WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:05.000
Good morning. I hope I'm audible.

2
00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:11.000
Yes, I'm ready.

3
00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:12.000
Good morning.

4
00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:20.000
Okay. Okay, excellent. So, It's a Saturday morning. On the last day I was expecting A lot of people, especially of Indian origin.

5
00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:28.000
To be here in the room. And participate in the discussion on Indian migrants in India. And abroad.

6
00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:40.000
There are a lot of submissions in this session. And we thought this 5 will be. Very interesting and you recover the different aspect of Indian migrants.

7
00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:49.000
I won't hold you for long. Your paper on analyzing the migration experience of terminal nurses returned from Malaysia.

8
00:00:49.000 --> 00:00:58.000
Caught it with your other colleagues including Erida Rajan Sebastian should be interesting So here you go.

9
00:00:58.000 --> 00:00:59.000
It's over to you.

10
00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:07.000
Okay, thank you very much. Thank you, James. I needed to upload my file.

11
00:01:07.000 --> 00:01:10.000
Oh, would you allow me to share my file? Please.

12
00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:16.000
Sure. Yes, so I'll just stop sharing the screen and then you can share your screen.

13
00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:19.000
Okay, thank you.

14
00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:24.000
Okay, that should work.

15
00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:31.000
Great.

16
00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:35.000
Hi, everyone can see my file.

17
00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:40.000
Yeah, we can see your screen but it doesn't look like the PowerPoint is open just yet.

18
00:01:40.000 --> 00:01:50.000
Oh, right.

19
00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:57.000
I see.

20
00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:00.000
Is the PowerPoint open on your screen?

21
00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:04.000
Yeah, I can see my file on the screen.

22
00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:07.000
Maybe, you might not be sharing the right window. Make sure you sharing the

23
00:02:07.000 --> 00:02:12.000
Okay, let me let me do it again.

24
00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:17.000
Yeah.

25
00:02:17.000 --> 00:02:34.000
Okay.

26
00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:38.000
Hello, tech support is here if you need assistance.

27
00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:44.000
Yeah, I cannot upload my 5. I mean share my screens. Oh, just a moment.

28
00:02:44.000 --> 00:02:56.000
Let me change.

29
00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:04.000
So are you able to click on the green share screen button in the middle at the bottom? Of Zoom.

30
00:03:04.000 --> 00:03:07.000
This upgrade can increase the weight.

31
00:03:07.000 --> 00:03:29.000
Yep.

32
00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:30.000
How about this one?

33
00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:32.000
Yes, excellent. It's working now.

34
00:03:32.000 --> 00:03:41.000
Okay, I use my, not PowerPoint but so that it makes. More visible.

35
00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:52.000
Great. Well, thanks. You can start when you're ready I think.

36
00:03:52.000 --> 00:04:14.000
Okay, thank you. Oh, thank you, Chairman and also good morning everyone. This is, speaking from COVID and this morning I am professor at the courage of PORTHY 6 at Rich Napa University, Japan and also I am Visiting Scar at the International Institute for migration and development to

37
00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:31.000
Kerala, India. This is PayPal and what's the coordinator who is now participating in the sessions of Institute of Developing Economies and also Oh, Sebastian, you know, they are Legend, the chairman of International Institute for Mimination and

38
00:04:31.000 --> 00:04:40.000
Development. I'm very happy to be part of this session this morning. I want you to be to Melbourne and participate in the session face to face.

39
00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:49.000
However, there is a some important event at my university this afternoon. So I, But today I'm going to talk about.

40
00:04:49.000 --> 00:05:02.000
Okay, the migration experiences of coming from Malaysia. And, she,s, the background of our papers.

41
00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:09.000
So they have to be group, growing global demand for hair scale workers, including Nassis or due to the decline.

42
00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:18.000
Of young population and also aging in the developed countries and also shortage of medical personnel in the Gulf countries.

43
00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:31.000
And many in developing countries migrate to. At once and also the current countries for higher salary and also better working condition and so on.

44
00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:53.000
Alright, so India has a long history of exporting Nazis and one of the major exporting countries along with or becoming NAS and also going up road to work as a to economic success and the social upgrading for Nazis and their families in India.

45
00:05:53.000 --> 00:06:07.000
So in dispose to the global demand and also the incentive to be announced, school openancing particularly private school or dancing has been mushrooming and in since the early 2,000.

46
00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:20.000
For example, there was only 30 B and C nursing programs in India in 2,000. The E 2 7 and it increased to almost 2,000 in the year 20 twenties.

47
00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:32.000
And on the other hand, in Malaysia, Malaysia is one of Advanced to nation in Asia and almost, a developed country according to the one bank, definitions.

48
00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:40.000
But it's not a shortage of analysis and also, that is why they needed to, it needed to import.

49
00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:56.000
Mainly on short term contract since the are in 2,000 So they only mean a lot of studies, investigating mass migration from Canada, but the studies from other states are pretty much limited.

50
00:06:56.000 --> 00:07:11.000
And also in general the majority of the study focus on median and long term more permanent migration. And there are few studies that focuses on short term migration.

51
00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:22.000
And I will, objective, is to examine how migration experience affected the Nazis in their daily life and also workplace.

52
00:07:22.000 --> 00:07:41.000
And we try to provide the quantitative evidence. Based on our interviews, questionnaires, with timing and nurses from our return from And also it tried to examine what 5 does influence nothing's perception changes before and after their migration.

53
00:07:41.000 --> 00:07:52.000
So generally speaking, nurses who migrate permanently or long term to developed country. Are they feel positive changes in all aspects?

54
00:07:52.000 --> 00:08:02.000
But the question is, Oh, Nancy migrated to Malaysia on the short term contract has saved their changes.

55
00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:12.000
Okay, here the, the profile of return our sample, they are determined migrant nurses from Malaysia.

56
00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:25.000
The number of sample is 127 they are registered I mean now since and they are all female born in India and they have, they have a B and C.

57
00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:36.000
And the SYBE period is what's 2 7, November 2 7 18 up to February 2,019 we employ a snowball sampling method.

58
00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:49.000
So this one indicate profile of our sample. So if you look at our school type majority of the sample of ungraduated from private school of nursing.

59
00:08:49.000 --> 00:09:02.000
And also the type of hospital or before migration they work for a private hospital. And also the year of a libel in Mauritius, majority of them alive.

60
00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:20.000
In Malaysia after year 2,010. And the years of migration durations more than 70% or 73.2% of nurses sample in they just spend one up to 3 years Okay, so the duration of a migration is pretty much limited.

61
00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:31.000
It's short. We can say it is short account. Alright, here's the reason for migrations.

62
00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:41.000
The most common reason is that because they have families or in in Malaysia, that is why they wanted to migrate to Malaysia.

63
00:09:41.000 --> 00:09:54.000
Followed by learning high-level openness skills and the technology higher sorry and the benefit Better clarity of life.

64
00:09:54.000 --> 00:10:03.000
This one is the reason for returning home. No termination of a contract, difficulty in bringing families.

65
00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:11.000
Yeah, always happens and also how they cannot extend leave from hospital in India.

66
00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:21.000
Then, then this slide shows a part of some changes of analysis before and after. Their migrations.

67
00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:33.000
So we use 7 categories. Changes in economic and financial conditions and changes in social status in India and nursing skills and the Norwich.

68
00:10:33.000 --> 00:10:47.000
And the communication skills. And the language, particularly English proficiency and dealing with patient and self confidence. We use the final scale from very upward, upward, no change downward and very downward.

69
00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:59.000
The number of responses was under a 17 out of 127. A sample analysis.

70
00:10:59.000 --> 00:11:16.000
So, and you can see, Okay, this is the. This, this, table in the time, graph it to indicate the changes or perception before and after migration.

71
00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:22.000
And GROUND, it indicate, positive very upward changes. And the green indicate upward changes.

72
00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:40.000
So blue and greens to indicate possible changes. And the gray one is those no changes in perception. And also, orange it shows down and, red indicate much down.

73
00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:54.000
So. Orange and, Red do want to indicate negative changes. And more than 60% of at least at least more than 60% of U.

74
00:11:54.000 --> 00:12:05.000
S. Particularly English efficiency and also self functions more than 70% of Nancy reported to positive changes.

75
00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:17.000
However, if you look at the this gray and also orange and red not small number of nursing reports, no or negative changes in each items.

76
00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:27.000
And more than 40% of respondent report no or negative changes about economic financial condition and also social status in India.

77
00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:35.000
So in general, migration is believed to bring qualify change to migrants after their returning home.

78
00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:47.000
But this slide indicates the migration may not be, always as lowy as January. You my jeans.

79
00:12:47.000 --> 00:13:00.000
So now, in this section, we statistically analyze. What tractors influence changes in mass perception and we carried out ordered profit estimations.

80
00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:21.000
Then we found 2 important factors came out that are 2 important factors significantly inference perception changes or analysis. That is the year of graduation from our nursing school and also migration duration.

81
00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:41.000
Alright, so the impact of duration of migration that was significantly positive. This is quite natural. As nothing came longer, they feel more positive changes because they earn more money and also in turn it may raise their social status in India.

82
00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:51.000
And also more more nursing skin and the Norwich and the English profession she also improve. And communication skills and so on.

83
00:13:51.000 --> 00:14:02.000
And this mean that, because of the short term experience in Mauritius, so there are many nurses who are not able to feed positive changes.

84
00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:19.000
Then our survey conducted in 2,016 about Nazis who migrated medium to long term. We found only 3 out of 51 survey analysis recorded no change or negative change before and after migration.

85
00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:31.000
So this Oh, indicate there is a significant difference. In changes or perception between short term migrant nurses and also long term migrant nurses.

86
00:14:31.000 --> 00:14:46.000
So long time when you don't do less tended tended to feel more positive changes than shorter time by And also the impact of EARTE, of gradation from, private or schools or nothing was significantly negative.

87
00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:55.000
So this means the area, the year of graduation, the more possible change the Nazis perceive.

88
00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:11.000
I'm less likely to proceed with changes. So in addition to these 2 factors, we like to hypothesize that environment changed in India and also abroad since the 2,000.

89
00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:25.000
May have had an significant impact on the perception of Nazis who migrated. One is quantitative expansion of Nancy Education India, which makes the nursing questions more common.

90
00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:41.000
And the second or the progress of globalization and also the emergence of low cost and, also migration much easier and faster and less expensive.

91
00:15:41.000 --> 00:16:01.000
Then, Indian economic development and also improve quality of medical service, which reduce the gap between India and also the destination country in terms of our economic conditions and also medical skills.

92
00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:13.000
So these changes. In addition to 2 factors, in the duration of migration and also the years of graduation.

93
00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:21.000
These changes might have influence Nazi perceptions. But in the past, becoming less and also going abroad.

94
00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:32.000
Were considered as a key to economic success and also social upgrading for nurses and their families. I know going abroad alone, particularly for females.

95
00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:44.000
Was it once in a lifetime event? However, nowadays over shooting migrations overseas travel might not be taken as seriously as it was before.

96
00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:53.000
And also the level of aspiration becoming us may have declined. To the nation who migrated overseas in the past.

97
00:16:53.000 --> 00:17:02.000
And therefore the younger nurses are less likely to pass the positive changes in that it was indicated our sample.

98
00:17:02.000 --> 00:17:14.000
And also we like to highlight the emergence of holiday worker nurses. We just want to enjoy the experience of reading and also working abroad.

99
00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:26.000
So simply they don't much care about improving their economic conditions and also social status also including their medical skill and clinical skills and so on.

100
00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:36.000
Simply they just want to enjoy their living. A lot. Oh, this is the, we found this kind of tendency of our studies.

101
00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:46.000
Conducted in Singapore. We ask, Nazis there, the Indian nurse is there, and we found that the distancing is quite quite evident.

102
00:17:46.000 --> 00:18:10.000
And that was we will be, reporting that, result in, Okay, so in a conclusion in the case of temporary short term labor migration such as migration malaria migration may not always bring quality perception changes in the similar fine use could be observed in the case of short

103
00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:29.000
term labor migration permanent to the Gulf countries. And although migration to work abroad was once are considered as a key to successful nurses and their families several factors such as duration the migration and the environment changes in India and the world.

104
00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:43.000
Have a different effect on nurses lives after they turn on. Oh, here's some differences and thank you very much for your attention or listening and also your patient.

105
00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:46.000
Thank you. Now I return to the chairman. Thank you.

106
00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:54.000
Thank you, Professor Order. Very interesting. Presentation.

107
00:18:54.000 --> 00:19:09.000
We would like you to hold on. There will be few more presentation and after that we can have a round of discussion especially because on this last Saturday morning the audience seems to have in common, but we can have good discussion.

108
00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:19.000
As you were presenting, I was thinking how how about nurses from Kerala in different destinations, but do you know very interesting?

109
00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:27.000
Next in line we have Mali Bahadur. What are supposed to do in-person presentation but for some reason he is not here.

110
00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:38.000
Maybe he can join online. And next we have Adrian. From US so a great excellent and so nice to see you.

111
00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:46.000
You were having difficulty. I am so glad you have made it. You will be presenting on parenting within a transnational context.

112
00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:56.000
The case of Indian and Indian American returned migrants and their families. Thank you for joining. Over to you.

113
00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:09.000
Thank you very much. I had uploaded a presentation, but I think I will just go ahead and share my presentation but I think I will just go ahead and share my screen because that might just be easier.

114
00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:11.000
Yes.

115
00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:30.000
Okay, excellent. So I'll continue. So my, good morning. My name is Adriene Lee Aderbury and I'm going to be presenting on parenting within a transnational context, the case of Indian and Indian American return migrants and their families.

116
00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:49.000
Good morning. So, this is part of a, so I'm gonna actually talk about a smaller, segment of this broader project and I've titled the smaller project strategic assimilation in a transnational context, parenting, identity, and achievement among return migrants in India.

117
00:20:49.000 --> 00:21:11.000
In the smaller segment, what I'm really looking at is how parents raise their children in a way that both reaffirms their understanding of their ethnic identity while also to promoting social upward social mobility.

118
00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:17.000
So there are several questions that motivate this study. The first one being in what ways do return migrant parents see raising their children in India as beneficial.

119
00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:37.000
Second, how do they transmit aspects of their ethnic and class identity to their children. And third, how does being raised within a transnational context affect youth relationship to their ethnic identity.

120
00:21:37.000 --> 00:21:46.000
So this project, like the larger project itself, relied upon interviews with 95 individuals, which included Indian and first generation Indian American return migrants.

121
00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:59.000
Their children who at the time were in high school as well as 20 interviews with Indian American transnational youth.

122
00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:16.000
So those are. Young people who are relatively young people who are born and are raised in the United States, then relocated to India with their parents between the ages of 4 and 16 and then return to the United States for college.

123
00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:35.000
So just to give you a sense as to where I conducted, my research. I actually focused my interviews on return migrants that had decided to relocate to Bangalore or Bangalore, which is the capital of Karnataka's state in southwest India.

124
00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:48.000
The overwhelming would majority of my interviews took place within family homes and oftentimes my participants lived within gated communities that were either communities of apartment high-rises such as the one you see here or bungalows.

125
00:22:48.000 --> 00:23:04.000
There are many reasons for them wanting to live in these particular environments, one of them being safety, the other ones being that it was like I'm almost already in built sense of community.

126
00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:25.000
These communities tended to have beyond just like the nice homes that you see here. A lot of different resources that families could depend upon and these include grocery stores, ATMs, some even had beauty parlors as well as places where they can enjoy athletic leisure such as tennis, swimming, and

127
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:28.000
walking.

128
00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:43.000
So the theory that undergirds or guides my research is strategic assimilation. This theory was originally conceptualized by Karen Lacy in her study of middle and upper middle class black parents within the Washington DC suburbs.

129
00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:54.000
She witnessed parents privileging black social spaces even while having increased access to white neighbourhoods, schools, and workplaces.

130
00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:00.000
She found that parents engaged in strategic assimilation through erecting boundaries between white and blacks.

131
00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:09.000
Social spheres as well as between Black middle or upper middle class spaces in the black lower classes.

132
00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:22.000
And in addition to found that where these families resided and the neighborhood racial and class context in which they lived played an important role in how they define boundaries for their children.

133
00:24:22.000 --> 00:24:38.000
Charles Maley argues that these boundaries are seen as important because they provided their children with the tools needed for upward social mobility.

134
00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:43.000
The theory that guides the study is strategic assimilation. Sorry about that. So I've recorded myself just in case I had any technical difficulties.

135
00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:55.000
And that's what you heard there. So the author states that or excuse me, there are other people who have expanded upon the theory of strategic assimilation.

136
00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:17.000
What if there's being scholar Rebecca Curran who published the article titled Becoming American by Becoming Muslim where she investigated how suburban second generation Muslim American parents used strategic assimilation and the construction of religious and immigrant generation boundaries.

137
00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:26.000
She found that the parenting practices that the second-generation Muslim-american parents engaged in gave their children the tools to develop.

138
00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:35.000
Which he describes as appropriate Muslim and American identities, which were vital to their ability to achieve upward social mobility.

139
00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.000
There's also to, the work of Ali Megji in positionings of the black middle classes.

140
00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:51.000
That demonstrates how strategic assimilation operates with other mechanisms of identity construction for Britain's black middle classes.

141
00:25:51.000 --> 00:26:12.000
So this study is to extend the utility of strategic assimilation in several ways. First, through context, instead of looking at a national context such as the United States, I consider parents whose lives are transnational in nature and who are preparing their children for similarly transnational lives.

142
00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:21.000
I also to apply this concept to a new population. In, in this includes Indians and first generation Indian American return migrants.

143
00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:27.000
I also to look at parents who have aspirations for their children that expand beyond a single nation state.

144
00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:39.000
So these are parents who imagine transnational futures for their children and I consider how strategic assimilation might work for this specific population.

145
00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:49.000
In addition, I also to explore the effects of strategic assimilation and I specifically focus on youth understanding of their ethnic identity.

146
00:26:49.000 --> 00:27:11.000
It would be great to be able to actually see if strategic assimilation affects, how youth are able to reproduce their class background.

147
00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:19.000
Assess how strategic assimilation enables them to maintain their middle class background.

148
00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:32.000
So now move on to my finding section, which I'll go through briefly here. So first I discuss how parents or the perceived advantages that parents saw to being able to raise their children in India.

149
00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:37.000
There were several different perceived advantages. The first one being the fact that by raising their children in India, they could raise them within a socially and culturally familiar environment.

150
00:27:37.000 --> 00:28:00.000
They also to had the chance to educate their children in schools such as international schools as well as schools that offer national and state-level curricula that could propel them onto competitive colleges and universities within India, the United States.

151
00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:12.000
Or elsewhere. Additionally, and as I highlight here in this quote, they like the fact that by being able to raise their children in India, they were able to expose them to the world.

152
00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:19.000
So oftentimes parents told me that when they were in the United States, they spent a lot of time and a lot of money.

153
00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:38.000
Making trips back to India. And so by being in India, they could use that time, that vacation time and the, their discretionary income to go on small trips perhaps within Asia, but also 2 parents talked about sending their children and taking family vacations to Europe, Cuba, and also to various places in the United States.

154
00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:44.000
And because of the fact that they're preparing their children for transnational futures. This is important to parents.

155
00:28:44.000 --> 00:29:09.000
They want to make sure that their children have the ability, have the acumen to navigate being in different national, social and cultural contexts now so that when they have to step into these environments for their education or for their professional lives in the future, they can do so comfortably.

156
00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:18.000
Parents also to talked with me about how they constructed boundaries around their families or around their communities for their children.

157
00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:32.000
Based on cast and class. So when it came to discussing cast boundaries, this oftentimes came up in coded language and particularly around school choice.

158
00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:45.000
So parents mentioned that they chose they chose a school for their children that would provide them with the opportunity to be educated with kids from the right kind of background.

159
00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:54.000
And this was often a background that was quite similar to their own. The parents that I spoke with they tended to be professionals, right?

160
00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:11.000
I would say at least one parent within the family had a graduate level degree. And so they viewed their ability to have the lifestyle that they currently had as based on the kind of education they had previously.

161
00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:14.000
And they wanted to make sure that their children also to valued their education and did not value other things, particularly money and consumer goods.

162
00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:30.000
So when talking about making school choice decisions, they oftentimes said that they wanted to avoid schools that had too many children who come from a business family.

163
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:53.000
While these were children who came from the same social class as their own families, they sometimes felt that children who came from business families perhaps valued consumer goods perhaps did not value education as much as they felt their children needed to, and they were worried about the negative impact that that might have on their children.

164
00:30:53.000 --> 00:31:03.000
And which would ultimately hinder perhaps their ability to reproduce their social class status. They also too talked about contracting boundaries related to class.

165
00:31:03.000 --> 00:31:17.000
And they wanted to, they constructed these boundaries as a way to ensure that their kids understood that they come from privileged backgrounds and it was important for them to learn how to wield their privilege correctly.

166
00:31:17.000 --> 00:31:25.000
In addition to that, they also she wanted to expose their children to the fact that there was this other side to life where perhaps life was not so easy.

167
00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:35.000
So they wanted to expose their children to those who come from the lower classes as a way to encourage them to achieve and to seek to reproduce their class.

168
00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:50.000
Background. So some of their social service work that these families engaged in included sponsoring doctoral students at local universities, funding schools, as well as building libraries for children.

169
00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:51.000
On a more day to day basis, they encourage interactions between their children and those who come from lower classes.

170
00:31:51.000 --> 00:32:16.000
So typically parents talk to me about the fact that they wanted their children to talk to the driver that they hired or the gardener or their maid because they wanted them to understand their lifestyle and to understand that the privileges that they had were should not be taken for granted and that they should work hard to achieve a similar social status in

171
00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:20.000
adulthood.

172
00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:26.000
As a. So the next findings that I will talk about relate to the emergence of intra-generational boundaries.

173
00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:35.000
So what I found in this study was that, for the transnational youth that I spoke to.

174
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:54.000
They see themselves as being distinct from the US raised. Second generation Indian Americans and I highlight here in Sir Rob's quote how these difference or these opinions about these differences right and why they might occur.

175
00:32:54.000 --> 00:33:23.000
And oftentimes it related to the fact that transnational youth had the opportunity to Live in India and as a result of that they developed a more nuanced a more in depth understanding of their of their ethnic identity and also to develop it what they felt was a deeper relationship to to India as a

176
00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:34.000
subcontinent. And it's not just important the fact that they developed, these opinions about their differences from US race, second generation, Indian American youth, but also to that they would act upon these differences in some ways.

177
00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:50.000
So when I would speak to youth, they would tell me about how at many of their universities there was a mainstream Indian student organization and how for a variety of reasons they felt that they didn't quite fit in to that organization.

178
00:33:50.000 --> 00:34:09.000
Some chose to. Just, you know, move like, I don't want this, they, some just chose not to be a part of it and chose to seek other ways in which to express their, their identity while on campus.

179
00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:14.000
And that idea is highlighted in the second quote here.

180
00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:25.000
So by way of conclusion, overall, the study contributes to. I hope that it will contribute to the broader literature on parenting and children in youth.

181
00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:40.000
It does so by demonstrating the usefulness of strategic assimilation to understanding parenting practices among transnational and mobile groups, as well as exploring the effects of strategic assimilation on youth identity and intergroup.

182
00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:52.000
Belonging. This, paper is very much a work in progress and I am in the process of further developing it with plans of it being published.

183
00:34:52.000 --> 00:35:15.000
So my first step in developing it includes, creating a theoretical framework around the following areas, which include parenting, especially focusing on how parenting is shaped by class, race, and ethnic identity as well as international migration and social mobility and discussing the interconnections between geographic mobility and upward social

184
00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:23.000
mobility, especially because the parents that I spoke to are preparing their children to lead transnational lives in the future.

185
00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:27.000
And third, I will, I plan on developing a segment of the theoretical framework that focuses on boundary formation and social status.

186
00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:42.000
So I will discuss the use of boundaries. To indicate one social status and how boundaries can work as a way to demarcate different groups.

187
00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:49.000
Last and something that I have not yet thoroughly analyzed is the importance of extended family to.

188
00:35:49.000 --> 00:36:03.000
Youth understanding of their ethnic identity and also to family as a way to or the use of extended family as a way to promote one's social mobility.

189
00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:25.000
In case anyone is interested in anything that they heard today, I'm just sharing here, some additional resources that I have published with in the past 2 years that talk about various topics related to school choice, youth identity, and school switching patterns that I noticed amongst return migrants in India.

190
00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:35.000
So thank you so much, for your time and for listening to this presentation today. If you would like to get in touch with me, feel free to send an email.

191
00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.000
I provided my personal email address here. Thank you.

192
00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:50.000
Thank you. Thank you so much. It was a lovely presentation and I really appreciate you joined. Despite the issues.

193
00:36:50.000 --> 00:37:05.000
Because I was looking forward to hearing Professor Oda is also holding on maybe you and Bruce Order who are not of Indian origin but studying Indian migrants.

194
00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:17.000
You can think through and when we have discussion you can tell us how do you see or compare the Indian migrants say with other groups like Chinese and Japanese or Jamaican or Mexicans.

195
00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:35.000
That will enrich the discussion thereafter. It's a small group. Bali Bahadur is not in person or joined so may I invite Professor Professor Meta Jagde Standranah from Chandler to talk about irregular international migration.

196
00:37:35.000 --> 00:38:05.000
From India to Euro and I request Radha to hold on because she'll be after this. Thank you.

197
00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:28.000
Thank you. Ali Theraji. Good morning, all of you. We are friends who have joined here and who are sitting here in this morning.

198
00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:38.000
So my topic is international. Irregular international migration from India to Europe, issues of concern.

199
00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:51.000
So my presentation is divided into 5 parts basically, first status and pattern of immigration from Punjab the state of India.

200
00:38:51.000 --> 00:38:58.000
Methodology finding you the study various issues recommendations and conclusion

201
00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:06.000
By introducing the theme, irregular migration is a complex phenomena affecting the countries of origin, transit and destination.

202
00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:17.000
Smuggling and irregular migration of individuals across international boundaries is a violation of established laws. Is a grave problem.

203
00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:27.000
Across the world, including India. The current trend of Punjabi youth fring to foreign lands is very different.

204
00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:36.000
Innocent youth sell their property and pay large sums of money to travel agents. Who make false promises.

205
00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:58.000
Thus the present research studies detailed assessment of the situation of a regular migration from Punjab. This paper is an attempt to understand the extent of irregular international migration from Punjab even though we have taken the sample from the neighboring state Haryana also to discover the profile of irregular migrants.

206
00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:12.000
It's causes and associated issues of concern for policymakers and to explore the sources of financial financing such migration So these are some of my objective of the studies.

207
00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:24.000
To examine the extent of irregular integration migration from rural Punjab especially. To discover the demographic social economic profile of irregular integration migrants from rural Punjab.

208
00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:32.000
To identify the causes of irregular international labor migration from rural Punjab and associated issues of concern.

209
00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:40.000
To assess the sources of financing irregular migrants in the process of international migration.

210
00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:53.000
This is an important study of transnational importance that may help to discourage irregular migration with a close cooperation of the countries of origin, transit and destination.

211
00:40:53.000 --> 00:41:01.000
It is hoped that this study will provide background and recommendation on ways to strengthen actions in this direction.

212
00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:13.000
So this study was based on primary data as well as of course the scanty data. The study takes the household as the basic unit of analysis and based upon personal interviews with the deported persons.

213
00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:22.000
And the family members of the irregular migrants. Those were deported from particularly England but other parts of Europe as well.

214
00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:28.000
Because there is no proper data so snowball sampling method is used to identify the respondents in the families.

215
00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:36.000
Where our fund necessities case studies on irregular migration were also collected from this part.

216
00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:45.000
So here I have defined the irregular migration that I can skip for this particular presentation for lack of time.

217
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:52.000
So I will directly switch to magnitude of irregular migration.

218
00:41:52.000 --> 00:42:08.000
Many countries across the world developed as well as developing face large influx of irregular migrants. A regular migration comprised about 10 to 15% of the worldwide labor migration in 2,005.

219
00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:17.000
Currently, the International Organization for Migration confirms it large-scale existence all over the world.

220
00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:29.000
But Europe has seen the largest presence of irregular immigration in recent times. Many innocent migrants become victims of the dubious acts of their agents.

221
00:42:29.000 --> 00:42:45.000
If regular migration is not controlled It will adversely affect legal migration in any country. Therefore, it is necessary to discourage such a regular migration through close cooperation between the countries of origin.

222
00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.000
Transit countries and the destinations.

223
00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:59.000
India also face problem of irregular immigration from neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet and Sri Lanka.

224
00:42:59.000 --> 00:43:06.000
It is estimated that there are over 20 million irregular migrants in India that is more than the European Union and the US.

225
00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:26.000
So India is also facing a large issues of the irregular immigrants from the neighboring countries. Along with regular immigration from developing countries in Asia, India is also a source of irregular immigration to the developed countries as well.

226
00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:40.000
India's highest receiver of remittance. Amounting to US dollar bill, 83 billion which constitute about 2.8% of GDP in 2,019.

227
00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:47.000
At the micro level it's impact on economic prosperities of the families of the migrants, families who are left behind.

228
00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:58.000
Families of all migrants in Indian states and particularly in Punjab as well as in of course Haryana is also evidenced by many studies.

229
00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:11.000
4 major Indian states. On top of this Nathamil Nadu Kerala and Punjab contribute about 80% of the irregular migrants.

230
00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:28.000
Irregular migrants from Punjab and Haryana of India takes place during the period of the ninetys with a large-scale integration of unskilled labor to European nations and it is due to the process of liberalized economies and globalization as well.

231
00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:40.000
So as far as some findings of concern that I have divided into some parts. So trends and volume of irregular migration from Punjab State.

232
00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:51.000
As already said, Punjabi is a northwest state. There are 3 areas within the Punjab that is known as Malawa, Dawaba and Maja.

233
00:44:51.000 --> 00:44:52.000
There are 3 regions. Punjab has a long tradition of international migration, especially from central Dawaba region.

234
00:44:52.000 --> 00:45:05.000
Dober region comprised of main 4 districts, Hoshyarpur, Jalantha, Kapur Thala and Noah Shares.

235
00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:19.000
We used to say if you visit the houses and families of these particular districts. You will found rarely any household or any family from where the migrants has not been.

236
00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:29.000
A broad date the individual is not being you know sent to some other countries. How are given very well established channels of regular immigration.

237
00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:38.000
The coexistence and mushrooming of irregular immigration from Indian Punjab present a peculiar case and therefore requires to be deeply investigated.

238
00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:46.000
In this context or the household the question is the household willfully sending their words abroad irregularly.

239
00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:57.000
And why they do not shy away from sending their words abroad irregularly. Are the main pertinent questions.

240
00:45:57.000 --> 00:46:09.000
It is common observation in Punjab that irregular migrants spent substantially higher than regular ones for migrating and setting settling abroad.

241
00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:31.000
Which is the trend very opposite to the African countries where the letter is considerably cheaper than the former. In African countries The regular migration is cheaper and from India and these 4 states, particularly Punjab, the irregular migration is much costlier than the regular migrants.

242
00:46:31.000 --> 00:46:44.000
However, migrant families do not, to be constrained by high migration coast and still consider it as a lower in comparison to their willingness to earn NRI tag.

243
00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:59.000
That enhance their social status. In Punjab, if this particular major region, these 4 districts, any individual from family is not migrated to any other countries.

244
00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:07.000
That is not considered as a social status from that family. That social status of that family is declined actually.

245
00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:22.000
With high standard of living and remunerative returns to their family members. They sent their members to advanced countries either by selling their houses or even availing a huge amount of credit from informal landing sources.

246
00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:33.000
On very high interest rate to afford such migration coast. The expenditure is considered as basically the investment in the future.

247
00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:43.000
It is not easy to estimate the extent of irregular integration migration from Punjab because the data on irregular migration cannot systematically maintain.

248
00:47:43.000 --> 00:47:52.000
One can only comment on the trends and volume of regular migration. So field observation, opinions of law enforcement authorities.

249
00:47:52.000 --> 00:48:01.000
Media reports, interpretation of data of deportations. Complaints lost against agents and through the case studies or observations.

250
00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:16.000
An interpol study says India account for the largest number of illegal immigrants in Europe. Another report says that in 80% of illegal Indian immigrants are Punjabi.

251
00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:23.000
80% from illegal immigrants that are coming from whole of the India are Punjabi's.

252
00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:30.000
Another study by UNO DC. This UNFC studies was also conducted by us in 2,009.

253
00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:36.000
Shows that irregular migrants from Punjab constituted 72% of irregular migrants.

254
00:48:36.000 --> 00:48:46.000
On an average about 84% of irregular migrants are from rural areas and only 16% from the urban areas.

255
00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:52.000
During the field study in different villages of Punjab, the phenomenon of chain migration is prevalent.

256
00:48:52.000 --> 00:49:02.000
It was observed that areas with a long migration history to particular countries continue to spend a majority of migrants to the same countries.

257
00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:18.000
Though migration to other countries from such areas has also been observed, The social network which the migrants have in other countries helps them to contact agents who who managed to get them to their destinations.

258
00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:32.000
The pattern of irregular migration has separate in the neighboring states as I told about Haryana and even the part of Himatal as well, states which had hitherto notes and irregular migrants to other countries.

259
00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:40.000
Earlier, regular migration was confined to a few casts. But it has now supplied to other castes.

260
00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:46.000
Groups as well. Don't international communities, the caste is a peculiar phenomena for Indian.

261
00:49:46.000 --> 00:50:02.000
Society without caste, cast revolves around our whole of the life. The news of the safe arrival of irregular migrants to their destinations can prompt others in the villages to attempt a regular migration.

262
00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:14.000
It is not however common for the news of the dangers and hardships. Faced during their journey and on arrival at the destination country to reach back home.

263
00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:24.000
The regular migration in Punjab is on still rise in spite of the various dangers and risks associated with it.

264
00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:35.000
You NO DC report opposes that number of attempting irregular migration is likely to be more than 20,000 every year.

265
00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:51.000
What are the profile of irregular? Migrants. The majority of irregular migrants from rural areas due to high unemployment It is the men who try to migrate irregularly leaving the family behind and send remittance home.

266
00:50:51.000 --> 00:50:59.000
The majority of women do not attempt irregular migration because of the associated risks. And poor educational Attainment is the main reason for the irregular migration as well.

267
00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:12.000
Young people and unmarried are supposed to have an increased inclination to take risks as there is reduced family liabilities.

268
00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:30.000
Though the married men are also increasingly taking interest in irregular migration in these days, along with even the nowadays few of the women has also the part of regular immigration in these days.

269
00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:40.000
The high unemployment rate and lack of education and skill is the main cause of international migration. Regular migration and psychological atrobe attributes such as good health.

270
00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:49.000
Drive initiative courage, adaptability, capacity to work hard. And dream to make it big in life.

271
00:51:49.000 --> 00:52:05.000
Encourage them to migrate. As I told you, Kim, my Punjab is the highest you know, outflow for the immigrants because they are they have a high risk taking capacity.

272
00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:21.000
And chain migration or guided by relatives and friends settled abroad. Recommendations, remittance from abroad, the gulf between the potential earnings in India and in foreign lands attracts even the educated and qualified youth for immigrations.

273
00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:37.000
Poverty and depth is again the main cause of in a regular migration. And in Punjab particularly in these 4 districts, irregular migration is not considered as a stigma.

274
00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:51.000
New symbol of social status as already said, displays of pump and shows by Punjabi and arise during their visit to the state, remittances, commercial houses as well as ostentatious marriages.

275
00:52:51.000 --> 00:53:00.000
Influenced Punjabi youth who believed that migration to foreign lands will help them in a accomplishing their goals.

276
00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:08.000
The rejection in regular mode due to language tests I let's or Tofu is another main reason for the regular migration.

277
00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:14.000
And guided by travel agents recommendations.

278
00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:26.000
What are the sources of financing international migration because majority of them belong to a poor family background. So, 10% of the irregular migrants have used their self or their family savings.

279
00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:37.000
For going abroad, the 60% a very large proportion have migrated by selling or mortgaging their agricultural lands to finance their migration.

280
00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:55.000
2% have sold or mortgaged even their household or dwelling as well. 5% admitted to taking loans from banks or money lenders while 9% have taken loans from friends and relatives on a very high interest rate.

281
00:53:55.000 --> 00:54:04.000
Still, 14% who have migrated on student visa. Claimed to have obtained a temporary funds for short duration through a nexus of visa agents.

282
00:54:04.000 --> 00:54:18.000
Bank complies, rich businessmen and money lenders to informally put up front money in their accounts they have bore the cost of this favor by paying some interest

283
00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:31.000
Who are the agencies that are involved in illegal immigrations? The proliferation of agents and subergents in Punjab can be attributed to the high demand for their services.

284
00:54:31.000 --> 00:54:47.000
The agents generally operate under the gaze of travel or recruitment agencies. It is the suburbs who bring potential migrants into contact with the representative of main agents in cities in Punjab and in Delhi.

285
00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:59.000
Agents adopt various methods to facilitate irregular migration. These include use of forced Indian passport, photo substitution in Indian and foreign passport.

286
00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:14.000
Jacket substitution of Indian passport. Use of re-stitched passport. The exchange of boarding cards in the security areas and the use of forced foreign passport visas and residence permits.

287
00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:32.000
It was note that fees varied from or as 10 like about to you know in US dollar 12,000 to 30 leg that is 36 US 36,000 US dollar for the agenda space or irregular immigration fees.

288
00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:50.000
Carrie agents accompanied irregular migrants to their destination countries. It was also noted that a few of carrier agents were females, the amount varied, female agents are beneficial for these transition from one country to another country.

289
00:55:50.000 --> 00:56:07.000
The amount varied from 2 to 6 lag. US dollar 5,000 to 15,000 approximately to be paid to the carrier agents the mediator regents The other expenses of travel, lodging and boarding of their carrier agents were also met by the migrants.

290
00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:16.000
The irregular migrants who were accompanied by carrier regions have paid very high fees to the agents.

291
00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:25.000
Destination and transit countries. UK appears to be the preferred destination for irregular migrants in Europe.

292
00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:34.000
The reason for traveling to UK include the existing Indian communities, the language and belief that they will be able to find work.

293
00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:46.000
The irregular migrants have attempted to go to 57 different countries though. It is to be noted that Russia and Ukraine continued to be the important transit country.

294
00:56:46.000 --> 00:57:01.000
From migration to for migration to Western Europe. It was also known that Kajakistan and Uzbekistan and Central Asia are emerging as a new transit countries including Malaysia and as well.

295
00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:09.000
Roots adopted by the irregular migrants. The roots for irregular migrations are varied.

296
00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:21.000
Roots via Russia and countries in East Europe to countries in Western Europe are the traditional roots. Entry to Western Europe by Greece has been continuing for many years.

297
00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:29.000
However, routes via countries in Central Asia or West and north of Ricard gaining in popularity nowadays.

298
00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:39.000
It is to be noted that irregular migrants from India are also being taken through countries in Middle East and Southeast Asia.

299
00:57:39.000 --> 00:57:51.000
Data in respect of irregular entry to UK could only be collected in a few cases. It may be noted here that illegal entry into UK was mostly via France.

300
00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:58.000
The Murder Soprani of Agents has also been reported extensively in the media from time to time.

301
00:57:58.000 --> 00:58:13.000
Through attractive advertisements for job abroad and even conduct selection. Interviews in big hotels before collecting a large sum of money from unsuspecting migrants and disappearing.

302
00:58:13.000 --> 00:58:20.000
True arranging fake marriages. Placement agencies and Judith Kendra's astrologic centers.

303
00:58:20.000 --> 00:58:34.000
Firstly, most of the honors of such cameras entice people through advertisements about availability of Easy separatial solution to wax problems to migrate from India to other countries.

304
00:58:34.000 --> 00:58:50.000
Your regular migrants are just the communities to the agents. They used all the migrants as the communities only, so they feel the harassment also from the hands of a gents.

305
00:58:50.000 --> 00:59:00.000
Though government has taken some initiatives in this regard as well in the last few decades. They have tightened immigration rules for clearance.

306
00:59:00.000 --> 00:59:15.000
Strong policy implications against irregular immigration to facilitate a return to regular migrants. Government of India cautioned the state government about the wide separate network of unsupposed agents.

307
00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:26.000
Engaged in human smuggling. Directed to all the deputy commissioners at the district level to launch awareness campaigns to make people aware about the risks involved in irregular migration.

308
00:59:26.000 --> 00:59:34.000
Action against Airlines officials. Found involved in record of human smuggling.

309
00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:45.000
There are some recommendations for the future actions and independent legislation to check human smuggling. Specialized counter smuggling law enforcement units.

310
00:59:45.000 --> 00:59:51.000
At the national level and in states. Data collection and sharing mechanism at the national level and in the states.

311
00:59:51.000 --> 01:00:02.000
Improved equipment at airports and training of immigration officials in detection of prevalent travel documents. National and regional level workshop on human smuggling.

312
01:00:02.000 --> 01:00:15.000
Close monitoring of applications of visas from identified areas. Stunning of risk assessment units and system of airport Lizen officers.

313
01:00:15.000 --> 01:00:23.000
Awareness campaigns in identified areas. Economological upgrades at airports for the detection of prevalent documents.

314
01:00:23.000 --> 01:00:34.000
Periodic field studies and research a separate study on irregular migration. Through transit countries, regional focus on regular migration from South Asia.

315
01:00:34.000 --> 01:00:46.000
Voluntary return and reintegration of irregular migrants. Training of UK border agencies officials handing cases of regular migrants from India and from even other parts of the countries as well.

316
01:00:46.000 --> 01:00:56.000
So to be conclude A regular migration is a complex phenomena affecting all the countries of origin transit and destination.

317
01:00:56.000 --> 01:01:07.000
There is substantial regular migration from a Punjab to different countries though UK is the hottest destination.

318
01:01:07.000 --> 01:01:13.000
Though the stakeholders in irregular migrants That is migration, migrants and agents considered to be clean business.

319
01:01:13.000 --> 01:01:21.000
It is not so as is clear from various new news agents reports of frauds, forgeries, tubes.

320
01:01:21.000 --> 01:01:36.000
Report departments and even Killings are found in regular migrations. A survey of rural Punjab reveals families who have lost everything from their agriculture lands, houses and even their members in pursuit of going.

321
01:01:36.000 --> 01:01:45.000
Abroad. Therefore, there is an immediate need to check regular migration and dismantle the network of agents.

322
01:01:45.000 --> 01:01:55.000
As the reasons for irregular migration are economic, social and cultural, it needs a multi-pronged strategy and sustained efforts from all stakeholders to end this.

323
01:01:55.000 --> 01:02:12.000
Minas. Awareness programs should be organized regularly. Discourage regular migration and efforts should be made to disseminate information through official channels regarding the international migration through legal channels.

324
01:02:12.000 --> 01:02:24.000
Vocational education should be imparted to youth for increasing their employability in India as well as abroad so that they might get migration through the legal channels.

325
01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:32.000
There should be law against irregular migration and stick action. Should be taken against a gents if found indulging in it.

326
01:02:32.000 --> 01:02:43.000
There should be coordination with other countries also so that international network of agents may be dismantled. And this is all about my presentation and thanks a lot for bearing with me.

327
01:02:43.000 --> 01:02:54.000
Thank you very much.

328
01:02:54.000 --> 01:02:57.000
Thank you.

329
01:02:57.000 --> 01:03:06.000
So thank you very much, Agnesi. Who's exhaustive? And I was thinking about my study in Bihar.

330
01:03:06.000 --> 01:03:11.000
As you know, a lot of Bihari unskilled migrants go to different parts of India.

331
01:03:11.000 --> 01:03:23.000
But we have seen that there are a lot of people working in various construction. Business in Bihar who are actually from Bangladesh.

332
01:03:23.000 --> 01:03:28.000
So people from Bihar going to different parts of India, people from Punjab, going to different parts of the world.

333
01:03:28.000 --> 01:03:35.000
Behar is going mostly to Punjab and Caroline for the vacuum and you have people from Bangladesh coming to work there.

334
01:03:35.000 --> 01:03:46.000
So very, very interesting and I hope we can talk further about it. I was thinking about them in terms of irregular but informal migration.

335
01:03:46.000 --> 01:03:52.000
Okay, so we have Radika Chakrabatina from National University of Singapore.

336
01:03:52.000 --> 01:04:01.000
She is going to talk about gendering the merchant diaspora in the woman's life stories.

337
01:04:01.000 --> 01:04:04.000
Oh yes, I'm here.

338
01:04:04.000 --> 01:04:06.000
Great. We will help you set up. Go ahead.

339
01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:14.000
Okay, thank you so much. Oh, I'll just go ahead and share my screen.

340
01:04:14.000 --> 01:04:17.000
Say yeah, you should be able to share your screen now.

341
01:04:17.000 --> 01:04:27.000
Okay.

342
01:04:27.000 --> 01:04:47.000
Just a second.

343
01:04:47.000 --> 01:04:50.000
Is my screen visible?

344
01:04:50.000 --> 01:04:51.000
Yes, that's perfect. Thank you.

345
01:04:51.000 --> 01:05:04.000
Okay, James. Okay, thank you so much for having me here today. My presentation will focus on women and though Hindu's in the merchant as Pura specifically in Hong Kong.

346
01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:13.000
Most of the scholarship on this community has focused on these historical merchant networks and on the mobility of male traders.

347
01:05:13.000 --> 01:05:22.000
But as Kaihi Gopanath has also pointed out as to Razah very often theorized and narrated through the bonds of relationality between men.

348
01:05:22.000 --> 01:05:25.000
So in these people, I, try to center Hindus in the women's mobilities and mobility.

349
01:05:25.000 --> 01:05:37.000
Their work, their role in identity production and discuss how these contribute to our understanding of merchant communities.

350
01:05:37.000 --> 01:05:48.000
So in this presentation, I suggest that the narratives of entrepreneurial spirit, cosmopolitanism, capital game that's around the Sydney merchant community.

351
01:05:48.000 --> 01:05:59.000
In fact, underpinned by gendered sexual economies, mobilities and immobilities, women's work and or gender regime of cultural production.

352
01:05:59.000 --> 01:06:07.000
So gendering the merchant diaspora will expand the logics of diaspora mobility and connection beyond commercial and economic ties.

353
01:06:07.000 --> 01:06:21.000
Or this paper is based on my or PhD research for which I or conducted will work in Hong Kong and for this paper I've drawn on the live narratives of about 40 Sindi women across different age groups.

354
01:06:21.000 --> 01:06:27.000
All of the names have been, anonymized to protect that privacy.

355
01:06:27.000 --> 01:06:45.000
So just a very brief note for context on this in the merchant, community. This, the, originated from the province of Sin, which is now part of Pakistan and the wider Henderson Domini community in India and abroad is of course a far more diverse group but for this presentation I

356
01:06:45.000 --> 01:06:56.000
focus specifically on merchant groups and their contemporary forms and how Hong Kong became a kind of guitaristic node through, older Mockin dial connections.

357
01:06:56.000 --> 01:07:04.000
Oh, so 2 major networks of Hindu traders emerge from SIM during the pre-qualunion and colonial mediate.

358
01:07:04.000 --> 01:07:14.000
One was the Chikar Budi Network, which was an older, network and this comprised of mobile bankers from Chicago in northern Zimbabweans.

359
01:07:14.000 --> 01:07:28.000
And then there was this inworking network which grew through traders selling craft calls in work from a Hydra Barthensen from 1,860 on works and here's a map that kind of illustrates the spread of the, Seinvoki network.

360
01:07:28.000 --> 01:07:29.000
The work of Claude Makovich has documented the growth of these networks in quite a bit of detail.

361
01:07:29.000 --> 01:07:44.000
Merchants from the hybrid cast group from Hyderabad harnessed widening channels of imperial capital flows and they established in worki forms internationally.

362
01:07:44.000 --> 01:07:50.000
So most of the enterprise eventually move from, selling SIM work to, a European clientele primarily to, import export of goods from their dispersed networks.

363
01:07:50.000 --> 01:08:04.000
And most know the community today as a elite business community which has emerged and grown through the mobility and migrations of meal merchants.

364
01:08:04.000 --> 01:08:16.000
But there's relatively little work on the lives of

365
01:08:16.000 --> 01:08:25.000
So the image on the screen is from one of the many, Indian business directories that I found in archival collections in Hong Kong.

366
01:08:25.000 --> 01:08:38.000
Oh, this directory is from the sixties and it's essentially dominated by SILLY forms because a lot of the Indian businesses in Hong Kong at that time are owned by, but this directory doesn't only list Hong Kong phones.

367
01:08:38.000 --> 01:08:40.000
It also list forms in Japan, Singapore, Indonesia, and it really presents a snapshot of the Merchant diaspora.

368
01:08:40.000 --> 01:08:53.000
So records like these business directories and also documents like Chamber of Commerce reports. Other, such texts.

369
01:08:53.000 --> 01:09:07.000
They help us locate the community as an overseas Indian business community and understand their economic contributions and position them within global flows of trade and they also these documents often highlight aspects like philanthropy and cultural events as well.

370
01:09:07.000 --> 01:09:21.000
But what we can see on this page if we look closely is also small asterisk which is attached to the names of some of the proprietors and at the bottom of the page there's a note saying married with wife and colony.

371
01:09:21.000 --> 01:09:30.000
So through this directory we see that by the sixtys there were actually many SILY women who were already living in Hong Kong, but their presence like in this business directory is footnoted in official archives.

372
01:09:30.000 --> 01:09:52.000
So documents like these can be read as gender texts which privilege men's activities and connections and so for my research I had to look elsewhere for women's stories and I drew primarily on life as trees and I also supplemented archival records with auditory works, biographies, pamphlets, magazines, family documents and

373
01:09:52.000 --> 01:09:56.000
photographs.

374
01:09:56.000 --> 01:10:09.000
So like I mentioned, connections between men are seen as the primary drivers of the module network and we mean capital and commodities are seen as the things that move within the network.

375
01:10:09.000 --> 01:10:28.000
So in scholarship and merchant, networks, the role of women in sustaining and participating in these networks as well as the kind of gendered subjectivities and norms produced by our global trade and capital flows has been under studied and this has resulted in a separation between men's diasporic domains like

376
01:10:28.000 --> 01:10:33.000
entrepreneurship, business, trade, and or migrant women's. For example, we care work domestically for reproductive people.

377
01:10:33.000 --> 01:10:45.000
So it's therefore important to think about how the connections and mobility of women speak to the merchant diaspora rather than viewing women as occupying a separate domain.

378
01:10:45.000 --> 01:10:57.000
And there's a very rich literature on gender, migration and diaspora which explore some of these teams and I draw on this and hope to bring this kind of analysis to the Cindy community as well.

379
01:10:57.000 --> 01:11:27.000
So, yeah, they highlighted how colonial mobility regimes were gendered and how women's movement, are connected to capital circuits and some scholarship on the So I draw on this kind of scholarship and I focus on 2 themes in this presentation.

380
01:11:38.000 --> 01:11:46.000
The idea of mobility and and the idea of work and the production of identity in the diaspora.

381
01:11:46.000 --> 01:11:55.000
So the first thread I'd like to follow is how women's or immobilities and forms of PTR control were tied to social reproduction.

382
01:11:55.000 --> 01:12:07.000
So prior to partition, in the lot of high-end households, would have all the men working abroad on 2 or 3 year massage with some workie phones and all the women would be based in.

383
01:12:07.000 --> 01:12:21.000
So these women did often run house doors independently with the remittances that were coming from their husbands and women were there for producing and performing status and social class amongst this community in Heidiberg.

384
01:12:21.000 --> 01:12:38.000
And, these narratives that people told me about, you know, the kind of restrictions that their mothers and grandmothers experienced in, and the class hierarchies that they needed to demonstrate how women's or and immobility in sins was connected with social circuits of merchant capital and how

385
01:12:38.000 --> 01:12:52.000
capital flow to and through Heatherbar than the dispersed motion network. So one thread where women became very visible in fact was the case of what we now know as the Pramakamari religious group, but then was known as Home Monthly.

386
01:12:52.000 --> 01:13:00.000
So in this presentation I'll focus only on the origins and historical context of this group's emergence, not so much on the theological aspects.

387
01:13:00.000 --> 01:13:13.000
With the stories I rarely told him connection to the business diaspora, but here it provides, a entry point into understanding how everyday lines of women were connected to the merchant, economies.

388
01:13:13.000 --> 01:13:33.000
So Omantli was established in 1937 by Lecraj Kripplani in Heisenberg and its early membership was drawn from the left behind wives and daughters of St.

389
01:13:33.000 --> 01:13:48.000
So Prim Chaudhary has studied this community and she writes that in the early years they position themselves as a family outside the family as a spiritual nonsexual safe haven for female followers against the normative sexually reproductive family.

390
01:13:48.000 --> 01:13:56.000
So 3 of the women are interviewed in Hong Kong told me about how their mothers or grandmothers had been part of the early women members of home monthly.

391
01:13:56.000 --> 01:14:11.000
So Tamany who's now in her sixties told me that her grandmother Mooney had been one of the earliest or disciples of Data Lycrach, which is what early leadership planning was known, by popularity and Mooney's husband was a Simboki and she had, she lived

392
01:14:11.000 --> 01:14:17.000
in Heidelberg with her married to family while the husband was abroad and she suffered a lot of violence and humiliation at the hands of the minority family for not giving birth to sons and therefore she had been drawn to Omenly's teachings.

393
01:14:17.000 --> 01:14:33.000
So one night she and 5 other women of the household had decided to flee and not take this treatment anymore so they climbed over the compound oil of the house in Haitaba to join or Linkraj who was a guest at a house nearby.

394
01:14:33.000 --> 01:14:55.000
And although they were made to return the next morning, Carmeni told me that this was to return the next morning, Carmeni told me that this caused a great scandal and the stigma that they all lasted the rest of their lifetimes

395
01:14:55.000 --> 01:15:07.000
So after, the early support for a spiritual, space and output for Singapore keywoman, the presence of over-the- became very contentious and controversial, especially relating to the idea of celibacy.

396
01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:18.000
Hybrid men in particular objected to how the group posed a threat to the institution of the family and complained bitterly about the celibacy imposed on them on their short and infrequent trips to him.

397
01:15:18.000 --> 01:15:36.000
Gamla, whose mother in law had also been an early follower, had a similar experience to Carmen's grandmother and she noted how much stigma the room carried and said that, that in or or monthly they found security and bonding with other women away from their in-laws who didn't treat them

398
01:15:36.000 --> 01:15:55.000
with. So the Bible community mounted a very strong response to home Monday. The founder committee and anti-oomanly committee and they published a report that related very troubling testimonies about the exploitation of women and girls and these narratives and testimonies or describe various instances of forcible sexual contact.

399
01:15:55.000 --> 01:16:05.000
However, the language of the committee's objections was not related to sexual violence but on propriety and on family values and on restoring eligible rights to men.

400
01:16:05.000 --> 01:16:11.000
So after a lot of public outreach, the sect was eventually forced to leave Heidiabath.

401
01:16:11.000 --> 01:16:27.000
But the stadium only demonstrates how the merchant network was deeply rooted and reproduced in the local social economies of SIN and how this was sustained by patriarchal restrictions on or the social reproduction and sexuality of hybrid women.

402
01:16:27.000 --> 01:16:44.000
Partition was an important factor in meeting and reshaping women's mobility. Partition trajectories were, of course, migrated by, mediated by caste and class and, who had networks abroad, do on these networks to facilitate their migration to India as well as to various places across the

403
01:16:44.000 --> 01:17:06.000
world. In the initial phases of the partition migration getting women and children to see and away from Zin and violence became a primary concern and so at the time of partition of many hybrid women who had thus far been so rooted in SIM, they found themselves migrating very great distances and sometimes ahead of a week

404
01:17:06.000 --> 01:17:10.000
from their families. You know the company of some trusted men or even a broad on ships alone with their children.

405
01:17:10.000 --> 01:17:30.000
So women's mobility while restricted also sped up and slowed down at different historical moments and these varied mobility of women were not separate from the movements of men but were intimately entwined with the contours of the merchandise for a free and post partition.

406
01:17:30.000 --> 01:17:38.000
Also this brings us to women's journeys to Hong Kong and how we women's work and identity production sustained diaspora ties.

407
01:17:38.000 --> 01:17:55.000
So many scholars have explored the everyday license, the cultural work that I as per equipment do. And in this section I only want to highlight very briefly 4 instances of how women's work and identity production wasn't really a separate domain from ends, but was closely connected to merchant economies and networks.

408
01:17:55.000 --> 01:18:04.000
So in Hong Kong from the 19 thirties onwards, there was increasing myration of Cindy women.

409
01:18:04.000 --> 01:18:14.000
A post partition more and more of a smaller family based businesses much shamed across Hong Kong and more simply men began my reading and settling in Hong Kong.

410
01:18:14.000 --> 01:18:30.000
With their wives and families. Hong Kong was presented as a very desirable location for simply women to find or partner to marry because there were many lifestyle comforts and it wasn't as remote in their perception as many other nodes that were on the sending merchant network.

411
01:18:30.000 --> 01:18:34.000
So Cindy women's increasing migration to Hong Kong changed the nature of the diaspora and settlement here.

412
01:18:34.000 --> 01:18:41.000
All your men would come and go from Hong Kong or 2 to 3 or contracts with larger phones.

413
01:18:41.000 --> 01:18:50.000
But now without a moment sales to return to and with the opportunities in Hong Kong to easily procure bank loans to set up their own smaller businesses.

414
01:18:50.000 --> 01:19:09.000
Modern mode Okay. Modern more, send these tools to do this instead of working for larger forms and one of the motivations for doing so was also to be able to migrate and settle in Hong Kong, which they couldn't do, entered their families here, which they couldn't do if

415
01:19:09.000 --> 01:19:18.000
they were unlimited contracts. So as more women settle here, keep the community here a different and more settled asporic nature and character.

416
01:19:18.000 --> 01:19:26.000
It was often Cindy women's social networks that secured the employment and migration of Cindy Man in the diaspora.

417
01:19:26.000 --> 01:19:38.000
So through the many life narratives and family histories I collected. It emerged that merchant networks like these depended very much on kinship and family ties in how they expanded and hired businesses.

418
01:19:38.000 --> 01:19:47.000
But also in how merchants and their families negotiated aspirations financial setbacks and disputes with employers.

419
01:19:47.000 --> 01:19:55.000
So I have many narratives of dispute and expert exploitation by generatives who were also employers and of rifts in the family that split businesses.

420
01:19:55.000 --> 01:20:06.000
So the histories of these forms are as much a story of, ethnic continuity and recruitment as of family rifts and structures and branchings.

421
01:20:06.000 --> 01:20:17.000
In some cases, families also provided financial support to kick-start new businesses. And women and their social networks and the forms of support that they provided were an essential part of this.

422
01:20:17.000 --> 01:20:26.000
So in fact in many of the languages and interviews that I conducted I found that men. Had migrated to Hong Kong to work for relatives of their wife.

423
01:20:26.000 --> 01:20:29.000
Or they wouldn't read how they joined their father-in-law's business after marriage or after their own venture hadn't worked out.

424
01:20:29.000 --> 01:20:43.000
So rather than women being absorbed into marital families, since the women's family connections often mediated the migratory pathways and employment opportunities for men.

425
01:20:43.000 --> 01:20:53.000
Third, Cindy women played a role in helping set up and run family businesses. It was a rare to find a women listed in the kind of business directories that I mentioned earlier, but I found one.

426
01:20:53.000 --> 01:21:13.000
Lukoma, who is the proprietor of, but I couldn't really find many other archival records which listed women as owners or but it's despite this absence many simply women did work in family businesses without any compensation.

427
01:21:13.000 --> 01:21:33.000
So mail order and import export were 2 popular businesses for Sundays in Hong Kong. Meal Audo and custom telering emerged and studied in context of the Korean and Vietnam wars and Cindy served as middlemen between troops who were travel to Hong Kong for their RNR and Chinese

428
01:21:33.000 --> 01:21:45.000
tailors and the those in these would sell very competitively priced on custom tailored suits and formal flows to these soldiers and eventually they expanded this to a mail order teling business.

429
01:21:45.000 --> 01:21:52.000
So they would travel, to various parts of the world, collect orders and have those foods stitched in Hong Kong and then shipped across the world.

430
01:21:52.000 --> 01:22:04.000
So this was a line that required relatively less capital investment than others. And many of these mail order businesses were started in Kowloon and Hong Kong by a salesmen who were branched off from bigger forms.

431
01:22:04.000 --> 01:22:08.000
Because it would be such a small operation. It would often just be one salesman who would be doing the traveling especially in early years.

432
01:22:08.000 --> 01:22:34.000
Many simply women had a very important role to play in these businesses. Auto forms is from one such business which is run by Mahish and his wife Maya and they began their own business after a dispute with, the relatives who had been Mahisha's audio employees.

433
01:22:34.000 --> 01:22:52.000
So Mahish would travel to Japan and then later to the US and he would, look up the yellow beaches for, companies and then visit their offices, with his zoom cases of cloud samples and, get orders for suits and shorts or from them and he would or fax the orders to

434
01:22:52.000 --> 01:22:57.000
Maya who would be based in Hong Kong and now of course they use WhatsApp.

435
01:22:57.000 --> 01:23:09.000
And Maya would also take orders from customers who came into their shophouse. And these then would be stitched on by the tailors in Hong Kong and then they would be shipped back to customers while my he should continue to travel and collect portals.

436
01:23:09.000 --> 01:23:17.000
So in the case of larger businesses, some women also travel with their husband if there was an employee in Hong Kong to receive the orders.

437
01:23:17.000 --> 01:23:29.000
And a lot of Cindy women always also use the infrastructure and capital that was generated by family businesses to start their own entrepreneurial ventures as well.

438
01:23:29.000 --> 01:23:42.000
So in this way, Cindy women were an important part of this kind of branching and expanding of the business community in Hong Kong and how this kind of branching and expanding of the business community in Hong Kong and how this early Manhattan was made possible.

439
01:23:42.000 --> 01:23:47.000
And of course it goes without saying that, they also, contributed to in various forms of gender and reproductive labor by running households.

440
01:23:47.000 --> 01:23:58.000
Sustaining social connections. And so this brings me to sort of their role in, diaspora identity production, which has been a very common theme in literature on migrant women.

441
01:23:58.000 --> 01:24:14.000
So just 1 point that I flag that I found in Hong Kong is how women's transnational connections and socialities produced a very explicitly Hindu's India identity for the community in Hong Kong.

442
01:24:14.000 --> 01:24:20.000
One or aspect of the Sydney community is that prior to partition in an earlier years, they had a very syncetic approach to religion.

443
01:24:20.000 --> 01:24:28.000
So a lot of them were Nana Banpi, some Muslims. There was a very diverse set of religious practices.

444
01:24:28.000 --> 01:24:39.000
But in Hong Kong I found that there were a lot of new religious groups from India like Rahatsami is Drama Kumari, Satya Saikub and so on.

445
01:24:39.000 --> 01:24:47.000
And women would facilitate the importing and the dissemination of the teachings of these groups, in the women specifically.

446
01:24:47.000 --> 01:24:57.000
And they would draw on these kinds of presets to influence the contours of Hinduism and project a particular kind of Hindu Indian identity in Hong Kong.

447
01:24:57.000 --> 01:25:04.000
So since these were one, so majority within the Indian community in Hong Kong no longer, but they have a lot of influence in this field.

448
01:25:04.000 --> 01:25:20.000
And since the women take the lead in performing, for example, forms of local and religious Sava and, this kind of work, produces a very explicitly, diasporic Hindu identity for the community.

449
01:25:20.000 --> 01:25:50.000
That brings me to the end of the presentation. But in this presentation, I really tried to demonstrate some of the ways in which.

450
01:25:51.000 --> 01:25:58.000
The steps but it has changed over time and how this historical merchant network has translated and to a contemporary diasporic room.

451
01:25:58.000 --> 01:26:08.000
So I'll end here and thank you so much Zoe that I went to bit over time. But thank you for listening.

452
01:26:08.000 --> 01:26:17.000
Thank you. Although you went just a bit, but it was a very good presentation. And probably you, you know, Chinami.

453
01:26:17.000 --> 01:26:18.000
From I.

454
01:26:18.000 --> 01:26:21.000
Oh, I'm, yeah, I'm familiar with the zoom area.

455
01:26:21.000 --> 01:26:30.000
His work, very interesting. So maybe what we can do is if we have a couple of audience, if there is any question.

456
01:26:30.000 --> 01:26:45.000
We can take it or we can go. You know everybody who is there in Most of most of us are online so Professor Oda and I also saw that Professor Yuko is there.

457
01:26:45.000 --> 01:26:51.000
So, Professor Yuko can join in for a couple of minutes. And we can all reflect on.

458
01:26:51.000 --> 01:27:11.000
I'm basically interested in the competitive study know for instance we study Cindy diaspora gender maybe you can think about other groups maybe the the Jews how enterprising they have been and So maybe you could reflect upon not that we have done and work on it.

459
01:27:11.000 --> 01:27:23.000
So can we start with Professor Professor order to come in and maybe share a little bit. And how do you think about other migrant groups.

460
01:27:23.000 --> 01:27:24.000
See the

461
01:27:24.000 --> 01:27:37.000
Oh. Yeah, I'm very happy to be here today and also, I am very much interested in, the presentations by other professors at our scholars.

462
01:27:37.000 --> 01:27:43.000
And particularly, the presentation by,

463
01:27:43.000 --> 01:27:50.000
Sorry, I forgot to the name. It's assimilation. Of the Indian, American in the United States.

464
01:27:50.000 --> 01:27:58.000
It's totally different from what we see, Indian community in Japan, because, probably, because of the language party, yes.

465
01:27:58.000 --> 01:28:04.000
Or the Indian society in Japan is a little bit independent and not So, oh, there's this.

466
01:28:04.000 --> 01:28:23.000
There is, some kind of, or between Japanese society and the Indian societies and So, I see it's quite a different, trends and corporate estimations in Japan and also in the United States.

467
01:28:23.000 --> 01:28:32.000
And then, As you know, the Japanese population has been declining. And we need a lot of arant.

468
01:28:32.000 --> 01:28:43.000
To feel about labor shortage. So, we have to do something. To make more migrant comfortable living in Japan that's what I showed.

469
01:28:43.000 --> 01:28:53.000
Thank you. And also, my, co-o is here and, She is now in India.

470
01:28:53.000 --> 01:28:57.000
Oh, maybe she want to say something.

471
01:28:57.000 --> 01:29:04.000
Professor Yuko, you want to come in?

472
01:29:04.000 --> 01:29:12.000
And sell your insights. I think Adriana had to leave. Season a resort in U.S.A.

473
01:29:12.000 --> 01:29:21.000
For the marriage and Early internet was not stable at her end. So

474
01:29:21.000 --> 01:29:22.000
Great.

475
01:29:22.000 --> 01:29:29.000
Okay, so. Did Dizzy you have something to say?

476
01:29:29.000 --> 01:29:35.000
Thank you. Okay.

477
01:29:35.000 --> 01:29:49.000
I don't have any questions, but I think the connections between the presentations are quite interesting in terms of, you know, the social aspects of how, migration is, experienced by different communities.

478
01:29:49.000 --> 01:29:58.000
So I think there are a lot of comparative and interesting insights across the different presentations. Or despite a lot of different methodologies used.

479
01:29:58.000 --> 01:30:03.000
Oh, it was quite interesting to see how there were points of connection.

480
01:30:03.000 --> 01:30:09.000
All right, thank you. We have a question. Do you want to come here and ask the question, please?

481
01:30:09.000 --> 01:30:14.000
At the mile so that. You audible.

482
01:30:14.000 --> 01:30:22.000
No, just one question to. Professor. About his presentations.

483
01:30:22.000 --> 01:30:23.000
Yes, please, please go ahead.

484
01:30:23.000 --> 01:30:29.000
Yeah, why is Punjab is so risk-takers?

485
01:30:29.000 --> 01:30:48.000
Why are Punjabi so let's take us? Okay, so we have one question and then you have another question please go ahead

486
01:30:48.000 --> 01:30:58.000
Yes. Sir, you are asking your wife Punjab is a risk takers. You know, Punjab belongs to a particular Sikh community.

487
01:30:58.000 --> 01:31:10.000
To see a community by their own cultural traditions, socialization methods. And from their religion itself.

488
01:31:10.000 --> 01:31:20.000
They considered as very risky, very bold. You know, and during our different stages of the history in Indian society.

489
01:31:20.000 --> 01:31:32.000
At the time of Mughal at the time of Britishers. They were the fighters. So, they are inculcating the risk and boldness in their own socialization and cultural pattern as well.

490
01:31:32.000 --> 01:31:53.000
So they are risky and another They are very mobile community from from their own cultural background. They are very mobile and even within India also the Punjabi Basically Punjab means Okay, there is a Sikh community, You might have seen in Japan and other across the world.

491
01:31:53.000 --> 01:31:58.000
They are very much dominating and they are very service-oriented as well. They take the risk for the community's sake as well.

492
01:31:58.000 --> 01:32:07.000
They serve the community, there are guruwaras, there may be guruas in in Japan as well.

493
01:32:07.000 --> 01:32:15.000
So, they take risk for the community welfare as well. So, they learn it, imbib it from culture and socialization itself.

494
01:32:15.000 --> 01:32:17.000
Thank you.

495
01:32:17.000 --> 01:32:20.000
Thank you. Thank you very much.

496
01:32:20.000 --> 01:32:26.000
Thank you. We have a question for. From the audience.

497
01:32:26.000 --> 01:32:30.000
Yeah, good morning.

498
01:32:30.000 --> 01:32:39.000
Like interesting sessions on the international magazine in India and thank you for organizing this session. But I have a few questions.

499
01:32:39.000 --> 01:32:53.000
The first presentation that from US basically the migrants, in India and the US. You know when you talk about the transmission and migration it's very much important that you have to talk about the caste system.

500
01:32:53.000 --> 01:33:04.000
I stayed in Mexico and I returned to India. I stayed 17 years in Mexico. And my daughter born in in Mexico and Yes, struggling very much in India.

501
01:33:04.000 --> 01:33:10.000
You know, because he's not able to adjust in India because of the cost systems and the food patent and all these things.

502
01:33:10.000 --> 01:33:19.000
And see always saying that you know she want to go back to the Mexico and US. The things are what I want to underline that, you know.

503
01:33:19.000 --> 01:33:29.000
For us, those who born in India It is easy to return to the India and adapt in the Indian society.

504
01:33:29.000 --> 01:33:45.000
But those who born in Ebor and returning to India and it of adopted in the Indian society is a difficult a difficult question for them.

505
01:33:45.000 --> 01:33:53.000
And that's we are facing in my family. The second one is the regarding that

506
01:33:53.000 --> 01:34:15.000
The professor jumped this related to brain dissonant. Well, You know, there is a quite a high number of migrants from Punjab to the the other countries but when you talk about the human smuggling you know you need to have the idea about the human trafficking and the Punjab there is a high

507
01:34:15.000 --> 01:34:27.000
number of human traffickings. Points after the other part of the India. So you know there are many the United Nations has the law about you know transnational organized crime related to the human beings modelling and human trafficking.

508
01:34:27.000 --> 01:34:47.000
But what I feel in the case of India that, how are you? The government associated with this process of this you know smuggling the human trafficking because India it is to be the highest number of remittance from the ever.

509
01:34:47.000 --> 01:34:55.000
I can share one of my experience while coming to this conference. I was travelling via Bangkok and just next to me.

510
01:34:55.000 --> 01:35:03.000
When Demi was sitting with me and when he asked him Why you are going to Australia, he said that he said that I am a student.

511
01:35:03.000 --> 01:35:14.000
And you cannot be left before landing in Melbourne 30 min before when the distributed that custom that car and the paper.

512
01:35:14.000 --> 01:35:25.000
He was literally asking me to fill the form. You know It's it's made me thought that how a student is asking me to feel this form the custom form.

513
01:35:25.000 --> 01:35:40.000
And I say, you know, the you know, not only the government of origin country, you know, somehow I feel that, government of origin country, you know, somehow I feel that there's some country there's no somehow I feel that there's some how I feel and there's some country they are associated.

514
01:35:40.000 --> 01:35:47.000
If you see in the Melbourne, all this you know on skilled work, on skilled work is occupied by the Indians, all this you know on skilled work, on skilled work is occupied by the Indians, Indians and basically by the Asian migrants.

515
01:35:47.000 --> 01:35:58.000
So this is also encouraged by the vote of origin. Government and the destination government. Then this kind of mobility, the irregular migrations are to be there.

516
01:35:58.000 --> 01:36:03.000
And the top orientation, I like the variation of Varadkar, it's quite interesting.

517
01:36:03.000 --> 01:36:14.000
Yeah. You know when you talk about the scene this migrant basically you know they are from the Pakistan.

518
01:36:14.000 --> 01:36:21.000
Or in some of from India. But you know

519
01:36:21.000 --> 01:36:31.000
How the the first the first one is I could not understand about the sexual economies you told about that one that is somehow it was I could not understand about that.

520
01:36:31.000 --> 01:36:39.000
And the second one is the how you explain. About the Cindy's, the second generation and the third generation.

521
01:36:39.000 --> 01:36:44.000
How do you explain about this gender? Because when they are grooming up in the Hong Kong and outside the India.

522
01:36:44.000 --> 01:37:01.000
Their perspective is very much different. You know, they have some sense of that the equity and the equality not like their mother and the equality not like their mother and their you know the grandmothers, not like their mother and their, you know, the grandmothers.

523
01:37:01.000 --> 01:37:10.000
So, they're mother and their, you know, the grandmothers. So how you see those things, you know, the second generation is in particular government and the Can we explain what the sexual equilibrium is that I could not understand?

524
01:37:10.000 --> 01:37:16.000
Thanks. Thank you so much. So let's let's go around the panel and take and answer it.

525
01:37:16.000 --> 01:37:26.000
Thank you very much for selling your experience and asking your questions based on that. About caste, about Punjab and about gender and sex quality.

526
01:37:26.000 --> 01:37:30.000
So do you want to start with Granthika? You want to answer that?

527
01:37:30.000 --> 01:37:48.000
Sure, sure. Thank you so much for that question. So in terms of the sexual economies, is the term that George Makovits has also used, to describe how, you know, when we think about the merchant community, it's not only a purely, it's not

528
01:37:48.000 --> 01:37:54.000
only about the exchange of commerce, but there's also, a kind of, aspects of gender and sexuality that sustained the reproduction of the community.

529
01:37:54.000 --> 01:38:05.000
So the expectation of Cindy Men was that we would come back for very short trips and during that time, they expected their wife to sort of, give, have babies essentially.

530
01:38:05.000 --> 01:38:15.000
But, and that was an important part of how you know the community was reproduced.

531
01:38:15.000 --> 01:38:24.000
But, the Pramaka Mari said actually, kind of disrupted this expectation because a lot of these women were not treated well by their in-laws, their husbands were coming back.

532
01:38:24.000 --> 01:38:34.000
After very long points of, stretches of time and they didn't, I mean, obviously back then they were not in so much in contact with them.

533
01:38:34.000 --> 01:38:45.000
And a lot of them spoke about how there was a double standard because there, maybe they thought that their husbands had relationships abroad, outside of the marriage as well.

534
01:38:45.000 --> 01:39:15.000
But for women that was not at all acceptable in and so there was a lot of this kind of discuss about how there was you know these complex relationships about how there was you know these complex relationships in terms of gender and sexuality.

535
01:39:30.000 --> 01:39:48.000
So that's kind of what I meant by that term. In terms of the second and third generations, I think that's a very interesting question and it's very important to think about because of course the even in terms of business the community has changed a lot and I saw in Hong Kong with these older lines of

536
01:39:48.000 --> 01:39:56.000
business or mail order tilering import export. Since these didn't really want their children to go into the same lines with them anymore.

537
01:39:56.000 --> 01:40:03.000
They wanted their children to be more educated. They wanted to send them abroad for higher education and they said that these are dying businesses in the current global economy and we have different aspirations for our children.

538
01:40:03.000 --> 01:40:30.000
So actually I found that the community was really you know at a point of generational change. In terms of gender relations again things have of course changed as they have in the world but many simply women for example one example is simply women change their first name as well after marriage.

539
01:40:30.000 --> 01:40:35.000
So that practice I still found it was common. But not as common and young women found kind of creative ways around it.

540
01:40:35.000 --> 01:40:42.000
So even if they change their name or at the time of marriage and the pundit give them a new name.

541
01:40:42.000 --> 01:40:52.000
Maybe they won't change it to legal documents. So maybe on Facebook they'll hyphenate their name and use both first names.

542
01:40:52.000 --> 01:41:12.000
So there are it's in the process of change but things are not changed so radically is what I would say but definitely in terms of changing expectations for younger generations and your desire for them to maybe know longer be in the same family businesses and to branch out and join other professional occupations or be more educated that definitely I found that change.

543
01:41:12.000 --> 01:41:22.000
Thank you. Adriana is not there. So maybe what I understood from her presentations, she was talking about these attorneys and this you know strategic assimilation.

544
01:41:22.000 --> 01:41:33.000
In trying to maintain the boundaries of caste in in the ghetto community that is Maybe you can, have an email exchange with us.

545
01:41:33.000 --> 01:41:38.000
And Methagy, do you want to respond about Punjab?

546
01:41:38.000 --> 01:41:42.000
You.

547
01:41:42.000 --> 01:41:58.000
Zoom as well. Zoom as well. Aarangji has one question K government itself the destination country and you know the sending countries both are promoting the migration.

548
01:41:58.000 --> 01:42:05.000
Yes, both are promoting the general migration but as far as irregular or illegal migration is concerned.

549
01:42:05.000 --> 01:42:20.000
That destined the destination countries are promoting more as compared to the standing countries because The destination countries when reject the regular migration then the phenomena for regular migration came.

550
01:42:20.000 --> 01:42:42.000
Irregular migration is not the replacement of the regular migration it goes with the convenience it goes along with the migration itself because on the various grounds on the various grounds maybe it on the education maybe on the skills maybe on marital status, maybe on age.

551
01:42:42.000 --> 01:42:54.000
When they reject the migration, regular migration, then the people fall into the revolution migration. Just when I was coming here as you were telling this coming here, the experience.

552
01:42:54.000 --> 01:43:01.000
One of my colleague that is, she's here. Her brother's visa was rejected from the Australian government.

553
01:43:01.000 --> 01:43:06.000
Australian immigration agencies. I don't know why I got to all the reason because he's working in a bank.

554
01:43:06.000 --> 01:43:16.000
He is official also. But he was not a presenting the paper, he was accompanying her because of her little baby.

555
01:43:16.000 --> 01:43:33.000
A little baby he will want to accompany her here, but the Australian has rejected the visa. Though he's an employee and he has not to come here illegally or irregularly, but if they reject the visas but they accept sometime even the destination country accept the irregularities.

556
01:43:33.000 --> 01:43:46.000
Because they get the cheaper labor also. Even the various you know business organization in the destination countries they also promote irregular or illegal immigration.

557
01:43:46.000 --> 01:43:58.000
Because if they are the person is illegal they will get the cheap labor. So I will say the sending countries are maybe a little bit promoting the irregular migration but they are promoting the regular migration.

558
01:43:58.000 --> 01:44:12.000
They want to send their population with regularities. But the destination countries if not aligned or rejecting somehow on one or another pretext only then they have they adopt the irregular way of migration.

559
01:44:12.000 --> 01:44:21.000
Thank you. And thank you. I've heard some narratives about these cheap labor connivance with agents and promoting them.

560
01:44:21.000 --> 01:44:28.000
So thank you very much. Professor Oda, if you want to add something or we can summarize and close the session, you want to ask a question.

561
01:44:28.000 --> 01:44:29.000
Excellent.

562
01:44:29.000 --> 01:44:34.000
I have any more comments. Thank you. I have no more comments. Thank you.

563
01:44:34.000 --> 01:44:39.000
Thank you. I'm at Catherine Orion Weiss from La Trobe University in Melbourne.

564
01:44:39.000 --> 01:44:40.000
I have a question for Ian Weiss from La Trobe University in Melbourne. I have a question for Radika.

565
01:44:40.000 --> 01:44:42.000
I have a question for Radika. So myIM, I have a question for Radika.

566
01:44:42.000 --> 01:44:49.000
So my racism is about migration and the relationship between sexuality and care. So my racist is about migration and the relationship between sexuality and care.

567
01:44:49.000 --> 01:45:01.000
So I'm really interested in what you were saying about the sexual and the relationship between sexuality and care so I'm really interested in what you were saying about the sexual economies and I was wondering if in your research you came up with anything about in which care was related to those economies in some way so care in terms of like

568
01:45:01.000 --> 01:45:05.000
domestic work and things like that.

569
01:45:05.000 --> 01:45:06.000
Radico you are there Please go ahead.

570
01:45:06.000 --> 01:45:18.000
Yeah, thanks so much for that question. Yes, of course. I think, domestic work is a very important aspect of the kind of, cultural and social work that simply women did in the diaspora.

571
01:45:18.000 --> 01:45:26.000
But in terms of archival data, I mean, I, there's very little to access.

572
01:45:26.000 --> 01:45:37.000
So in in that historical context, I wasn't really able to develop an idea. So in in that historical context, I wasn't really able to develop an idea or a year around, care as a part of those kinds of sexual economies.

573
01:45:37.000 --> 01:45:43.000
So really what I was working with was more silences and more of sort of the ways in which men were.

574
01:45:43.000 --> 01:45:59.000
Oh, the kind of issues that they were raising. So the case of the Ramah Kumaris I found was one of the rare instances where there was a lot of discussion of women's sexuality, which in archives you don't really get to see much of.

575
01:45:59.000 --> 01:46:14.000
I think a lot of the discourse of the OMa Anti-homanly or committee, they actually collated a lot of support from, cultural groups in blue groups, community leaders.

576
01:46:14.000 --> 01:46:32.000
And in those narratives, what I found was that there was a lot of emphasis on who will run the household, how will children be produced or who will sort of there was this huge idea that the domestic space would be completely disrupted if women left to join this.

577
01:46:32.000 --> 01:46:46.000
So a lot of for the discuss against, women joining the sect was to do with men and or marital families fearing that there would be sort of a gap in the care and domestic work.

578
01:46:46.000 --> 01:47:08.000
But when you read the testimonies that they collected again i have no way of sort of verifying where these testimonies were coming from and the whole monthly published a response saying that they're fake but actually if you read those testimonies as a lot of the women are not talking so much about domesticity they're talking about instances of

579
01:47:08.000 --> 01:47:24.000
sexual violence that they experienced in the home monthly set. But that's not at all what the takeaways from the report were so in terms of how discourses of care and domesticity emerged in terms of those sexual economies.

580
01:47:24.000 --> 01:47:35.000
I would say that there was a lot of anxiety about, a lack of domestic care and care work, but from women's voices a little and the few that we hear.

581
01:47:35.000 --> 01:47:49.000
It's not so much a discourse of rebelling against get it's more discourses of sexuality sexual violence and consequently those who supported or mentally were talking about you know priority and religious and sexual freedom.

582
01:47:49.000 --> 01:47:54.000
Oh, so that's, that's how I would address that. Thanks so much for your question.

583
01:47:54.000 --> 01:47:59.000
Thank you. That's a really interesting and helpful answer and I'll look out for your future work to read more about it.

584
01:47:59.000 --> 01:48:00.000
Thank you.

585
01:48:00.000 --> 01:48:06.000
And thanks everyone for the really interesting presentations as well. Thank you. Thank you. We had a good session.

586
01:48:06.000 --> 01:48:12.000
We are nearing it and I think it's very, very interesting. Indian migrants in India and abroad.

587
01:48:12.000 --> 01:48:22.000
It's a very important theme, historically as well as in contemporary time, especially because of the population large population in India.

588
01:48:22.000 --> 01:48:51.000
Demographic dividend the number of youths in the working age. So labor deficit in different parts and Indian migrants going regularly or informally as we would say coming back setting and utilizing their different pathways to for you know status confirmation or rise or You know, raising the children when I was a student at McGill University.

589
01:48:51.000 --> 01:49:06.000
In Montreal, I would learn that many parents they send their children to different boarding schools in India for learning the culture and values of the society and and keeping them the Indianness so to say alive.

590
01:49:06.000 --> 01:49:20.000
So I think it's a very very interesting domain of research and maybe we could collaborate later as well in different forums and maybe we could collaborate later as well in different forums and do productive and later as well in different forums and do productive, as well in different forums and do productive, comprehensive and useful work for

591
01:49:20.000 --> 01:49:26.000
them. Bye now.