WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:46.360 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: and 2 00:01:33.370 --> 00:01:53.030 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: it all 3 00:04:14.810 --> 00:04:15.940 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: a probably 4 00:04:33.960 --> 00:04:36.000 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: they plus our 5 00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:45.020 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: even. 6 00:06:17.020 --> 00:06:23.410 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Okay. The Luna Manita represent them on the A 7 00:06:23.840 --> 00:06:59.590 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: It's 8 00:07:46.990 --> 00:07:50.030 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: to represent and see a. 9 00:08:28.590 --> 00:08:30.960 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: you know. 10 00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:37.819 Oh, no! 11 00:09:02.250 --> 00:09:04.540 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: And Tone says, 12 00:09:17.300 --> 00:09:19.189 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: we are Latino America 13 00:09:24.490 --> 00:09:29.289 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: a. 14 00:09:37.850 --> 00:09:42.210 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: A. 15 00:09:42.500 --> 00:09:46.990 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: The the 16 00:10:07.470 --> 00:10:08.590 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: it they they 17 00:10:34.470 --> 00:10:35.980 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: it's it's it. 18 00:10:44.580 --> 00:10:47.230 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Well, we 19 00:10:47.380 --> 00:10:53.020 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: add a for a month 20 00:11:07.400 --> 00:11:08.880 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: for a personas 21 00:11:17.790 --> 00:11:19.760 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: that 22 00:11:23.200 --> 00:11:25.990 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: for a month. 23 00:11:35.430 --> 00:11:49.630 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: One of the 24 00:12:08.650 --> 00:12:26.210 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: a 25 00:12:38.300 --> 00:12:43.320 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: for a month. 26 00:13:08.410 --> 00:13:10.120 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Why not a 27 00:13:32.860 --> 00:13:34.760 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: in the 28 00:13:55.500 --> 00:13:57.860 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: in Qantas? I don't like it. One of 29 00:14:08.280 --> 00:14:11.080 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: so 30 00:14:27.940 --> 00:14:29.089 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: for the month. 31 00:14:55.530 --> 00:14:58.069 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Yeah. E. A. 32 00:14:58.290 --> 00:15:01.099 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: For a month. 33 00:15:15.390 --> 00:15:18.360 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Okay. 34 00:15:26.560 --> 00:15:30.130 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: I would like to. 35 00:15:48.770 --> 00:15:52.479 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Okay. So the one in control, we'll come in and draw a link for a month. 36 00:15:53.750 --> 00:15:55.760 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: Oh, I know in 37 00:16:18.810 --> 00:16:21.070 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: I'm fine in 38 00:16:48.830 --> 00:16:49.530 Dahiana Ayala-Paraguay: on. 39 00:17:02.070 --> 00:17:07.959 Dasten Julián Vejar: Okay, Gracia. Yes, thank you so much for your presentation. 40 00:17:08.350 --> 00:17:15.060 Dasten Julián Vejar: I'm going to make a little resume for the Tiena. Then she is 41 00:17:15.420 --> 00:17:27.420 Dasten Julián Vejar: yeah, she is speaking with. So I I'm going to make a little translation. Just don't worry. And and about the 42 00:17:27.540 --> 00:17:33.580 Dasten Julián Vejar: the change in the label market in, in, But away in the South, in South America. 43 00:17:33.830 --> 00:17:48.270 Dasten Julián Vejar: and she it shows some of the most important status and the labor market and the tendency to the informality and per she defined, like 3 segments of the workers. 44 00:17:48.510 --> 00:17:54.600 Dasten Julián Vejar: and and all are related to new opportunities, capacities, and skills. 45 00:17:54.860 --> 00:17:55.750 And 46 00:17:56.020 --> 00:18:01.599 Dasten Julián Vejar: and I think then. and the tendency of the trend, then 47 00:18:01.690 --> 00:18:09.429 Dasten Julián Vejar: the the the the data that she show us are related to this tendency to informality and forget it 48 00:18:09.570 --> 00:18:10.410 Dasten Julián Vejar: where 49 00:18:10.540 --> 00:18:15.170 Dasten Julián Vejar: it's just this middle translation for the Vienna. 50 00:18:15.300 --> 00:18:20.060 Dasten Julián Vejar: Welcome, and thank you for for your patience and your 51 00:18:20.170 --> 00:18:22.740 Dasten Julián Vejar: and I know you. 52 00:18:22.910 --> 00:18:31.940 Dasten Julián Vejar: Your understanding of the situation, and thank you so much for for your presentation at this Congress, too. Thank you, Diana. And 53 00:18:32.230 --> 00:18:34.169 Dasten Julián Vejar: now we start with the next. 54 00:18:34.230 --> 00:18:37.760 Dasten Julián Vejar: A presentation label markets A 55 00:18:38.010 --> 00:18:44.280 Dasten Julián Vejar: from the United Arab Emirates. and moving towards this and work and gender and quality. 56 00:18:44.440 --> 00:18:47.810 Dasten Julián Vejar: So to Tina. Thank you so much again, and 57 00:18:48.180 --> 00:18:52.069 Dasten Julián Vejar: you have to make 1515 min. Sorry? 58 00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:58.449 Yeah, thank you. Just let me know when I should stop, because I don't have any like watch next to me 59 00:18:58.650 --> 00:19:02.910 so thank you very much for the 60 00:19:03.110 --> 00:19:07.789 Dasten Julián Vejar: sorry. If you agree, I'm going to put like this sense in the reactions. 61 00:19:08.530 --> 00:19:14.190 When you have, we don't see you because we have like a full screen. 62 00:19:14.300 --> 00:19:20.059 It's okay. It's okay. We will manage no worries. 63 00:19:21.160 --> 00:19:22.020 Dasten Julián Vejar: Okay. 64 00:19:27.160 --> 00:19:33.640 thank you very much for the organizers of this session. I think it's quite important and interesting. 65 00:19:33.670 --> 00:19:42.080 even though I don't understand Spanish. But the charts are very clear about the tendencies in 66 00:19:42.310 --> 00:19:57.410 South America, for example, that the previous presentation was. It was very interesting for me to see the labor market tendencies. So my presentation is going to be about U. I. It's a country in the Gulf 67 00:19:57.570 --> 00:20:03.319 area. So I work there for the last 7 years before I 68 00:20:03.530 --> 00:20:15.710 I used to work in Russia, in Moscow High School of economics. Now I am with Uae University Associate Professor there. And yeah, I would like to share some 69 00:20:15.990 --> 00:20:32.060 peculiarities of the labor market focusing on gender inequalities. Mainly so, however, I would like to say that the labor market and the Uae is quite diverse, so all expatriates facing 70 00:20:32.080 --> 00:20:38.559 high level of uncertainty, because there are no permanent contracts at all in the country. 71 00:20:38.650 --> 00:20:43.549 So if you are expatriate, which is like 85% of the population. 72 00:20:43.830 --> 00:20:56.640 that means you are a kind of a precarious already. So you in terms of you, if you, if you look at that definition from Arne Calibus's perspective 73 00:20:56.800 --> 00:21:09.460 in terms of security in the labor market. So any any time, actually, your contract can be terminated, and as soon as it is finished you should leave the country 74 00:21:09.820 --> 00:21:12.049 unless it's renewed, of course. 75 00:21:12.910 --> 00:21:16.170 So However, the a 76 00:21:16.450 --> 00:21:21.719 local population, they have completely different conditions. 77 00:21:22.400 --> 00:21:33.800 they have permanent contract, and the Labour legislation is very, very protective. It's highly difficult to fire a local people from any positions. 78 00:21:34.060 --> 00:21:41.140 So my focus today would be on gender, mainly because 79 00:21:41.730 --> 00:21:44.360 this country is undergoing a very 80 00:21:44.470 --> 00:22:03.460 interesting changes, very heavy changes. So you can see the yellow color are united. Arab emirates between Saudi, Arabia and Oman, and even like, 15 years ago it was not possible to think of women in education or labor market. 81 00:22:03.510 --> 00:22:15.289 So within the last 50 years the changes were tremendous. So nowadays all the females getting higher education, and they are entering the labor market. 82 00:22:15.530 --> 00:22:20.289 However, the mentality of the families that remain 83 00:22:20.610 --> 00:22:34.299 still sometimes traditional, and it's highly highly difficult for them to convince a family that they are ready to work. However, in the late Seventys, after the oil boom, the 84 00:22:34.380 --> 00:22:45.689 our leadership of the country had a very clear message that the females contributing equally to the society, and they have to work, or they should work as well. 85 00:22:45.710 --> 00:22:48.419 So now, what these? 86 00:22:48.600 --> 00:23:07.660 It's even like a reversed gap. So females are exceeding in higher education males. and of course they all tend to work. So even if it's visible from my own personal perspective. So when you go into the classrooms like 7 years ago, you ask students. 87 00:23:07.840 --> 00:23:20.290 I'm teaching mainly females because we have separate compasses for males and females, so like 60 students in the room. So you ask them, what are you going to do after you get your higher education? 88 00:23:20.359 --> 00:23:36.049 And it was like half half, you know. So some of them, they just receiving the higher education to be a good mom and half of them. They wanted to work. But now everybody wants to work. Everybody wants a good position, good job immediately after the graduation. 89 00:23:36.279 --> 00:23:42.660 and they are becoming highly qualified professionals. So that's what is visible 90 00:23:43.120 --> 00:23:51.500 in terms of the employment population ratio, for example. So you can see, the use is 91 00:23:52.359 --> 00:24:11.600 in light color, and the total population 15 plus is a dark color, and you can see We have also total, which is like a definite line. Male Dest line and females was round circles. 92 00:24:12.100 --> 00:24:27.489 so you can see that the female labor force participation rate increased tremendously from 30% to 45 to almost to 50, just before Covid and during the covid the females were mostly 93 00:24:27.580 --> 00:24:37.219 affected by in the labor market, and however, the Year Labor Force participation for males was always high. 94 00:24:37.810 --> 00:24:39.560 So 95 00:24:40.010 --> 00:25:01.050 yeah, it. It's interesting also to look at the unemployment rate. So to understand the situation that females are most vulnerable here, especially young females. So young females have last chances to find jobs right after the graduation, if you compare them with males. 96 00:25:01.140 --> 00:25:07.439 So the unemployment rate for them is higher than the 4 males. 97 00:25:07.500 --> 00:25:30.589 However general in general, the total unemployment rate in the country is quite low, so it's like 2, 3, and probably we should not like bothering about it. However, if you look at the particular edge category 15 to 24 years old, this is exactly those who are finishing the the university, then that is a problem. 98 00:25:31.140 --> 00:25:42.320 So this is a Federal statistical authority data. And more specifically so, if you look again about the 99 00:25:42.730 --> 00:25:59.740 young people, in comparison to all the people. 25 years plus. So you can see that after 25 years, especially for males, there is no problem with employment. So it's like only 2%, 1% unemployment rate. 100 00:26:00.120 --> 00:26:08.730 And for females it's about 5. But for the young females it's about 1213%. 101 00:26:10.160 --> 00:26:17.940 So this is the same data. But with the Gallup data, it's I'm using in Gallup World to show you the 102 00:26:18.530 --> 00:26:24.909 factors affecting full time employment, which is called like a mostly decent work. 103 00:26:24.970 --> 00:26:34.119 So if you look at the World Gallup data statistics, it shows absolutely similar picture that 104 00:26:34.250 --> 00:26:41.559 may a female unemployment rate is higher than for males 105 00:26:42.720 --> 00:26:46.079 and male employment rate is also higher. 106 00:26:46.090 --> 00:27:15.759 So I wanted to show a very interesting data, comparing emerat in on Emirates so non-marrati. Again, this is all expatriate who work in the country, and they are majority of the population. So You can see that. females emerati females, however, u ie. Tend to think as like Arab country with a high level of 107 00:27:15.950 --> 00:27:18.689 gender discrimination. 108 00:27:18.860 --> 00:27:37.050 perception, at least international perception. However, if you could look at the numbers and the recent G. Ii. So gender equality index, you could see that the country is making lots of progress, and it's a top leader in the region in terms of gender equality. 109 00:27:37.470 --> 00:27:59.589 So females taking a lot of positions in federal government, local government, they work in private sector and shared government and private sector as well. So, however, you can see that majority of male exports. They work in the private sector mainly so that that is a big 110 00:28:00.120 --> 00:28:04.960 Differences and female experts. They work mainly in private households. 111 00:28:05.310 --> 00:28:09.669 So this is the general structure. 112 00:28:09.750 --> 00:28:22.890 just to give you a hint how much private sector comprise. So the country's. The total population is about 9 million people, and you can see that 5 million are 113 00:28:22.920 --> 00:28:26.689 focused in the private sector positions. 114 00:28:27.110 --> 00:28:50.489 So if we look at the industries. We can see that. females and some industries exceeding males in some industries. It's the opposite picture. So if you look at about nationals, so you can see that females taking positions in like financial insurance activities 115 00:28:50.540 --> 00:29:06.199 and public administration, for example, social security education. This is predominant female sector, human house and social work activities. It's also predominant human. A female sector. 116 00:29:06.930 --> 00:29:23.359 males. Emirat emails are mainly focused on mining and as oil sector, so a lot of them are working there and public administration. So that's definitely where the a lot of managerial positions are concentrated. 117 00:29:23.420 --> 00:29:31.000 There is a national program memorization where the positions are given mainly to nationals. 118 00:29:31.040 --> 00:29:42.819 So if you look at expat rates, you can see that majority of men are in construction and transportation right? Retail as well. 119 00:29:42.830 --> 00:29:45.660 and food services 120 00:29:46.140 --> 00:29:58.319 as well as gas, electricity, and so on. So, however, the female expatriates are mainly as again we saw it before in education and household activities. 121 00:30:00.220 --> 00:30:05.939 So another interesting story is to look to look at the structure. 122 00:30:06.130 --> 00:30:19.780 at the structure of the industries like by economic activities and gender so the same. you can see that all all sectors are 123 00:30:19.840 --> 00:30:27.600 dominated by males except for which is education, human, our health, social work. 124 00:30:27.960 --> 00:30:41.210 household activities and activities of organizations? Are there other activities? So that in these 4 sectors the females are dominating. 125 00:30:42.100 --> 00:30:47.109 So what kind of position? Usually they are taking? 126 00:30:47.470 --> 00:30:56.490 So professionals. A lot of professionals are females among the females, supportive office staff. 127 00:30:57.100 --> 00:31:14.399 and technicians and associate professionals as well. And if you look at the gender balance between males and females, and for the managerial positions, you can see that the difference is very low. So that's actually 128 00:31:14.870 --> 00:31:39.160 a good evidence for quite reasonable gender equality in the country. So now I will show, like the results of the profit models. I'm using World Gallup data 2,919, so to estimate the probability of being in full time employment, which is considered more decent work. 129 00:31:39.260 --> 00:31:49.889 So, as I say, if you look at the country perspective labor market. So all exp. But it's having temporary contracts. Nationals. So having permanent contracts. 130 00:31:50.000 --> 00:32:07.570 Expatriates are very less likely to take part time positions. These are mainly filled by local nationals, so especially females. If you consider part time as a kind of a precarious, precarious type of work, especially if it's a 131 00:32:07.620 --> 00:32:23.060 forced part time. So they want to have a full time, but cannot find it so. And Gallup data allows us to calculate it. So the first models are multinomial logic models. 132 00:32:23.960 --> 00:32:39.010 which we can estimate the probability of a full-time compared to part time unemployed and non-active. Then there are probate models for having any jobs for the males and females and the expatriates, non-express 133 00:32:39.130 --> 00:32:50.309 and probate regression models of exactly having a good full-time job position compared to other employment. 134 00:32:50.760 --> 00:33:00.499 So what what is the Gallup? What poll data? If you are not familiar with that so quickly? I can say that is 135 00:33:00.670 --> 00:33:06.019 quite a reliable data set for 160 plus countries. 136 00:33:06.040 --> 00:33:26.419 including Uie! They collect data each year. Participants are 15 years older and above we are face to face interviews or phone interviews and the sample size each year. It's from 1,000 to 3,000 people. 137 00:33:27.490 --> 00:33:29.250 So annual servi 138 00:33:29.810 --> 00:33:48.119 so this is the data we we take for the analysis. Unfortunately, the good question on employment starts only from 2,009. So this is our the key point for studying the analysis from 2,009 to 2,019. 139 00:33:49.870 --> 00:33:52.660 So this is the results. 140 00:33:53.800 --> 00:33:57.009 You can see that, in brief. 141 00:33:58.610 --> 00:34:03.300 Well. we can say that it is 142 00:34:04.610 --> 00:34:14.699 If if you are male, then definitely, you have more chances for full-time employment in comparison to part time unemployed and non-negative 143 00:34:15.440 --> 00:34:21.739 higher education to their their education increases the chances to be full time employed. 144 00:34:21.860 --> 00:34:33.389 and number of children under 15 years old as well, increases the the chances for you to be part time or unemployed or non-negative. 145 00:34:33.470 --> 00:34:36.989 So it's like a negative impact on full time employment 146 00:34:37.090 --> 00:34:43.069 and born outside the Uae also associated negatively. 147 00:34:43.130 --> 00:34:57.930 a sorry bone outside Ui associated positively with full time employment. And if you're born in the Ui. Mmm. Meaning that you might be national or alone living expatriate. 148 00:34:58.290 --> 00:35:05.809 So you have less chances to have a full time job. So because the recruitment always goes outside. 149 00:35:06.400 --> 00:35:13.559 and this is the probability of having a job in general. If you look separately for males and females. 150 00:35:13.620 --> 00:35:28.630 My idea was to see if the factors affecting female and male trajectories of having a job full time. are different or not. And definitely, if for males marriage 151 00:35:29.040 --> 00:35:40.239 stimulates for full-time job position like having a job, then for females that give negative effect, especially if you have many children and the Arabic families, they tend to have 152 00:35:40.270 --> 00:35:44.080 more than 3 children on on average like 5, 6, 153 00:35:44.140 --> 00:35:57.270 and so on. and for national females. You see, if you are national and female, your chances to get a jlpus are lower. So 154 00:35:57.310 --> 00:36:07.600 This is for the full time position, so more or less similar results. And I will come to the conclusion because I have only 1 min. 155 00:36:07.740 --> 00:36:21.579 So for full time employment. It's highly important that you are young, male, and that you have no children, and you're born outside you. I then you are having more chances to get a good job. 156 00:36:21.650 --> 00:36:32.299 So if you have any health problems then It it will be associated mainly with non-activity, especially for nationals 157 00:36:32.510 --> 00:36:37.299 having friends can increase your chance to be out of unemployment. 158 00:36:37.950 --> 00:36:49.380 For women having children and being married is like a definitely negative impact on having a full-time job 159 00:36:49.730 --> 00:37:02.550 and for born for men. It's mainly the fact is like having friends or being born outside the U. I. E. Then you have more chances to get a full-time jobs. 160 00:37:03.110 --> 00:37:08.289 So I think that's it. What I wanted to say in general. 161 00:37:09.410 --> 00:37:13.380 Thank you for your attention, and I will be happy to answer the questions later. 162 00:37:22.600 --> 00:37:25.949 Dasten Julián Vejar: Thank you to the and for your presentation. 163 00:37:26.010 --> 00:37:31.499 Dasten Julián Vejar: Okay. I think we are going to have many questions now. 164 00:37:31.830 --> 00:37:35.209 Dasten Julián Vejar: We are going to have the presentation 165 00:37:35.340 --> 00:37:36.220 Dasten Julián Vejar: both 166 00:37:41.030 --> 00:37:44.140 Dasten Julián Vejar: and 167 00:37:45.790 --> 00:37:51.090 Dasten Julián Vejar: exploring critical challenges to the urban, informal center. 168 00:37:51.180 --> 00:37:53.750 Dasten Julián Vejar: You know, if Kanye is there. 169 00:37:54.470 --> 00:37:55.320 Dasten Julián Vejar: Daniel? 170 00:37:58.140 --> 00:37:59.809 Dasten Julián Vejar: I think he's 171 00:38:00.710 --> 00:38:09.030 Dasten Julián Vejar: it's not here in the conference point. Yes, okay. Great. 172 00:38:09.270 --> 00:38:11.560 He's he's here. 173 00:38:11.650 --> 00:38:15.190 Dasten Julián Vejar: Thank you. Very nice. 174 00:38:15.990 --> 00:38:16.720 Yeah. 175 00:38:17.690 --> 00:38:18.650 Yes. 176 00:38:18.870 --> 00:38:19.680 Yeah. 177 00:38:20.950 --> 00:38:22.110 Dasten Julián Vejar: Hello. 178 00:38:22.420 --> 00:38:23.520 Yeah. Hello. 179 00:38:26.360 --> 00:38:27.580 Dasten Julián Vejar: Nice to meet you. 180 00:38:29.690 --> 00:38:30.780 Yeah. 181 00:38:30.900 --> 00:38:31.980 The here. 182 00:38:32.650 --> 00:38:36.300 Alright. Great. Yeah. Good morning. Everyone. 183 00:38:36.450 --> 00:38:38.230 And good. 184 00:38:41.260 --> 00:38:42.490 Dasten Julián Vejar: Yeah. Hello! 185 00:38:45.730 --> 00:38:46.910 Dasten Julián Vejar: Can you hear me? 186 00:38:47.320 --> 00:38:48.770 Yeah, I can hear you now. 187 00:38:49.070 --> 00:38:50.730 Dasten Julián Vejar: Okay, great, perfect. 188 00:38:54.430 --> 00:39:00.579 All right. All right. Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here to present in person. 189 00:39:00.680 --> 00:39:15.229 There were some challenges earlier on, but I'm glad I've been able to resolve it, and so I'm happy to come to Melbourne and present this research in person. So my name is Daniel. I'm a Phd. Student at Memoria University in Canada. 190 00:39:15.260 --> 00:39:18.340 I'm currently in my Ted here. 191 00:39:18.540 --> 00:39:39.770 So this is part of an early earlier research I did in my first year, so I decided to present the findings I made, I mean, which will help me to do my dissertation, and the one I will present tomorrow is more of a preliminary research of what I'll be doing for and my ped dissertation. 192 00:39:39.960 --> 00:39:42.539 So I look forward to tomorrow's presentation. 193 00:39:44.410 --> 00:39:49.969 So let's look at the background. So my presentation, it's all right. 194 00:39:50.090 --> 00:39:51.130 So 195 00:39:58.390 --> 00:40:12.039 yeah, my presentation will follow this outline. After I look at informality and urbanization in Ghana, then I will look at the reset questions and present the data method use, and I will find it. I will discuss the resource. And conclude 196 00:40:16.790 --> 00:40:17.820 so. 197 00:40:18.120 --> 00:40:27.510 A rapid organization is a catalyst of many developing countries. Ghana, like many other sub-saharan African countries is an ongoing rapidization. 198 00:40:27.700 --> 00:40:37.930 Currently, about 60% of the total population in Ghana is urban. However, this organization come with 199 00:40:38.150 --> 00:40:57.390 many challenges is bedevil. Many challenges. Why, one has to do with having higher rates of unemployment. Currently, there is a 12% of youth unemployment in urban areas in Ghana is as a result of the Government not able to provide adequate jobs in the former sector for the team in a ban. Dwellers. 200 00:40:58.920 --> 00:41:03.170 On the other hand, therefore, my economy occupies a dominant place 201 00:41:03.220 --> 00:41:17.579 in. In, in urban areas in Ghana it forms about 83% of their employments in urban areas. even though it provides a lot of jobs, and it sells as a livelihood for the airban folks. 202 00:41:17.690 --> 00:41:24.549 It's also be deal with a lot of challenges. There have been challenges that they're banned from my economy. Has 203 00:41:24.790 --> 00:41:45.360 we confronted over the years? And it the COVID-19 pandemic has has beta these challenges. We all know how the Covid has affected all sectors of the economy. The Inform. Our economy is hardly heat, I mean, so The informal workers are bearing their plans of government structural changes policies. 204 00:41:46.250 --> 00:42:13.269 So there have been a lot of tourists and debates on a banning for my economy. 1 one has to do with the definition, what exactly is the for my economy? So any researcher has to define a informer economy based on as a operation definition. And so for me, I look at it as activities that lack any legal protection and where we can not have access to social protection or any secure Co employment contracts. Or we case union. 205 00:42:13.270 --> 00:42:34.820 And also there has been a debate around love, hate, relationship with former agencies. who has then, from the economy is seen by money as avenue for employment, as a as a nuisance in their cities. And I'll ask it, create congestions and other criminal activities. They also debate around poverty, alleviation, and job creation. 206 00:42:34.830 --> 00:42:46.449 some see them from economy as a value for employment and also providing secure income for a bank informal workers. 207 00:42:47.560 --> 00:42:59.000 And also there has been a debates from money development, develop developmental theories as to whether the informal economy is transitionary 208 00:42:59.060 --> 00:43:18.669 it will persist for by the years. I mean. Therefore the economy has persisted, and as this bank day as session, I am from Economics transitionary, and it's all it will. It will fade out with time. then, from the economy has not fade out. It's conservative persists, especially in the most most developing countries. 209 00:43:19.210 --> 00:43:35.739 And also it's seen ourselves at optimizing Smes as small and medium enterprise. Some sees that as a van where, entrepreneurship abilities are netted, they'll be able to expand and provide jobs and then transform into the former economy. 210 00:43:35.740 --> 00:43:58.409 And also there's interaction between partnership and continuity with the former sector, they said, by the rational relationship between the 4 minded for my economy, so how to affect the for my economy also affects the informal economy. So this tour is and debates have been going on with, I don't have my time to expans sheet and discuss most of this, but I decided to bring it out of. 211 00:43:59.390 --> 00:44:18.339 So what's the research question for this? That is, what are the critical challenges to add Banning for my sector employments in Ghana, and as rent is, I used it the 20 to 18 world banks, Ghana informa, enterprise savvy? That's why I 18. Enterprise that we provide information on the level of abundance from activities. 212 00:44:18.340 --> 00:44:34.599 reasons for informality, the challenges of a burning for my enterprise, entrepreneurial entrepreneurship in Ghana. Among other factors, I also use the Ghana Lab for survey which provides current state of labor force activities in Ghana. 213 00:44:35.980 --> 00:44:41.930 So from the results of the World Bank Enterprise Service. 214 00:44:42.250 --> 00:44:58.779 it's revealed a lot of challenges. And I of challenges biggest among these challenges has to do with limited access to finance or loans problem with the electricity supply and leave the access to land. This, as being. This is. These are the 3 most 215 00:44:58.820 --> 00:45:10.619 critical challenges of being for my workers in Ghana. You can see from the data when it comes to limited access to finance or loans. 36.2 1% 216 00:45:10.820 --> 00:45:21.420 of informal workers reported of not having finance or receiving loans in their business activities, and also the problem with electricity supply. 217 00:45:21.480 --> 00:45:38.480 you know, in many developing countries there is an issue of power outages, and Ghana is no exception. There has been a erratic power supply. And this affects the businesses of in from our market. So you can see that it's 27, 3% reported of 218 00:45:39.150 --> 00:45:56.130 having seen electricity as a problem in their business activities. There's also limited access to land, you know, because of the rapid urbanization. most land has been commercialized. So in most advanced centers land. Goodness to land 219 00:45:56.210 --> 00:46:11.260 by low income and S is difficult. So most inform activities have been relegated or marginalized to the periphery of urban centers. And so this inform, our case 220 00:46:12.190 --> 00:46:18.339 has to cope. I mean, with this challenge, and most of them also, because, as 221 00:46:18.350 --> 00:46:21.239 problem of land. Assess 222 00:46:21.710 --> 00:46:26.889 foods uphouses in in in slums because they are not able to afford 223 00:46:27.050 --> 00:46:41.440 the land in the centre or the city center, so they always go to the periphery, and they put up houses. And this creates slums in this area. So where most informal workers are, you see, a bit of slum and deprivation. 224 00:46:42.690 --> 00:46:50.680 Also, there's problem. We can see the problem with water supply. There's climb limited access to technology corruption inadequate 225 00:46:50.900 --> 00:46:59.610 in an adequate educated workforce. These are our challenges started from our enterprise survey, rebuild by the World Bank. 226 00:47:07.630 --> 00:47:18.440 So related results from the Canal Labor Survey and other Literature review report that there is also issue of unsafe working space 227 00:47:18.450 --> 00:47:25.910 spaces, I mean, most workers put themselves under hazard or have threats as they go about the activities. 228 00:47:25.990 --> 00:47:41.269 also there is the issue of fuse and bureaucracy most informal, I guess. Complain of paying a number of fees to city authorities in going about the business activities. There's a lack of lack of access to social protection. 229 00:47:41.320 --> 00:47:51.060 Lack of access to protection has been a difficult or an issue, a problem for informal workers. We know all over the world how in from our case 230 00:47:51.550 --> 00:47:53.540 at these are not 231 00:47:53.700 --> 00:48:09.739 covered by any social protection, and this they find it difficult to to access certain facilities, so they find it difficult to have a certain social interventions, because governments have not paid much attention to Jarwick 232 00:48:09.820 --> 00:48:18.990 as of. There's issue of COVID-19 pandemic. As I said, the cognitive pandemic has has bated the inequities in the EU from the economy and the informal workers. 233 00:48:19.700 --> 00:48:32.829 I I experienced so much challenges, because, of course, then from the coordinating pandemic products. Most of them were out of work during the the COVID-19 pandemic. 234 00:48:33.090 --> 00:48:47.609 and even in that in the in the post. Napose! COVID-19. economy! There have been a lot of government interventions a lot of government policies which still affect the inform economy. One has to do with taxes. 235 00:48:47.630 --> 00:48:50.680 I mean, there's been a lot of taxes by most. 236 00:48:50.770 --> 00:49:01.270 governments in the developing world we cannot no exception, because there has been 21 8 from the developed world. So one way governments 237 00:49:01.430 --> 00:49:26.569 want to get assess or mobilize resources. It's through taxes. And this taxes. That's not all that. Well for you, for my workers, because they they make make a income from their business activities. Some of them also pay double taxes to a number of agencies. So tomorrow my presentation will look at the experiences of informal or tax payment in the form of economy. That will be a very interesting one 238 00:49:26.570 --> 00:49:39.679 because it's so much interested to me. So the taxes study pay. As I said earlier, that's not all world for their business activities as they don't, and enough income in the. 239 00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.549 So I would like to conclude by saying that informality is a development challenge challenge 240 00:49:49.720 --> 00:50:01.230 in Ghana. I know that's not only in Ghana, but in most developing countries. Informality has been on the increase. I've been on their rise, and they come with a lot of challenges and 241 00:50:01.790 --> 00:50:20.959 Many scholars have called upon government to look at ways that they could transform their from economy or bring policies that will help transform the economy. So governments has a big role to play in tackling their structural and economic situations that determine the level of informal sector activities. In Ghana. 242 00:50:20.960 --> 00:50:32.719 Also, there should be needed for expansion of social potato for the pork, regardless of employment status in order for my economy. It's a hierarchy most scholars have. Look at it in a more. 243 00:50:32.720 --> 00:50:37.829 a homogeneous way, but it's heterogeneous. So those who are the upper level 244 00:50:37.830 --> 00:50:54.900 of the hierarchy. Those were the Lower Iraqi and most government policies that are not favor. I mean, those are the lower hierarchy. So that means there is a need for government to implement protection and policies that will help streamline activities of informa workers in Ghana. 245 00:50:55.200 --> 00:50:57.470 Thank you so much for your attention. 246 00:50:58.180 --> 00:51:00.759 and I'm willing to answer any question. 247 00:51:07.580 --> 00:51:13.690 Dasten Julián Vejar: Thank you for that presentation. Very interesting. The 248 00:51:14.190 --> 00:51:21.200 Dasten Julián Vejar: the Trans. And the change of the set, the informal sector in Ghana. Now we are going to 249 00:51:22.210 --> 00:51:24.280 Dasten Julián Vejar: present the 250 00:51:25.020 --> 00:51:30.250 Dasten Julián Vejar: or something. Medina. What I'm Anina 251 00:51:31.650 --> 00:51:35.350 Dasten Julián Vejar: I'm going to. 252 00:51:40.400 --> 00:51:41.700 Dasten Julián Vejar: And 253 00:51:41.990 --> 00:51:43.080 Dasten Julián Vejar: hello, Allen. 254 00:51:51.980 --> 00:52:00.560 Dasten Julián Vejar: we have an experience of. They go to his relation with A with her no, and 255 00:52:04.980 --> 00:52:07.610 Dasten Julián Vejar: of opener class. And 256 00:52:12.330 --> 00:52:17.980 Dasten Julián Vejar: so, thank you. You have 15 min. 257 00:52:21.340 --> 00:52:22.390 Betina Freidin: And 258 00:52:23.480 --> 00:52:24.140 Betina Freidin: okay. 259 00:55:38.810 --> 00:55:40.300 Betina Freidin: yes, I know 260 00:56:45.670 --> 00:56:47.180 Betina Freidin: there's Demos 261 00:58:15.110 --> 00:58:15.990 Betina Freidin: a 262 00:59:21.940 --> 00:59:27.890 Betina Freidin: in 263 00:59:28.340 --> 00:59:40.290 Betina Freidin: and 264 01:00:59.190 --> 01:01:01.460 Betina Freidin: in. 265 01:01:24.400 --> 01:01:26.829 Betina Freidin: you know, in in 266 01:04:24.330 --> 01:04:25.680 Betina Freidin: and 267 01:05:02.390 --> 01:05:03.570 Betina Freidin: a 268 01:05:28.460 --> 01:05:29.560 Betina Freidin: and 269 01:06:31.130 --> 01:06:32.170 Betina Freidin: and 270 01:08:55.030 --> 01:08:56.780 Betina Freidin: me tell us, yes. 271 01:09:04.890 --> 01:09:06.220 Dasten Julián Vejar: yeah. 272 01:09:08.210 --> 01:09:09.660 Dasten Julián Vejar: yes. 273 01:09:17.140 --> 01:09:17.880 Dasten Julián Vejar: huh! 274 01:09:21.700 --> 01:09:24.400 Dasten Julián Vejar: Yeah. You get it right now. you know. 275 01:09:35.180 --> 01:09:43.040 Dasten Julián Vejar: Thank you for your presentation. And now we are going to have the the presentation of a Mariana Fernande Massey. 276 01:09:51.990 --> 01:09:53.220 Dasten Julián Vejar: A, 277 01:09:53.920 --> 01:09:56.469 Dasten Julián Vejar: you said, okay. 278 01:09:56.560 --> 01:10:04.630 Dasten Julián Vejar: From the this presentation is called a typical employment for snow and Argentina. These courses. 279 01:10:05.060 --> 01:10:08.560 Dasten Julián Vejar: statistics, and regulation. 280 01:10:22.210 --> 01:10:24.750 Dasten Julián Vejar: Yeah, I think. 281 01:10:46.310 --> 01:10:54.430 okay. So they recorded their presentation as is a ask. 282 01:10:54.540 --> 01:11:06.230 So they will present the I will present the record. But they are there to answer questions. It's 283 01:11:11.370 --> 01:11:12.080 so. 284 01:11:26.530 --> 01:11:27.610 you see. 285 01:11:31.420 --> 01:11:32.769 Dasten Julián Vejar: we cannot hear. 286 01:11:35.030 --> 01:11:35.730 You know. 287 01:11:47.250 --> 01:11:50.820 Dasten Julián Vejar: Yeah, we we here 288 01:11:51.530 --> 01:11:54.829 in the room, but maybe it's in in some. No? 289 01:12:06.320 --> 01:12:07.180 Oh. 290 01:12:09.490 --> 01:12:10.640 normally it's 291 01:12:10.730 --> 01:12:11.889 be sure. 292 01:12:12.870 --> 01:12:16.000 Yes, yes. people. 293 01:12:16.150 --> 01:12:22.430 No, I think it's you have to put the same as the system. No. 294 01:12:27.200 --> 01:12:29.600 because online isn't here. 295 01:12:40.130 --> 01:12:45.199 I would try to do it here with it here. No. 296 01:12:45.400 --> 01:12:50.280 we can choose to, the same as the same same as system. Oh. 297 01:12:52.180 --> 01:12:55.439 normally it shared. 298 01:12:56.760 --> 01:13:00.499 So I don't know madness if you want to. 299 01:13:23.330 --> 01:13:25.159 She can share 300 01:13:25.760 --> 01:13:28.360 from her computer. 301 01:13:33.390 --> 01:13:36.270 Sheila. Compared to the 302 01:13:42.830 --> 01:13:48.659 this was, I said, Okay. and we will see if we can. Here 303 01:13:48.680 --> 01:13:49.750 in the room. 304 01:14:04.900 --> 01:14:09.009 No, we no here in the room 305 01:14:31.170 --> 01:14:32.460 I want to see. 306 01:14:34.240 --> 01:14:34.920 Dasten Julián Vejar: But 307 01:14:35.750 --> 01:14:44.679 it's really that we receive a lot of mess to recording prayer, recording and upload our presentation. 308 01:14:44.830 --> 01:14:47.160 That is not work. 309 01:14:48.350 --> 01:14:50.549 Appreciate she. And with them 310 01:14:59.330 --> 01:15:00.900 Do you hear 311 01:15:08.490 --> 01:15:09.959 Dasten Julián Vejar: out of the 312 01:15:17.130 --> 01:15:21.860 access in Korea? I can. Can. You can make your presentation 313 01:15:48.840 --> 01:15:57.189 if you can do it, because it will be better. Thank you. Thank you for improvisation. 314 01:16:02.000 --> 01:16:19.329 she said, that it's the night in Argentina baby. 315 01:16:19.890 --> 01:16:25.639 But is the reason why they they register the presentation? 316 01:16:25.770 --> 01:16:32.279 Perfect? Yeah. 317 01:16:33.600 --> 01:16:34.640 for that. 318 01:16:44.120 --> 01:16:44.940 Ali. 319 01:24:00.920 --> 01:24:02.510 Marina Adamini: And 320 01:27:17.860 --> 01:27:18.720 Marina Adamini: I, 321 01:32:40.790 --> 01:32:45.720 Dasten Julián Vejar: yeah. thank you so much for your presentation. And now we have a 322 01:32:46.040 --> 01:32:57.840 Dasten Julián Vejar: a time for questions, for comments. Maybe we can put the question in the shop, and then we can hey, just debate over, discuss. 323 01:33:16.750 --> 01:33:20.930 I will see here. Yes. yes, we want 324 01:33:22.860 --> 01:33:27.820 about the yes. It is not a question about presentation. 325 01:33:30.430 --> 01:33:32.740 Dasten Julián Vejar: Maybe you have a question. 326 01:33:35.059 --> 01:33:37.060 Dasten Julián Vejar: I'll put it on one. Yeah. 327 01:33:37.330 --> 01:33:41.240 Kristian Ando Kristena has a question 328 01:33:42.260 --> 01:33:43.900 I don't know. 329 01:33:45.000 --> 01:33:52.570 Okay, Florida, please. 330 01:33:53.350 --> 01:33:55.799 Flora Bajard: okay, thank you. Can you hear me? 331 01:33:56.389 --> 01:34:00.399 Flora Bajard: Yes, yes, okay, fine 332 01:34:00.459 --> 01:34:20.949 Flora Bajard: Sorry I had. I had a question for I I I appreciate it very much that the last presentation. Your thank you very much. How have I just had a question for the 2 previous presentations? I I was just wondering if the different people. You can met 333 01:34:20.990 --> 01:34:33.580 Flora Bajard: implementing new forms of social protection because of the lack of the, for example, the welfare state. 334 01:34:33.740 --> 01:34:54.279 Flora Bajard: for example, in Ghana. So I was wondering if the workers or the people you met could invent new forms of social protection like a virtual aid, virtual assistance. So the thing we call in French the and in a French-speaking countries in Africa, the 335 01:34:54.280 --> 01:35:08.229 Flora Bajard: erez agmoni, which are kind of collective mutual help, self-help, self-organized help. So yes, this is the question about the way people could implement 250 336 01:35:08.260 --> 01:35:13.740 Flora Bajard: forms of social protection besides, from the classical welfare States. 337 01:35:16.450 --> 01:35:24.890 All right, thank you. For do you want come here to be safe by the online people? 338 01:35:26.820 --> 01:35:33.969 Okay, thank you for the question for for the case of Ghana. 339 01:35:34.010 --> 01:35:38.580 Realize that the Government has not paid much attention to them for my economy. 340 01:35:38.710 --> 01:35:42.050 it's early pays attention, went. 341 01:35:42.490 --> 01:35:45.960 They want to mobilize resource or tax them. 342 01:35:46.010 --> 01:36:15.320 So, as I said earlier on my presentation, there's no for my protection. Such a protection for workers, and you know them, for my economy does not have any led by union, or they don't have. They have associations, but not all of them joined the association. So most of them, I mean to inform our contributions to have themselves like more of self help organizations. But in terms of government supports there's limited government supports 343 01:36:15.320 --> 01:36:25.940 when they covered it. During the covid time there was a limited protection for them for my workers, but even that, with that most informal workers were 344 01:36:26.030 --> 01:36:44.429 exclude it because They could not have access to setting requirements that the Government needed. So I'll say there's no for my so share protection, even though there are self help. inform our our case. We organize themselves to have to to help each other in the awak. 345 01:36:45.610 --> 01:36:50.429 I don't know whether this is a bit clearer to you. You can ask more questions if you have. 346 01:36:50.630 --> 01:36:51.340 Okay. 347 01:36:51.610 --> 01:36:56.299 Flora Bajard: thank you very much. I left time for other people. But thank you. 348 01:36:56.440 --> 01:37:02.299 Alright, you're welcome. There is a question here from the Tiana. 349 01:37:04.440 --> 01:37:06.350 Dasten Julián Vejar: There is a question for that, you know. 350 01:37:06.410 --> 01:37:07.810 Yes. 351 01:37:07.860 --> 01:37:15.529 in the yeah. Thank you for the questions. Indeed. 352 01:37:15.690 --> 01:37:24.229 it's increased a little bit. since all Arab world facing the issue of growing youth population. 353 01:37:24.570 --> 01:37:36.679 So it's like a river. It's in other Western countries there is a reversed up pyramid, the demographic pyramid, so that. 354 01:37:37.130 --> 01:37:59.560 or we have aging the population, but in our world it's the opposite. So we have a more and more young generations coming into the labor market, and sometimes the labor market cannot absorb them very quickly, because still, after bachelor's degrees, they are not as qualified as like and as competitive as like Western expatriates who get the jobs easier. 355 01:37:59.730 --> 01:38:01.530 So why? 356 01:38:02.030 --> 01:38:21.439 do non-american women primarily concentrate on domestic services activities? It's very easy. So Majority of expatriates who are coming to the Ui labor market are men. 357 01:38:21.520 --> 01:38:26.939 So those? the percentage of women is low, it's expanding. 358 01:38:26.970 --> 01:38:36.780 but it's Still low, so on. Most of the jobs. They are mainly men who are coming, and females are coming as like nannies and homemates. 359 01:38:36.860 --> 01:38:40.759 So. These are the people like from 360 01:38:41.140 --> 01:38:57.309 Philippines, Bangladesh, African countries who are mainly recruited as domestic workers. That's why they are concentrating in there. And emerati do not concentrate there because they don't do this work. So basically, the culture is a 361 01:38:57.530 --> 01:39:08.379 Hmm, they may. As I say, they are mostly most of them are all qualified. they get the Higher education Master degree usually. 362 01:39:08.490 --> 01:39:18.870 and they tend to work to the in the private and the public sector. So yeah, I think I answered the question. Thank you. 363 01:39:22.360 --> 01:39:25.210 Yeah. But I'm not. 364 01:39:26.040 --> 01:39:30.609 Dasten Julián Vejar: Thank you so much. I think it's another question for 365 01:39:35.980 --> 01:39:38.990 Betina Freidin: okay. 366 01:40:28.690 --> 01:40:29.870 Betina Freidin: And 367 01:41:04.080 --> 01:41:04.950 Betina Freidin: and 368 01:41:08.600 --> 01:41:09.490 Betina Freidin: and 369 01:41:23.320 --> 01:41:24.120 Betina Freidin: hmm. 370 01:41:27.810 --> 01:41:36.970 yeah, I am asking you whole. Thank you very much for your presentation. I'm going to speak in English, because few people here 371 01:41:37.010 --> 01:41:40.359 I can't understand you if you speak in Spanish or 372 01:41:40.400 --> 01:41:43.379 please, can you answer in English to the question? 373 01:41:43.580 --> 01:41:44.760 And 374 01:41:45.000 --> 01:41:57.429 I'm asking you all, because from yesterday we start a very interesting debate. Speaking that South America is in advance with the reflection about informality. 375 01:41:57.640 --> 01:42:07.430 And this morning I am surprised because I see in all your presentation informal work in for my work. 376 01:42:07.520 --> 01:42:26.090 and I was saying yesterday that there is. the debate is not about in formality. Formality doesn't mean nothing because you you you had. You had a port, something very important with a popular economy, and I think it will be nice to hear about that. 377 01:42:26.120 --> 01:42:54.980 And because in one way Julieta and Myana. They are working about very interesting story of the typical employment which is not so typical. But it was during a period. But I think it will be nice to hear you about informal work. I think it doesn't mean nothing. So when we speak about informal work, what do we speak about? 378 01:42:55.860 --> 01:42:59.600 What do you speak about when you speak about informal work? 379 01:43:01.280 --> 01:43:08.959 This is the question I have you. You don't have to understand it now, because we are. We are going to follow the debate during all the week. But 380 01:43:09.040 --> 01:43:12.220 it's a question, for 381 01:43:12.550 --> 01:43:16.399 Dasten Julián Vejar: I think that is a very radical er debate 382 01:43:16.570 --> 01:43:18.450 Dasten Julián Vejar: trying to say that informal work 383 01:43:18.600 --> 01:43:22.809 Dasten Julián Vejar: don't mean nothing, you know. It's like you have. Maybe some 384 01:43:23.050 --> 01:43:28.089 Dasten Julián Vejar: one I don't know by the 80 years of debate in Latin America about 385 01:43:28.420 --> 01:43:34.649 Dasten Julián Vejar: what is the meaning of informality. And what is the complexity of that sector, and many kind of ways. 386 01:43:34.910 --> 01:43:42.730 Dasten Julián Vejar: I understand, to the the relation of the debate, focusing popular economies. And it's a very like mainstream debate now. And 387 01:43:42.830 --> 01:43:48.159 Dasten Julián Vejar: America focus on the resistance and the alternative and all the possibilities that offer. 388 01:43:48.520 --> 01:43:52.249 Dasten Julián Vejar: Yeah, for example, the feminist economy. 389 01:43:52.280 --> 01:43:55.399 Dasten Julián Vejar: or the frontier economies that are related to 390 01:43:55.680 --> 01:44:00.139 Dasten Julián Vejar: all this situation that intersectionality brings to 391 01:44:00.270 --> 01:44:01.350 Dasten Julián Vejar: to 392 01:44:01.490 --> 01:44:09.950 Dasten Julián Vejar: to keep another chance or another possibilities for for our societies, you know, and not understand it like something negative. 393 01:44:10.290 --> 01:44:14.940 Dasten Julián Vejar: just like unconditional historical condition or Latin America. I understand that. 394 01:44:14.950 --> 01:44:17.380 Dasten Julián Vejar: But in the same way I understand my colleagues 395 01:44:17.420 --> 01:44:25.359 Dasten Julián Vejar: because I it's a long, a debate in Latin America, and it's not just so simple to say something like that. 396 01:44:25.550 --> 01:44:32.150 Dasten Julián Vejar: and that, and that and that way. And I think then, for example, when 397 01:44:32.210 --> 01:44:40.129 Dasten Julián Vejar: when it put away, we have some. can be. Some like informal work of the explosion of informal work is related to 398 01:44:40.360 --> 01:44:49.000 Dasten Julián Vejar: to situation of of of for tennity and social security, and and when we said, in formalities related to the 399 01:44:49.220 --> 01:44:52.970 Dasten Julián Vejar: the lack of social protection for one from 400 01:44:53.250 --> 01:44:57.900 Dasten Julián Vejar: one kind of of of in formal work. 401 01:44:58.050 --> 01:45:01.640 Dasten Julián Vejar: and then and then another one and another a 402 01:45:02.070 --> 01:45:03.820 Dasten Julián Vejar: way. It's too 403 01:45:04.100 --> 01:45:05.580 Dasten Julián Vejar: related to 404 01:45:06.060 --> 01:45:13.170 Dasten Julián Vejar: to the way and the the place where it's develop their work. 405 01:45:13.360 --> 01:45:32.000 Dasten Julián Vejar: It's related to the political rights. Then the people can use for defense. He's on right, and it's more complicated that that can go away. But maybe my colleagues can response to you and say what they understand. That is the importance of the relevance of informality today.