: a okay, Sylvia

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Maria Carla Corrochano: a

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Maria Carla Corrochano:  and

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Maria Carla Corrochano: in San Francisco. A for more. Okay?

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Maria Carla Corrochano: App.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: Okay?

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Maria Carla Corrochano: The

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Maria Carla Corrochano: this is 2, which is.

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yeah, wherever

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and

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I forget.

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And to

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the commo and

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glasses.

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A lot of

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you walk it if I need

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see? So they can see you.

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Hello! I hope I don't repeat any question, because I don't know, so you speak, so fast. But I I wanted to ask about like long term changes after pandemic. I mean just it. because some of the results you presented as some are similar, some different to what happened in the in

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our region that I know. But I wonder what? Because if there are some kind of long-term impacts of the pandemic, or it's like, Coming back to the business as usual. I'm interested in this. How it was in in the region indifferent to this areas that you discussed.

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For example, access to violence. We know that, as you say, that there was more, more. more! This kind of domestic violence, rise, and access of services proved important. But did it make bring any changes to, or it kind of after pandemic. It was just coming back to what was before pandemic, so kind of like a long-term projection of this of this period. Yes, thank you.

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I'm ever actually clef Scott from Poland? Yes, because I see

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Agustina Corica: a

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Agustina Corica: is also

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but

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how's he doing

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the space?

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Okay?

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And why not

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the so-called

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when on Samos? And for Oregon.

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Yes.

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I'm sorry, and if you excuse me, I will start to English. I I panic speaking wrong words in Spanish and Portugal. Really.

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I don't know.

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Well, it's no problem for me. Okay.

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As to the long-term effects of the pandemic I believe that we're still going to see what this. pandemic led us to I think there is further analysis on a homicide rates relating to mobility, reduction effects, and the fluctuations of different policies in different countries. I think it's still

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in the very beginning. Most of the studies that I've reviewed could only make comparisons from the first 6 months in 2,020 after the pandemic started. So these fluctuations, I think they should be analyzed case by case.

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And nevertheless, I think that one of the long-term impacts has been has been showing in other researches like others. And it's the what

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young people are more vulnerable to unemployment.

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And we have seen that in Brazil, Argentina our our findings are very similar.

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Dropping out of school of a basic education before a high school, even in resorting to illegal markets in formal and precarious jobs has been a tendency that has been rising which shows that

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public policies to ensure transitions into adults have not been properly put in place are inexistent, insufficient, and I think that this is very critical, and when, considering homicides, I fully agree we have a situation of juven aside as in the terms of

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hosting one with Venezuela speaks because it's inadmissible. Our rates are astounding. It's I didn't show the rates for comparative, because, when we consider homicide rates for the entire population. They are in in comparison to the the young people's. Homicide rates are sometimes 3 times higher, depending on the country and the region and the period.

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And we're talking about a whole generation of young men who have their and transitions interrupted

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actually in. When we're talking about transitions to adulthood, I put this classification always. It's interrupted. transitions! They don't get into adulthood. They get a killed in the process.

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And what is more,

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serious about this is that this perspective is incorporated. We have a whole generation of young people that simply assume they have no future. That is a part of their destiny, and they are okay with it because they

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thrive on the high life and the profits of the legal markets, the competition, everything else. That's what I've been studying and writing about. And that's why I resorted to an intersectional perspective, including the perspective masculinity, to understand why they engage in such risky behaviors, and what's in violent behaviors in in this case?

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the pandemic also showed the vulnerability of young women. Because the the already precarious rescue. And in the protection networks there existed were interrupted, and this became very evident in the first data that came after the pandemic of the rise in violence against women.

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So I think that. As sociologists, we have this kind of mission that we have to put this data more visible, and because it's we cannot assume that Societies which are getting older can naturally accept that they are having so much, and many young people getting killed. We are going to have a generation gap soon, and that will be aggravated by this excess of mortality.

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And I wrote a more extensively about this policy on the war on drugs and the effects on youth mortality, but unfortunately, I don't have time to elaborate on that, but it has a lot to do with no, no liberal perspective, that

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What's the responsibility of the engagement in illegal activities in the individual? The individual as an agent is responsible for his choices and not the societies. It's like they don't get to be responsible for. Social inequality! So this has contributed to one

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to a punitive state emergence that has emerged. We on the other, see, talk a lot about the and of the neoliberal state where punitive is hyper. Incarceration and punishment are considered public. security policies and not prevention policies.

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And that's what I was going to talk about. I think I hope I have answered the questions more or less.

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Let's say, Melissa, or a C

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Andrea Bautista: in Mexico.

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Andrea Bautista: the

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Andrea Bautista:  and

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Andrea Bautista: it's a

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yes, Andrea

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and to Heracias, E. And Todd says, Karla.

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see

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Maria Carla Corrochano: this? You get along this.

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Maria Carla Corrochano: It has its

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Sashi.

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Andrea Bautista: Are they all scheduled to last like.

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Agustina Corica: no.