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Hi everybody.

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Hi everybody and welcome to this session. My name is Myra Hamilton. I'm the Vice President of the RC.

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19 executive and I'm stepping in as chair today on behalf of Kiriakos who unfortunately couldn't make it.

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Before we begin I'd like to acknowledge on behalf of everyone gathered I'd like to pay my respect to the spirit of the country here in Now where we are meeting.

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I acknowledge the past and present cooling nation Waradjuri Wuirong as the sovereign people here.

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Yeah.

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The cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the numb Aboriginal law, customs and custodianship responsibilities for country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generation.

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The future for all of us. I recognise the important contribution that First Nations thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all First Nations delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline. Thank you very much today for coming to the session.

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We've got a full program of 5 speakers. So the way we'll run the session today is each speaker will speak for 15 min.

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I'll take a minute or 2 after each speaker to ask if there are any sort of pressing short questions of clarification.

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But otherwise we'll save our questions till the end and hopefully we have a nice amount of time to have a bit of a dialogue after all of the speakers have finished.

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First of all today I'd like to introduce Jenny Chu, who'll come up and speak to us about her paper, Mobile Aging, Trans Border Mobilities, Aging and the Wellbeing of Older Adults in Hong Kong.

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Thanks, Jenny.

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And I'm standing over. Okay, so thank you very much everybody for joining this panel. I'm Jenny Chu from Langan University in Hong Kong.

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Today I'm very happy to share with you all on my new paper on mobile aging transporter mobility and well-being of all the adults.

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In Hong Kong. So I would like to give you some research background first. So nowadays more and more older adults are actually going on transporter mobility and journeys as a leisure or as a way of living.

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So I'm sure that it is not uncommon to hear your older friends to say that, oh I'm going on a road tour, I'm going to travel around the world or some of them may even go overseas to visit their families, their friends, and some may join the marathon overseas or even to get health

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care. So this all activities have given rise to the phenomenon that I term mobile aging which is defined as an active way of using transport mobility to negotiate aging in later life.

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This phenomenon actually contradicts earlier approaches and public perceptions that see all that else as frail and sedentary and COH as a period of inactivity in mobility and dependency.

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So even though the WHOs recently has launched a framework of active aging, which has successfully directed attention to an expanding cohort of third ages who are relatively young, healthy, financially secure and active.

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But most of the existing studies related to active aging have still focused on other adults who remain active and can age well at home and in the local community.

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So active aging experiences that go beyond an across borders have largely so far still been overlooked in aging studies.

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On the other hand, within the migration and mobility scholarships, most of the existence studies have prioritized more permanent forms of mobility such as migration.

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So as a result, temporary and short termterm mobility of older adults have so far been signlined.

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So as a result, these white older people are being more active and mobile. Not much is known about the role of transporter mobility in the aging process.

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So my research my paper aims to breach the aging and mobility scholarship to explore the role of transporter mobility in the well-being of other adults.

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I tend to use the concept of mobility capital to examine all that does in Hong Kong. Their active aging experiences beyond and across borders.

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So to give you a little bit sense of what is the concept called mobility capital, so mobility capital consists of the ability to engage in cross-border mobility practices at particular times.

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It is what allows some people to cross borders rather easily to feel comfortable and carry out activities in different places and to come back again.

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It also concerns the potential for future movements. So if it is worth out to be so, then you can be mobile again.

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So drawing on produce ideas, mobility capital can be activated to obtain various types of resources in different places.

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Transfer them and convert them into other types of capital to their advantage. But still, the focus of the existing studies using the concept of mobility capital are still on young people, like mobility capital of young people.

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So my question is what about all that do they possess? Mobility capital as well? If so, how would their mobility capital be different from that of young people?

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So I hope to bring in the aging perspective so as to understand the mobility capital of older adults.

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So the research questions that I ask in this paper include one, why and how some Order at Utilize transporting mobility as a resource as a mobility capital to negotiate aging.

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How the experience of transportal mobility shape or are shaped by their perspectives of aging and retirement.

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And 3, what other importance and functions of transport and mobility for all that else. So by answering all these questions I hope that the findings could make some contributions to the aging and mobility studies by answering what are the essential resources that form all that does mobility capital, how other adults mobility capital should be understood differently.

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How does Transport Mobility capital generate further resources that help other adults to negotiate aging in their later life.

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So research methods I used a mix of qualitative and ratio methods including in-depth interviews semi-structured as well as photo elicitation.

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But due to time and space limitations in this paper I only focus on the data that I collected from in-depth interviews.

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So the sample consists of 29 older adults in Hong Kong who were interviewed in 2,020.

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They have retired Hong Kong or at those age over 60 who have the experience of transportable bullet so basically they have the experience of crossing board border either to mainland China or to overseas countries.

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So some of the characteristics of my respondents, basically we have a wider gender balance sample and most of my respondents are young olds who are age younger than 75 they are rather educated most of them have bachelor degrees and they come from a middle class background so you can actually sense that they actually possess a certain degree of

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mobility capital ready so these are the resources that enable them to be mobile geographically, okay, worldwide.

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So in terms of their frequency of transporter mobility after retirement but before the pandemic most of my respondents actually traveled to mainland China over 10 times per year.

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And to overseas countries, most of them travel at least once per year. And on a scale of one to 10 when I ask, oh how important transportal mobility is important to you.

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Most of my correspondence that is actually very important and the mini is 7.4 5 and the influence of. Kovat.

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19 pandemic on their planes of trans water mobility is even higher is almost up to 9 so you can see how big the interference of the pandemic has been on there transporter plans.

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So here are the findings. Transportal Mobilities and Aging. So it is actually very prominent that the the way they conceive the importance of trans water mobility is highly related to how they see aging.

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Their own aging and also the period of retirement. So a lot of my respondents actually said that traveling is a priority.

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It's an ideal way of retirement life. For example, one male respondents at the 10 years after retirement is a golden period we have gone more further and longer.

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Another female respondents similarly said it is now that older people can really enjoy life so she encouraged other people to go up and some other respondents mentioned that retirement is a stage for exploration and compensation for the past because for them one of the respondents said for eldest age 65 or above they did not have the opportunity to go traveling

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in the past, even if local trips. And similarly, another male respondents that when they were younger, they were fully occupied by their job.

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So people in that cohort did not have the chance to go truffle in the past. So say they see retirement stage as a a time that they can compensate for the chances that they have lost in the past.

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So here we can say that mobile aging is actually a live stage related phenomenon. And this mobility of older people are also driven by their time availability and flexibility after retirement.

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So such as these 2 respondents. I'm retired. It is flexible for me to arrange my at my time.

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I have time so I can go online to check a price and see if there any promotion every day.

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So we can see that for them their mobility capital is very much driven by time availability and time flexibility after retirement.

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But at the same time, their mobility capital is also time sensitive. Although they have more time after retirement, they would say that, oh, their clock, especially that biological clock is taking.

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So some respondents said that they are actually competing with their time as they age. So the first respondent said that I'm older people reaching 60 years or are really competing with time so they so that she wanted to travel around the world before she get aged.

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Another female respondent similar, I said, I don't have much time left. The F fish life expectancy in Hong Kong for female is 80 plus years.

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So she only has own 20 plus years left is to feel for her. So the first thing that she wanted to do in her retirement is to truffle around the world between 16 to 65 which is believed to be the period that she is still capable of moving around.

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But the pandemic has really put a hole on her plan. So we can see that the Covid-nineteen pandemic has actually impacted their plan so much they would feel that they have few years wasted okay a lot of chances lost and then a lot of them actually reported lower life satisfaction because of that.

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So a short summary, their mobility capital is time-driven as well as time sensitive. And the time sensitivity of their mobility capital is also related to their sense of uncertainty of their future.

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So because of their age, they're aging, they would feel that there's actually a limit on their mobility capital.

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A few of my respondents even had early retirement in order to make time for truffling. Okay, so one respondent said I'm in a hurry to go traveling really I'm in a hurry because he realized that his mental and physical health is deteriorating.

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Another female respondents also said that it's common for people at their age to have health issues. So she doesn't want to work until she dies so she wants to have an early retirement so that she has more time and freedom to have more transformability.

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So they seized a chance and have very strategic planning in terms of their transporter mobility. So they would plan to visit more demanding in terms of their transporter mobility.

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So they would plan to visit more demanding, physically demanding places. And desirable places first.

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So here it shows that it is very important for us to use a temporal lens to understand all that those transformability and their mobility capital.

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Of course there are other resources that form all that those mobility capital such as their health condition, their financial condition, whether they have care duties at home, their spouse health and availability and even their IT orientation, geography and trip organizational skills.

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So one correspondent said very nicely one has to have all conditions fulfilled in order to go outbound right so a lot of them feel blessed because they still have All these factors fulfilled in order to go overseas to be very mobile because they don't have all these burdens.

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And, another very important point is that they use transport mobility as a way to negotiate aging.

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For them mobility is a reflection of self-autonomy, independence as well as freedom. So 2 respondents said you feel younger and more totality and this makes you feel less obtuse because you have to handle many things when you go overseas.

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It's a kind of cognitive stimulation, right, or training. Another response is that you feel more active and energetic after trouble and you feel that you are great, you have more self-confidence and you can go and manage things independently.

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So for them, being mobile in later life is actually very important for their subjective well-being. And for some of the older at those they also see mobility as a strength or an advantage right because this actually reflects their capability so they see that is it actually brings some sense of achievement they it makes them feel they are better and more

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capable than average older people so that they are not really that dumb, right? So being mobile also helps them to boost their self-efficacy and self-esteem.

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This actually help them to counter the stereotypical impression, the rather negative impressions of other people being weak and dependent.

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And of course there are multiple positive functions of transport mobility. So mobility can help other people to enhance their health, strengthen their family relationships, build networks, build social capital as well as cultivate cultural capital.

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And these mobility capital also can bring in even more mobile capital because when they go out more they feel they don't have any problems it becomes even more convenient for them.

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So to conclude, mobile aging is actually a managed manifestation of active aging. The results actually show the older adults agency of embracing the all the opportunities opened up by transporter mobility to enhance their well-being and quality of life.

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And more importantly, mobility capital is not only a privilege of the young, although it does also have the ability and potential to engage in transportal mobility to their advantage.

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But what is distinctive about all that does mobility capital is that their mobility capital is more life-stage related, time-driven, very much time sensitive.

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It shapes and is shaped by their aging perspectives and again it is very important for us to use a temporal lens to understand their mobility and mobility capital.

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So overall, I hope these findings could help advance our understanding of the relationship between transport and mobility, aging and well-being of all that, especially in the case of Hong Kong.

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So that's all for my presentation. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much Jamie. Now does anybody have any any pressing urgent short questions. That they'd like to ask now before we move on to the next presentation.

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Yes. Studies about transport over ability. And do you have any done wrong intro border mobility is there?

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You know, it's particularly important that it's It's. Oh, I see. So because I actually focus on the research side of Hong Kong and you know Hong Kong is really small compared to all the other countries.

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So that's why I actually focus on transporter mobility to try mainland China or other overseas countries, but I did ask questions about local trips.

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But all of my respondents at local trips cannot replace overseas or transporter trips because being local they don't feel that they are in a different place they want to see something different they want to have a very different experience.

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So being local is absolutely not a replacement. Thank you.

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How do you make someone to move in? Thank you. Thank you very much for a very interesting presentation.

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I'd like you to just come up and help us. We've now got a prerecorded presentation from Danielle Done.

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So we'll pop that well now. My understanding is that This is We are enabled by teaching the migration, structural institutional and cultural dynamics to end up representing myself at Almah, Melissa, and I'm representing myself and Almah, Melissa, and I'm representing myself and Alma.

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Melissa, Stefan and Corey from the University of California for the United States. We are part of UCSM as well as the Medical Orchestra.

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This is a quick roadmap of what I'll be talking about. The project that I'm describing as well to serve NC.

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Describe the project or writes in the theoretical context for the findings that come in step 3 and then share some brief conclusions.

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There are pockets of interest to disclose that photos come from ourselves and as Baptist as well as we CSL.

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And the Alvine's work for the National Due to Health. The views presented here are alone, not those of.

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So to sign MC, which is going to work for NIMC, which is going to report that first-person ethnography and decision making and dementia implications for medical culture.

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Folks who are older and are experiencing cognitive decline. And the universities a number of different the same. Whether they want to confine family and friends about their contingent or whether they consult with doctors or specialists.

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They make different changes in their laptops about driving or plunging in power or returning someone to make decisions for Can you think about in home care or whether they're going in a journalist as a living facility?

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The context in which we make those decisions. Crucially important that we know not that much has about yet been relying on them.

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Thing that we ever made to this project is to look at context around 3 different dimensions. In terms of that structural position of all adults in their care universe.

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Around the institutional projects in the public healthcare system works and the types of resources that as well as I should also get a mentioned that the sort of C has a formal name at the NIH for the graph that is here at the bottom.

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When we're approaching our studies through bacterial photography, we have field sites in 2 disparate parts of the accent of America and California.

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And then there's some little red dots on the map so that you need to wear those arms.

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About 7 sites. And the book urban and rural areas in California as well as rural main.

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Do you think these types, sort of maximize our ability to camp with those who are different in population than they were able to expect from a rural race ethnicity since economic status and institutional relationships.

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Or doing classic. Anthropological stuff from where you go work. Study capital results in places like these matters to take care of some of these.

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And carrier support groups. Interactions with occupational windows as well as end up they use for working with an English language.

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Yeah.

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That's the slide. So let me turn to the theoretical context. Now, one of the main factors in consideration human language is what I call an understanding of the wonder about and one of the primary findings that has come from the literature over the last few decades, so that migrants have been the US for example, here's a book on the team for

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our First selection of migrants and at least have their help. They're probably 23% of all VCDs that are happening.

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Yeah. Sorry. And partly this is because of the sense and I believe that migrants will select at a certain close rule.

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When they got coming out of So, projected after.

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Any towns that are not for quite some time are well noted and we also acknowledge them and we have a discussion that these patterns are different or labor migrants folks who are coming from.

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Working class jobs or whether they're born in 5 or 2 may be coming to take IP jobs. In, in, universities or

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Watching for all sorts of behaviors in sociopolitical dynamics about health know that it's not something as simple, push-pole on migration but also by entities.

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Probably change the selection piece in the direction of

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With all the migration on how to speak about it. Who actually gave you move at the time of their belief.

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Beyond those those responders who have been in education but so that also increases Wow. And so understanding.

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So. Interested in and and part of what I mean is sort of B layer of structure. You, and, and to our understanding.

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Yeah.

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Yeah.

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Beginning to get into work almost. I'm gonna do your share. Sorry. You know, Yeah.

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I called to do a few years before. Yeah.

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Does anybody know how to make a spring break? They can't hear it either.

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So when this whole network came to us with our machine address for how good it was working for a time.

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She's under job. Our extension and experience needs to work and help colony during her first job into chemistry or illness.

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Or that she does find work in China now. She wanted to be able to use in her work. To find jobs.

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Oh, I am excited that she was glad that she had that first in a minute because it was a little bit Any more?

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And you ever give up or illustrate?

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A question 1,000 was important. They were making decisions about how they choose to do things. Decision by her on herself family.

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Individual knowledge. She knows. And listen to what the doctors have. And then you structure in our individualized knowledge.

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Transportation is one day. And you know, Yeah. That she was going to start playing. Fantasy in the actual color was challenging.

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Events are maths, he's experimented with teaching or health very well when he did exercise. Senior Center and Football.

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They have now. There's a positive issue. Our Jason Potter of.

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So yeah, very much in humility that we watch patterns help me on their education. Self

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Terminal and Sheriff Tilpose and Introduction from a mic to what they mean. And here we're going to see some similar things.

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I don't put things like the different ways.

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So you hear some excerpts from a meeting interview that I conducted in 85 years. First wife who had heard of her in the middle stage and not have mentioned one of these 4 Shimmer was college educated.

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He was recharge executive one international firm a long-time summer resident. And Here's something that you should.

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I shared with him that we were curious about how he would start. Thank you. And he said, you know, from a point of view, expressions are beginning to became things.

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Meeting member. Discussion really down there here at this environment.

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For the

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Position system. Characteristic and there really wasn't anything. Didn't start working really well down there because there was none that was because there's so many more people down there, if they're working if you've got non-stop advertisements. You've got non-stop advertising back there.

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You don't see as imaginable. Very hard. Bizarre. I don't understand.

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They don't know what to do with it. They don't want to move again or did it not launch.

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Can you tell them? Over burial, yeah, arsenal. They're only open-the-the-homies, tuition, simulator.

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And while we're with my wife's been hearing everything else and discussed it, we're all absolutely honest with you.

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That's it. It's a very strong, but now it is the most important.

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Ask me, is that intriguer OLM from an enclosure? And he said, yeah.

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Or, you know, when you're crowned and you're living in DCF, you know, through our whole life.

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That was a very solid combination for 15 years. That was a very solid combination of 15 years that we had to.

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Is that frame Singapore.

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So here we have a different type of structure contact at a local employer. The film was basically as this children might happen this.

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A number of different ultra-practices around the closure. You know, work with each other.

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But then also things out of those institutional contracts where where they have been looking. Just kind of be more new to me because that's where they don't think about institutional support.

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Yeah.

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Finally, I'm going to share some extra video. Also that I've got to make this Yeah.

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Who was carrying for her husband when he died in dementia for many years? Using in high school.

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From some of the workers. And.

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One of the things that I should share in the background is that been charged in caring for a Muslim person and not searching repeatedly dramatically urinated.

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Yeah. And the legislation that brought us to be a And your contribution tracing roots, this is not much back.

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Any more than 21 years before he came to U. The 44 in the US. Was that more or less? They went to New York and went to New Fleming, which was where they're coming back.

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And you could again mention more than a part that you just turned 21. Learn with his grandson's mother and his father that got from his. At the end of the school.

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Any of the report was left down. And he was just right to escape and so he took the opportunity now.

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Who was the playwright? Anybody? He got a sign for autonomy. Was it four-year stitch?

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He said that he won't have his job. At the end of 4 years he had to go back.

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All the other girl and the farmer on each other who we just launched in the. So, Questioning, 49 using the arm is been drafted.

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The sister-in-law is getting ready for the Korean War. One more time. So these things are that he's not there.

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The band that you get from the beginning. My husband was on a So they went there with 1,972.

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Served in England being 20 years old.

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Know. Work with electricity at Kingsville. Yeah.

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Way on They didn't have any peacocks that don't work. Yeah. So here's your Nothing, dislike experience and sparkle situation really one equation that he experienced.

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Can't get to ban the institutional contracts that insurance to assisted care for the BA and finally these cultural lives that she sees as helping.

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Reasons where it isn't hot and said that she was not able to

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Recognition of how this played out. You know, at basic level that's what migration.

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So I'm sort of making conclusions first of all European exercises. In harvest research. But we really didn't realize that these unexpected dynamics of migration are here in our work in one step.

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Just as we of course expected to find this San Francisco, California, but not so much. We still find that thinking about this in terms of how structures institutions, culture.

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Shake these experiences and shape the processes of decision-making and dementia. Would be powerful and also now if you're being rich so you get these nice the cognitive plan goes from the human mistake.

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Sort of. Want to thank you and not be your questions in person.

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Thank you for bearing with us in the hybrid format. Dan is wrong online today, but you're welcome to the email with any cameras that you have about this presentation today.

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I now like to invite up Jeanne King. Present the paper hard to retire in Singapore or Korea.

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Reading all the helps in Singapore on your lives and aging in place.

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Good afternoon everyone. And Jihun Kim and I'm I'm going to present retirement issue

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Is it? Retirement issue of Koreans in Singapore.

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It's not.

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Oh, must we have issues with this? Presentation. I think this room is a done everyone. Okay.

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Thank you. Yeah.

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This is content. But basically I'm asking. I'm asking this research question. When, where, and how do first-generation Korean immigrants in Singapore?

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Or either plan Oh, do, I'll digitize and why. So in doing so, I'm trying to interpret the state and their interpretation of of retirement.

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Also, and the family.

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Oh, okay. Oh, okay, okay, because of online. Yeah, if I.

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You pie elaborate a little bit more with a longer version. I'd like to use at least 2 concepts.

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Linked lives and are asing in place. These might, might be useful.

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For us to examine the transnational determined issue. As well and I mean trying to.

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Asking the question which is where is the ideal? Or right place for them to retire.

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Oh.

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And, these are basically similar to the audio slide but II did work on The aging issue of Koreans in Singapore while I was conducting my doctoral Bsis research in 2,006 and 7.

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And some of the interviewee were the middle aged a professional migrant in in 2,007

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The data was eventually published in 2,012 at the in the General Aging and Society. But from 2,017 in 18.

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Until now, I am powering up. And I am doing and expanding the the group.

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And and work on the follow interviews of of those Koreans. In Singapore. Who were available as well.

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So, and we need to, we need to consider. Context because migration.

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And also the citizenship. Issue is important. A portal retirement. But at the same time, Are they are positioned?

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In Singapore and Korean context. It is a single, citizenship. Legend.

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So that, and also, Well, well as What at the same time Korean government.

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About 5 years ago. so that, those who gained polling, C may reclaim Korean's relationship.

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If they are 60 to 60 plus. So, the implication. Is much more visible. In Singapore as as Singapore is also or a single citizenship regime That's one thing.

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It's not just confined to Singapore, but also many other countries where you can maintain multiple citizenship too.

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For example, US. produce, photos through. What? Who were born in Korea but later on moved to immigrate to US and walked.

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Most of the working life there you know, started to consider. Moving back. To Korea.

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Like in in the sixtys or seventys. 80, so even close to nineties. In their nineties.

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So is, is a emerging pineapple. Particularly because the South Korean government Levised the regulation.

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Also of the are

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Agreement between South Korean government and a dozen of. Countries that pensions For example, US pension can be received.

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Internationally in Korea for those US. You know, our citizens. Us Korean American citizen who wants to retire.

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I think this this is common. In Europe. But I think there is an institutional change. That, this change could be.

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Should be done So, so that's one thing. 1, one thing that we need to consider.

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Is even though it looks like you know people are moving freely. It is not actually with certain conditions, right?

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So I think this contextual Our bacon is important too for us to note.

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So, as I already mentioned is my original pillwork was done in 2,006 and 7 And then this is, ongoing Pros Act.

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And who interviews were. Conducted in 2 subgroups. The main group is produce who are 60 plus And.

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The second group is P. But while I've been, interviewing, Koreans in in Singapore particularly professional per Koreans in Singapore I am I am trying to change the the second group to make it wider because while I was interviewing other age.

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People put the same, you know, larger project. That, indicated it that You know, we're to retire, how to retire.

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Became a Very hot. Oh, age. Right. Particularly, Singapore is quite well known for the financial market.

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For those who are working in the financial market. They are quite smart, you know, to invest. And how to how to spend, I mean how to save and spend.

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And the Singapore is small country you know They may be quite, you know, boot of traveling overseas, right?

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But at home, what they are talking about is when and where to retire. So, so maybe I am trying to within the age group.

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In case of the Singapore. So. Okay, if I summarize my main findings, there are several patterns.

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A they consider pamelial and premiership relationship. Of course our financial dissociation is important.

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And pension. But who Korea says Singapore lack of pension in Singapore is much more important because where as they, are professional migrants not necessarily just you know stay in one single country right so the length of The period that they have stayed in in Singapore is relatively limited considering you know their

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cohorts. Singaporean cohorts. So that the amount is not that.

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Large enough and also secondly Singapore pension is not generous at all. Oh, far from it.

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So they have to do kind of you know private of their own scheme to to to save money per day.

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Yeah, later life and also you know health care and other institutional environments particularly medical health. For everybody.

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Is is much more positive in Korea. Much more cheap for the same treatment. Whereas, whereas Singapore.

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Is much closer to US where the medical and the medical coast is very expensive, had to wait for long, etc.

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So these are the, these are the important considerations. I would say considering these all I would say that their ideal location is characterized by living nearby.

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To their adult children. And but being nearby is very much flexible. Flexible scale from the city, same city to the intercontinental.

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Even though there isn't anything written here, but I can, I can. Tell you about 2 cases.

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In Singapore is that the living cost is is very high, very high. Comparable or more expensive than New York City Manhattan or city of London.

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So. My truth of my past interview E. Who are both entrepreneur and all these seventys were telling me that.

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The even though they have offices and the company open but they are seriously you know going back to Korea soon.

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Oh yeah, So it's it's quite typical. Because in the past the number of Koreans who retired in Singapore and remained until to their deaths are very small.

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There is a There is a lack of. Cohort community is very small. So which means that, you know, no reason.

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Pro Koreans in in seventys plus to to retire and remain in Singapore. Very little incentive because you know, who, who these even for these 2.

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To be successful, wealthier person. They need, they said that they need to. Had to spend at least 10,000 Singapore dollar which is the equivalent of $10,000 I guess.

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Just Breed. Eat at home, right? And also owning a car. Of course, not everybody is owning a car in Singapore but considering that almost everybody can afford to buy a car in Korea is is, is a basic, right, could be is, And,

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And there are many others in the sixtys who are working. Is that entrepreneur or self-employed?

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Or even professional are doing the doing thinking similar way. So returning to Korea not too late. Is kind of dominant.

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Dominant ideal. Pokery is in Singapore. And there were, they were.

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Certain cases. You know, the children of these people. A grown-up and you know sometime more than open than not you know if you have 2 2 3 children you know Out of them at least one or 2.

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Marry non Koreans right so who produce cases they are thinking. Of you know they are having More than 2 homes.

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And also produce Koreans who married to Nong Korean spouse. Also seriously consider is level options.

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Okay, and in younger generation I meant in the fiftys or even younger I think that, you know, there is another option because of the higher or high cost about living in Singapore.

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They're thinking of moving to Jehovah or Malaysia or or Bangkok, Thailand.

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I mean the Southeast Asian countries were Oh, well, Desired as a you know ideal retirement places for Westerners to right or Japanese so adult country became an option because these Koreans in Singapore have been working close, visiting a lab.

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Oh, the Southeast Asian countries.

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Let me briefly, talk about Mr. Song. Of who used to have a Singapore PR but later on who moved to Japan to work at one of the largest American cooperation and then spent 5 or 6 years and then came back to Singapore.

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He has an investment visa to US so he has USPR. And I, while talking with him and his wife, I, learned that.

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He did it because of the 2 children who Well, about to attend a college in US. So that is it's preparing.

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Procuring if you have a PR you know if you If you send your children to state university is is is a big deal.

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And another person in in those in the early thirties or proteins they were talking about how to be 10 million well in how to and for those The person, the Miss, Kim.

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Who married in Singaporean, Chinese Singaporean. If they could if she and her husband are you know,ulate 10 million 10 million Singapore dollar.

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They would buy or Bangalore house outside of Seoul which is very very cheap if you are not buying a property Central also is cheap.

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However, it is almost impossible for them to buy it in Singapore and also maybe, you know, buying a pool ship or or.

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For her husband is a good idea kind of. Know so they are thinking of when and how. To retire.

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Okay. So this is. What I have talked about. And, being nearby is to one of their adult children.

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Is open sighted. One of the, you know, one of the lesion is why I mean finances in pool but you know follow that following that to family.

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Is the religion. Take consider. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much. Do we have any short questions? Application before we do motor exercise.

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And we'll save up our Christians for the age. We now have a remote presentation. Coming from a podium so that Our speaker can see me.

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We're just opening the presentation at the minute. Person's there, right?

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So next up we have Giovanni Matera presenting a paper the role of mental health care in the mitigation of recognition gaps affecting elderly forcibly displaced Ukrainian migrants.

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And we'll just open the presentation before we get started.

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Actually, I have my I have to share my screen, I think.

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Okay.

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Yes, you do and we have this. Thank you Giovanni. So we just trying to stop sharing our screens so that we can see your Yeah.

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Okay.

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Do I try? Can we minimize or do you have to UN share?

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We have more options, you know.

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You keep doing this. I,

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Sorry about this everyone. Yeah, this is not working I guess today as well. I don't know.

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No.

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You click on that too.

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Sorry, Giovanni, we're just trying to figure this out.

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No problem.

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I don't know.

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Hold on.

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There we go. Okay, do you want to try sharing your screen now? Great.

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He has to do it.

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Perfect. Okay.

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Excellent. All right, we can see you now, Giovanni. Just I just need to unmute yourself.

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Yeah, yeah. Okay.

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Excellent. Okay, well done.

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Okay, so.

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Hello everybody, my name is Giovanni Matera. Today the aim of my short presentation is to share some preliminary findings from an ongoing research on all the refugees from Ukraine.

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Currently displaced in France. I am not a specialist in the sociology of aging. So I would like to receive feedback from you as callers in the field of CESSIDER Beijing.

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And. And yeah, the thing I'm trying to do is to study the intersection between aging and migration.

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So the research has been funded by the French Red Cross Foundation and I would also like to thank the ISA Research Committee, 11 for the registration grant. They award me.

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Thank you. So. The question I am trying to answer is why all the refugees from Ukraine for currently in France are invisible.

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And what is the role of mental? Health care and mitigation in the mitigation of this invisibility.

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So inisibility of older migrants is a source of concern. That, because they are expected to be one of the most vulnerable groups.

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As it has been pointed out by the IS Migration. Migrants are invisible because of the lack of data and the way data are aggregated.

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Moreover given the extensive attention to help the most vulnerable groups of migrants, namely women. And children.

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Data on the older migrant population are only occasionally prepared and used. So the center for policy on aging is observed that other migrants live with disabilities.

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They are less visible. They are not able to integrate through work. Don't have revenue from work.

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Have reduced language learning skills. Suffer from social isolation because of the lack of inter-generational solidarity.

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Have mental health problems deriving from the migration process. And some magic, As chronic illnesses, they cannot get treatment for.

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So. If we think about the current situation of Ukrainian people, issues related to other migrants intersect.

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With this situation because of some demographic characteristics of Ukrainian population. 24% of the population.

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Of the Cranium population is over 60. More than half, said, War had armed their mental health.

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These are some answers from Elder the Ukrainians collected by Health Age International and NGOs.

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And 44% of people over 70 live alone.

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So the situation also, it's important to highlight the fact that the situation of forcibly displaced migrants from Ukraine is characterized.

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By the facilitations they have received from the EU and the European Union, namely the temporary protection which is you to last until March 2024 and which includes access to health care, job permit, mobility within the you countries.

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So the formation on Ukrainian all the refugees during the war in their country is still too little compared with what we know about other vulnerable refugees.

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Ukrainian refugees as women and children.

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So, while I'm trying to answer this question about them about the visibility of other Ukrainian refugees.

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I am considering, some hypotheses. So the first type process is, is the small size of the population, of the Ukrainian refugees in France.

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So the number of Ukrainian refugees could be too low, maybe too low and consecutive and, and consequently older migrants population.

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Good. Maybe even lower. So as we have seen earlier.

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The second I passed this, talking about the second. As we have seen earlier, L page international as I lighted the fact that older Ukrainians are immobile.

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Cannot live Ukraine. One of the possible reasons we cannot find, this could be one of the possible reason cannot find them in France.

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Then, the third, hypothesis is the self selection. There is, and a well documented problem, which involves unclaimed benefits, which is also a common problem in France among elderly people.

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So there are people who don't who do not claim for the benefits there are they are entitled to.

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And it is and sociologist as have seen that this fact is related to the age.

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And then the fourth I processes. Yes, the one I'm I'm focusing on right now.

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And it's the selection made by service providers. So, basically all the Ukrainian migrants are considered less deserving than other social groups.

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Bye the service providers. So let's have a look at the theoretical framework. I'm not using this, concept right now.

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I'm just like at preliminary preliminary stage of my research. So, but it's important like to give you an idea.

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Of the theory behind my questions and my hypothesis. So as you can see from, also from the title of the presentation, I use a theoretical framework derived from the work of Michele.

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On the stigmatization. Which is the process by which low status groups gain recognition and worth And I use the term recognition gaps to deal with far it is in worse and cultural and cultural membership between groups.

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In a society. So.

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Let's move on to the research design and the maths I'm using. So I plan to, continue the literature.

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And the, the documentation review. To reach out to care recipients and collect their feedback about their reception in France especially to answer to to explore the process about self selection And, finally, the, I processes the final hypothesis I'm focusing on.

342
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Thought to explore it I am assessed I'm Right now currently assessing services attitude. Towards older you prime and migrants.

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Worth and cultural membership by establishing a comparison with cases, professionals see more frequently and between similar organization organizations operating in different regions of France.

344
01:04:11.000 --> 01:04:20.000
So for feasibility reasons, I narrowed the scope to this call, the recent of the research to a small group of professionals and their beneficiaries.

345
01:04:20.000 --> 01:04:32.000
I focused on a network of regional centers. For a which is a network dedicated to provide care to traumatize people.

346
01:04:32.000 --> 01:04:51.000
And it's specialized in trans-cultural support. So, the research methods, involve semi structured interviews and a vignette study to inductively explore misrecognition of all the migrants population.

347
01:04:51.000 --> 01:05:04.000
Also a short endographic work. Consisting in multiple sites visits. As being organized. So let's have a look at the.

348
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Preliminary results you can jump the first results about that. The first hypothesis we can just say that There.

349
01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:45.000
Thanks to the Eurostat data, we can see that there has been a huge The Aspira effect that means that basically Ukrainian refugees today are located massively located in the places where Ukraine and Daspara was already.

350
01:05:45.000 --> 01:05:59.000
Present already existing. And we have to consider that France, before, February, 22, ousted only 1.8 of the Ukrainian diaspora.

351
01:05:59.000 --> 01:06:14.000
See, there are, the number of Ukrainians, Ukrainian refugees is quite slow and they are they have rich communities they have rich Ukrainian communities within France.

352
01:06:14.000 --> 01:06:38.000
So so let's, have a look at the, exploration of like hypothesis number 4 about the misrecognition of other of other refugees by service providers So so far, Fittork has partially answered to the last hypothesis.

353
01:06:38.000 --> 01:06:52.000
I focused on professionals. And beneficiaries of a regional center, for psycho trauma operating in the 4 regions which have received More than half of you kind of forcibly displaced population in France.

354
01:06:52.000 --> 01:07:07.000
A few weeks after the conflict began. So, namely, the regions, which were, closer to the border with Germany and Italy and Switzerland.

355
01:07:07.000 --> 01:07:19.000
So that this regional center for psycho trauma being created in the aftermath of terrorist attacks which took place in Paris in 1,995.

356
01:07:19.000 --> 01:07:41.000
And they've been further rain forest after 2015 terrorist stocks. Why they have been mainly designed to provide urgent psychological care, they have progressively specialized in the treatment of people suffering from psychotrama and in a trans-cultural support.

357
01:07:41.000 --> 01:07:48.000
That's psychological support. A big part of the population they serve today is composed by migrants.

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01:07:48.000 --> 01:08:06.000
After the beginning of the war in Ukraine in 2022 The Regional Centre for Cycle Travela have been designed by the government by the French government as part of the services in charge of the response to a possible humanitarian crisis.

359
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So. I have selected 2 sides, in 2 of the biggest regions. Concerned by the first and most important way of arrivals.

360
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Basically, 70,000 people around in the first 2 months after the war in 2022. And, so, 70, 1,000, and the total, number of You Ukraine have refugees in France in 2022 was hmm, 115,000 so it was more than, came.

361
01:08:43.000 --> 01:09:00.000
Within the first 2 months. And cross actually at least cross this regions where I selected. The 2, the 2, center, regional center for So how do they work?

362
01:09:00.000 --> 01:09:21.000
Regional centers for psycho trauma described as organisations specialize in this report and the support of people concerned by migration They are presented as, where a transcultural psychiatric visits are available.

363
01:09:21.000 --> 01:09:34.000
They may be in relation with some private facilities which are run by NGOs and nonprofit. Organizations and also respond to migrants mental health problems.

364
01:09:34.000 --> 01:09:48.000
So. So far, so there are like there are They are, the Reginald site, original center for like the trauma is consists in a small group of professionals.

365
01:09:48.000 --> 01:09:54.000
So the 2 groups I'm comparing are quite small. They're composed by administrative and medical stuff.

366
01:09:54.000 --> 01:10:10.000
From 4 to 7 professionals. And so far I have, carry out carried out interviews, in that interface with 2 psychiatrists, say psychologist and 2 heads of service.

367
01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:25.000
Okay, so. Let's we can so I visited the 2 sides we can see that Basically, a common feature between the 2 sites.

368
01:10:25.000 --> 01:10:41.000
I'm comparing that they work in cooperation with psychological medical emergency unit. Yeah, I mean you, the PMU is an urgent care unit which provides psychological support up to 2 h after a traumatic event.

369
01:10:41.000 --> 01:10:54.000
And may organize short follow-up psychotherapy. The unit also supports the work of, Reginald Centre for Psycho Trauma, providing orientation to passions, taking care.

370
01:10:54.000 --> 01:11:08.000
So what I notice during one of my visits is that in the second side, the second side, the regional center for psycho trauma is located inside the pyramid of the general hospital.

371
01:11:08.000 --> 01:11:18.000
While 30 min away from the hospital a partner nonprofit organization runs a facility which is adapted to victims of violence.

372
01:11:18.000 --> 01:11:27.000
So I'm this is like, this is part of the reasons. Or the discrepancies that I have found that I have found so far.

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So 2 main discrepancies have been observed between the way the 2 sides selected their recipients. The first one, selects patients according to a distinction between simple trauma and complex trauma.

374
01:11:41.000 --> 01:12:10.000
The. So the site the psychological and medical emergency unit mainly works on simple trauma. Oh and the first in the first site simple trauma has to be treated shortly after traumatic event while the regional center for psycho trauma exclusively 3 persons affected by complex trauma so there is this kind of division of

375
01:12:10.000 --> 01:12:25.000
labor between PMU and they are, the RCP accepts, patients from different types of contacts also persons living in precarious conditions.

376
01:12:25.000 --> 01:12:37.000
And the second side. It was quite, it's quite different. So it doesn't distinguish the 2 types of trauma and professionals only accept patients.

377
01:12:37.000 --> 01:12:44.000
Who can access public health care. In this case, in this case, patients have to also comply with a specific technique.

378
01:12:44.000 --> 01:12:56.000
Call the high movement desensitization and read processing. A treatment that involves using control dial movements to try to help the brain deal with frightening or shocking memories.

379
01:12:56.000 --> 01:13:06.000
This treatment is considered accessible and less costly because it doesn't require the intervention of other professionals as interpreters.

380
01:13:06.000 --> 01:13:22.000
So, and also it doesn't require any individualized care. So in this second side, the staff for The Reginald Centre was like with trauma redirects patients suffering from mental pathologists that cannot be treated by this technique.

381
01:13:22.000 --> 01:13:36.000
They redirect them to the psychiatric cleaning. Hey, an interviews, psychiatrist working, for this second RCP affirm that they do not take migrants as patients.

382
01:13:36.000 --> 01:13:44.000
Meaning people who don't have access to public health care, which is not the case of Ukrainian refugees that are covered by the temporary protection.

383
01:13:44.000 --> 01:13:56.000
Who are covered by the temporary protection. They work, but they work in cooperation in this second site with a facility run by a an NGO which takes care of the more precarious population.

384
01:13:56.000 --> 01:14:01.000
So how do they adapt to other migrants. Both service? Yep, sorry.

385
01:14:01.000 --> 01:14:04.000
Giovanni. Just 1 min. Just 1 min left.

386
01:14:04.000 --> 01:14:12.000
Okay, thank you. So how do they add up to all their migrants? Was the risk don't have specific protocol for all the portions?

387
01:14:12.000 --> 01:14:26.000
Or other migrants and but the most interesting thing and how did they receive Ukrainian refugees in both sides professionals were frustrated by the lack of compliance and mobility of reprimand refugees.

388
01:14:26.000 --> 01:14:36.000
Problems in finding interpreters instead that insisted on the fact that you Ukrainian refugees were not more deserving than others.

389
01:14:36.000 --> 01:14:45.000
Then another where more frequent cases of traumatized migrant people. So yeah, yeah.

390
01:14:45.000 --> 01:15:07.000
And for the, let's, just, I wanted to have a look to the preliminary conclusions basically so the deservingness of Ukraine and all the rest is appears to be considered longer than other refugees who were already treated by this RCP mental health care don't have a mitigation role the selection process is

391
01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:19.000
clear in the 2 cases. Facilities are adopted for women in children rather than older migrants. And the second side, it will be interesting to work more on the facility run by the NGO.

392
01:15:19.000 --> 01:15:32.000
And the last preliminary conclusion is that, would like to start a new, a new fieldwork, in a community which is affected by this diaspora effect.

393
01:15:32.000 --> 01:15:42.000
So I will find another site and other RCP in this. Regions which are more populated by the Ukraine and that diaspora.

394
01:15:42.000 --> 01:15:49.000
Thank you so much.

395
01:15:49.000 --> 01:15:54.000
Thank you very much, Giovanni. I will move on to the next presentation if that's okay.

396
01:15:54.000 --> 01:16:04.000
So we have some time for questions at the end. So if you've got any pressing questions for Giovanni, I could just ask you to hold on to them for another 15 min or so and then we'll come back to it at the end.

397
01:16:04.000 --> 01:16:11.000
I'd now like to welcome Joanna Zuretta to present the paper Ageing Migrants and Social Wellbeing.

398
01:16:11.000 --> 01:16:17.000
The case of Filipino women in rural Japan.

399
01:16:17.000 --> 01:16:24.000
That.

400
01:16:24.000 --> 01:16:34.000
Can I speak here? Okay, Thank you very much. So I, here, okay. So I'll be presenting on my current research.

401
01:16:34.000 --> 01:16:50.000
This is pretty much a new research that I started last. I think, 2,021 looking at migrants in rural areas part particularly Filipino women married to Japanese men.

402
01:16:50.000 --> 01:16:59.000
So these are marriage migrants and I'm looking at it from the perspective of social well-being, which is also another new framework for me.

403
01:16:59.000 --> 01:17:05.000
So if you have any suggestions for you know regarding the framework so I'll be happy to acknowledge them.

404
01:17:05.000 --> 01:17:09.000
So.

405
01:17:09.000 --> 01:17:19.000
Okay, so this study examines experiences experiences of aging and social well-being among foreign women in Japan specifically older Filipino women.

406
01:17:19.000 --> 01:17:24.000
So when I say older, these are women who are aging. So I see aging here as a process and I focus on women who are in their fiftys and older.

407
01:17:24.000 --> 01:17:40.000
So these women came to Japan in the eighties and early ninetys as rural wives or in Japanese we call them No-one-hanyomi, meaning rural wives, rural Japanese men.

408
01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:46.000
So some of these women who I interviewed came on an entertainer visa in the 19 seventys.

409
01:17:46.000 --> 01:18:04.000
Oh, okay. So yeah, so I mentioned that, this study focuses on women who are aged 50 and above and I would like to look at the relationship between aging, gender, and migrant social well-being through the case of these Filipino women.

410
01:18:04.000 --> 01:18:14.000
So just a brief background about Japan. So Japan is very much known as a fast aging society. In fact, some people say that it's a super aging society.

411
01:18:14.000 --> 01:18:19.000
But then I also tell people, my colleagues that we also have to look at aging migrants in Japan.

412
01:18:19.000 --> 01:18:31.000
Because, you know, we also have a lot of people who are aging not only Koreans but we also have the migrants who came in the eightys mostly Southeast Asians.

413
01:18:31.000 --> 01:18:41.000
So most of these foreign population in Japan are married to Japanese. Have been living in the country in the long term and have established families of their own.

414
01:18:41.000 --> 01:18:46.000
So in the case of the Filipinos, they are currently the fourth largest migrant group in the country.

415
01:18:46.000 --> 01:18:54.000
Before it used to be like, I think they were like the third, but then you have the Chinese, the Vietnamese and then the Koreans and then the Filipinos.

416
01:18:54.000 --> 01:19:10.000
So most Filipino migrants are women because of the feminization of migration and I'll be explaining that later and those aged 50 and above number 66,773

417
01:19:10.000 --> 01:19:17.000
So this is the foreign population in Japan by the end of 2,022. So the largest are the Chinese.

418
01:19:17.000 --> 01:19:25.000
So when we say Chinese it includes mainland China Taiwan etc. And then Vietnam is now in second place in South Korea.

419
01:19:25.000 --> 01:19:27.000
Or those with Korean nationality. Because we also have, ethnic Koreans in Japan and then the Philippines is number 4.

420
01:19:27.000 --> 01:19:45.000
So if you notice in 2,022 there are more women. So female Filipinos number 200,000 more than 200,000 and then the men only number 89,000.

421
01:19:45.000 --> 01:20:03.000
In terms of visa status or status of residency, most are permanent residents. So my my informants they came as rural wives so they came either on an entertainer visa or a spouse visa.

422
01:20:03.000 --> 01:20:13.000
Then after a few years, after a few years, they are able to change to permanent residency. And I also encountered and met people who decided to naturalize.

423
01:20:13.000 --> 01:20:21.000
So yeah, most of the Filipino migrants in Japan are PR or permanent residents.

424
01:20:21.000 --> 01:20:27.000
So my data and method, so I started this research in October, 2,021 to October, 2,022.

425
01:20:27.000 --> 01:20:35.000
It's actually still ongoing. It was done or fieldwork was done intermittently primarily because of COVID.

426
01:20:35.000 --> 01:20:45.000
So it was really difficult to do fieldwork. Second, it's really difficult to do field work in rural areas because Filipinos are scattered.

427
01:20:45.000 --> 01:21:00.000
And they actually gather together during mass. And because of COVID, masses were cancelled. When the masses resumed so there were Japanese mass English Mass and Dagalog Mass or Filipino Mass.

428
01:21:00.000 --> 01:21:09.000
And these women because I mean some of them speak Japanese but they they prefer attending mass in English or in Filipino or Tagalo.

429
01:21:09.000 --> 01:21:13.000
And so what I did was I had to contact some Catholic priests who are Filipinos and go with them when they were celebrating masses.

430
01:21:13.000 --> 01:21:31.000
So that's how I did it. That's why it was done intermittently. And for these priests, because there were a lack of, there are a lack of beasts in Japan.

431
01:21:31.000 --> 01:21:42.000
So let's say one diocese, there's just one Filipino piece and you know, depending on his schedule I will I will tag along so so that was what I did.

432
01:21:42.000 --> 01:21:49.000
So I did my field work in these sites, Niagara Prefecture, which is in the north of Japan.

433
01:21:49.000 --> 01:21:57.000
Yamagata Prefecture and then Akita Prefecture which we call the Tohoku region, Yamagata and Akita.

434
01:21:57.000 --> 01:22:12.000
Particularly. So why did I focus on these areas? I will also explain later because Yamagata and Akita Prefectures were that were one of the prefectures, earlier prefectures who received foreign wives.

435
01:22:12.000 --> 01:22:28.000
So I also did participant observation in Catholic churches. I attended mass gatherings. I speak Tagalog because I'm also Filipino and II also speak English and in Japanese but it was very much difficult for me to enter these communities because because I'm an outsider, right?

436
01:22:28.000 --> 01:22:39.000
And also I also have to mention here the dynamics of the Filipino community, which is also very much class-based.

437
01:22:39.000 --> 01:22:48.000
So I also am very much aware of my position visa be my informants. So for this study, I was able to interview 7 in 4 months.

438
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Age 50 and above so it was noble sampling and then I also spoke to others. I also tried interviewing some but then they did not reply to me and I even gave them the option to, you know, interview them on social, how to call it, SNS.

439
01:23:08.000 --> 01:23:22.000
Social media or Facebook. Or zoom but then they did not reply. So I also spoke with some priests and missionaries working with the migrants.

440
01:23:22.000 --> 01:23:41.000
So just to give a short background of Filipino migration to Japan's rural areas. So since the 1980, s you had female immigrants mainly from other parts of Asia like China, South Korea, the Philippines in Vietnam who came to Japan in married Japanese men living in rural areas.

441
01:23:41.000 --> 01:23:52.000
So we are very much familiar, I think, with this kind of migration to rural areas, especially now in South Korea and you also have this same phenomenon in Taiwan.

442
01:23:52.000 --> 01:23:59.000
But Japan was I mean, had this phenomenon much earlier in the' s. So you had this increase.

443
01:23:59.000 --> 01:24:08.000
Or this this international marriage in villages. Move on OCOPs psychic, triggered an increase in international marriages in Japan.

444
01:24:08.000 --> 01:24:17.000
So as I've mentioned earlier, Yamagata and Akita were the first prefectures to accept foreign brides, including Filipinos in the early 19 eightys.

445
01:24:17.000 --> 01:24:24.000
So studies on transnational marriages in Japan by mildly focused on bright deficit in rural areas.

446
01:24:24.000 --> 01:24:34.000
But recent in recent work you have researchers that focus more on the agency of these women and empowerment.

447
01:24:34.000 --> 01:24:42.000
So just to give you, a short background of the women. So these are the women. So the, the names are actually, pseudonyms.

448
01:24:42.000 --> 01:25:03.000
So most of them arrived in the late eightys. You have early 90, s but for Sarah she arrived in 2,009 but she arrived as she already, she came to Japan at Yeah, in her fifties already.

449
01:25:03.000 --> 01:25:14.000
So most of them came as marriage migrants. Some as somebody met their husbands in Japan while working as singers in hotels.

450
01:25:14.000 --> 01:25:19.000
So they're professional entertainers when they came in the seventys and they met their Japanese husbands.

451
01:25:19.000 --> 01:25:30.000
In the rural areas. That's why when I when I speak of rural areas so these are areas in well considered rural meaning farmland.

452
01:25:30.000 --> 01:25:40.000
The occupations of their husbands are related to agriculture meaning their farmers So in terms of President status.

453
01:25:40.000 --> 01:25:51.000
So most are permanent residents except for 2 who naturalized to become Japanese. So in terms of current occupations, so Juna.

454
01:25:51.000 --> 01:25:58.000
She actually has a college degree when she married her husband. She is a business woman. She owns an English school.

455
01:25:58.000 --> 01:26:07.000
But when she came to Japan, she or when she went to Japan, She was a marriage migrant, so she had to work in factories.

456
01:26:07.000 --> 01:26:16.000
So Emma, Sarah, they're currently housewives. Some of them work in factory work related to agriculture, agricultural production.

457
01:26:16.000 --> 01:26:34.000
And then Karen, she originally came as a as a factory worker. In the guise of so it was like a program we're in women were invited to work in Japan but Ideally, they they were supposed to marry a Japanese.

458
01:26:34.000 --> 01:26:39.000
So she married a Japanese and then now she's an English teacher. She also has a college degree.

459
01:26:39.000 --> 01:26:43.000
And then you have others who are actually retired.

460
01:26:43.000 --> 01:26:54.000
So when I say aging migrants, when I talk about aging, it's not only or it should not only be limited to one's chronological age, but I would like to look into other factors.

461
01:26:54.000 --> 01:26:59.000
And I also see ageing as a sociological phenomenon. And as a sociological process as well.

462
01:26:59.000 --> 01:27:09.000
And it's also a social construct. And I think a lot of people who are familiar with aging, we know and as sociologists we see aging as a social construct.

463
01:27:09.000 --> 01:27:18.000
And gender and aging are intertwined in the migration process and there are clear differences among the genders in their awareness of the aging process.

464
01:27:18.000 --> 01:27:39.000
So for social well-being, I focus on I won't read the others. So I focus on the social scientific and sociological point of view wherein it points to social cultural factors such as community participation, sense of belonging as to one's community, social capital, and social cohesion.

465
01:27:39.000 --> 01:27:51.000
And I also would like to use Kanai's assertion that it can also be assumed that social well-being and subjective well-being influence each other.

466
01:27:51.000 --> 01:28:01.000
So with regards to gender differences. Due to social structures, social cultural factors and biological factors are also present.

467
01:28:01.000 --> 01:28:11.000
And findings also reveal a gap. Between or in social well-being between men and women in poor countries and countries with unequal gender rights.

468
01:28:11.000 --> 01:28:23.000
And with regards to Filipino immigrant women, you have sociological or social cultural challenges. Faced by these women as impacting social well-being.

469
01:28:23.000 --> 01:28:32.000
So with regards to my findings, so I looked at the factors of social or for social well-being among these rural migrants.

470
01:28:32.000 --> 01:28:40.000
So one is language and communication. Social welfare and the experience of migration which is gendered and intertwined with one's own cultural and social capital.

471
01:28:40.000 --> 01:28:52.000
So for example, the presence of workmates, church friends. Social welfare ban on health care in Japan as opposed to their home countries.

472
01:28:52.000 --> 01:28:59.000
So in the case of Sarah, she said she's not worried about growing old in Japan because Japan has an advanced health care system.

473
01:28:59.000 --> 01:29:18.000
And they're usually registered so they they we actually get health insurance. So in terms of residence status or visa status for these Filipino women, Having permanent residency gives them almost the same rights as Japanese citizens except for voting rights.

474
01:29:18.000 --> 01:29:43.000
And also they have more flexibility in terms of occupations status as opposed to the visa category of spouse and I wrote here thus releasing them from a so-called dependent relationship especially when it comes to divorce if they have like dependent visa then if they divorce then they are put in a vulnerable situation because of the status, visa

475
01:29:43.000 --> 01:29:49.000
status. And with regards to naturalization for some of them, they in actualize. But my question here is, are they really socially integrated?

476
01:29:49.000 --> 01:29:59.000
Yes, they have, they, yes they become Japanese, they're legally Japanese, but in terms of social integration, it's still a question mark.

477
01:29:59.000 --> 01:30:12.000
So this is what I would like to explore. In future field work and research. With regards to language and communication, it's very much important and I think it's pretty much obvious, especially when we are talking about migrants, right?

478
01:30:12.000 --> 01:30:24.000
So I coated some of them here. I'm talking about their fluency in English that gave them actually added cultural capital and also their proficiency in Japanese.

479
01:30:24.000 --> 01:30:33.000
That's why they're able to relate with the Japanese and integrate themselves better than those who do not know the language.

480
01:30:33.000 --> 01:30:48.000
Religion and spirituality so again attending masses going to church and social well-being is also about support networks and faith and a Catholic church can be considered as a place where this support network and faith can be realized.

481
01:30:48.000 --> 01:30:56.000
And communities and support networks rated by churches are important for these women's social well-being because it creates community.

482
01:30:56.000 --> 01:31:09.000
And I think if you are very much familiar with literature on migration and integration on faith, faith communities, particularly for Filipinos who are Catholics, the Catholic Church is a very important.

483
01:31:09.000 --> 01:31:26.000
Layer or place an important rule. So for my preliminary conclusions, the aging experience of migration is gendered and intertwined with one's own cultural and social capital other than subjective and individual factors that play a role in migrant social well-being.

484
01:31:26.000 --> 01:31:36.000
You also have other social and institutional factors such as networks, language, status of residence, religion, etc.

485
01:31:36.000 --> 01:31:47.000
And while one's residential and legal status play a part in providing legal security and welfare benefits to these older migrants, social integration may pose a challenge to social well-being.

486
01:31:47.000 --> 01:31:55.000
So just to give you an idea of my field work.

487
01:31:55.000 --> 01:32:00.000
So this is in Yamagata. Thank you very much for your attention.