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all right. Good morning, everybody. We're going to get started. I am in the incredible position of having all of the presenters here in person today. And I'm so very excited. So we're going to get started. We have a packed slate of talks 5 in total. That's going to hopefully take us to some really great questions and discussion.

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It's done so I think the way this is going to work is everybody is going to get. Oh, well, according to this, everybody gets 12 min. So

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hopefully, that'll work. I'm going to do my best to keep everybody on track, but not be too neat.

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okay. So our first. Our first talk is with Lloyd Wilkinson, and here

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number 2 on that. Oh, I'm sorry sorry I was, and you you you're allowed there. Sorry.

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and the talk is pandemic-induced racism and against indigenous peoples, newcomers, and racialized persons. Canada, the Us. And Mexico

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great. That's a

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of the

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so

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I just want to

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here to make you a

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I want to recognize, and I extend on Roger you.

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This is so. The territory, not some ancestral territory

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to keep so that is the Roger people of the nation

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as we should.

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we always put up our recognition of territory. But where U. Of M. Stands we also want to point out that while you have.

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that's his magic of recognition of country.

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most recognition of country or territory

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is literally meaningless.

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We're going to talk about our study in Mexico, Canada, and the Us. On

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racism and

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focusing more on our study in Canada.

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It's a

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what I want to just put up for those that don't know Canada. Canada's first nation or indigenous people are not a monolithic people.

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There are multiple nations, and this just gives a nice sense across the country. But this is only dealing with registering for treaty Indians, and if you have questions about that.

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I continue

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it's also important to recognize that

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indigenous people not just live on the our cities are actually the largest population of indigenous people.

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The other thing to recognize is that in 2,021

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close to one in 4 people in Canada are immigrants. This is the highest. Someone's 2, 7.

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And I think it's for

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to recognize the role of immigration

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and also the experience of the powers.

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What do we know about racism during the pandemic? But we all think that it's important to also look back.

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it goes back. And to understand that racism isn't something new. During the

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Canada, despite its its narrative being something's very

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the Us.

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Happen narratives

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about

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being a good coloniser. Letter from newcomers still has a very

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dark history of education

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right to by the State to the, and

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it's a much shake

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as well as

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in terms of

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can you?

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An existing both satisfying on policy as well as systemic issues?

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And these are often talked about a social determinant of health.

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But there are also political determinants of health. They're caused and the result of

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hundreds of years of policy for

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racism increased during the pandemic.

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And this is something that Laurie will.

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Charlie rushed through this.

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If you want to know about the methodology at all. We're not going to go through much of this, but it was a study that was funded by T. to look at

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Covid's impact on it.

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and

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in Canada, Us. And Mexico we had rolling surveys, using

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that. So

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the only thing you use was, if you're not. you have some quantitative. and these are actually still

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Harvard. 2 or

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thanks so much, Kara. I'm to roll through these slides fairly quickly, because we have a ton of data to share. So in addition to the 5 on the bus surveys that we collected during the pandemic. We have weekly surveys starting in March of 2020.

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So we've got we stopped at 63 weeks 0

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of doing these weekly surveys. So I apologize in advance. So this truck here looks at the results from Canada, Us. And Mexico, with regards to

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the question since COVID-19. Would you describe their current relations as worsened between, and then

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immigrants of non-immigrants, Asians and Non Asians, Muslims and non-muslims, Jews and non-jews and black persons and African descent, and others

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because we ran this survey across 3 different countries. We had to slightly change the wording for some of these

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and groups, which is why there is slashes

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different words. But, as you can see in Canada and the Us. But even to a certain extent, Mexico, the conditions that people

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between immigrants and non-immigrants actually worsened out of those

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people. So third, in Canada, 38%, the next

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sort of us 27% in Mexico.

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If you look at the relations between

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and non-asians almost the same. Except for Mexico, only 16% of the population of the relationships had worsened

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for Muslims and non-muslims highest ever was in the Us. At 24%.

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And interestingly. this is a little bit of news, but not so much is the relationship between Jewish people and not Jewish people. Those relations seem to have worsened as well, and so in Canada in particular

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convoy. The trucker convoy used a lot of anti-semitic

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imagery in in their protest among the vaccines, and then finally, with them African Americans and black persons. the

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that the relationship got worse, was higher in the Us. Than it was in the other.

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Is we also asked a question.

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has racism and exclusion increased? And this is just data for the Canada and the U.S.A. for indigenous people

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in the U.S.A. 33%. That racism became course in Canada was 17%. And then immigrants in the United States fell in

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exclusion and racism.

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We see at around 27%. And then for the immigrants in Canada was 21%.

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Then we asked another question, because we asked lots of questions. Do you believe racism needs to be addressed? And you can see that

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in Canada the number of people who are indicating that

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it needs to be adjusted much higher than it is in the Us. And in Mexico. But still 20% of Canadians, 30% of Americans and 13% of Mexicans believed that racism was being

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course.

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So

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we find that those results

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we asked the question

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to COVID-19

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needs to be addressed because a lot of people in all 3 countries

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believed that COVID-19 was a hoax in some regard, or it was just a bad cold, and Mexicans were much more likely to say that COVID-19 needs to be addressed than Canadians

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and Americans, and another 20% in all 3 countries felt like we were responding enough to the crisis this question was asked in.

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we asked a couple of times, actually, do you believe reconciliation with indigenous people's East? And these findings are rather interesting as well. So a low of 41% to high, of 48%

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indicated that there was a correct level of addressing of the issue of reconciliation.

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But 20% of Canadians, and just under 20% of the Americans felt like

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people that are

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so kind of matching right

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of races, and that about 20% don't feel like racism is a problem. It's probably the same 20% of people saying that

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overblown reconciliation as well.

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the purple bars on the right indicate that there hasn't been enough attention. And that's 40% in Canada, just under 40% in the Us. And just over 40% in Mexico.

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So I find on on our many questions that we ask about Canada and us and Mexico, I find the racism questions to be really interesting in the similarities that our 3 countries have, because in North America we tend not to talk about

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similarities between Canada, Us. And Mexico, Mexico is always left out. And so

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I'm making a plea that, as sociologists. at least in North America, should consider Mexico as well.

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Although these surveys were done on the Internet, we did have qualitative, open-ended responses. So when we asked people about their experiences of racism, we got a lot of information, and that came to us in English, Spanish, and French, I provided that

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translations were appropriate. So there's some slides for us, some comments for you to read as I'm reading other comments. Is that putting you to work today?

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So we have a comment from a Chinese Canadian who said, as a Chinese Canadian, I was treated

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and brought the Covid virus.

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An African American in the Us. Said I. And they treat black people cause it here. Another commentary said, I'm Chinese. People look at me like we brought the virus to America, say nasty things and throw things and physically hurt you.

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Another person from the Us. Said, I'm a mixed grace, black and white, but I look predominantly black.

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I have been called racial slurs at gas stations

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differently by other people

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in certain areas of Florida.

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and then from Mexico.

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I've noticed people are less friendly and more aggressive when they cannot see my face. I believe this is because I,

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Asian-pacific Island descent and Mexican descent

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current. The current social climate surrounding the election of the virus people have either been overly friendly towards me, or tense and aggressive as.

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and treating me as to find the problem.

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So this is sadly after problem in Austria countries, but also for the audience is an issue that we

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currently working through because we have

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3 weeks of

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data. And then these 3 are sorry

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omnibus surveys.

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I feel like I'm an astronaut.

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a space machine, and all the stars of data passing through me. So we're still trying to sort out the data to finish off our

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qualitative interviews. But one of the issues that we're looking at qualitatively

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is mental health. So we used a mental health self-rated mental health index to measure early on in the pandemic people's experiences of mental health problems, and whether or not racism was correlated with it.

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And what we found is that people who had experienced racism were more likely to rank their mental health poorly than people who had not experienced racism both in Canada and the Us. There is a little bit of an issue with the Mexican data which I

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to share with you later? But it was just simpler just to explain the Us. Canada?

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So I think our time is, yeah.

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Can we have 3 min. Oh.

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I have a little bit of time.

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my little timer on.

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so maybe I will explain a little bit about these mental health findings. So we did the

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9 index which which asks about Youtube

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rate what your day is.

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but also some suicidal ideologies, and what we found early on in the pandemic is immigrants in particular, and indigenous people

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as well in Canada, and the Us. Actually support much higher than other groups in our study.

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and it was very disturbing that this group of people was having so many more difficulties, and yet no one really

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here.

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And so this is an avenue that we're pursuing with the

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interviews that

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get to be connected. You have a colleague.

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and she's uncovered some significantly interesting data on

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those people. Experience the pandemic. To make a long story short, the that were sitting on the Mexico border. It's not that they didn't care about Kovat.

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but it was a minor technicality in terms of the jury

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they had already experienced trying to get to the Us. And then with title 42, and all the changes to American entrance policy

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that that kind of stress way outnumbered the stress that they experience with.

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So

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this is our huge research team. We had research in all 3 countries who all came together in a.

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We had less than 3 weeks for this grant together.

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and less than a week to start this survey. I do need to thank Laijing marketing in Canada because they let us do the first set of weekly service for free.

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So but we're sitting on this wonderful set of data that looks at all kinds of aspects. Covid.

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did you have covid immunity? Did you get immunized? Do you believe in myth? So anyways, we're swimming in this data? I thank you for your tension, and if you want any information, we've got 2 websites up there, if you can contact me or here as well. Thank you very much. I'll give a 30 s hit on this. The other set of data that we have a lot of is on trust, and I think that that is another avenue

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that when we can look at trust of governance around Covid, and how Covid transforms that

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it's another really interesting piece.

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Thank you. Clear this off for the next person.

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So our next presenters,

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Rebecca, yeah, sorry. I'll send it to my sorry. My brain is really not in functioning today. So yeah, back at China

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and Dr. Lynn park from the University of Auckland in New Zealand, and their talk is going to be Asian, New Zealanders, experiences of racism.

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Anyways. Yeah, come on up just to. You know, I'm giving people 15 min as opposed to 12, because it seems a bit crazy.

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Everyone. Thank you for being here on the final day of the Congress. I want to thank the Professor, which I called our session chair, and

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and the

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the warranty boy or the people of the.

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We are therefore, for their role in portable as your guardians of this land.

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and we' to admire the wisdom and their traditions and their contribution to making

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by our research

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and our research were conducted in Ourtero, New Zealand, where the Maori are the indigenous people.

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and Rebecca now I base it at the universal movement. So I up our time up the road. The monopoly where the main campus dates is the up to 12 R. K.

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As we present our research here.

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we which

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you can. we can work together to make to make a meaningful contribution to the well. They, although all the things on this planet, it for the.

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And

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I think, what if so much? Here are lots of people, and I haven't have the chance opportunity to know. Hw, yeah.

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But I think there is one thing you can share together.

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the challenges that they brought about the pandemic.

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and however

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the challenging, the impact of the pandemic was not same for everyone, and today's talk is about the impact of pandemic, for Asian usual enters, however, it is important to recognize the Maori and possibility

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communities that racialized ethnic minorities in alteri have also faced various false racism during this time

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and this

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in Asian studies, sociology, of public health and social work and education.

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and our research is centered around our experience engagement with the community during the common pandemic

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and Rebecca and I, along with 3 members of the team are honored to present our research findings, and if you fall, Rebecca Gelvin, to the many, find these implications. I want to do this

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come, Facebook is, we serve today as you. And this

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we search.

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however, we recognize the town, ancient and complex, various

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communities with different history, culture, languages, and microbes, or we recognize

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there is no single Asia

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experiences or perspectives. However, it is important to recognize. We are not only settlers for also kind of the treaty, so I think we believe, is the

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full set.

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what? And responsibilities in addition to the kind of

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for it.

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and I think many of you are familiar with the games. This image was created by the artist and also activate for the

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you just swallow that

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because Asian cities were being invisible.

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Okay. coming

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hypervisor. for to 3, as already mentioned in the study criticism

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they are.

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if

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associate with the being a virus who are sometimes the potential

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office.

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So in New Jersey the colonial pandemic is not only subjective age to waste.

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but has also revealed the presence of the

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sex.

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The supermarkets were you tested to

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and initially initial data.

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Okay.

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he said.

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reflect what capture these periods As Asian communities, though ancient, consisting 50% of the population in our

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percent.

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So you've been to gauge in understanding what it is. It is very important

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for the

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in the context of.

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So this research has been provided by the contribution. And this.

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So in his context, we have to research

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to forward the experience of Asian regional mentors. And for our research.

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of course, various aspect of experiences. This presentation.

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or if you.

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with the

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that sensation

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for data collection, we did. We conducted a whole sections away for a period of 40 days in. I was 21.

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So during the day, and we were places

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far-fighted interest and engagement from Asia communities, and we received one in 2,000 questions, and our reach for 1,452 responses for 1,940 analysis.

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So you can one. Because we, your closer and more information about the participants.

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So let's

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a lot of things.

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So the part chart indicates that for our and her disciplines, with all kids experience faces in order that quickly or directly, and promote the various settings where

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cultivated public spaces for the most common.

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they followed by social media and mainstream.

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etc. To this.

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the next has happened.

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Who is more exposure

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before the

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who exposure to this

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young participants?

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If also we just just it, us individual or temporary visa and don't.

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It's all

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compared to others. So now we're going to come in for what they can size. The

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excellent

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reference to the start of the vegetation. Our research, not only in that methodology, but also on the underlying values, was very much

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scholars looking at.

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And that's

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Andrea Curtis, Ricky Harris.

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Thank you.

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I personally have been privileged to love from indirect. So that's very much reflected. And in the way we conducted our research.

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So this is the model that we constructed to look at the association.

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experiencing racism and the

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period, and since Covid life satisfaction, and both of those we tended to binaries of experiencing and having high

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versus low since Covid like satisfaction. And we just added the respondent

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for Covid and Socio cultural factors eventually to the model to look at how and the association might change.

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So These were our findings. So we found

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next line people who had not experienced racism, and that most of the periods

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2.3 times more likely to have in life.

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and then a slightly attenuation in the added

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3 groupings.

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This is

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it.

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And one thing to know here is that we chose to

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on the outcome of in life.

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This is a bit different to the way that it's usually done where people

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experiencing racism to negative outcomes. And we chose to do things this way around it. We complicated because we wanted to show that everyone had the right to live a life free of racism, and to enjoy the highest possible level of well-being.

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and informed by the

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marty, and in the

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so to be full of an I responded to experiences of racism.

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and we were able to explore some of the responses elicited, and in contrast to the way that the media often depicts stories of racism as

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people being helpless old passive victims.

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We found that the majority of respondents to this Christian

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in the challenge, the person committing the them, or shared their experience with others, so they didn't just keep it

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to themselves. And the accompanying image is from some of the community organising work that

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and I were involved with during the

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and basically just to Google.

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where people could use to ask for help.

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We had a network of

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in the

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is.

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and this just serves to highlight the often unseen role that community make books play in times of crisis, and especially long as

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response by.

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In conclusion, a study describes the

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of racism experienced by Asian communities in the 19,

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some of the ways that it operates and that it.

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This

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one thing to note, though, is that

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let's

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of experiencing is actually what's consistently seen. For Asian, New Zealand is.

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And I,

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we have some more

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just covid on this number

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to

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picture. And

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what.

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as New Zealanders experience a high level of racism in their day-to-day lives.

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We also hope that our study would give people some ideas about how

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the community has responded to racism which can help

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challenge deficit based stereotypes, and how stories of

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I come from kind of a applied background in public health. So so what's always really important for us. So, based on our findings, we were able to formulate some points for advocacy and action which stood alongside the broader need for anti-racist and decolonizing efforts.

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And these are one of these, as the need for governments to actually collect data about racism and formed by the expertise of the

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communities, and we saw that for other kind of migrant Asian populations around the world. But they did these.

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Sometimes the Government actually took over

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that. This kind of a success, maybe not so much with the

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it comes like a police construction. We also thought it would be important to educate the media about how stories of racism can be told.

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and for future pandemic planning and other crises, planning

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to include strategies, to minimize or prevent the harm of racism surges in times of crisis.

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and all of these could benefit the whole kind of spectrum of racialized communities.

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the colonial State slightly

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and we hope that our work can contribute to the echo that we need greater solidarity amongst racialized communities. And so the colonial States, with the indigenous people

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and some of them work in New Zealand is made by groups such as agents.

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and look at it.

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and I think to bring our findings into this present day.

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You may have heard that in New Zealand we've had some extreme weather against recently the flooding and

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and once again, and we found that communities where English wasn't the primary language but left out of proceeding

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potentially, life-saving information was only available in English. So clearly, we still have a long way to go.

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So thank you very much for listening. I'd like to acknowledge our study participants and the community groups that

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to make that study possible.

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I love to thank our cover with this, including today, because we actually did this wall in our own time and lots of evenings and long nights of data analysis about these results possible.

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Please feel free to get in touch with myself will then and and out your treatment, and come out so far on this

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you very much.

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Thank you. Who are back on that. That was wonderful.

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Okay, our next, because I'm sure this was

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from Sunni in the United States.

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Okay, thank you.

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Okay, thank you. Good morning, every10, thank you for all joining this session. Oh. so today I'm going to talk about

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the Korean-american to Korean and the Korean-american response to the anti-systemic anti-asian violence during the Cabinet pandemic. My name is John Sejong. From the Sunni Cotland, the United States.

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Okay, I'd like to start with this code from on the

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the respondents

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in our research this copied has made a lot of people think about a lot of things, including me.

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I think the people either become much moral understanding and the sympathetic, or they become very much divided.

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Okay, Asian-americans in crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic triple jeopardy. So I'd like to call, though, those 3 to the oper health economic impact and the anti Asia balance. So today, I'd like to more focus on the anti Asian balance and hate crimes. Okay.

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so people are starting to do my presentation. I briefly like to explain about the current situation of hate crimes in the United States. So the number of the reports of the Hate crimes has been on the rise since 2,014, but it is still represented at the part of the bias related incident.

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so much on reported, and then not on the side, that this is the FBI hate crime data. So the as you can see that about 2,000 22,020 is over the 10 7,000. But I just got the new number on March, so the number, the rate this number is call exceed

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10,000.

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This. So if you, if you'd like to specify that this data so as you can see this one. So in the anti Asia and hate, crime is skylocked. This is 2

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years the point of

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look at the 2,020. First.

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only one year. Yeah. But

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anti- Asian hate crime reporting to twofold. Okay? So

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this is one of the impacts to of the next case.

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it's going on against the entire Asian 8 crimes. And this is another report

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from the New York City, New York City. Anti Asian complaints. So, as you can see the before the pandemic here, between the 2,017 and the 2,019 3 years, there's only 12. This is a still on the report on the port right.

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the year between the 2,017 and the nineteenth anti Asian complaint reported at 12, but the year in 2,020 reported the dory. So, according to the report, the 2,020 New York City hate crimes. At these days.

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The significant increase in anti-asian hate. Crime is rightly related to the anti-asian bias hate which developed at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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So I would like to share with this public survey data from the few research center. So about 4 in 10 Americans, that is more common for the people to express racist view about the people who are Asia, and then the before the COVID-19 right, and also 8 in 10 America, Asian Americans that say a violence against them in the United States is still increasing.

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and they nearly have health nearly half experienced, and on instant tied to their racial and ethnic background since the pandemic since the pandemic began. So I'd like to say, the racialization and exclusion during do COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to a sharp increase in anti-asian balance and the discrimination against Asian and Asian-american companies in the United States.

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So

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why? Why

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so? I think. yeah, I very sh the presentation time, but it is worth it to share with this video.

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You notice, I said the other night. Well, I mean, you see my speech the other night on Saturday night.

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So.

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But I said the other night, there's never been anything where they have so many names. I could give you 19 or 20 names for that. Right? It's got all different names. Wuhan.

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Ka Wuhan was catching on Coronavirus. Right?

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Kung. Flu yeah.

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Country

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COVID-19 Covid.

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I say, what's the 19 COVID-19. Some people can't explain what they're 19, you mean, COVID-19, I said. That's an odd name. I could give you a many, many names.

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Some people call it the Chinese flu. The china flew right. They call it the china, as opposed to China. That's China.

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I never see anything like it. But here's the story. I mean, it's up here. So anyway, as you can see this, you all

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did you? Yes. One of 5 United States Asian site. Former President Donald Trump, as one of the reasons for the rise in violence against anti Asian,

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Against Asian Americans. But but actually, this is the you know the Donald trump is the part of his speech is just part of the express of the rage. racism and the racial dismissions right? So

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so main reason for the increasing the violence against the anti-age agents. So, according to this survey, you can clearly see the racial discrimination. The racism is one of the main reasons. So let's move on to the My research. So the my research, our research, explores the experience and the response

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of the Korean, mostly Korean immigrants and the Korean-american second-plus generation to anti-asia and balanced, and the racism during the pandemic. So I have up for the recent questions. First, one.

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How are the experience of a Korean immigrants and the Korean Americans to anti Asian violence and the racism during the COVID-19. Covid pandemic COVID-19 pandemic. How are the Korean immigrants and the Korean Americans responding to the rise of anti-asian violence and the racism? Third one. How is the COVID-19. Pandemic impacting the ways that the Korean American communities are protecting and reshaping their communities.

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The last one, the what kind of effectors induced a different perception and strategy against anti-asian racism among the Korean immigrants, Korean Americans and the Korean-american communities. So today I would like to more focus on the last 2 research questions.

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So before starting to, though my research to explain my research method, I would like to quickly explain about to who are Korean Americans in the United States.

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the first one, the Asian Asian-american. This is 7.2% of the entire U. S. Population. The Korean is one of the top 6 Asian recent groups among Chinese, Asian-american, Peppino, Vietnamish, and Japanese in America, with a population of the more than 1 million

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and

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interesting the same, No. 57%. So 57% of the Korean Americans has a bachelor bachelor or a higher vigor. This is one of the highest rebel among the specific Asian on a specific ethnic group in the United States, except one as Nicola.

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Indian American right, and the last one, the Korea is one of the top 3 Asian-oriented groups which Chinese and the python is showing the remedy and great English proficiency.

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Okay.

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that's why the Korean American. So here is a racist method. we are. I'm the one of the member of the team our research team has in consists of to fourth such a scientist. Actually, we got the 38 semi structures and in depth interviews from the 3 groups so young, adult, old, adult and the small business owners. The occasion to New York metropolitan areas, New York City and the surrounding New York and the New Jersey area.

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So the in the adapt

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the interview period from the October 20 first to the November to 2020. Second, okay, so you can find the characteristic of the the respondent here. And here is our

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our finding. So one of the most striking finding is to identify, rising as no nationalism among Korean immigrants during the pandemic Korean immigrants emphasize the importance of solidarity and unity among Koreans against Anti-asian violence and racism. For example.

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we need to get out of this crisis by uniting with the Koreans like that. Okay?

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And how about that? The some Korean immigrants also showed a negative attitude toward the coalition building, with other Asian ethnic groups and the racial minority to react anti Asian violence and hate crimes. In particular. The many small business owners said that the Koreans will not be treated rudely if they are distinguished from other Asian ethnic group, mostly Chinese.

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for example, we are not Chinese. That's why I want to wear a T-shirts printed, made in Korea.

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I think Korean and Chinese Chinese have to go separately. We have to to be distinguished from the other. Asian complied that

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this is one group, the the other part you can find. Oh, solidarity with other Asian ethnic communities. What I call the ethnic. As an as an estimated to pen as an Este, so many young adults, said the Korean American, as one of the Asian American community should work with other Asian ethnic group. For example.

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Mit. Ctl.

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okay. Unlike the first generation of my immigrants, and emphasizing the ports of the Korean community selves. Many second plus generations believed that solidarity with the Pen Asian ethnic group and other racial minorities is necessary to combat anti Asian violence and racism. Okay.

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for example, it would be difficult to overcome racism if only the Asian people work together, even though it is hard to united with all black people, but we still can't help but to do. Some day we will finally communicate together like that.

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So

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so I'd like to how, making 2 groups, the one groups that we are not Chinese group and that the other one. This is our home group. So so we are not Chinese group. Okay, they are expressed

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strategy of exclusion. And the this is our home group. What I call this is our home group. It's strategy of inclusions, the different rebels of adaptive adaptivity to racism and the scope of collectivity related to different behavior against anti-asian violence and racism.

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So first, one

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strategy of exclusion, higher auditivity to racism, and the narrow scope of collectivity leads

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the strategy of Strategy of exclusion! Most of the Korean immigrants, although those small business orders revealed, they are as no nation religion, which is the boundary of solidarity to Koreans by following their nationality and the national religion. They show the antagonism toward the Pan-asian ethnicity as a differentiating from the other Asian

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as niggers, particularly Chinese in anti Asian balance and the racism during the COVID-19 pandemic

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about the other group. Okay, the rural adaptivity to racism and the wider scope of a collectivity least grassy over inclusion. This is our home group. So most second plus generations. Korean Americans pointed out a champagne ethnicity which is various Asian as sneakers together, based on their related cultures.

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cultural origins, geographic ringistics of religious and the racial similarity to represent their the social political interest

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they, for the more acclaimed solidarity with other pan, ethnic groups and the racial minorities against the and against Asia and racism hold, wrink to fate toward inter racial collisions.

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Create. This concluded.

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our study concludes that the different rebels of the adaptivity to racism and the scope of collectivity induced different views on the perception and the solutions to anti-asia and violence, and the racism in the Korean and the Korean-american communities, the Korean immigrants and the Koreans. Always they Always negotiated their ethnic identity between the Asnolisian religion and the Pennsylvania.

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This is my the next question. So we are finding to the answer to these questions

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how to different socio-historical, experienced, and the context in Florence, Korean and the Korean-americans affiliations with Asia and Pan-assini, or as no nationalism as your as their capacity to redefine the category of but racial identity. One.

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Thank you.

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Yeah.

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thank you. Chunky.

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all right. So our next presenter is Anne Kim.

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Just a quick comment. So obviously, all of these various colleagues from around the world who converge to Australia, which is probably one of the longest flights that he can take

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the world.

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Hey? thank you, Rochelle, and thank you to the research

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for organizing the session. This presentation is based on

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project racialization experiences of Asian international students. And

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and it's part of a multi-year shirt project

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and by the social sciences and humanities research

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by presenting. So analysis, we've done on using the Canadian Bureau of International Education Survey and my co-author, Monica, who is a doctoral student at your.

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it's also here. It's okay. answer questions.

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So it seems as if. And it was such a

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to hear the you know the other present.

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Let's talk about anti Asian racism and just sort of the

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the growth of anti Asian racism and hate hate incidents over, you know, the last few years. So I don't really have to tell you of the larger context. But I will just give a couple of examples. Sorry I had. This

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00:48:42.310 --> 00:48:44.650
one is so. Dr.

413
00:48:45.170 --> 00:48:53.989
Who is Canada's chief public health officer, and really walked us through and took care of Canadians to make decisions

414
00:48:54.240 --> 00:48:54.990
that it

415
00:48:55.200 --> 00:48:58.590
was challenged. She is of Chinese ancestry.

416
00:48:58.720 --> 00:49:09.160
and a Conservative Member of Parliament is now no longer in the current environment. But at the time was made this comment basically challenging.

417
00:49:09.880 --> 00:49:16.440
And this is a common sort of thread and theme of many Asian Canadians.

418
00:49:16.500 --> 00:49:23.579
and in positions of power where they start to be challenged according to where do their loyalties lie?

419
00:49:24.430 --> 00:49:31.480
Another example is, you know. the anti Asian capital of North America was Vancouver

420
00:49:31.770 --> 00:49:39.209
during Covid. So this is sort of this renewed context of anti-aging racism sort of there are 3

421
00:49:39.480 --> 00:49:44.079
sort of key stereotypes that shape

422
00:49:44.320 --> 00:49:45.619
so thinking

423
00:49:45.630 --> 00:49:49.290
and experiences of Asian Canadians.

424
00:49:50.310 --> 00:49:53.780
Americans as well. And that's a model minority myth.

425
00:49:54.020 --> 00:49:59.569
the Yellow Peril sort of imagery, you know, fear of the unknown

426
00:50:00.130 --> 00:50:05.119
 people being as Asian Canadians being a threat.

427
00:50:06.280 --> 00:50:09.089
bringing disease, and so forth.

428
00:50:09.140 --> 00:50:12.349
Third is around being foreign forever for it

429
00:50:12.590 --> 00:50:18.780
so many Asian Americans, many Asian Canadians. and when you assume

430
00:50:19.240 --> 00:50:22.309
as well, are assumed to be, for it

431
00:50:22.860 --> 00:50:31.270
are to be international students. So international students are not immune to these points of stereotypes and into

432
00:50:32.550 --> 00:50:33.330
hey

433
00:50:35.090 --> 00:50:36.300
at

434
00:50:37.360 --> 00:50:50.470
so. But in the past we didn't really talk about anti-asian racism, you know it was. It's fairly hidden under this model minority myth, which became much more prevalent in the mid 19 hundreds

435
00:50:51.720 --> 00:51:07.969
in Canada. We have this also. This example of you know international students taking university spots. So articles like to Asian, which was published in a national magazine, new News magazine called The Claims in 20

436
00:51:08.230 --> 00:51:19.390
basically made the point that university campus at certain university campuses were undesirable because of all the Asian students that made it not fun.

437
00:51:19.500 --> 00:51:27.569
you know, that made it too competitive, too serious. And so the white white students were not applying to some of these universities.

438
00:51:29.150 --> 00:51:30.539
And okay.

439
00:51:31.750 --> 00:51:36.359
so just to give you a bit of a in terms of international students. In Canada

440
00:51:36.960 --> 00:51:39.099
we have, we've had quite a great

441
00:51:39.460 --> 00:51:49.939
of international students, primarily from Asia. But this sort of shows you the total number in terms of growth, and in 2,014, when you start to see the bars kind of jump.

442
00:51:49.970 --> 00:51:55.400
This is what I call the federalization of international students or federal

443
00:51:55.510 --> 00:51:56.810
realization of education.

444
00:51:57.020 --> 00:52:05.530
And this is where, you know, education is typically in the realm of provincial governments. But starting 2,014, you know there was we.

445
00:52:05.810 --> 00:52:17.710
There was a realization. Well, we we need a Federal strategy. We need some coordination. And so the Federal Government got involved. And you can see now how the numbers have really jumped to since 2013, 24

446
00:52:18.410 --> 00:52:20.119
now become a Federal strategy.

447
00:52:21.940 --> 00:52:32.830
Okay, I spent too much time on this graph. But basically the countries of origin from where international students are coming specifically

448
00:52:32.850 --> 00:52:50.219
from Asia. So the ours are China, and the dark red bar is china, and the the lighter sort of pink bar is India, and you can see as well sort of the jump in those numbers, and then sort of the last sort of 10 years or so.

449
00:52:51.090 --> 00:53:21.009
and there are other countries where I won't, you know. It's not not that easy to read, but I just want to show you the 2022 numbers. These are the more up, more up to date numbers in 2022 sort of incoming students. India was number one. We had 319,000 from China, 100,000 Philippines, France, Nigeria, Iran, Korea, Vietnam, Mexico, and us much, much fewer numbers, but still these are the sort of the top 10.

450
00:53:21.080 --> 00:53:26.790
So it gives you a sense of sort of the regional areas from which many of the international students are coming.

451
00:53:28.110 --> 00:53:51.069
Okay. So now I'm focusing on Ontario, which is one of the provinces and probably one of the largest provinces to receive international students, and don't worry too much about all the particular numbers. What I really want to show you is sort of the growth percentage wise proportionally for so international students in 2,000, we're about 4.4% of the university enrollments.

452
00:53:51.160 --> 00:54:20.919
In 2,019, it rose to 1616.3. And this is at the university level, and a lot of the numbers, a lot of the growth that you're seeing in that chart earlier on you know, includes and a university students. But really the largest growth has been at the college level. So community colleges are now becoming sort of the hub and the biggest draw for international students, while when they're cheaper they're 2. They're fewer years of, you know, study.

453
00:54:20.920 --> 00:54:26.900
And so you can apply for permanent residents, perhaps sooner than if you were to go to university.

454
00:54:26.920 --> 00:54:41.909
and you can see the growth at the college level from 2.2 and 2,000 to 29.9, the 30 in 2,019. And this is just in Ontario alone. So this is one province, not not nationwide.

455
00:54:42.030 --> 00:54:54.579
but we're seeing sort of similar patterns. in other provinces as well. So British Columbia is also another province that receives a large number and recruits and large number of international students. Okay.

456
00:54:55.100 --> 00:55:02.059
another thing I, another sort of issue around international students that I'd like to point out is

457
00:55:02.060 --> 00:55:26.800
their tuition fees. So in Canada there are a sort of resident tuition will actually in province tuition fees, and there's out of province tuition fees which are higher. And then there's international student fees. And so this chart is about Ontario again. And the red. What what you're seeing now is sort of the average tuition fee for undergraduate fields. It's sort of a 10,

458
00:55:26.820 --> 00:55:34.709
and excludes law and medicine because we know that the cent should be quite high in our outliers. And so these are for resonance students.

459
00:55:34.850 --> 00:55:37.099
What about for international students?

460
00:55:38.880 --> 00:55:50.010
You can see how how much and how exponentially it's risen again, sort of the 2,013, 2,014 period. And so

461
00:55:50.100 --> 00:56:10.169
you know, you can see now, and this is for university and undergraduate tuition. So colleges now are obviously a little bit more appealing to students who want to come to Canada because it's now much more prohibitive. to come as an international student, you know, to go to the universities.

462
00:56:10.780 --> 00:56:11.890
Okay?

463
00:56:12.020 --> 00:56:32.160
So why this focus on international students? Well, the government, you know, wants to see Canada grow economically and demographically international students make economic contributions spending, you know, billions of dollars in Canada each year. for tuition education related housing, you know. just consumables.

464
00:56:32.160 --> 00:56:51.589
billions of dollars. they are educated in Canada. So you know, they've got now the social capital they speak, you know, one of the official languages, English or French, and you know, they also sort of give, give a little bit of lip service to the the social and cultural contributions that immigrants international students make.

465
00:56:51.590 --> 00:57:11.619
But sort of given these sort of the renewed context of anti-asian racism that we've heard so much about this morning. How do experiences of discrimination influence the post-study plans of international students. So there is a sort of you know, officially, official discourse around wanting international students to stay in Canada and live there permanently.

466
00:57:12.250 --> 00:57:45.940
but you know, what do we? What is the effect of sort of these these discrimination kinds of experiences? particularly during Covid. Okay. so data, so these are sort of preliminary results. the, the survey comes from the Canadian Bureau of International Education 2021 And it's not. I can't. We can't claim that it's a representative survey, but it's a large number. It's really one of the largest surveys of international students that we have across Canada. So Cb, i. E. Is a non-profit Canadian organization focus

467
00:57:45.940 --> 00:58:10.720
focusing on international education. They have member institutions at the post secondary and the secondary in school Boards, as well for the survey. They focus on universities and colleges or post-secondary institutions 67 into institutions voluntarily, you know, subscribed, or sort of participated in the survey, and there were a total of 41,000 participants

468
00:58:10.720 --> 00:58:25.559
for our analysis. We wanted to focus on students who came from Asian countries. So there were 7. That sort of met a bit of a threshold in terms of sample size, and I'll show you them after We. We relied on 3 comparison groups.

469
00:58:25.870 --> 00:58:41.700
and we also. So because of Covid, there were some students who were not present in Canada and, you know, took the survey from abroad. So we we remove those because we wanted to sort of see how their experiences in Canada sort of led to, you know, their future intentions.

470
00:58:41.700 --> 00:59:01.189
So in the end we had about just under 20,000 individuals. In our sample, we use logistic regression and basically our dependent variable is whether, you know, student applied plan to apply for a permanent residence status no or unsure. And yes, being kind of that focus one

471
00:59:02.020 --> 00:59:25.919
and you know, sort of one area that we want to focus on is, you know, around discrimination experiences during covid. They didn't have a specific question asking about, you know, races or hate incidents during covid. What they asked was, have you ever been discriminated against? And they had multiple kind of areas? which you could say that you had And if they had said yes to any one of those areas.

472
00:59:25.920 --> 00:59:41.319
you know, we also then coded them. Whether, you know, during Covid, did they feel that things had improved? Things had stayed the same? Had they become worse, and then sort of the other category which is sort of not applicable, and people who sort of

473
00:59:41.550 --> 00:59:58.350
didn't really respond. And then the Nevers are those who never had experience discrimination and and so, or put in an ever category. And here are some covariates, and I highlight the connectedness to different groups, because that comes out as part of the story later.

474
00:59:59.420 --> 01:00:22.280
Okay, So the sample. So in terms of the sample, you, as you saw in the earlier charts, many of our international students come from India and China, so they really make up the bulk of our sample. And then we had smaller numbers coming from Bangladesh, Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, and Pakistan. I know the percentages are low, but we wanted to include them in the analysis. We didn't want to

475
01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:29.939
to get rid of them. And then our comparison groups us and Western Europe students from Iran and students from Nigeria.

476
01:00:31.300 --> 01:00:50.970
Okay, I'm not gonna skip that one And so in terms of Pr permanent resident intentions by citizenship. basically everyone in all of the group groups and being the reference category being the Us or Western Europe students. we're more likely to intend to apply for permanent residence.

477
01:00:50.970 --> 01:01:08.929
and then you can see in terms of what we when we took China as a reference category, because they tended to be sort of the low level other than India. All other students from these other countries had were more likely to intend to apply.

478
01:01:09.100 --> 01:01:20.609
So out of these groups, generally, students from China and perhaps India, are less likely to apply for permanent residents, which I think is interesting in this sort of post-

479
01:01:20.740 --> 01:01:40.920
Harry Covid period. And then we've got the improved same worse in terms of discrimination. And it's interesting because people who have experienced racism and whether it's improved same or worse, or also more likely to apply for permanent residents. And that doesn't really go with what we had expected.

480
01:01:40.940 --> 01:02:05.789
But but what we did find, actually, which I found to be quite interesting is a significant statistical significance of connectedness. So if international students felt very connected to international students from their own background, they were less likely to intend to apply. However, those who felt connected are very connected to Canadian students of their own background.

481
01:02:05.910 --> 01:02:24.639
We're more likely to apply for permanent residence. So there's something about your kind of attachments, and friendships, and so forth. I that, I think, is an important part of the story here, and perhaps sort of goes, is a bit of a buffer to the discrimination, or maybe the anti Asian hate experiences that people have had.

482
01:02:24.820 --> 01:02:40.550
I think one of the things that I was trying to think about of. Why, how do we explain? You know why people who've experienced racism and regardless of whether things have it improved or, you know, stayed the same or worsened, still intend to apply for permanent residence.

483
01:02:40.550 --> 01:03:04.389
and you know, I think part of the story is what we've seen here is, I think due to Covid. There's a much greater awareness of anti Asian racism, you know. We wouldn't be having these conversations if it weren't for Covid. So I think one of the potential outcomes is that there's much more awareness of anti Asian racism where in the past it was sort of more hidden under this model minority myth, which is problematic in itself.

484
01:03:04.390 --> 01:03:16.940
but I think that may be part of the story of why students, you know, with backgrounds from Asia may, even, regardless of their discrimination experiences, still intend to apply for permanent residence.

485
01:03:16.940 --> 01:03:33.699
the next step to our analysis, and one thing that I would like to do, and would be happy to hear your feedback on is doing the analysis and looking at sort of in Indian students and Chinese students separately and running the model to see what the experience of discrimination is like. Thank you so much.

486
01:03:40.930 --> 01:03:46.409
Thank you. Ad, and also thank you for educating me on the term. Perry Covid.

487
01:03:46.680 --> 01:03:55.730
I like that all right. next up Glenda Valentine from Swinburne University.

488
01:03:56.760 --> 01:03:58.429
Here we go.

489
01:03:59.870 --> 01:04:00.570
Great.

490
01:04:05.910 --> 01:04:15.180
thank you, Michelle, and thanks everybody for sticking around to final day of the conference. Congratulations to all of us.

491
01:04:15.210 --> 01:04:28.079
Before I start I would like to acknowledge that we're melting on the unseeded land of the warandry. Why, we're wrong, people of the coolant nation, and paying my respects to their elms, past and present.

492
01:04:28.880 --> 01:04:39.389
Okay, so what I am presenting on today's work in progress. And it's on a paper on the impact of pandemic-related racism

493
01:04:39.540 --> 01:04:52.919
on Australians, in fact, on Victorians likely to be perceived as of Chinese background, on their specifically on their sense of belonging to the broader Australian community.

494
01:04:53.220 --> 01:05:09.799
And I'll come to explain later why I am looking specifically. it's really obvious. Why, I'm looking specifically at people who is likely to be perceived a Chinese background. But it's important to the data.

495
01:05:10.590 --> 01:05:14.060
okay.

496
01:05:22.560 --> 01:05:23.960
yep. Sorry.

497
01:05:28.840 --> 01:05:41.500
Okay. I'm not going to talk too much about the background, because it has been really well covered already by the previous speakers. So that was terrific. But I do want to just make a couple of points by way of background.

498
01:05:41.620 --> 01:05:42.900
And

499
01:05:44.220 --> 01:05:55.709
that is to say, that research has shown an increase in racism directed at many cultural minorities during the pandemic. And we've had people talk about that today.

500
01:05:55.750 --> 01:06:12.899
And it's also shown that the origins of the pandemic in China, and the politicization of that fact, primarily in large part, especially by the trump administration, did lead to a targeting of people likely to be perceived of its Chinese background in particular.

501
01:06:13.510 --> 01:06:33.630
And finally, there is evidence that this racism has had a number of different, very negative impacts on those it's targeted. And these included elevated levels of stress and anxiety and mental health issues. And we also heard some of those canvassed already. And this is something that has

502
01:06:33.740 --> 01:06:38.900
been found globally and to some extent in Australian

503
01:06:42.850 --> 01:06:45.280
it really

504
01:06:48.180 --> 01:07:14.479
okay. So we know that the pandemics had a lot of negative impacts. But one area hasn't been campus as much as I think it should be. And this is particularly so in Australia. And that's impact of racism. Pandemic related racism in particular, on a sense of social cohesion. So it connects to broader issues around living in multicultural societies.

505
01:07:15.380 --> 01:07:30.529
And this has, I think, emerged as a really important issue, because early studies in Australia, at least reported that social cohesion was holding up very well in particular, was considered that people under threat. And with it.

506
01:07:30.620 --> 01:07:50.780
yeah, external problem confronting everybody, tended to bond together, offered each other mutual support. But what has been found recently is that social cohesion is declining rather dramatically. So this is far more. concerning trend.

507
01:07:50.890 --> 01:08:00.050
So this the Scanlan mapping social cohesion, annual surveys, is a

508
01:08:00.350 --> 01:08:02.520
way that social cohesion is

509
01:08:03.050 --> 01:08:16.509
often measured in Australia, and they showed that since 2,020 social cohesion has declined sharply, and in 2,022 it's lower than it had been prior to the pandemic.

510
01:08:18.870 --> 01:08:25.660
Okay, sorry. I've got this machine happening some point.

511
01:08:31.430 --> 01:08:46.450
Okay, so I'm about to about social cohesion. But in particular, the scanline surveys have shown that one of the major contributing factors to the decline in social cohesion has been a decline in a sense of national and belonging.

512
01:08:47.190 --> 01:09:03.260
belonging is one of the 5 measures that they use in the indicator of social cohesion, and they distinguish between national belonging and local neighborhood belonging, and what they found is a dramatic decline in national belonging in particular 250.

513
01:09:03.260 --> 01:09:17.349
And I think this is really important, because I think belonging has emerged as a useful lens for understanding issues around the impact of racism in partly because it has those broader ramifications for issues around

514
01:09:17.360 --> 01:09:41.370
multiculturalism in equity, living in diverse societies. And this is something that's being developed by other people as well. So many of you might know Tariq Madud, and he argues, for instance, that a sense of belonging is as important to combating racism and promoting quality and outcomes when we're trying to establish equitable inclusion in

515
01:09:41.460 --> 01:10:05.930
diverse societies. So, following him, I have taken up the definition of since belonging as a degree of subjective identification society and acceptance by the majority that you have the right to feel along so obviously that the 2 sides of the identification with the society in the sense that you accept it by that society.

516
01:10:10.020 --> 01:10:30.739
Okay, so what I am particularly interested in in this paper is unpacking the themes and attitudes and sentiments that pandemic related racism have prompted in those targeted by them which have eroded or threatened to erode this sense of belonging.

517
01:10:31.400 --> 01:10:42.240
and I think it's important to do that, because I think understanding exactly what those people are experiencing will be helpful in terms of looking at how we can

518
01:10:42.280 --> 01:10:45.440
deal with and confront the phenomenon.

519
01:10:46.680 --> 01:11:01.830
Okay? So the data? the data has been collected from an online survey of 436 Asian Australians residing in Victoria. It was conducted between third of May, the seventh of June, in 2,021

520
01:11:01.960 --> 01:11:10.839
participants were 18 years of age, or older and self-identified as Asian Australians, and had their primary residents in the State of Victoria.

521
01:11:11.080 --> 01:11:23.490
in line with the Democrats demographic indicators of Victoria, nearly 71% lived in metro locations, 22% in regional locations and 7% in locations.

522
01:11:23.660 --> 01:11:41.500
Approximately half a male, half a female, and there were a total of 33 ethnicities and 37 primary languages which were self-identified by the participants, and 24% of participants were born in Australia.

523
01:11:42.190 --> 01:12:04.639
So the survey collected primarily quantitative data which compared experiences of races, and prior to the pandemic and during the pandemic on 4 different measures. So this would direct experiences of racism, vicarious to witnessing experiences of races, everyday racism and hyper vigilance.

524
01:12:05.790 --> 01:12:07.150
And

525
01:12:08.200 --> 01:12:19.180
I don't want to spend too much time on those quantitative findings because they have been reported elsewhere in the Journal of International Migration and in

526
01:12:19.210 --> 01:12:44.539
Integration. but I do want to mention one K finding because it is relevant to what I want to talk today about today, and that is that we found the people who were likely to be perceived of as of Chinese background, reported many more experiences of racism during the pandemic than other Asian Australians, and this was particularly important in Australia, because there are a couple of large

527
01:12:44.540 --> 01:12:54.699
surveys and research projects taken early on in the pandemic, which concluded that there had been no increase in racism in Australia.

528
01:12:54.770 --> 01:13:17.380
and this just didn't seem to gel with all the anecdotal reports. So we wanted to dig deeper into that. So what we did was so separate people who were from east and southeast Asia. And compared that group with people with the group as a whole and also with people who were from West or Central or Southern Asia when the backgrounds were.

529
01:13:17.470 --> 01:13:23.579
and we found that there, whilst as a group, there was no statistically reported

530
01:13:23.800 --> 01:13:29.690
increase in racism, was not the case when you looked at those who were from east or southeast Asia.

531
01:13:31.380 --> 01:13:48.689
Okay, so that is the background. And that's a quantitative finding. So we also collected some qualitative data through 2 open-ended questions which are up here. I might read them out for you, but the

532
01:13:48.690 --> 01:14:05.660
I want to talk about now as the responses to question 2. So this is asking them directly about how any experiences of racism that the respondents had encountered made them feel about Australia and about their place in the Australian community.

533
01:14:07.440 --> 01:14:16.570
Okay, so, and and and the findings. these findings in relation to that, that east and southeast Asian group.

534
01:14:17.990 --> 01:14:19.290
So

535
01:14:20.890 --> 01:14:27.639
here's where I'm up to very early days in terms of analyzing this qualitative data.

536
01:14:27.660 --> 01:14:28.760
But

537
01:14:28.840 --> 01:14:47.179
I wanted to get a a general sense of how they were falling, and I discovered, having a look at all the responses, that they fell into 3 main categories. So the first were people who it did experience racism and expressed that it had eroded their sense of belonging.

538
01:14:47.520 --> 01:14:55.930
And the second group was people who experienced this racism and said that it didn't erode their sense of belonging.

539
01:14:55.970 --> 01:15:06.470
And then there was a third group which didn't experience racism and who didn't report any erosion of their sense of belonging.

540
01:15:07.750 --> 01:15:10.700
And and

541
01:15:11.540 --> 01:15:34.919
It's interesting, I think, here, to see that nearly half fall into that first category. I do have to mention that the extent and intensity of the racism they reported are varied within those categories. So this is a very general quantification of of the responses. But I think it was important to get

542
01:15:34.920 --> 01:15:43.620
a sense of the number of people who, to one degree or another felt that their sense of belonging had at the very least been called into question.

543
01:15:46.490 --> 01:15:57.549
Okay? So now, I just want to run through and give you some examples of the comments that were made that have grouped into these particular

544
01:15:57.550 --> 01:16:21.029
categories, and one of the things that was interesting. So there were different themes that emerged in each group. And it's these themes that I'm really interested in unpacking, because, as I said earlier on, I think, understanding exactly what it is that People who Saying that, their sense of belongings being eroded, you know how and why and what in particular, is important to trying to deal with that one.

545
01:16:21.900 --> 01:16:44.739
that phenomenon, that racism. So there were multiple themes within each group. So for those who did report that their sense of belonging had been eroded, there were 3 themes, and the first one was that of being excluded. So they referred to common tropes, as you can see, like telling people to go back to their country.

546
01:16:44.810 --> 01:16:53.930
 And they used language of not being accepted and being made to feel that they weren't being accepted and didn't belong.

547
01:16:54.040 --> 01:17:09.909
So as the first theme. and the second thing was people who felt very threatened. They felt uneasy. I'm unsafe and scared, so I'll just give you a couple of seconds to have a look at that, because

548
01:17:11.660 --> 01:17:14.289
I am fast running at a time.

549
01:17:19.560 --> 01:17:27.569
And the fourth category was people who said that Australia is sorry. Sorry I'm going backwards.

550
01:17:30.570 --> 01:17:31.790
Sorry.

551
01:17:46.170 --> 01:17:47.030
Yes.

552
01:17:52.570 --> 01:18:03.510
okay. So some felt excluded. Another group within that category felt that they were threatened, and the last category was that some people thought that

553
01:18:03.650 --> 01:18:06.780
what they were experiencing was a throwback. A regression to

554
01:18:06.880 --> 01:18:15.210
Australia's long-standing history of racism is associated with the white Australian policy. So for those of you who aren't familiar with Australia

555
01:18:15.670 --> 01:18:17.850
there was a very.

556
01:18:18.130 --> 01:18:21.529
It was an attempt to keep the country. Why, thank you very much.

557
01:18:21.670 --> 01:18:23.950
Which limited immigration

558
01:18:24.320 --> 01:18:28.530
I from just for

559
01:18:29.370 --> 01:18:30.100
13.

560
01:18:32.580 --> 01:18:36.769
And this is particularly relevant in this case, because there were

561
01:18:36.890 --> 01:18:38.130
Chinese people.

562
01:18:38.250 --> 01:18:41.200
the

563
01:18:48.060 --> 01:18:55.950
okay, the next here, which is you better. So those who did experience racism. But

564
01:18:56.030 --> 01:19:03.789
so it didn't erode their sense of belonging. They're really interesting, I think. In fact, they're the most interesting group. So some of them said that

565
01:19:04.200 --> 01:19:07.359
this into belonging, because people.

566
01:19:07.830 --> 01:19:10.190
racist and racist attitudes.

567
01:19:21.980 --> 01:19:29.229
Some of them said that it wasn't a problem. It didn't affect them too much, because the race's experience was quite mild.

568
01:19:29.730 --> 01:19:34.519
Another lot said that the racism that they experienced was tolerable.

569
01:19:35.970 --> 01:19:41.039
And I think this is probably everybody the most problematic category.

570
01:19:41.300 --> 01:19:46.439
When person says that they to not react to discrimination and

571
01:19:46.810 --> 01:19:52.080
didn't write the sense of belong, because that we've got to let the perpetrator get any pleasure

572
01:19:52.480 --> 01:19:55.350
in the

573
01:19:56.460 --> 01:19:59.140
forced to accept and tolerate.

574
01:20:01.360 --> 01:20:02.680
So kind of

575
01:20:03.160 --> 01:20:04.270
actually

576
01:20:11.080 --> 01:20:11.879
okay. And

577
01:20:12.260 --> 01:20:13.600
book said.

578
01:20:13.630 --> 01:20:17.110
people of

579
01:20:17.790 --> 01:20:19.410
rises.

580
01:20:21.410 --> 01:20:26.879
okay? And then there, there was a third burg who didn't experience any racism. But they're the last.

581
01:20:28.010 --> 01:20:32.899
So I've run out of time here in my conclusions.

582
01:20:33.770 --> 01:20:36.960
2 in particular. I don't think we can

583
01:20:37.200 --> 01:20:42.740
who I am. Australia being headed, and other places are relatively okay? Because I think the of those sentiments are

584
01:20:42.810 --> 01:20:53.000
vulnerable to further erosion. If circumstances continue to decline. And I, they highlight 3 areas where

585
01:20:53.460 --> 01:20:54.430
is

586
01:20:55.510 --> 01:20:58.080
so very sorry for

587
01:21:03.570 --> 01:21:04.740
thanks very much.

588
01:21:10.590 --> 01:21:21.930
All right. So we're going to continue on here. Our last presenter of the day, Matthews Carolac from the University of Roclaw. Poland. Okay.

589
01:21:24.340 --> 01:21:26.189
okay.

590
01:21:34.470 --> 01:21:38.319
the of. thank you for coming. And

591
01:21:39.060 --> 01:21:40.000
or the

592
01:21:40.750 --> 01:22:00.389
so other part of the world. Another time zone. So basically, I will focus on a particular group of migrants which are essential workers of frontline workers and the experience in Poland during the pandemic. By essential work, the frontline workers.

593
01:22:00.640 --> 01:22:16.299
Hmm, I mean, so essentially work, basically as any work that is necessary for the survival and the production of society. And this is very broad definition, which also includes unpaid reproductive work is because it's also necessary to survive and reproduce

594
01:22:16.590 --> 01:22:17.810
a.

595
01:22:17.930 --> 01:22:41.430
So once we have such a broad definition that actually, almost all employees like 70% of, for example, in the Us fall into this categories. But then, when we narrow it out to the frontline workers, so basically essential workers who perform, they work in direct contact with others. The numbers are lower, but still it's one third of All employees.

596
01:22:41.650 --> 01:22:48.309
What we know about this group is that although they are.

597
01:22:48.990 --> 01:22:49.670
or

598
01:22:51.020 --> 01:22:52.439
the virus

599
01:22:54.780 --> 01:22:57.490
of the infection a.

600
01:22:57.670 --> 01:22:59.120
they are

601
01:22:59.260 --> 01:23:04.669
essential works. In this group we have

602
01:23:05.090 --> 01:23:07.389
minorities as my

603
01:23:08.400 --> 01:23:35.089
on the frontline, essential workers, and in general that non-essential workers, and and they often face precarious working conditions in so-called gig economy, big employment. So basically, these differences overlap with inequalities that existed before the pandemic. But we can treat pandemic as the Highlandic working conditions of of migrants. But

604
01:23:35.240 --> 01:24:04.430
maybe and this is also 1 point of view, for for my departure point for for for my presentation. A crisis in pandemic crisis could be in perceive as a chance, as a chance for a change of the this schools around essential work and by the change of the discourse. So basically acknowledging the essential workers skills and necessary necessity and working conditions. That would be the first step for changing the

605
01:24:04.690 --> 01:24:25.679
perception, and also how they are perceived in the society. And In the end changing of the working conditions. but when we we have in other retail project, look at the discourses in Poland, and basically in general, although in English-speaking countries it was quite a

606
01:24:26.040 --> 01:24:51.100
quite a debate about around essential work. And this notion was widely spread. Not only in in a discourse, but also in even in legal documents. So you had such notions as as critical infrastructure workers, etc., etc., in program. It wasn't present. Yes, instead of so no category of essential key workers as such. Sometimes there were references to the frontline workers

607
01:24:51.110 --> 01:25:04.719
but mostly there was a discourse of a hero using heroes, heroes which is problematic. But this is not a a time to to, to go into details, and really in comment, a paper by Cox, who who write more about it.

608
01:25:04.780 --> 01:25:07.840
So basically.

609
01:25:08.980 --> 01:25:25.170
if we focus on migrant workers in that discourse, they were also invisible. There were some social media campaigns to thank, of, of expressing gratitude to the essential workers, but, as you even see, on the picture, they were mostly pictured. Yes, as

610
01:25:25.490 --> 01:25:54.209
Polish white people And then I checked in 100,000 articles from main Polish newspapers, and they were just like literally, just a couple of mention of mentioning of migrants in the context of migration. So in in the pandemic, and it was mostly fear of Ukrainian and migrants retiring from power and to a crime. So basically fear of the losing workforce nothing about the working conditions, etc.

611
01:25:54.340 --> 01:26:26.710
 So then In the project we look at the experiences of migrants or blessedly looking of migrants, frontline workers. In Poland it's still explorative. And as a method me! And and the Pandel Jafarova! Our beach issue that Who's conducting interview. We use the autobiographic, autobiographical narrative interview. So basically, we collected life stories of these migrants looking in particular at the experiences

612
01:26:26.920 --> 01:26:45.359
work. But also life experiences during the pandemic in Poland, and we focus at a free sec for sectors which are deemed to be essential. So caregiving retail food service, or logistic transportation. So, including food quarters, it will be quite an important category later on.

613
01:26:45.390 --> 01:26:51.420
 When you look at the sampling of here, it's just like

614
01:26:51.780 --> 01:26:57.489
of of of Europe. But my mind were coming. How much the other around the the world or the States

615
01:26:59.100 --> 01:27:28.570
in this life? The orange color shows the the countries where migrants were before coming to Poland. So it also shows that Poland wasn't not necessarily like the direct first destination country. Yes, it's a sometimes stop on the journey maybe short term, maybe long term. But it's not necessary, the the first choice. So if we want to understand the experiences we need to look at the reasons for migration to power. And, as I said

616
01:27:28.670 --> 01:27:49.489
so, despite the typical reasons for migration, I mean typical that all of them we can find in the literature. It was surprising for me to see that. Poland! Was! I need to mention also that Poland is now in the time of a transition from being a Emigration country to becoming a country of immigration.

617
01:27:49.500 --> 01:28:13.030
Yes, I started writing my Phd. on the finish 10 years ago, and it was about Polish migrants abroad. Yes, and I remember a lot of statistics 3 million powers abroad. And now, 10 years later, we have 3 million foreigners in Poland, so Poland, from country of being, like the most homogeneous country, became the country with the highest inflow of migrants.

618
01:28:13.320 --> 01:28:26.050
The entire European Union in the last years is also especially due to the war in Ukraine now. But even before we had 2 million immigrants. But Poland was

619
01:28:26.210 --> 01:28:32.929
rational choice. I mean, it was surprising for me, because often in the interviews.

620
01:28:33.250 --> 01:28:58.260
respondents pointed that they set on the Internet, they calculated which country is the most affordable. I think it. I also need to mention that all interviews are non European migrants, so they didn't have the right to free travel within the EU So basically, Poland, appear to people coming as a alternative to more expensive and less accessible Western countries, especially for students

621
01:28:58.480 --> 01:29:25.389
to tuition fee in Poland at my university's €3,000. Yes, if you want to go to, I don't know Uk, or or or France, or whenever you would pay probably 5 times more, also in terms of her life costs. So Poland was treated as a foot in the dark to the west to get the visa to get the Shangaan visa, and then we will see what next? But of course, there were other reasons that it's not so important in context of this presentation.

622
01:29:25.820 --> 01:29:26.960
the

623
01:29:28.140 --> 01:29:29.029
the context of

624
01:29:30.400 --> 01:29:43.530
not there generative complex mechanism. because academic costs at the variation of the economic situation of the narrators. So they lost previous jobs.

625
01:29:58.880 --> 01:30:14.480
maintain themselves in Poland, emerge, and it was both subjective and objective. and also necessary needs to remain in product. So what was the practice. So basically, I've observed the the channeling mechanism. So.

626
01:30:14.640 --> 01:30:31.470
despite the effort to find another jobs, migrants face lack of the the alternative, they had no saving, and they gained recommendation from the migrants, peers from the migration network to try to work as a food career, for example, during the pandemic. Yes, one

627
01:30:31.470 --> 01:30:55.699
and also the the companies were pro-actively, explicitly. They were looking for foreigners, as you may see in in this quotation, so I didn't have to use English. Everything was explained to me in Russia. Yes, Russian is not a language in, in, in, in, in. So basically, the migrants were already targeted, but also and it's interesting. Some some migrants treated this

628
01:30:55.700 --> 01:31:19.339
essential of frontline works instrumentally as a chance to change the job and have paying the risk. But having higher earnings. And so what was the meaning of work during the pandemic? And the meaning of work depended also on the moment when the interview started, the job? Was, was it before or after, or during the pandemic

629
01:31:19.340 --> 01:31:37.529
and before the pandemic, especially in the care workers, the work was still connected with the sense of duty and responsibility. Yes, also responsibility for those who you care for. But those who took the work during the pandemic, especially couriers, food delivers.

630
01:31:37.530 --> 01:31:48.180
They treated as necessity, but also a chance for higher earnings. And when we look at the work experience, then one of the first.

631
01:31:48.610 --> 01:31:59.629
The result is that there is a tension between commitment and health concerns, and this is very gender experience. Yes, I assume I guess

632
01:32:00.750 --> 01:32:06.059
so. Then there's there's concern for one on the all interviews had this.

633
01:32:06.090 --> 01:32:09.390
but then the real concern for clients.

634
01:32:09.700 --> 01:32:18.380
it was concerned, expressed by women working in their sector. They had to also this emotional of a.

635
01:32:18.470 --> 01:32:26.680
There was Rebecca's client constant, for they all have 3 experience. I'm not going to the.

636
01:32:27.310 --> 01:32:37.790
So they

637
01:32:37.860 --> 01:32:42.900
to go with users.

638
01:32:43.120 --> 01:32:43.940
So basically.

639
01:32:44.200 --> 01:32:45.340
And

640
01:32:46.830 --> 01:32:52.779
when we perceive migrants from 20 workers as the transmitters of the virus.

641
01:32:54.620 --> 01:32:56.529
The working conditions

642
01:32:56.760 --> 01:32:59.260
I know I have 3 min left. More or less. Is

643
01:33:00.230 --> 01:33:03.340
there? Are they just.

644
01:33:03.510 --> 01:33:07.829
And, of course, in the narrations which we collected.

645
01:33:07.900 --> 01:33:16.190
the advantages of the entire eggheads, the hyper-racing power of work, Chris, because there was a lot of thing like cool. There's a but also I needed to move to it.

646
01:33:23.130 --> 01:33:51.720
But when we look at the working conditions, disadvantages that we see instability, precariousness, and authoritarian employers, lack of recognition, insufficient or excessive protection measures. Yes, this is also interesting. I think so, for some frontline workers too much of protection measures was also perceived as a disadvantage. And before I finish, I want to show you at something

647
01:33:51.880 --> 01:34:11.749
focus at something what I call multiple social distancing. Yes. So basically, in these experiences of migrants. In these narrations we can see at least 3 levels of social distancing. So the first one is that the one we all know. Yes, the voluntary which is to counteract the virus transmission.

648
01:34:11.750 --> 01:34:23.869
But then there is the second one which was forced on them. So basically, I already mentioned that frontline workers as transmitters of the virus. And I need to underline also here that it wasn't on the experience of the migrant workers

649
01:34:23.960 --> 01:34:32.570
in general, all front-like workers, including the medical professions. the last.

650
01:34:32.650 --> 01:34:34.000
and this

651
01:34:34.440 --> 01:34:36.389
which is possible for us. And this is

652
01:34:36.600 --> 01:34:37.970
discrimination.

653
01:34:38.840 --> 01:34:39.710
the

654
01:34:40.370 --> 01:34:41.610
a

655
01:34:44.180 --> 01:34:46.160
my parents.

656
01:34:53.460 --> 01:34:58.670
So the initialized icons experience the rational discrimination. And you do.

657
01:34:58.720 --> 01:35:09.519
We had examples of insights and streets that physical, the narrator speaks us to that as someone inferior, primary because of the appearances, so

658
01:35:09.670 --> 01:35:17.510
that the experience also revealed the existing cholera piece we did in migrants, and

659
01:35:17.690 --> 01:35:20.240
how they are perceived by Polish society

660
01:35:20.690 --> 01:35:22.920
and serious

661
01:35:23.200 --> 01:35:26.699
example. Here, from Central Asia.

662
01:35:27.750 --> 01:35:40.500
I was never under a worker, no longer a tourist, but like an immigrant, is a

663
01:35:40.580 --> 01:36:09.079
of another nation. Everyone is the same for them the the meaning pose. It doesn't matter if the Azerbaijani, Georgian, Ukrainian, Russian, etc. It doesn't matter for them, regardless of your nationality. If you are an immigrant. You are bad, even though we have work in snowy and coldly weather suffered, people would not appreciate it, and this made us see this country differently, and set our sights on other countries.

664
01:36:09.170 --> 01:36:28.799
 and mark here, although this experience he didn't change his his job, yes, he he did in fact nothing about it. I wouldn't change this job. It was good for me as a source of income. I started to turn a blind eye, let's say, because this job was profitable. So to conclude.

665
01:36:31.310 --> 01:36:33.540
then, it's not only a

666
01:36:33.960 --> 01:36:41.510
highlighted over the existing inequality. the, you know, nuances, and also

667
01:36:41.590 --> 01:36:43.549
the coming

668
01:36:44.620 --> 01:36:47.300
COVID-19. Under it.

669
01:36:47.740 --> 01:36:54.800
we built existing inequalities and hierarchies within migrants a little.

670
01:36:55.350 --> 01:36:56.900
The next step

671
01:36:57.020 --> 01:37:02.880
I would probably still are in the middle of the future, collect more interviews and the analysts

672
01:37:02.970 --> 01:37:04.380
and the

673
01:37:05.480 --> 01:37:06.590
thank you.

674
01:37:11.480 --> 01:37:14.680
So I'm wondering if we can just get the

675
01:37:14.830 --> 01:37:32.610
up front. I'm just. I'm cognizant of our participants that are joining us on zoom today. And then, of course, there's the microphone right there. And if I can get audience members to use that when they come to ask questions

676
01:37:33.040 --> 01:37:36.089
of our colleagues here.

677
01:37:43.320 --> 01:37:57.990
Yeah, just me to grab a couple of chairs and thank you to the presenters today for doing, I think, the important work of documenting these experiences of racialized minorities and migrants across all of the different country contexts.

678
01:38:01.940 --> 01:38:11.379
Okay, I'm actually Martina is just on zoom. I'm going to start with her question. she wasn't able to be here in person today.

679
01:38:11.380 --> 01:38:35.900
so this question is for Chunky. she's asking. Could you please explain your use of the notion of adaptivity, and especially why Asian pan ethnicity in particular, its public expression is not considered as equivalent evidence of adaptivity, or is it the assessment of at activity levels based on the participant's own interpretation, rationalisation of the response to anti Asian racism?

680
01:38:36.570 --> 01:38:37.290
It's it.

681
01:38:50.290 --> 01:38:54.560
Thank you. Thank you for the questions I I think, for that. Really

682
01:38:55.040 --> 01:38:55.910
see

683
01:38:57.350 --> 01:39:03.900
one key, my ideas to policy. Asia

684
01:39:04.300 --> 01:39:06.329
to experiencing the

685
01:39:06.640 --> 01:39:09.090
we. the experience of.

686
01:39:10.570 --> 01:39:14.560
So the reason I use the. So

687
01:39:15.020 --> 01:39:18.360
the

688
01:39:18.720 --> 01:39:21.690
I just got, though there are so many

689
01:39:22.040 --> 01:39:27.929
and first generation putting in America or Queen they are.

690
01:39:28.780 --> 01:39:29.890
Oh.

691
01:39:30.690 --> 01:39:33.120
when it's going to work with it.

692
01:39:33.890 --> 01:39:36.850
Right? So this is a little bit different from

693
01:39:37.450 --> 01:39:47.739
what generation does the first in it? It's first the big one they. and sometimes that they offset those hell rates between the United States, because

694
01:39:57.940 --> 01:40:01.899
the nice things they are H of them. They have the racism

695
01:40:02.070 --> 01:40:03.369
and the

696
01:40:03.740 --> 01:40:13.650
gun violence, and they are competitive to free in front of so. But they selected

697
01:40:13.870 --> 01:40:16.060
make better

698
01:40:16.430 --> 01:40:18.109
the quality. Right?

699
01:40:18.990 --> 01:40:30.239
So like, surprisingly, oh, yeah, I do know the United States.

700
01:40:30.370 --> 01:40:31.729
But I'm okay

701
01:40:31.800 --> 01:40:41.489
and fine. So yes, the body time you you don't mentioned about in your research, about the mind-grade season, or pull the right to the racism. So that is 2 schedules kind of an idea.

702
01:40:41.920 --> 01:40:43.769
That is the reason I use so that

703
01:40:43.880 --> 01:40:45.530
but that to me is the racist

704
01:40:47.310 --> 01:40:48.780
you credit the

705
01:40:51.960 --> 01:40:55.390
I'm very interested.

706
01:40:56.080 --> 01:40:58.270
which class

707
01:41:03.090 --> 01:41:04.740
particularly like the exploding

708
01:41:08.200 --> 01:41:09.580
in contrast to it.

709
01:41:10.640 --> 01:41:14.620
 so so

710
01:41:15.930 --> 01:41:16.650
yes.

711
01:41:17.790 --> 01:41:18.530
now

712
01:41:20.400 --> 01:41:21.380
to

713
01:41:21.750 --> 01:41:23.590
or whether they are culture.

714
01:41:24.740 --> 01:41:25.620
Wow!

715
01:41:26.480 --> 01:41:30.590
And so I'm curious, based on your data sets

716
01:41:31.290 --> 01:41:32.350
the size of

717
01:41:32.810 --> 01:41:35.380
had any peripheral observation.

718
01:41:37.960 --> 01:41:41.670
The reason why I bring this up is important is because, whether

719
01:41:42.340 --> 01:41:48.760
perpetrators of these hate crimes were being sincere, or they were just venting on. But to see them say, go back to your.

720
01:41:49.510 --> 01:41:57.709
So it's almost like you have a is it interesting to see how successful when they speak about the cultivation I want to emphasize.

721
01:41:58.600 --> 01:42:01.949
operate very diverse cultures.

722
01:42:02.200 --> 01:42:03.540
analysis as like

723
01:42:03.600 --> 01:42:05.030
the

724
01:42:05.800 --> 01:42:07.970
5 yourself?

725
01:42:08.100 --> 01:42:16.719
Many right for civil rights, living Harvard for hate, crime. or by stigmatizing other groups as you.

726
01:42:17.870 --> 01:42:18.530
This

727
01:42:19.120 --> 01:42:24.800
including them. So I understand, like in New Zealand, to Canada, a cultivation. And

728
01:42:25.570 --> 01:42:29.780
but I'm curious you can talk about the odds.

729
01:42:30.630 --> 01:42:31.980
lots of people

730
01:42:32.030 --> 01:42:38.470
going back, giving up on integrating, or kind of actually accelerating the process of the

731
01:42:45.830 --> 01:42:47.499
any, any takers?

732
01:42:56.710 --> 01:42:57.570
The

733
01:43:00.250 --> 01:43:01.330
okay.

734
01:43:02.250 --> 01:43:03.679
First, I think.

735
01:43:03.700 --> 01:43:15.989
just want to say for many Asians, Asian people of Asian descent. There's no going back there. They were born. Maybe, you know, generations.

736
01:43:16.260 --> 01:43:20.680
So it did that that going back doesn't really apply to

737
01:43:20.700 --> 01:43:23.630
large torsion. I

738
01:43:25.360 --> 01:43:32.839
I've accepted that for those, I think, for those who are at or international students, or those who come to.

739
01:43:33.090 --> 01:43:34.230
and

740
01:43:34.790 --> 01:43:36.360
half my creative.

741
01:43:36.740 --> 01:43:41.729
I think we are seeing some evidence of reluctance or decreased.

742
01:43:41.870 --> 01:43:47.890
But it's hard to really pinpoint whether that's, you know, whether discrimination or experiences of racism

743
01:43:48.010 --> 01:44:04.240
as an indefinite cause. I think that it does shape people's decisions. this book that I'm co-editing being published by web privilege coming out later this year or next year. There's a chapter in there where researchers did look at.

744
01:44:04.710 --> 01:44:08.189
I think there were Chinese residents in China.

745
01:44:08.380 --> 01:44:10.880
and what their perceptions were, and the protection

746
01:44:10.920 --> 01:44:14.340
to to.

747
01:44:14.480 --> 01:44:16.950
and the Pdf. Representations

748
01:44:18.510 --> 01:44:20.870
that I can use. What was a factor.

749
01:44:21.210 --> 01:44:25.349
you know, shaping their ideas and what their experiences may be like

750
01:44:25.450 --> 01:44:26.389
it.

751
01:44:27.580 --> 01:44:32.529
So yeah, and I think if you look at our numbers of international students, number of students.

752
01:44:32.850 --> 01:44:33.570
Yes.

753
01:44:34.680 --> 01:44:38.320
and you know, and my results as well in our results as a chef

754
01:44:38.379 --> 01:44:41.350
shows that Chinese students are

755
01:44:41.420 --> 01:44:45.460
the least likely one of the least less least likely groups to intentional.

756
01:44:46.830 --> 01:44:52.310
So it's interesting to see, you know what the motivations are behind that say

757
01:44:54.270 --> 01:44:55.459
it's clearly so.

758
01:44:57.260 --> 01:45:00.260
We have time for one more quick question.

759
01:45:04.490 --> 01:45:05.959
A lovely week.

760
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Hi! I'm Ashley for a

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when I

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probably the next one

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you talked when you were briefly summarizing the quantitative aspect. You talked about the this aspect of hypervigilance. And there's some

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trying to, obviously, for a really, really

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raisins trying to avoid racism. And I was really curious about how that

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also okay.

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withdrawing from the situations, for instance. And then Key. because they were afraid to

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experience.

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I've seen that some anecdotely, so

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that is.

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and this time analyzed it so

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that

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but the one thing that was very not was such a

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nation's prices.

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and the

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in the

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sergeant there

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across the border.

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Not the same population.

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So I

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service. Yes.

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and so they

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getting when people were

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this. you see. Yes.

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now

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thank you. Everybody for attending this session today

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and learning a little bit more of experiences of racism and also responses to racism

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during Covid times. just a quick plug for the R. C. 5. If you

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what we've been hearing today and you're interested in, I guess, having more of these types of conversations, please consider joining the Rc. 5 and getting involved.

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We are growing and looking for more members to again

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the diversity and the types of conversations that we're having as a research cluster. Thank you to the presenters today, I really appreciate your being here in person.

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and also the knowledge that you that you've shared here today. Thank you so much. Everyone.