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Alright! Can everyone hear me at the back?

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So on behalf of everyone gathered. We've been they respect the spirit of the country here in the arm where we are meeting we acknowledge the past and present coolings of nation were in Jerry by way, as a sovereign people here are the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and

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promote the norm, aboriginal law, customs, and custodianship responsibilities for country and the people.

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That country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future.

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For all of us. Are we ready to recognize the important contribution that first nation thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking?

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We thank Ok. And it's gone away. So I will just say, Thank the elders, past, present, and emerging.

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And as a sociologist oh, there it comes back again!

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First nation delegates in the room for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline and I've been thinking about this reading this acknowledgement statement, and while I think it is an important first step until you know we make so we do you know more than symbolic

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acknowledgements reflect on that, as well important as meeting the State.

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As we will go with our first speaker. Okay, thank you very much, Monica.

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Thanks for the opportunity of presentation, and this important, the title he can see.

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Probably it's from Orient oblique occident to global north of leaks out a conceptual dilution.

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Yes, that's the title, if the title indicates something, I would just go through 2 quotes of 2 people, which is quite important, and this is what it is.

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The phase, not South Divide has become well established in public discourse and solarly writing.

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The phrase, however, is highly problematic, as it is simplistic, and as there is a substantial danger of misapprehending it for reality as such, the indiscriminate usage of the phrase notes South divide overlooks the ways in which words create and shape our understanding of the

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world on which we in turn raise our judgments and decisions.

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This is from Achill and We were Third World Quarterly.

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No, the second one relates to feminism one of the very well known feminist from India is Chandra Talpa de Mahante.

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Mohanti was discussing this under Western eyes, decolonizing feminism involves a critic of the ethics and politics of euroscentrism, and the corresponding analogy of difficulties and joys of crossing cultural national racial and class boundaries in the search for feminist

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communities and could injustice and equality, we still should serve as the, you know, prelude so the understanding that you might have understood that I am criticizing this kind of binary homogeneous unitary positions which are part of I believe colonization of knowledge and one of the most important

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colonization of knowledge. Occurred, I would say, when Karl Marx legitimized British colonial rule by saying, if that whatever may have been the crimes of England shows the unconscious tool of history in bringing about the revolution however hard in the state of so savage Eric

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stagnantatia, which he readiterated. Some people tried to save ones by saying, this was 1,853.

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Marx was young then. But no, he reiterated this in volume 3 of capital and never gave up the idea that Europe or England was needed as an aggressor to colonize India for India's good it's the same thing like saying the husband.

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Course, is the wife. The male lover, causes the female lover, so that the other one improves improvement to caution.

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In fact, majority European thinkers justified colonial rule with the binary assumption that the progressive, rational, developed Occident is a rescuer of backward stagning, vegetative, irrational, orient.

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Well in critique of colonization knowledge. Nicholas Darks, who wrote a forward to Barnett, famous anthropologist, Barnet Holmes, Colonialism, Access forms of Knowledge.

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The British rule in India. Doug said. It has not been sufficient to recognize that colonialism were itself a cultural project of control.

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Colonial knowledge, both enabled conquest, and was produced by it in certain important ways.

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Knowledge was what colonialism was all about. Cultural forms in society is newly classified as traditional, reconstructed, and transformed by the through.

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This knowledge which created new categories an opposition between colonizers and the colonized Europe and Asian, modern and traditional Western East.

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See point is that this is an epistemic balance.

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With the singular binary vision, that if you think there is Eastern West, there is Orient and oxidgen.

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There is global south and global north. That's a very, very superficial way of thinking.

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And probably you know, it's a power thinking that it's saying that half of the people are stupid and other half are intelligent.

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Now, where does Australia belong to global north of global South? Where does Japan belong to?

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We will not. The global south. Where does Bolivia belong to?

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There were not a south. Where does Czechoslovakia Kabul to Google? North, the South?

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So this Ziono political position geography overdetermined.

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It is caused by epistemic violence, based on the paradigm of Eurocentric hegemony and respective cartographies of knowledge, so feminine is theorizing.

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Often conventionalists persist. Now I must say this.

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Not all feminist, not all feminist are homogeneous, but this is just.

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We have to remember this when we say feminist of the West, I myself is looking for a term of without saying feminist of the best, I would say hegemonic block of those who control even feminism success story, which is intersectionally so feminism seems to be owned by Western European North

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Dominican academic feminist, some, while other regions in epistem served as the object of knowledge of production, the constituents of the single story is this, it draws people of dignity.

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It makes our record recognition in our equal identity and humanity difficult.

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It emphasizes how we are different rather than how we are similar.

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So the parts in which the feminist concept of intersectionality has traveled in order to address independent access of stratification in the context of mentioned geopolitics of knowledge.

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The purpose. In this brief presentation, because it actually is a whole subaria.

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So that is why I'm rushing a little bit.

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If I seem rushing, it tries to demonstrate the holiness of the binaries and the articulate, the contribution to discussively othering of non-western women, as well as simplifying intersectional foundation multifaceted, but they are real realities now very very

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briefly Minha showed us quite along back 1,989.

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That is, that there is a culturalist hierarchy.

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Wherein, almost inevitably, the native women suffers in contrast with her western sibling, who are again represented as homogeneous.

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Neither the Eastern women nor the Western women existed ever, because this is actually the meat.

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The epistemic violence. I said I didn't change it.

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Sorry. This is what I this is the epistemic violin spot, and this is Tinha, who?

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Makes a very good, you know presentation by saying that by claiming the dubious privilege of preparing the way for once more unfortunate sisters, the Western feminist creates an inseparable division between are you who have it, and you who cannot make it but are you have it are everywhere

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wherever you look it, a group of people are there, and I do not have it.

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You do not make it, are everywhere, and Chandra Talpa de Mojante shows that that this discussive colonialism is producing the Third World Woman as a singular monolithic subject, which is the problematic part of it colonialist for 2 reasons.

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First we call it's ethnocentric myopia disregard the enormous material and historical differences between real third-world women, and secondly, because the composite of othering of the third world women becomes a self-consolidating project for some Western feminism

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of course, with this idea of superiority. So, starting with colonization, if you go to the historical pathways starting with the colonization of Americans and European enlightenment debates, ideologies, etc.

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The West European powers thus constructed their position as the center of civilization and knowledge, since their very local knowledge produced in Europe was constructed as universal, and this powerful but small space implicitly considered itself authorized to judge other regions according to its own, parameters and to export

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its economic belief and knowledge system to the colonized regions.

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By colonizing the, took care of everything that they are the judge of everybody's ability, and they can pronounce judgements, and those pronounced judgments became really vicious for centuries to overcome.

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We have an overcome, yet the former colonies I don't want to mention it.

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What way everybody should know it, that colonial it is a power hierarchy, and it was Edward Swathe in 1,978 actually told us that you know.

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This particular presentation's representations of the Orient is actually as a power, hierarchy, and an epistemic system.

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Which takes that. You know, the outcome of modernity is good for everybody, and everybody should follow what they have done.

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The same one universalization of the path to progress, definition of progress, the parameters of the colonizers.

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So this, coloniality of power, knowledge, and gender first talked about annual Cuisano, the famous Peruvian sociologist, to present the concept of coloniality of knowledge, denotes a global structural epistemic imbalance a system of knowledge production, that privileges

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euro, Western knowledge, theories, concepts, and ways of knowing over other non Western non European knowledge.

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Henry Raine was University's County University of Calcutta's Vice Chancellor.

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He wrote a book called East and West Village Communities, he said, it is better to listen to most of the administrators who almost know nothing that to talk to Indian peasants, because Indian peasant doesn't know about Indian peasants.

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The colonial administrator should tell them what the Indian President should say, and think how many minutes 5!

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No, I started in 3 34. You cannot take my form.

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Military. I'm not giving an image of this one.

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That was 334, huh? So 3, 34 means I have 8 min.

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No, no, I'm not giving up on this one. So works of postcolonial feminism, focusing on the so-called global South demands that the research felt gender and sexuality studies are an integral part of an alleged hegemonic western centred economy of knowledge.

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The word aimony is not there. The core of the problem lies in the crude fact that majority theory served as a tool of cultural imperialism by popularizing the evolutionist assumption that every country will go through the same stages of development and eventually acquire levels of gender equality

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and sexual liberation, acting to the capitalist world without recognizing the difference.

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Now, a common way. There is a common way of thinking. This is switch box.

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You switch on global north, it's global. North comes up.

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You switch on global south, global South comes up. So this is means, this is a very crude way of looking at global, inequality and development.

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And of course falls far short of transformative potential of intersectionality.

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See intersectionality has been a very success story, but it is being defeated by this kind of understanding then intersection, he goes out of the window.

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Global north intent. Will that be the global north intersectional sea, global South intersectionality, global South in the global north intersectionality, global north in global south intersectionity.

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How many intersectionalities we have to create, then we have indulity, and then we should do it so, since the world economy is built on a vast division of labor with its root in colonial epistemology, the knowledge institution of metropolitan have been accumulated archived classified and

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interpreted in specific ways that turned into organized forms of process.

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Knowledge. See. Theory is normally produced in the Metropolitan, and then comes back to the pelfin to sell.

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Yeah, but the raw material is given by the metropolitan.

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All books written on India, including the very Karl Marx and Max Weber.

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They never thought they should learn the original Indian language. Mark said.

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I learned Russian for a long time, because I wanted to do about real Asia, but he didn't care to learn Sanskrit in order to know real India, because that's where the material is the original material.

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So in this economy of knowledge, and this is from Conell says that researchers in the glo will not usually cite other researchers in the global.

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Not often only researchers in the global norm researchers in the global South, mainly site researchers and Spurgeon theories in the global north, we need interestingly, all the theories in our syllabi of so called global North.

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But we don't read. I'll skip this part and go to there, because Monica will be looking at me with big eyes.

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For example, we don't read Robin, or not at all.

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We don't consider Robin Ortigo as a sociologist, and those who do not to regrow in Nazi good and read Heaven!

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Must I say? Poor of you? I must say that because that's an important issue at Departure Point.

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Very few of us know our original records before British colonized India.

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We read Mac Kevin in our syllabus, but don't treat cotein low from 300 BC.

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Was the first author of economy of politics, and we do not know that it was Natada Shwasian robot who actually raised the first female army in the whole world, and it's called Rani-jassi Regiment.

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So we very seldom discuss our indigenous researchers, and I know it's 1 min.

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So now I let me, if this is not enough, let me try to say 2.

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I will take a 2 min actually debunking binaries and conceptual delusions, because I find this as a conceptual dilution, and books after books are written, and without protest and without proper criticism.

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Although the criticism has started a decolonial approach, would necessitate moving past the individualistic labor ontology underpinning much of feminism.

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Today, this entails problematization, the assumption on the that.

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The subject is always yeast from the other. This is producing a myth about universal and objective knowledge.

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Critical border thinking can be employed, which is a form of subaltern epistemology that does not hide the epistemic positionality of the subjects this allows for decolonial interpretative communities to be produced that challenge Western notion of universal neutrality universality and linear

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evolution, one very, very common example, patriarchy oppresses both men and women.

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I would say, and why? It does? Because patriarchy is such.

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That doesn't mean that the men do not actually benefit from them.

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They do, but it's a very complicated ideas of masculinity by showing that all men, benefit equally, and in the same way.

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So our task is there that we, in what's colonial society, the aim is to not to challenge men, but rather to challenge the system and structures that allow me to be dominating.

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So he challenged patriarchy, and we discussed.

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That's why class and other intersections of oppression so reforming men, reforming gender and asking for gender representation and gender equity. It's not going to solve it, because the identity politics will be created by intersectionality which is based on individual not on communities not

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on the global level. So the critical border thinking is approaching.

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To say the thing from the outside, using alternative knowledge and altered languages of expression in terms of what we call.

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Uhhuh. I haven't. Thank you yet, but it has gone there.

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The sign. That's a sound good. I know. I know Monisha. This is a whole area.

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So Ok, so the colonial approach then, would be saying, this, my tagline was that we will say it's not mine I borrowed from island touring, and this is how I will conclude, Alan Terrain recalls that there is no more confrontation between the first and third world but that now

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existed dualism, a Latin Americanization. In the interval, the will be, and the poor are as numerous in New York as they are in South Paulo.

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I'll add to this the way we are as numerous in Mumbai as well as their force in Kolkata.

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Let's put it this way so there is a world of rich people, a world of rich people, all the poor people, and the world of very poor people, and the world of very poor people. The hardships of Southern Europe under structural adjustment policies, since 210 have reinforced the

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idea that is a leveling of global north towards a global south.

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So I would say, there is global nought in global South and global South and global north are, get rid of this global north, global south, east, west, Virginia, toxin.

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How long we are going to say that we are post modern.

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We pass modernity, we are equals. United Nations, and we continue with the fact.

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This terminology is a binary, etc. Thank you for your patience.

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Hello! Good morning!

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I'd like to add.

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Should I go to that site, or should I see it?

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Okay, thank you so much. Everyone for coming. And thank you so much.

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Bandana Napor Kayasa, for organizing this wonderful session.

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So first, I would like to acknowledge that today we are gathering on the unseated territory of Norm in the home of the cooing nation of Wooden Jerry Voey William people I acknowledged atrocities genocides and massive exploitation

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caused by global European colonialism, which shifted huge amounts of financial and other resources from the colonized regions to Europe.

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And I call for reparations for colonialism. Global assets, redistribution, return of ancestral land to its use.

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Rightful owner, sorry and dismantling of all colonial struck structured inequalities, exploitation, and discrimination on a global scale.

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Okay. So today I will be talking on the coloniality of global knowledge, production and understanding, intellectual imperialism and academic dependency.

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So in order for us to decolonize, it is vital to understand the political economy and unequal global knowledge.

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Production, which is otherwise a termed academic dependency or intellectual imperialism.

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So important theories on academic dependency or intellectual imperialism have been written, for example, by Sayette Ferret, Alattas, or his father, Say it was saying, Alattas!

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By Hutongi and other scholars, so I very much encourage you to read this, and today I would like to present a outline of the mechanisms of how academic dependency comes to be.

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So we have a definition of academic dependency by side.

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Farida lattice as a condition in which the social sciences of certain countries are conditioned by the development and growth of the social sciences of other countries, to which the former's are subjected.

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So, while it is also a very imperfect and problematic terminology, which should be improved, for I would like to suggest there is a corpor referral structure of global academia with the periphery oriented towards and subjected to the influence of the core, where the core of academia

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does theorizing and Meta theoretical activities, whereas the periphery often finds itself relegated to data collection and to receiving or finished theories.

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I,

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So, syedfried. Alatas has a presented a theory of academic dependency, where academic periphery depends on the academic core in terms of ideas.

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A media of ideas, technology, of education and resources, which, of course, are eurocentric, and that there's a core periphery flow of knowledge, whereas a theory meta theoretical analysis, research, agenda and methods are coined produced in the core and then disseminated to the

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periphery, and where the academic core does compare and.

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I'll tackle them. Yeah, thanks very much.

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And works for other countries.

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We have? Do we have a.

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I think we don't need one. So just the one.

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Somebody might want to unmute themselves so, whereas the academic periphery is more focused on doing empirical work, a single case, studies and own country research.

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But if they were to be doing, a comparative or radical might not be.

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Can somebody check if they need to meet?

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No, he is coming to the.

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Yeah, you know what?

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Okay, thanks for muting yourself and continue with the presentation.

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So I also Hon. Tony discussed that there's this corporate free flow of knowledge where the ruling country or metropolitan theorizing and the formerly colonized countries are responsible for data collection, and a recipient of finished theories so Hon.

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Ti said, there is this extra version, or outward orientation of the periphery knowledge, wherein it is alienated and disconnected from its own local intellectual traditions, and it studies its own situation through the lens of the former colonizers, it is fragmented and under

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theorized, and its study of local phenomena and disconnected from the concerns and issues of the local country, because it's oriented outward or extroverted, oriented towards the former colonizing countries, and it tends to experience pressure to publish in the language of the

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colonial, especially English, which means that the majority of the population, especially the working classes, might not be able to copper, comprehend this academic literature.

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Okay. So Sayyatt Hussain, Alattas has also written on academic history, intellectual imperialism, and the phenomenon of captive mind.

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So he's characterizing intellectual imperialism as a exploitation of researchers situated in or from former colonizing countries, extracting raw data to be theorized by themselves as tutor les, which is kind of a condescending attitude towards people located in former

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colonies, expecting them to conform, and expecting them to be only suitable for secondary roles.

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So there's this kind of academic civilizing mission and a phenomenon.

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That scholars in the global North which might not be able to to achieve so much in a global North, reinvent themselves as experts in formally colonised countries.

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So Alataz also describes the phenomenon of captive mind, wherein scholars in the South are alienated from important issues of local societies and kind of become caught up in this hegemonic idea that the the from the former colonizing countries, is somewhat more important

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or one's own research needs to be angled toward that. Okay?

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So there's a lot of other great literature here.

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If someone's interested. I'm very happy to send you that in interest of time I might not be able to.

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Read all of that. So, yeah, we have this problem of the coloniality of knowledge that we have.

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Western analges, which are often Western centric, or eurocentric, are biased, do not represent a situation in various formally colonized countries, and these knowledges are centered, are normalized, are describe as the theory.

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The correctly what everyone must cite or be reading, or contribute towards, whereas the knowledge is of people in decolonizing countries and of subtotanised and oppressed people everywhere on the globe are excluded or being marginalized, so I would like to discuss the mechanisms

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that cause this. So, of course, the historical cause is colonialism.

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On one trade off. This was positioning European knowledge as the only scientific knowledge is, and positioning or suggesting European people as the only people capable of a higher level of thought.

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So Dusl has written extensively on this, and of course football said that the social, economic, political, and historical conditions of possibility for a subject to assume the arrogance of becoming godlike and putting himself as the foundation of all truth for knowledge was empirical being that is the subjectivity

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of those who are at the center of the world, because they have already conquered it.

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So we can see colonialism as a precondition for this intellectual, imperialism or academic dependency, and of course, the contemporary context are the best global inequalities which are also I call coloniality of power on economic racial political and a range of other

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axes, which are the condition that allows the North to manipulate this global flow of resources and evaluation, and also privileges.

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Academics, especially white academics. In formally colonizing countries, and also the settler colonies.

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Okay, so so we suggest that gover academia is trying to fight and has a corporate free structure which was suggested by Alattas Alpa in Garau, so at the core institutions, which is mainly Europe and the former settler colonies are globally hiring whereas the institutions

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in the periphery experience, a low ranking, and that academic achievements, such as publications, conference attendants, and so on.

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Associated with the hiring institutions, count more on resumes, and the lowering ones.

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And so you all know about that. The high high rank journals are mostly based in the former colonizers.

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And settler colonies, whereas the formally colonized countries are often have low ranked journals or lowering universities.

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So with universities. It's the same. So this issue, that academic achievements associated with the core metrics more means there's a global pursuit of them.

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So that gives academic the academic core more power over globally, globally ranked event venues of evaluating research, and it pressures academics in the periphery or academics and formally colonized countries to orient their research towards this academic core and this grants academic or the power

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to set and enforce global standards on what counts as good theory building, who should be cited.

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What should be rewriting, what framework should be using?

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What concepts should be using, and so on. Who should be reviewers answers, so yeah, this, there are 4 mechanisms that increased evaluation, circulation and recognition of knowledge is associated with a former colonize colonizers, and especially white academics, in settler

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colonies, so that stratification of journals, publishing houses and conferences, and stratification of Phds, and also masters, and then inequalities in collaborations between mostly a white Western academics and academics in formally colonized countries and English as the global academic knowledge and all these

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mechanisms strengthen southwards and stifle northward, knowledge flows.

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I might I might skip through this a bit, because I want to discuss some concrete ways in which we can endue these issues.

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So we have. Yeah, the stratification of a journalist, a publishing houses and conferences.

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Here, then, the research degree issue, and then the way collaborations are unequal, in which often a white Western people have researchers have more power and decide which which frameworks are being used which questions are being asked and kind of impose their theoretical frameworks on the collaborator in

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the global south, whereas the collaborator in the formally colonized country might be doing a lot of work.

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But might not agree with the theoretical framework necessarily, and the questions that are being asked, and the data is being gathered in the end is oriented more to the Orient Oriented.

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Sorry audiences in the global North, and does not solve or tackle problems in the country of the of the formerly colonized country, and then English as a global academic language.

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Of course, massively advantages. Speakers of native English speakers, whereas speakers of other languages who might not have the funding for editing, I might really get a lot of veryers for getting published, and so on.

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So what happens in the end is that there's glass escalators and overvaluation of thought from Europe and the settler colonies, especially from white academics. There.

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And there are barriers for an undervaluation of thought coming from the formerly colonized country.

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So we have a flow from the former colonisers towards the formerly colleagues.

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People have flow of knowledge, of flow, theories, textbooks, and so on.

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And there's a stifling in barriers to to the flow northwards which could act as a corrective tool of these often biased.

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And Eurocentric theories, I'll skip through this, but if you are interested in the paper, I'm happy to send that to you.

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So yeah, there's an issue that in the end the knowledge produced often means an alienation.

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And disconnect from local intellectual traditions, from formerly colonized countries, and the situation of former economics.

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Countries is studied through the lens of the north. And yeah, we have fragmented under the study of phenomena in the in the South, and from a colonized country which is disconnected from concerns and issues to the working class people there so what can we do about this so especially

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for White Western Academics in terms of relevance. Often journals that are read globally important globally are have imagined Western audiences, so editors or reviewers might say, this is not relevant for our audience, when the audience is imagined as a white Western person or a person from this country but

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really, the journal is a global journal. So this is relevant should be imagined.

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Global when choosing reviewers are want to choose people who are from the same context or oppressed among the at the same axis of oppression than the author, one should not force everyone to to just cite Western literature because why is the Western literature the one that's relevant for studies

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for phenomena all across the world encourage people to study theories from the context where they're writing about.

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And one should understand that more conservative projects, speaking from privileged positions, tend to get more funding.

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So, if we only accept quantitative data sets, if we only accept big data sets, this will imprint a conservative bias into into the literature, into the journal.

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So I want you to be open to small scale or for alternative data sets because they might be innovating or the corrective feedback, because they're speaking for a volunteer position.

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I should probably stop here. Yes, Ok, thank you so much. I have to run to another session effort, because I'm sharing another session much.

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But if you want to get in touch with me, yeah, I'm I'm happy.

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Hello!

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Hi, Chefnor, is that? Yeah, you're wrong.

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Yes. Can you see my shared screen? For some reason I cannot tell from here.

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Yes, we can.

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Hey? Alright! Let me see if I can put this in.

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Invitation, model.

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Okay.

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Am I all set to go?

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Thank you. Yes, please do.

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Okay. Hello, everyone. My name is Shabnor Nabi, and I'm a Poc student at the University of Toronto, Canada.

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Today I'm going to share a critical take on the call for a post-colonial sociology and the representation politics of postcolonial means using the case of women's education role and status in the post-colonial Islamic nation state of power so my

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critical, theoretical analysis begins with taking into consideration how education's expansion, or basically this idea of increasing educational access, especially for women within the transnational development regime development frameworks and certain Western feminist literature has come to be redefined in a way that

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presumes the organization of gender norms and domains as its default effect.

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The basic idea behind this is that increased educational training access, especially for women, will empower them to develop and strengthen skills increase their bargaining power.

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And largely serve as a strong incentive for them to substitute domestic labor with professional work post, colonial and transnational Feminist.

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Particularly highlight, how the neoliberal Western discourse, equating modernity and progress to education and paid labor, has led to a specific kind of girling of development in the case of the global South, where education is started as something that can not only bring an end to the social and cultural oppression of

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the racialized woman, slash girl subject, but also some larger issues like poverty, religious conservatism, patriarchy, gender based violence and even terrorism.

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This is specially reflected in the use of the story of a Pakistani girl, Malala.

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Use of site by Western media outlets, as well as call us, and writers.

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Malala was 15 years old, in 2,012, and at the time living in the Swath Valley of the Kpk province of Pakistan.

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When she got shot in the head by the Taliban inside her school bus, just as she was trying to get back home.

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Her crime. She remained an advocate for women's and girls education, and continued to go to school.

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Interestingly, however, the entire incident was soon leveraged by the transnational development regime in Western feminist campaigns that meet Malala.

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The official face of that very racialized girl, woman subject who is troubled and in crisis, and can only be liberated and rescued by education as evident within this kind of girling of development by the Western agenda women following the scripts of individualism consumerism, choice entrepreneurial

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identity are considered modern and successful, whereas the rest are considered as based in resources and victims of social culture.

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Oppression. I believe in point is actually the perplexing negative relationship between Pakistani women's educational attainment and their labor force participation, despite a considerable narrowing of the gender gap in education in Pakistan the percentage of educated women in

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Pakistan's labor force is found to be 3.5 times less than that of men. Studies.

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Examining this gap, largely blame the U-shaped relationship between women's education and employment in predominantly agrarian societies.

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Their increased labor market participation is primarily observed among illiterate and highly educated women.

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However, as women's educational enrollment approaches parity with men in Pakistan, this continued divorce of their educational gains from the realm of employment makes the Yukar counters here radical and suggests underlying workings of perhaps very different socio political rationalities in

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post-colonial nations, such as Pakistan, several Western feminism scholars within the historical and comparative sociology, examine the lower rates of Pakistani Women's Labor Force, Participation Visa-vd counters, the Radical you Curve continually sight.

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Pakistan's patriarchal Islamic religious system, institutions and practices, as the underlying causes.

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Other times the Islamic nation of Pakistan in isolation and speak more from an Anglo-eurocentric perspective that analyses seem to be challenged by a sociology's substantialism.

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Substantial methodology posits that existence of a unified and essential culture, holding intrinsic properties to which everything in the analysis mustard use.

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So in the specific case of Pakistan, patriarchal religious extremism, as substance or cultural system, causing all the evils, is presumed as being static and independently existing anterior to any social political relations such as that of the colonial colonial or the

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Subcontinental times. So a common solution posited by scholars defending this need of sociology to retain its disciplinary identity.

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Against the call for perhaps a post. Colonial sociology is to adopt the self-reflection strategy which many times involves just simply adding more cases.

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Now I see this step ahead contributing to the larger challenge of multiple particularities and contemporary sociology, where we have separate stuff, be is representing ethnic, racial, global, Southern studies.

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Etc. That typically focus on adding further cases to the existing bank.

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But the additional historical subjectivity is done with the disclaimer of being particular and different from the universal, which is still taking the reference category.

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So such a solution fails at fully challenging the Anglo-european context of the alleged Universalist.

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Notions like progress and modernity. It also to some extent continues to afford, on the logical coherence implying that regions and nations can be meaningfully compared against each other.

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Instead of in relation to each other. I just believe that, dismissing altogether the question of a viable post-colonian sociology only blocks us from further problematizing the naturalized parameters and categorical binaries so following sociology is particularly historical

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and Comparative sociology, totalizing and universal categories, that obilitate difference analytically bifurcate social relations and override Western particularism.

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Key post colonial theories continue to call for sociology to adopt a post colonial lens with its roots in the interconnected histories, framework.

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So the level of social theory, following the logic of interconnection, anything that appears as an essential trade is just seen as a relational property, existing only in and through in relation to other.

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The strategy of a relationally based postcolonial sociology does involve ideas about overlapping territories and intertwined histories throughout the processes and relations between diverse but connected spaces in the making and remaking of modernity since much postcolonial theory at its base is interested in underscoring

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colonialisms and colonial relations role in structuring society in gendered and racialized dimensions.

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Key post colonial theories. Find postcolonial lenses.

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Relationalism as best suited for resolving this problem altogether.

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However, it is one thing to being able to question the challenge of the challenges and challenge the Universalist and essentials.

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Analytical presumptions and binaries that remain embedded in a field that feels to fully account for the role of colonial relations.

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In constituting the objects and categories we use on regular basis.

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But this approach assumes that the representational politics of post colonial in itself is a high yielding counter episteem to the essentialist society.

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However, I find that the Boltzmannial perspective, with its root in routes and interconnected histories, also falls straight to analytical bifurcations when applied to post-colonial nation states such as pakistan to demonstrate this the difference between

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the 2 I go on to extend. Julian goes proposed interconnected histories, approach onto 2 key domains that underlie Pakistan's Post Colonial sensibilities concerning the ideas of post colonial sovereignty modernity and development the first Domain is forged

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by the political, social, and cultural forces of colonialism and the associated anti-colonial politics.

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The second domain is forced by the land split of the subcontinent and the associated nation- politics in face of not just the British Raj, but also the Hindus of the subcontinent.

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So as a historical moment. Post colonial period for Pakistan began in 1947, with its independence from the British rule as well as the largest subcontinent territory that previously stood for both India and Pakistan based on the alleged moral and religious security of the

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Muslim, nation. So on to this past Pakistan Islamic governmentality finds a self infrequent contestation with certain accommodations of liberal and secular values as as part in passer of his post colonial inheritance of legal systems and civil

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bureaucracy, as well as its participation in the global development agendas so Pakistan's governmentality can thus be set to be made up of and representing an ongoing contestation and negotiation between theocracy secular democracy and new liberal

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rationalities. So for the first domain, after the mutiny of the British into of 1857, the British introduced their own legal system, but left the family law to be regulated by the Muslim scholars, which in turn gave religious Callers an opportunity to redefine Muslim identity

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as separate from the British and Hindus. The privatization of religion brought actions of Muslim women under strong patriarchal and religious scrutiny, and solidified their roles as agents of socialization, for Muslim future Muslims, and upholders of Familial and

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communal morality, scholars particularly note how it was Muslim women's valuable socialization role.

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In Islamic nations interests that enabled them to occupy educational spaces initially.

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So it was due to British non-interference policy to save that imperial reign, that Muslim women of the subcontinent are symbols of honor and respect started being subjected to this dual scrutiny.

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First in the personal spirit of family, and second in the national and religious milu of the post colonial, Islamic State.

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Now a good example of how Pakistani women continue to serve the anticolonial discourse.

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Even to this day in Pakistan is the Zena of the Hoodoo Ordinance of 1979.

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So, prior to the introduction of Grudith ordinance, Pakistan's legal system consisted of a substantial amount of inherited British colonial legislations, through which matters like adultery extraterrestrial affairs and premarital pregnancies

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were considered personal offenses. However, in an effort to further the Islamic identity of Pakistan as a religiously and morally superior nation.

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From that of the British Zena, under Hoodud.

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Ordinance was introduced in place to make adultery as legally and religiously punishable, and specifically require that women who want to prove it as an abuse to provide at least 4 male witnesses, so while Zena and its consequences are largely cited as key justification for

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Pakistan's representation as patriarchal and highly conservative religious society.

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It is only by looking at the subcontinence, Imperial history, anti-colonial discourses, and Muslim women, sociopolitical subjectivities can we see how and why Muslim personal law and religious scholars later came to hold the power to make constitutional

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amendments like Zena under who do the ordinance.

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Now, as already, Evidentlam remains central to subcontinental Muslims anti-colonial discourse, however, the early Muslim thinkers and Nationalists produced a model for sovereignty based upon the alleged religious and moral superiority of the budding muslim

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nation over the liberal angle. Anglo-european values, as well as the secular ideals of the Hindus and the Indian nation.

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This Islamization agenda amplified after the separation of East Pakistan now Bangladesh, from West Pakistan in 1971.

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So a good example showcasing this point is Pakistan's educational policy of 1979, which pushed for a national Islamic curriculum that could groom future generations of Pakistanis as for Islamic Norms and characteristics.

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However, the introduction of this policy by the then President, General Zia, Alhaq. Is equally noted at.

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Should we have 5 min? Just sorry to interrupt?

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Thank you. No worries is equally noted as a calculated political move.

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So, after the call of the East, Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, the fear of losing the West Pakistan to India heightened this led to President Zia.

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Fearing losing public support and trust and reporting and resorting to the policy of appeasement towards the dominant religious parties who helped greater power and aim to bring in Islamic revolution to Pakistan so notice how gender Zia's move here

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holds similarity to that of the British Argininian, 57 only that the former stem from nation making politics and the letters stand from quenching anti-colonial politics.

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So I have another example, but perhaps we can skip through that.

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But basically. Using these examples, my aim is to show that how behind the continuation of oppressive constitutional and public policies is this very belief that Post colonial Pakistan was true only meant to be a religious nation and that anything secular or liberal will risk its survival against the

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Indian and British nations, and my second example of the Republican repugnancy clause also explains the same.

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The same kind of step, so as evident it was added-colonial politics that equated the budding Pakistani nation to material that is, land as well as religious.

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Islamic domain. This was then intensified by the territorial split of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan, and later Bangladesh, which became representatives of secular and religious rationalities respectively so this suggests that pakistan's post colonial

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socio. Political sensibility surrounding nation and nationalism cannot be taken as a seamless development from some pre-existing legacy.

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The evidence from the continued repression of the anticolonial and national struggles onto the bodies and interests of Pakistani.

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Women particularly showcase how these new legacies constantly animate and get adapted into the service of socio-political rationalities underlying Pakistan's post colonial sovereignty so it is only when we delve into the landslide

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within the second domain that we see how implicit within the postmoner representation politics is this illusion of internal and nation-making discourse that developed alongside the co-constitutive anti-colonial consciousness.

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So the question that remains at the end is whether the call do a post monitor in sociology based on interconnected histories?

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Framework is worth pursuing. The answer requires us to move beyond the binary of a yes or no through the analysis of Pakistan's case we see how the post-connell lenses interconnected history framework enables us to recognize the potential of imperialism as a

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historical and political moment, to confer on post-corona society, such as Pakistan, a path very different from that of the prior legacies.

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Yet the unraveling of the nation-making politics has brought about a new layer of colonial relations whose understanding is only possible when enter and intercolonial and post-colonial historical connections across the pertinent geopolitical spaces are considered consequently I

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believe that what for school and sociology too truly requires is a widening of the scope of what can post colonial and post colonial politics mean and be considered as I does end my presentation with the call for a need of a renewed post colonial lens that not only addresses the

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interconnected histories, but also the associated semiotics of the internal politics.

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To define the conditions of post-coronial sovereignty, modernity, and development, and this is what I see as key to a high hearing post, colonial sociology that can fully unravel and relocate the alighted relations and experiences within the historical processes of concept

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formations. That's it. Thank you so much.

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Okay.

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So, Phoebe, if you're there, you can start.

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Yes. Can I share screen? Please?

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Yes, you can stop sharing your screen.

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That for a while.

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Share screen.

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Can you see this?

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I discussed the democratic institutions in Christ with crisis dominated cognitive empire.

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The misogynistic attacks on women, opposition candidates.

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But basically, we're talking about the contentious politics in Philippine society.

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So the first part of the the presentation we'll discuss about gender relations as, oh, patriarchal and violent colonial appropriation!

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It's a it's a legacy from the a colonial administrations.

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Both the Spanish era, which is about 333 years in the Philippines, and the Us.

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For about 50, 70 years, but it's still going on as a Mayo colonial master.

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So it's carried onwards to current times, and the next point is about where gender systems, light andoxide.

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The depicts multiple relations of power and power, dynamics.

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So when we speak of power, dynamics, we're talking about a bundle of social relationships which has its lighter and its dark side as Lucanus describes it, and where the gender system is embedded in a universal social classification of populations with the so called

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naturalised understanding of the relations of superiority and inferiority.

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If you know Keanu's work, where we speak of again, the global South, as opposed to the global north, and where we speak of resources being siphoned from global south, taken to global north.

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But until a present times there's an issue of a genuine assets, reforms, and genuine assets, redistribution from global north back to global south.

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And where gender, domination portrays power, dynamics, and regularly calls for violent abuse of one gender against the other, because we also have in our own population in this third world a number of top families collaborating with the global north or the top class also continuously employing the strategies of

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powerialism, and which is translated into the local power.

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Dynamics, the abuse of a genders, or between relations of the opposite sex.

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So in when we speak of gender in contentious Philippine politics, we speak of 4 women.

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I highlight here for political oppositionists, for women. Senator Miriam.

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Defensor, Santiago, the former president, Korizzona, Kin, who was able to oust the former dictator, Markos, the father of the current resident Senator, Leila Dilemma, who is still in jail until now and the fourth is you know

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Lenny Ropredo, who run as President in 2022, but was beaten by the son of the previous dictator.

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So, and then we have the Chief Justice herself, a woman. Sprimos in their Paris Maria Lorenzo, and as the fourth power, Maria Resa.

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So when these powerful women add their positionality to conquer the positions of the men, this is the attack that they experienced.

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So when we speak of, send it or Miriam depends. Sort of Santiago.

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She is one of the brightest women in the University of the Philippines.

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She took her masters of law in the Harvard University, and she was able to be part of the International Criminal Court when she was still alive.

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She run against Fidel v. Ramos, Fidel v.

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Ramos is a general, a military general was retired, and who was also running into the Presidency in 1992.

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But then the whole military structure run a diat drive against Miriam, and during the election time they orchestrated a team that informed the public that Miriam was taken to the mental asylum, and it affected for votes because 7,107 Islands do not

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have a way of verifying whether it is true, but there's selling the story that she was in a mental institution and could not be able to run, and so it's like a noisense candidates saying that appeared so it really affected her votes and she was beaten by general

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Fidel Ramas in the Presidency.

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She was known to be the longest serving Senator in the Philippines, and had a longest standing protest in the Philippine electoral tribunal, and the next was President Corezon Aquino, in 1986 President Keno was able to run in public office

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she is the wife of the assassinated Benignokino, and then her opponent was the previous dictator.

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Marcos. She was also attacked for 9 consecutive military creditas in the Philippines.

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So a total of 9 coups attacked her, and most of them were undertaken by the Reform.

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The armed forces of the Philippines, who were mostly identified as Loyalists of former President Ferdinand.

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Marcus, and then so there were like 9. The Manila Hotel plot in 1986.

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So these were the 9 military coups. I'm not going to elaborate on them, because we can have a look at the Powerpoint that I posted in the chat box.

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So there were a series of military criticisms.

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There were 9, all in all, and this were all undertaken by the side who were supporting the previous dictatorship with a military camp.

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And even the those people who are with him in the cabinets.

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We're also a mass to be behind this military coups.

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The next is Senator Lela Delima who is in jail for trumped up charges on a drug dealing.

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These are all trumped up charges when the program of the anti drugs war came about with rotary.

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Go to 30, and the policy of kill, kill, or the mass killings of those who are involved with the drugs were undertaken, and has as an average of about 33 kills in a day, and was reported daily.

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So here comes Senator de Lima, was the Secretary of the Department of Justice for a certain period, and when she became Senator she was taken to jail, and then, later on there were like a series of testimonies that a mass that they were all fabricated by President, rodrigo

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Duterte this you know. Camp. Senator Delima's case, where charges during the thirtieth anti-drug war program, the Philippine Government under the Natura regime, shifted into the matrix of militarization of domestic policing as domestic law

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infinforcement expanded operations in accordance to the antenna cortex.

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War interchangeably referred to as Antinarco War.

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This is actually borrowed from the Us. Antina cortex program, backed in similar cases as plan Colombia in Colombia or the Merida initiative in Mexico.

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And then this was also transported to the Philippines, as the Oakland dotcom policy of the Duterte regime, so a drug use sustain militarized interdiction on top of piles of dead bodies and like a series of 5 years time, while drugs trade

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sustains. There was a problem of congested jail facilities, backward jail management and operations, and yet the incidence of killings, convolutes, and cases of state narcotics, trade collusion with incentivized drug law infforcements and incidents of road cup systemic

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corruption dubbed us the ninja Cups.

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So Senator, Dilemma was chair of a Senate justice committee investigating extrajudicial killings on the Delta drugs.

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War, and then as a response to 30, you know, orchestrated a story.

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That dilemma had an effect with her driver and Mr.

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Ronnie, Diane, and he said that he had received documents of Mr.

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Diane from an unnamed country, and that Ronnie Diane is Senator Dilemma's collector of drug protection money, and then the Doj's secretary, Aguirre, hold on convicted drug Lords, former prison officials and police

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officers as prime witnesses against dilemma in the Congressional probe on illegal drug trafficking in the new Billievid prison dilemma was removed from chairing the Senate.

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Justice and Human Rights Committee investigating the third is extrajudicial killings.

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She was in prison since 2,017, after the tedest fabricated stories, and there was the.

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Sorry to have you have 5 more minutes just to give you time.

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Yeah, this there was Mayor Orlando Spinosa, who had allegations that dilemma benefited from illegal drug trade of his son Kevin is Spinosa, and then Rolando Espinosa was murdered and then in April

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22 Curvin Spinosa recounted his statement, said that he was coerced by the police after his father, Orlando was killed in jail, and in May 2022, another Guy Rafael Ragos former bureau of corrections, director General also

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with a witness of the Delima Drug Case recounted his testimony, and then the next case is Maria Leonor Lenniruppredo, the Presidential candidate in 2022, is opposition to Presidential candidate bombo Marco son of the previous

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dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and she was attacked in social media, massively attacked in the social media, and it was used to highlight on, you know this information about Marcus and this information about Roberto that brought the victory of the son of the previous Dictator

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okay. And then, aside from that, we're also massive breaking in the election.

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A system in the Philippines. So you have the military and the police integrated into the Commission in election stateures.

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You have local government units, transponed into vote, buying and cheating machinery, and you have massive reporting of force, election canvas, tempered voters, lists and paid uniformed and civilian armed coons, and then the next case is the case of Chief Justice Maria

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who tried to position us primos interparus. He was.

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She was ousted by a co-worker to petition instead of a regular impeachment procedure, prescribed in the Constitution.

401
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So it became a very, unconstitutional procedure.

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She was ousted. Okay, this is Serrano, and she was ousted through Khalida was an appointee solicitor.

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General by Rodrigo Duterte, and then the next to that was Maria Resa.

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If you're familiar with raptors. CEO Maria Resa, the media network.

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Rappler had a, you know, a series of of documentation about the killings, and she was under attack by Rodgigo Duterte.

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She was taken to jail. She was accused of a lot of things, and there were also men online attacks on Maria Resa, but she was able to concurage.

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She was convicted for cyber crime, and then she got a Nobel Peace Prize for speaking truth to power.

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So this is what happened. And then the last thing was that the third disorder was for all women in the left, and those who are involved through the new People's army to be shut at the vagina.

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So the conclusion the Philippines remains to be a dangerous place for women, especially for those who took the path to fight, and Defense Society's human and democratic rights, and that individuals as explanatory building blocks of power relations, can be abbreviated in terms of gendered experiences of oppression

410
01:08:29.000 --> 01:08:38.000
thank you so much for the opportunity. Bye, bye!

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Thank you both that I have to go.

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Options.

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Okay.

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Awesome.

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Thank you all for your presentations. I've been really brilliant.

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My name's Larissa Banbury. I'm from Charleston in Australia.

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Here are used to previously work at Rmit University, and in that role I had a very specific experience where I was required to travel to Singapore at least once or twice a year to teach Singaporean students.

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A Western business, organisational theory, subject and I'm particularly interested in, how do we?

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I did my best to decolonize the the curriculum, but there, to some extent I was constrained by contracts with Singapore Institute of Management required me to teach the same course, and a Western business course, and I guess the larger picture of this comes back to the idea that the

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Australian University system is hugely dependent on, and in some ways massively subsidized by international students.

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How do we in that sort of scenarios, try to?

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Decolonise and separate out our teaching from ironically.

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We are from the South, but we're teaching north, but you know what I mean.

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How do we actually address those sort of issues and challenges?

425
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Thank you so much.

426
01:11:02.000 --> 01:11:07.000
So I have a question about the East West illusion.

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So I wonder if you you had any thought on the kind of some nostalgic idea about the prosperous path of the East.

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In some of these figures that you are you were talking about, and so like there is a.

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There are theories that says that, like, for instance, Mesopotamia had a very prosperous past, or, for instance, Islamic culture had a very sort of a golden age of scientific production, production of knowledge, and like is there any kind.

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Of? Is there any role that plays? Oh, I mean role that.

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These kind of nostalgic ideas about the East.

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It plays a role in this sort of division between East and West, and whether you kind of have come across with any any type of historical construction of its kind of self and Norse, and also East and West Divisions.

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Hi, Caroline, a discussion for you when you are talking about the mechanism mechanisms of academic dependency, mention English as a global lingua.

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Francco. I was wondering if if you feel that any practical solutions to that would it be to raise other languages to the status of English, to have you know establish journals in other languages?

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Of the you know, American Journal sociology equivalent. So, yeah, what are your thoughts on that?

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01:13:20.000 --> 01:13:27.000
So, yeah, I still have time. So no worries. So thank you so much for these questions.

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So, for for the question of how do we decolonize?

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If administrators or people, who are responsible for the planning ask for Western courses or Western knowledge, I think we do need to talk to administrators both in the global North and in the global South and try to create awareness of these issues, so in your specific case, maybe that Western a textbook of course

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aim for Western students might not apply and might not be the best possible knowledge for students as situated in different contexts.

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I just try to explain that to them. If they would listen at all, but also in general, for the for the Admins that are pushing for rankings at all costs we need to explain to them that it inscribes a Conservative bias or bias of speakers speaking from power because these people are

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able to get the better, bigger grant, or are able to be published in bigger journals.

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But if you push for rankings for higher achievements of all costs, of course, it's safer to follow more conservative or established approaches who resonate with those people in power.

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So not only will we not innovate, but we will also silence perspectives who are coming from organized groups.

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So maybe it can be conveyed to Admins, and also for especially for administrators or planners located in in a formerly colonized countries, it might be important to explain to them that if they just try to play the ranking game the knowledge that are being pursued from trying to get into those

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Western journals or Western conferences might just be angled at Western audiences, but might not be the knowledge is that the people in the countries themselves need or might not be projects.

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Research projects that answer questions important to these populations. So I do think it might be possible to sensitise administrators to these issues.

447
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Hopefully, sorry about that. In the long run, ideally.

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As for English, for as a lingua franca.

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Yes, this is a problem we do. We do might want to need a one language that we can converse in.

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Otherwise everyone might be studying several language. Of course it might be good if academics themselves are bilingual, at least in bicultural, because monolingual, monocultural academics tend to be quite eurocentric.

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So if if we could have 3 or 4, or at least 2 languages, that everyone speaks, it might also be helpful.

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At the same time. It's, of course, good to have one language that everyone can understand.

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But this is the language that we have is a language of the British Empire which colonized enormous amount of country.

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So this is itself an issue. So there might be a global discussion amongst sociologists.

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What do we do about language, politics? Because the current system, of course, is a glass escalator for native English speakers, which save some so much time and money because they do not have to like look up all their words and fiddle with with the exact formulations and ask someone to proofread or spend money to

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prove it this and that, so they can push out so many more papers which are which read as more polished, even though at the same amount of thought and energy might be put in from them, then from a non native English speaker, so we need to recognize that this, English as the global lingua francine academia

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gives a glass escalator to the already privileged.

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While constituting various 2 scholars, were already usually underprivileged.

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So we need to discuss this for the time being. Journalists could just offer rent for translation, or reviewers could just be mindful of this, and not throw out articles where there's some good and important thought by that.

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It's just not polished. Quote unquote in terms of English.

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So I think I'll stop you. Thank you so much.

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I'll first address little supplement to your question.

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Bengali is the second language in England. Now it is taught in schools because there are so many Bengalis.

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That's one way of looking at it. Second is that there has to be conviction of the former colonies that they are not inferior in terms of language or history.

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So the problem with the administrators do not lie in the colonizer countries.

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It lies with the ex colonis. Us for them in the sense that we don't basically in ourselves or our languages.

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So why should the other person believe so? It's like, you know, the old very traditional word of charity.

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Vegan sat home. So we we have to know our own languages, our own histories, so that we can say with confidence, and it's 3 language formula must be followed.

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One is a link. Language. See country like India. If you know Bengali only you're nowhere.

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So you have to learn at list a link language and another language which most people speak, or at least you know, half of the situation.

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And the third point is, see whole of Europe other than England.

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Never teaches in English, even in the streets of France.

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Italy, Germany, Portugal, Greece, the ones I have visited.

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You don't speak English. You speak sign language, they will then entertain you.

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That shows the anti-position of the Europe towards England.

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So we got to understand that how we can elevate and get get into the position that you know this is a language you have to acknowledge.

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You don't want us to publish in our language.

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01:19:57.000 --> 01:20:09.000
Forget it. We got to be more conscious. See? Exploited, have to be more conscious to say that we exist unless we do that we still a subsurface.

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To the old one and the cultural imprilist hierarchy continues.

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01:20:14.000 --> 01:20:20.000
So it's our responsibility to say that our language is a language.

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So, and our articles, good American Journal, Sociology, I'm sure you know the history in 1994 and 95, the feminists had to say that.

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Well, we dissociate with me and create gender and society with the American Journal was not publishing feminist articles that was not in the Talcat personinian, Robert Martinian model.

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01:20:42.000 --> 01:20:48.000
So American journal of Socialities, epitome of conservatism, of all kind of sexism and racism.

484
01:20:48.000 --> 01:20:52.000
We don't consider. And the last point I agree with her ranking has to go down.

485
01:20:52.000 --> 01:21:00.000
What? Ranking? What ranking! Who judges? Who are the arbitrors?

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01:21:00.000 --> 01:21:07.000
So no ranking whatsoever. It's the knowledge that matters not the ranking ranking is artificially boost up.

487
01:21:07.000 --> 01:21:10.000
It's like Amazon or the flip card, which is a good one.

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So we should not do that in academia and the production laws.

489
01:21:13.000 --> 01:21:21.000
Your question is whether there are historical constructions. Yes, of course, as early as platoon.

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Hey daughters! They don't need. No, they didn't know anything about so-called Orient, etcetera.

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The only country that time was known to the Greeks was Persia, and the Persian Empire.

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Zoraxis had 3 wars with Greeks out of one.

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The Olympiad came about in terms of running between Athens and the battlefield, so Jerexis encoded language apparently we don't know the veracity of this story sent a message that we want your land and water and Greeks translated it that Jerry sees as the

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Empire is the owner of all lands in Persia.

495
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So he asked, land and water. Actually, what wanted was the sovereignty of Greeks that you surrender?

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So from then, on. This misconception, continued one of the misconception, is, there is no private property in hollow Orient Oriental.

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Despotism. One single person was free. That was the despot.

498
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Like Zarxes, forgetting the European despot's absolute despots.

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In this middle of the centuries. So the point is, Aristotle himself thought Orientals are tyrannical.

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Government, one person, government, and we are democracies. See Greece and Rome specifically the Greek literature which is exposed to India because of Alexander and the trade.

501
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We had, in fact, India had a favorable balance of trade.

502
01:22:58.000 --> 01:23:03.000
If you read original documents you'll know that India had a favorable balance of red with Rome and Greek boy.

503
01:23:03.000 --> 01:23:10.000
So much of Roman and Greek concept discovered in of first century Ad.

504
01:23:10.000 --> 01:23:17.000
In Southern India. That means they bought more. That's why we had a favorable trade balance.

505
01:23:17.000 --> 01:23:28.000
So all these things actually exposed India to these 2 civilizations, and they developed their own historical construction according to their convenience.

506
01:23:28.000 --> 01:23:29.000
I mean, if you read Indica, you will see that there are contradictions overall.

507
01:23:29.000 --> 01:23:44.000
So there were historical contradictions, constructions, and in the so what we call discovery, century from sixteenth century onwards the so called Martin capital.

508
01:23:44.000 --> 01:23:58.000
Marchins, went on to this, so called Eastern Paradise, where they had this, you know, empires, very successful empires, including Ottoman, Egypt, see Egypt was the first country to have the just a minute.

509
01:23:58.000 --> 01:24:09.000
I'll take a minute Egypt was the first country of an university in Alexandria in 978, 80, which granted degrees, not Europe.

510
01:24:09.000 --> 01:24:24.000
First 5 civilisations were in Asia, so all these are constructions historically, which Europeans thought that when they are able to conquer back those lands we could say that they are, you know, actually inferior.

511
01:24:24.000 --> 01:24:28.000
So we could comfort. Now the question is not in the conference.

512
01:24:28.000 --> 01:24:43.000
The question is in the construction now Greeks, Roman Empire was conquered by Watson Visiggs, and Vandals were tribes so conquering of the Roman Empire does not make God's visicots and vandals superior so concurring of India does not

513
01:24:43.000 --> 01:24:54.000
make automatically British superior. But British thought so it's a colonizing pattern of reproduction, of knowledge that we are superior, actually, not.

514
01:24:54.000 --> 01:24:58.000
There's no doubt about it so obviously in that position of knowledge, reproduction, the whole trend became backward, and 180 degree turnaround.

515
01:24:58.000 --> 01:25:21.000
That this must be inferior, otherwise how could we? Now, then, we can say that the Roman Empire was ruled by the shrimp so Roman was Roman Empire was inferior to tribes, but we don't say that because that's Europe so there are different pretexts

516
01:25:21.000 --> 01:25:33.000
in different contexts, parameters and standards which we have set internationally following a particular type of modernity which he thought is universal, we should all follow that path, and so by now we have COVID-19.

517
01:25:33.000 --> 01:25:42.000
Which did not actually spare anyone in Europe or in North America.

518
01:25:42.000 --> 01:25:48.000
They suffered as hell as India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, did Covid.

519
01:25:48.000 --> 01:25:58.000
19 is actually a great, you know, exposure that where we stand in terms of this hierarchy we have been creating Mark.

520
01:25:58.000 --> 01:26:02.000
So it's time for us to rethink reimagine. We define.

521
01:26:02.000 --> 01:26:06.000
We are not fighting with each other. Because we don't need to fight anymore.

522
01:26:06.000 --> 01:26:09.000
We need the global harmony. Actually, that's why it's critical.

523
01:26:09.000 --> 01:26:16.000
About the theory, think, think, outside, think whatever we have thought, time has come.

524
01:26:16.000 --> 01:26:23.000
Otherwise we would not never see that we are equal in order to say equal, we need to think in a very different manner.

525
01:26:23.000 --> 01:26:26.000
Thank you.

526
01:26:26.000 --> 01:26:32.000
Any other question?

527
01:26:32.000 --> 01:26:37.000
Because we have time.

528
01:26:37.000 --> 01:27:05.000
You take the microphone, take the microphone.

529
01:27:05.000 --> 01:27:11.000
No question. I told you. Give me more time.

530
01:27:11.000 --> 01:27:18.000
Oh, come on, all of the Sabiria!

531
01:27:18.000 --> 01:27:21.000
Respond to that question?

532
01:27:21.000 --> 01:27:38.000
Yeah.

533
01:27:38.000 --> 01:27:46.000
Yeah.

534
01:27:46.000 --> 01:27:52.000
So yeah, we we have a larger issue of the new liberalization of knowledge production.

535
01:27:52.000 --> 01:27:56.000
Was just saying that knowledge is being analyzed by economic tools and knowledge production.

536
01:27:56.000 --> 01:28:04.000
Just not, does not work that way. And it's it's too fragile and too complex.

537
01:28:04.000 --> 01:28:08.000
And there's too many issues of who are we silencing?

538
01:28:08.000 --> 01:28:10.000
Who are we not listening to to just give it to these new Liberal forces?

539
01:28:10.000 --> 01:28:16.000
Which are trying to maximize knowledge, productivity, or something.

540
01:28:16.000 --> 01:28:28.000
But I just wanted to say very quickly, there's also an issue with conferences, and with supervision, which I wanted to talk about.

541
01:28:28.000 --> 01:28:34.000
So. Isa is already apparently doing quite well, but especially for other conferences like Tasa.

542
01:28:34.000 --> 01:28:36.000
Our conferences in Europe, and so on. We do need travel grants for participants from the global South.

543
01:28:36.000 --> 01:28:41.000
Who wish to intervene and challenge the Western positions.

544
01:28:41.000 --> 01:28:52.000
Made there. We do need virtual options, because people often very often get visas denied.

545
01:28:52.000 --> 01:29:14.000
They spend a lot of time trying to get the visa of money or international intercontinent flights, whereas often relying on a very low income, and then they might need to cancel a flight or book very last minute because of visa issues, and Phoebe Sanchez originally wanted to

546
01:29:14.000 --> 01:29:25.000
come here at the presenter present online. She booked everything, her reset was denied, and then she had to refund everything, and she suffered a 30% financial loss.

547
01:29:25.000 --> 01:29:30.000
And this is a person who is already in financial precarity, and because of her refugee status.

548
01:29:30.000 --> 01:29:36.000
At the moment she spoke out against the Philippine Government, had to leave the Philippines and is currently a refugee.

549
01:29:36.000 --> 01:29:37.000
So so it's sociological associations should also assist those scholars.

550
01:29:37.000 --> 01:29:38.000
Financially, maybe writing to embassies in other ways.

551
01:29:38.000 --> 01:29:52.000
Otherwise, we're also silencing these dollars, and also for junior sociologists from formerly colonized countries.

552
01:29:52.000 --> 01:30:16.000
We might assist such scholars to even get their their submissions accepted here we might also ask a scholars from a formerly colonized countries to organize sessions and try to avoid all the sessions being organized by Western scholars also in places, like the European sociological association

553
01:30:16.000 --> 01:30:35.000
Tasa, Asa, and other conferences, because if it's all Western scholars that organize the sessions, then abstracts coming from formal like, how many colonized countries might just not fit into these sessions, and also for a.