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he's not with that. Okay, we just need to start, hey? I would present the table, and about the general rules of those recommendations.

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and thank you for being here and for participating in this session. Political socialization, changing times, generation and agents. we. We made an effort to put together some presentations that make sense, because that that in general is sometimes a little bit difficult.

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we have 4 presentations today, and the first one is when our political observation, Australia will be presented by a San Ghazarian and the Ottos.

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The second presentation will be social media influences and as agent in political civilization, process of their followers, self perceived opinion, leadership, and the creation of online communities.

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The day one would be the authoritarian society, Chinese, civil, civil society, and the reproduction of hemorrhic, and the last one will be interested in politics and participation in protest in Chile today, and Lungito analysis.

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and we have around 15Â min for each. And we'll

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tell you when you have 5 in the last part of the presentation. Yes, just for knowing. And after that the 4 presentations we can start with the with the question and comments for the for the decision.

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that's it. I think it this?

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Yeah, you have to select the presentation and

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scrolling the slide, using that. Thank you.

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Thanks everyone. And thank you to the organizers. Thank you to fellow presenters, and also thank you to colleagues who are here today. My name is Zare Gazarin. It's my absolute pleasure and privilege to be here with you. the topic of our discussion today is on women and political participation in Australia. and to get us started, I would like to.

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just give you some context as to as to what we are looking at and what our research has been. This is part of our lives project, which I'll talk about in just a moment.

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but the start of our project, I idea, really was to look at the state of Australian politics in particular, as an example of a stable, liberal, democratic country. But, like many other countries around the world.

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there is a gender gap in the Australian Parliament, in the national Parliament

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and the national Parliament continues to be dominated by men.

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So we stopped to investigate the factors that contribute to maintaining this this gender gap, and we sought to understand the ambitions of young women in particular, to stand for election to the national Parliament.

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Conceptually this has links to work that was done in 2,005 by Fox and Lawless, who in their book

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identified what they termed nascent political ambition, and they defy that as the potential interest in office seeking that precedes the actual decision to enter a specific political context. In other words, what are the factors that are affecting people's decision to

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even consider running for public office. And so that is our starting point. And so we try and tease out the factors that young women identify in particular as impacting their ambition to run for Parliament in Australia.

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That's the background in terms of the things that we'll cover in the next few minutes. We'll look at the ambitions that we identify both in terms of existing literature as well as our research. We look at the factors that contribute to the Australian case, that impact the choices of women in Australia, and will also look at the impact of structures and political laws

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to give some background to those who may not be familiar with Australian politics just to remind you that Australia has been a world leader. In fact, in 1902 women gained the power to vote and run for office, making Australia, I believe the first country to do so. And

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even though it was a world later, it took another 41 and 41 years, if my math is correct for the first women to actually be elected to Parliament, so there is an existing and entrenched gender gap from the very start.

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We had our first Prime Minister as a nation who was a woman in 2,010 when Julia Gillard was elected.

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and since then the trajectory. While it has been incrementally on the up, we can see in that the bicameral system and the 2 Houses of Parliament that we have

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Men are still dominating when you look at in particular, the Chamber where government is formed, and that is the House of Representatives

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to try and understand and better conceptualize

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our research, I'll present you with a quick overview of the our lives, research and pardon the formatting if something's happened, they with the the format.

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But we interviewed this is something that has been going on since 2,013 as part of our lives project

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where there is a longitudinal research project going on with a single age cohort of young people. There have been 8 waves of quantitative research done. but there is also regular qualitative data gathered especially on politics, prior to each Federal election since 2,013. And so the data that we'll present is from the latest round that preceded the Federal election in May 2022.

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It's also timely that I should say thank you to Dr. Jonathan Smith, my colleague there, of course, who is also a leader in this our lives project.

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So I'll very quickly now move on to consider some of the existing literature. Some of the existing factors that impact the gender and composition of parliaments.

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The first, of course, is gender stereotypes, and in our research, shows often women are Really bound between 2 opposing pressures, one that seemingly requires women to demonstrate traditional femin characteristics, such as compassion.

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and while the other requires stereotypical masculine traits such as aggression in order to advance in politics. This is the so-called double bind.

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We've also, of course, looked at the location of Parliament and the family friendliness of the Australian Parliament for those who may not be familiar, and the national Parliament is in the Australian capital territory in Canberra. The nation's capital, which is approximately 1,000 kilometers away from 70,000 kilometers away from Melbourne, and several 1,000 kilometers away from other parts of Australia.

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and it is often a requirement that when Parliament is sitting, which is 20 weeks of the year on average, that people are, of course, there and and present.

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this does have an impact on those with families or caring caring roles, and certainly it affects men. But what we've seen is that it tends to affect women more.

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We also note that political parties and pre-election processes can be geared against women. In particular, women's suitability for public office is often questioned during pre-selections. where questions are asked about their capacity to be an effective Parliamentarian.

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whereas those questions are not necessarily asked of male candidates. So there are these sorts of structural and and certainly structural as well as

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conceptual challenges that are contributing to what we're seeing in terms of the gender gender composition of.

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Also, it's timely to talk about Median politics

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in Australia. as we've looked at in other parts of the world as well.

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There is a challenge confronting female candidates in particular, in in Australia the coverage typically involves critiques of women, candidates, appearances, marital status, their clothing, and so on. And when we look at the experience of Julia Gillard, the first female Prime Minister in Australia.

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Gillard was subject to gendered slurs regularly.

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and while she tended to ignore these sorts of behavior. She made a very famous speech she known as misogynny speech, and when she called out sexism, and but this had its own dangers. And she was accused of playing with the gender card something that Gillard then had expected.

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So there are these challenges in terms of structures as well as cultures.

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I'll now very quickly explore our research and what our research has been finding in terms of challenges concerning parliamentary workplace as well.

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It's probably also worthwhile for those who are not familiar with the Australian system at the moment. But there have been some serious allegations of sexual assault, sexual harassment in the Australian Parliament, and this precipitated the Jenkins report.

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which was released in 2021, and gave us this data, which showed quite a troubling picture in terms of safety includes inclusivity

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and and norms that are part of the parliamentary workplace.

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Now allow me to present some of our findings in 3 key areas which I'll talk about firstly, in terms of

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cultures, norms, and that double bind.

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When we spoke with first, when we spoke with our participants, one of the first things that came up was in relation to their views about running for Parliament in terms of ambitions, but also the challenges that they identified.

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And as you can see here from these Pr. I won't read them out there there for you. They do indicate

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that that double bind is a factor that is affecting

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young women's views in particular about their ambitions and about their potential to decide to run for national palm.

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And in particular, the final one reminds us of that idea of the expected role that women seemingly to to play in this so-called double bind.

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a second important finding, I think, in terms in terms of what young people have told us is a confidence.

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and in particular its self exclusion. What we are finding in our data is that Women in particular

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feel that they need to demonstrate high levels of skill and preparedness to feel prepared

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to contest an election. And, interestingly, these things were not

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at a similar level with men where women in particular were concerned about their own individual confidence.

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men were more concerned about how running for Parliament may cause them to backtrack on their personal integrity or have to toe the party line. So it wasn't about confidence. Rather it was about integrity with men significant difference there. But it does link into the international literature that we're seeing as well.

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And thirdly, I think it's important to look at political culture and safety. And, as would be expected, this is having a significant impact on the ambitions of young women in Australia.

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allegations of sexual assault. The adversarial nature of a Westminster-style Parliament. We're shouting, interjecting And carrying on Are all sorts of expected laws

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for young women in Australia in particular. This is deeply concerning, and is serving to for their political ambitions.

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Now I've got a few minutes to go, so I'll be very, very quick in in terms of summary

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in terms of why it's forward.

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So, having spoken to the young people, and having looked at what the data is pointing to.

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we feel that there are 3 key ways in which we can make a positive impact here.

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And one of them is that idea of that national conversation on gender. I think that is something that came out during the Gillard years, but it was hijacked, and it was slightly skewed. to commentators. preferences. I think it is now very timely to think back

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about

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the importance of gender representation and gender and and fostering that ambition that young women in particular have to run for Parliament.

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because, of course, that links in with that second point there, in terms of bolstering those opportunities that young women may have in particular, through targeted education programs through civics and citizenship curricula which does exist in Australia. It's part of the formal curriculum as part of the compulsory curriculum in Australia, but more work can be done, I think, in terms of civic engagement, civic participation, and ultimately

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enabling and strengthening that ambition with young women. And, thirdly.

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parliamentary behavior. It's been the focus of much political commentary, much debate. But it is now time that the sorts of things that we've seen are simply not acceptable in other parts of the community or in other workplaces, and that has to be addressed, and that if we were to do that, that may go some way of alleviating and increasing the ambitions of young women to run for Parliament in this country.

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So I'll pause there. Conclusion and discussion which we can have a discussion about. But thank you so very much for your attention and for your forthcoming questions.

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Please let you know.

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This is a

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oh.

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how was this?

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okay,

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I

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let's see.

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Works in

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few some few minutes ago. Thanks.

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Yeah. So hello, everyone. I think I need to send here, so you can hear it better. I'm Karina, and I'm a Phd. Candidate in political sociology at the University of Adelaide in South Australia, and today I will be talking about social media influencers and social media inferences are users of social media platforms are typically more active, more popular.

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and I thought to be more infant and influential than others, and I will look at social media, and Francis, who share politically meaningful content.

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and I conducted interviews with such influences and talked about their activities online. And

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there we go. let me start by giving you an example from one of my participants and his approach to shaping political opinions. So during the COVID-19 pandemic, my participant, he's a medical doctor, used hashtags to actively break into anti-vaccine groups to comment on their posts.

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He sought to match other commentators into reflecting their standpoints by asking things like, What makes you believe this? What do you ground your assumptions on, and so on, helping to get a reply. That goes something like this, or maybe you're right. Maybe what I thought was incorrect, and maybe I shouldn't for myself better.

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but it didn't go as planned, and the nicest thing that happened to him was that he got blocked or reported by some of the anti vexers, so he would not be able to see or comment on their posts again.

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He also experienced online hate from these users up to the point where he received death threats. During this time he quickly realized that his efforts did not lead anywhere, and he also got a bit of an ultimatum from his wife, and stopped commenting on these posts.

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And well, this is certainly not a success story of shaping political opinions online, and also not the only way my participant actually engaged online. And in the next 15Â min I will talk about different ways of influencing and the self-perceptions of influencers guided by the question of how influencers understand, create, and perceive their political influence on social media platforms.

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I'll start by touching on the theoretical background of my research drawing on the concept of opinion, leadership and online communities. And then I would provide a concise overview of the methods implied, employed and introduced. The case study selected for this research project, which isn't COVID-19

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as a hint. And then I will talk about And present preliminary findings from the interviews I conducted with the influencers.

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So just. Briefly, the concept of opinion. Leadership has been repeatedly used by scholars interested in social media influenza, social and political engagement.

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it was introduced by Lazarus and his colleagues, and draws on research of Us. Election campaigns in the 1940 S. Opinion leaders are conceptualized as non-professional communicators who informally influence others opinions which is related to their values. So to who one is

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to the expertise what one knows or what one seems to know, and to their social position whom one knows.

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The communication pattern has been described by the students, two-slip flow of communication hypothesis.

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So on one side, our opinion leaders consume a range of mass media outlets, process these information and then re-share them within their social networks. Sheff and Tadding applied this concept to online contacts and identified what they call the immediateized opinion leader highlighting the diversity of information resources on communication channels used by opinion leaders and online environments.

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Bennett discusses the role of online communities as learning spaces for self-actualizing citizens. Online communities, according to this idea, are looser peer networks that are concerned with political issues of personal interest and value, and often related to lifestyle politics.

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Feeling as part of a community and having a sense of belongingness, has been associated with being more receptive. Farming, political opinions and taking political actions and social media influences are thought to have the capacity to cultivate such communities

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and to explore these notions. I adopted a qualitative research approach. And there are 2 things I want to briefly highlight here in the lead up to discussing some of my findings on the right side. You see? some profile like screenshots from my participants of 3 of them. So far. but what I want to highlight here is that I applied a case study approach as a contextual framework to identify relevant content online. And I selected the repeal of paragraph 219, a of the German criminal code. As a case study.

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This is a sub-paragraph of the abortion legislation in Germany, and the paragraph prohibited medical professionals from publicly informing for advertising whether they perform abortions and the methods they used, and the paragraph has been repealed in June last year by the German Parliament and the main takeaway here is that this repeal presents an improvement, information, accessibility, and is seen as a step towards a total decriminalization of abortions. In Germany.

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as everywhere, abortion rights are a highly contested issue, and the debates to attention from a wider society, including from social including from social media influences, was actively participated and engaged in the debate.

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and, secondly, I applied an interview technique called Trace interviewing, and used visualizations of participants to do the traces, for example, their posts to initiate reflections on the meaning behind the shared content.

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So 5 conducted 7 interviews with influencers who publicly supported this repeal of the paragraph 219 a. And my participants were between 30 to 60 years old, and can be classified as like Nano and micro-influencers, with audiences between just over a thousand to over 12,000 followers.

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and my participants are interested in current social political issues. For some folks on current political news or others are more interested in feminism, women rights or fighting climate change.

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some of my participants primarily share political content, others share a mix between political content and other content.

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And before continuing, I want to emphasize that this research is part of my Hdr. Ph. D. Project, which will also in the future look at the user's experiences and also take into account the context of social media platforms where the influencing of cures

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and Now I will share and discuss with you 3 main themes that emerged in my analysis, so far, of the interviews with the influence I was looking at, the alignment of personal values and the content shared by influences.

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I'm looking at influences, conceptions of political opinion, formation, processes, and the experienced feelings of connectedness and online networks.

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So the first theme I care. Therefore, I share eliminates the relationship between influencers, socio-political interests, the information seeking behavior, and in areas of interest, and how this aligns with what they publicly share online

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And to exemplify this, I will draw on the account of Hey Vegan. Jude, reflecting on her engagement with the case that he selected for this research.

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and she said already, as a young girl, I was thinking, I do not want kids, and I believe that was one of the first times I encountered the topic. My body, my choice extremely early on, and I first heard about paragraph 219, a through the feminist rupee, and Hayigan. Jude Highlights her personal meaning and relation with abortion regulations, and she conceptualizes the debate on Norton rights as a matter of bodily autonomy here.

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What followed was that I then read up on what kind of paragraph it is, but its background is what problems of women and doctors faced with. I then inform myself by the Internet. And of course, my influence accounts on social media.

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Here she is seeking more information, using diverse resources to better understand the implications of paragraph 219, a Hey, Vegan, Jude, and also other participants, showed a contextualized and a standing of the case of 219 a. And she put it into perspective of abortion regulations in Germany in general, and also drew links to international abortion legislation, such as the overturn of royal residents in the us last year.

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and then Thirdly, From being personally invested in the case and in farming has sort of on the topic. Hey, Vegan? You publicly spoke up about abortion regulations.

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and she's saying, this is the picture I took of myself after my sterilisation at the beginning of 2,021. There was another vote on paragraph 219 A. And I took that occasion to the position myself. With regards to this topic as this reflects the idea of my body, my choice bodily autonomy. I chose this picture picture because that stands for bodily autonomy for me.

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And this program my uniquely shows the alignment between the personal values and how they are incorporated in the content shared publicly by influences.

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And looking at these accounts from an opinion, leadership, point of view, it appears that influences in detail characteristics typically associated with opinion leaders such as diverse news, consumption behaviors being knowledgeable or being an expert, maybe in an area processing these information and then publicly talking about an issue following the 2 step-flow hypothesis.

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But what stood out in the analysis was the emphasis of my participants and personal values, and the importance to make these visible. And this aspect might related, maybe to the unique environment of social media platforms, or also being perceived as authentic or being authentic, is considered one of the main kinds of satisfactors for influences.

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and

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next, I will discuss the underlying assumptions of opinion information processes in the way its influence is publicly spoke up. And here you see some of the posts from my participants that they shared regarding the repeal of paragraph 219 a. On the left we see the post that we just talked about at the Hay Vegan, Jude showing her, after her sterilisation procedure.

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The other posts show a protest. Posts are shared by Abu, a graphic novel created by Lucy Langston and a photo of a performance art series by Catherine Kepler repurposed for the occasion of safe abortion day.

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and I collaboratively analyze these posts with my participants, and we also talk more generally about the ways they share political content and a Newon's picture of how influences understand political opinion. Information emerged.

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My interviews engaged in effective practices by sharing their own emotions, and sorry. They talked about their personal meanings on an issue.

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and others engaged in more normative kind of practices. They shared their own opinion on an issue, and publicly committed to democratic values.

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the cognitive understandings of a PIN information included, educating other users on an issue, primarily using credible sources and referencing what they put out. And as we've already talked about a drastic way of interactive practices with the doctor dropping into the anti vaccine groups.

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but other practices included seeking and and initiating productive discussions among one's own followers. and a practice that's often used in addition to the others, is timeliness, which includes using an opportune moment to share political content, and built on prior interest and knowledge of the audience, and in the case of the repeal of power of 290 a that was An influencer shared their post Islands safe abortion day, international Women's Day. All around the day of the official repeal of the paragraph 290 name.

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And so, just like the saying, there are different understandings on how to get to Rome to approach the opinion information process that once follow us and R. My interviews certainly had their preferred techniques. They employed various strategies when engaging online, and the question that reminds us how successful these different practices are, and whether they really arrived in Rome.

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And there's been some hints in the interviews I conducted. My infants told me about occasions people reached out to them, asking from the literature on the topic, maybe, or they told them that they started to engage in their local party groups or something like that. But

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I haven't analyzed that in like depth yet. So maybe next conferences. So we can talk about that.

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But yeah, what I want to. Highlight. Here is the practice of engaging in interactions, and, as in the case of the doctor, discussions have been very frustrating, frustrating. They felt unproductive time consuming, but in other cases engaging in sparking genuine discussions, was one of the main objectives to engage online.

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and also as discussed next, actively participating and feeling as part of a community can foster political participation in the case of the influences.

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Here we see a quote from one of my participants, who had an abortion, and it emphasizes the importance of feeling connected online. she said. Of course you want to get something out of things. And then there's just this word by that, and for me there was somehow so little to find where I could say I can connect with that.

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So, from the perspective of inferences connected with like-minded people was one of the reasons for some of my interviews. They started to engage online. In the first place.

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online communities resonate with their personal interests, and offered opportunities to learn more about topics of interests. and by feeling not alone with their opinions. My participants also felt in power to actively share content.

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Also, such coming. yeah, such communities offer potential network opportunities for socio-political courses. Haig and Jude recalled how she reached out to other local feminist groups to support each other when sharing content online to reach a bigger audience or in moderating discussions with others.

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and feeling a sense of relatedness was one of the main aspects in reflecting at one, and what of what influences enjoyed when using social media platforms.

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and they also had some observations of kind of their own follower communities, and provided some first insights, and to follow our engagement, and maybe the shaping of political opinions.

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So Tommy Schravel, one of my participants experienced that his followers would moderate discussions on his posts, and thereby committed to shared democratic values, that he would also kind of approve.

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And so they took over the moderating role from him in a way. And there are also 2 accounts of cultivating communities. For example, the Meu shed livestream from political events she attended, and thereby directly interacted with her followers, and offered the followers her followers an opportunity to interact with with each other and catrin nopal and having and dude advertised events, they were attending to their followers and thereby brought their online communities into the offline world.

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So feeling online communities provides an account of the role of online communities to educate, connect through shared values and potentially taking political actions.

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And to conclude influenza's show characteristics of opinion leaders in how they consume and share information by adverse media channels.

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and what set out was their focus on social, political issues, of personal interests that might not reflect mainstream political discourses. They seem to have different understandings in how political opinions are shaped

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and engaging in online communities that align with personal interests. Exercise is to learn a network about social political issues and also potentially lead to political action

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and further research. Analysis needed to contextualize influences, engagement and social media platforms. So how they use the affordances or the aspect of authenticity, and to include the perspective of followers, particularly in cultivating in the cultivation of online communities.

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Thank you.

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Okay.

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like, that's good

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because it's a

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Hi, everybody I I'm gonna take us from on in on the technological spectrum from social media, influencing, going way back to just talking without a Powerpoint, with nothing

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 and also shift curious from talking about places where

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about the possibilities for action in open democratic societies, and the possibility for free speech

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and for social media engagement and open and free society through places where neither of those are possible, or at least a great constraint.

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So my presentation is about authoritarianism in China.

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and I think, I don't have the Powerpoint mostly because the topic. Yeah, let's be simple it that way.

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 so the title of it, as you would have seen from the from the Guide for today is about the authoritarian society, which is a term that I've come up with after many, many years of thinking about why we talk about democratic societies. quite easily. but we don't apply the same kind of terminology to other places.

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other systems. although I think we probably should. So in some ways going to be talking about the future of authoritarian societies in general. I, the the, the, the the overall, take away, maybe a bit dark and depressing. Some people. I completely understand that. I I have some more positive things to say. If I have time I can talk about it, or we can get to that in the Q. A. But I don't want you to think that, you know it's all doing, including mother. It may seem that way

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to start with.

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and the the purpose of the talk, and what I'm doing is to be a bit more theoretical, and to think about how to extend what we learn from China to other authoritarian regimes other authoritarian societies.

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very briefly, there's an underlying question. I'm going to tell you what I'm going to tell you about the whole thing in in one go, probably. The underlying question that I'm asking in this project that I've been engaging in for a long time is within the society where virtually all major social institutions, from schools to workplaces to government, are stitched together with the heavy threads of authoritarian rule?

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Can civil society associations still be expected to serve as large free schools of democracy.

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All of Tokville.

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My answer is, no, actually, civil society can't be expected to play that role should not be expected to play that role.

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in those kinds of places. With a few exceptions. the core argument is that the the macro level organizational culture that is promoted and institutionalized by authoritarian states.

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has 3 features, 3 prom that features. The first is hierarchy.

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So everything's organized in a top-down fashion. The second is autocracy, and the third is concerned with the stifling of descent. and

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beyond that there are certain micro-level level practices within civil society organizations that mirror the norms and practices of the larger society. and I

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would like to make the argument that these constitute a sociological form of hegemonic authoritarianism

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or, more colloquially, an authoritarian society. So I'm I'm kind of reclaiming hegemonic authoritarianism from the political scientists into sociology because any we can understand it sociologically, in a much richer way than many political scientists have used it in recent years.

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In terms of like how I know. I know why I'm saying, what do I believe? What I what I believe? Why, I'm making these arguments, the data methodology quite straightforward. I've been doing work with civil society groups in China since 2,005, 2,004, perhaps

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including for zoom observation. I volunteer alongside grassroots, Ngos grassroots, voluntary groups in China. of course, a lot of Don goes. Government organized Ngos. A lot of grant makers, foreign grant makers to China as well as Chinese philanthropists who are making grant to their own on groups in their own society.

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been lots of lots of meetings, lots of strategy sessions. I've accompanied government officials and Congo officials and academics on study tours from China to the Us.

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2 different groups to Washington, to New York, to see and understand better how America regulates and controls civil society or

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I've done a lot of end up interviews with civil study actors. over 2 different periods of field work, the first between 2,005, 2,009 over 100 people on the right. Topics the second period from nails in 10 at 2,014, which was focused on organizational culture

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of the box.

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It's an authoritarian state. It's a it's not. Why to go and ask people about democracy.

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So an organizational culture

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and that was about 80 plus people. And the arguments I'm putting forward today. And this idea of the Authoritarian Society is part of a book that I It's under review right now.

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So

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we know from Tocqueville that that we take from Tokyo. At least many people have that civil side is important for democracy in several key ways. One of those ways is in nurturing the skills and habits of democracy and teaching people how to be democratic, how to function

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inside a democratic policy and inside of democratic society. So Pamela Paxton says, for example, voluntary associations provide a training ground for new political leaders. They help members, practice, compromise, and learn tolerance and simulate individual participation in politics.

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maybe not so much with women, young women in Australia. But that's the idea that it's inside community-based organizations inside the voluntary groups where we volunteer, where we do things to help others, that we learn how to

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how to practice the skills and habits of democracy. So we learn how to compromise. We learn how to express our views on things. We learn how to build consensus. We learn how to recognize when we have a consensus. It's in those sorts of groups, people like her and Larry Diamond at Stanford have all argued that that we become democratic in the societies.

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 and Layer Diamond has gone on, I think, more more forcefully, and said, Look, if if a group in the way that it functions internally perpetuates norms that penalize the cent that exalt the leader over the group and cloak to exercise the power. One thing it will not do is build a culture of democracy.

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So my argument I I think the bigger picture here is that I I there's lots of reasons why I believe that democracy stands on 2 legs once institutions which are incredibly important.

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The other is the cultural practices the norms and practices that support those institutions without which the institution will likely trail.

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Other people will disagree with the port of some of them. But I can give you an organized why.

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so to talk about authoritarian societies I draw not just on Tokyo, but on grams she as well, and taking from Grand Graham, she, the conflict of hegemony and counter-egemity.

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Most of you I soon are familiar with grandchildren in the 1,900 twentys about Italy trying to figure out why there wasn't a a Communist revolution in Western Europe after the Soviet Union had been so successful at Zinc

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And he argued very generally that the organizations of civil society were were the conveyors of the dominant classes of Jimmie, but that they were also simultaneously the sites of its of its

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Mit Ctl, and of of that hegemony's production and the site of counter hegemony's emergence. Right? So it's within civil society that we learned that we're told that we're taught how we're supposed to be. But it's also within civil society that we maybe can generate our own ideas about what we want for our society, and a different way of imagining the future different way of living 150

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So, rather than seeing simply the state and society, we should look more properly to uncover and recognize the state in society.  In the interest of time. I'm going to jump forward to quickly take it back to China and say, when I talk about civil society today, I'm

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using the term to talk about voluntary associations, groups of volunteers, professionalized Ngos as well as government organized engineers, voluntary groups, and professionalized Ngos are presumably autonomous from the State.

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except perhaps not so an authoritarian State. but Gongo is obviously you're not Gongos or government creations are meant to be beholden to the State. They are different. They're conceptually different. They're functionally different in many, many ways. But I think

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to understand what's happening within the political, social socialization process that made Chinese people experience. It's important to look at these aspects of civil society as the same thing, because they share something incredibly important, which is a pattern

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pattern of of authoritarianism.

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that, that, again, features. It is is characterized by those 3 different things which I'll go back to in just a second. But I just want to say I just want to flag as well for many Ngo, because in China there's really a sense of Ngos are meant, are supposed to be a more democratic space, a place where a quality is valued.

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a place where multiple voices are free to speak and are meant to be heard.

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But the norms and practices of authoritarianism are deeply ingrained, and for many people, many groups, most groups.

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that kind of remains more of an ideal than a reality.

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So in terms of hierarchy, I'm just going to read a couple of quotes. One is from person working in a professional Ngo who says that Chinese people are used to a top down style.

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they send documents downwards, and you just take them, implement your part and pass them down to the people below you. we have again orders telling what to do. You have to make no decision. That's already been done by those above. It was like this where I worked before at that National Government office.

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So government agencies, businesses, universities, schools, all typically organize in a very hierarchical top down fashion. Another person who works in specialized Ngo says, people Ngos, even though they're in Ngos, don't have this real sense of the quality. The people above think I'm better. I'm better analyzing things. I'm more clear on things than the people below think I should be differential, because I'm below.

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But this person goes on to say, but this is exactly where there should be the biggest difference between Ngos on the one hand, and businesses and government agencies on the other. Again, idealizing this in Geo. Space and and civil society as a concept

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autocracy. The second piece of the puzzle.

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There is a a term in Chinese called la. Now, which is kind of an elder brother or big brother, something like that. one person working at a at a grassroots. Ngo, it says the boss of strength is in a skills. He knows what he's doing, but his weaknesses that he doesn't think times. Sometimes he's too subjective, and he can't accept other people's finance.

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A very strong top-down leader.

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Another person working at a different Gongo says, Sometimes our boss is so rude I can't stand it. The other staff really just like it, too. Sometimes I feel like saying, I'm not your child, but he thinks that because he's the leader he can snap his fingers, and you're supposed to come running over.

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since autocracy is something that people in a whole range of different groups experience.

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The third piece of this is the suppression of descent.

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 One person I I I to says, if you speak up the well down. This leader doesn't accept your ideas. Then he says you're bad in some way, right? So in these circumstances you will dare to speak up. I think this type of situation is really common in China. You simply you just simply cannot bring up objections.

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Another person similarly says about their L. He has a government official heir about him. I think no one on this team will tell him if they disagree with them, but if they don't tell him he won't know right?

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This this idea of hierarchy and autocracy and suppression descent come up again and again across a lot of different organizations, many different contexts.

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There's lots of reasons why this may be historical reasons.

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One thing I I would just highlight in in the interest of time, given amount of time already, I think is in, and for the purposes of our panel. is what I would call cadibri authoritarian political practices, and again drawing on gram sheet we can expect. And we see in China how state

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mit Ctl and governed state controlled educational institutions, mirror and model that top down authoritarian, organizational culture within the schools themselves. There's a party secretary in every Chinese school, every university who's over the principal or over the the president of the university. One.

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Everyone knows that the party sector is the person in charge.

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and there's a class leader in every group, every class, literally every classroom. There's like, there's a student who's elected or chosen or told, appointed by the teacher to be class leader over that group. Over that class student leaders are chosen by teachers, sometimes a pseudo-election, and they are 2,

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recognize even the elementary school as having power and authority over their same age peers

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right? So Meta Hansen, who's a an anthropologist who spent a lot of time studying a school in Western China, Southwest in China. says that this this student cotter system, this leadership official system for students remains one of the most significant tools for training students to govern themselves and their peers and adapt to an internalized hierarchical structures. It's a political tool and a technology of discipline and the from coding sense. and I would agree with her that

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so a couple of the theoretical implications, and I'll try to be quick as I summarize in China. I think the contestation between these these 2 cultural polls, the the dominant authoritarian society most people experience and know, and these

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imaginings or yearnings for a more democratic open space of equality. This, the conflict, the contest between these is not going to be resolved easily. because clearly the state and its preferred mode is still dominant, quite dominant.

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 I think this hegemonic authoritarianism, if we can call it, that requires us to consider China as as a close approximation of an ideal typical authoritarian society.

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and it forces us to grapple with its staying power right? When a State that powerful control, so many institutions within society, those norms, those practices over 70 plus here, since the Communist party has been in control have been deepened and reinforced and reinforced.

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and all over and over again people have internalized these things. Even people are extremely democratic minded. When they talk, they still use the language of hierarchy, they still use the language of autocracy. They still use this idea that maybe that's not that important. We don't need to.

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although I believe in the market. There's a lot of conflict in people's minds in the way that they envision what we're doing

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outside of China. I I think these this whole lesson hopefully for other people. Not hopefully. I think it does hold lessons for other places, many of the size around the world. Even the world's oldest democracies have cultural legacies of paternalism, monarchy, and other forms of imagined or historical traditions on which hegemonic authoritarianism could be established and justified. So it's a I think it's a. It's a

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way of cautioning us who are privileged to live in democracies.

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the risks of losing those norms and those practices and the values that underpin those

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as we go about our lives and about our politics. So I will. In the interest of time I will stop there, and happy to take any questions. Comments during Q. And a thank you

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on the next one

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sleeping.

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she

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oh, yours. Thank you.

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 thank you for coming here. My name is Philipa, scientist. And today I'm going to talk about political interest and political participation in here.

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 that's probably we all know. One of the strongest predictor

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of political participation is

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political interest. People more interested in politics vote more than those who less interest. The same is true for existing and protest.

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However. we would only ask

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how once we have participated.

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Interesting politics can change. We simply assume that interest remains a stable over time.

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 so what I'm going to do here is

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put interesting politics in the left-hand side of the equation as a dependent, variable.

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and specifically my, this is this paper has 2

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on the team.

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First, I investigate how political participation affects or influence interest in politics over time.

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and then by focusing, focusing on 2 different forms of political participation, protests, participation and electoral participation. Voting.

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I study to what extent the relationship between interest

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and political behavior differs according to the type of participation

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 to do so. I use the longest social, longitudinal study in chile or elsewhere, is a survey which inquires some on other things about the main political attitudes and political behaviors of citizens in Tula.

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Why is important?

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Study the quality of interest?

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Well, as I have already mentioned.

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people more interested in politics participate more in politics, and therefore are those one who critically influence on or maintenance political decision making, and consequently how they run the country.

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Additionally, although political interest does not necessarily transform individuals into moral citizens on balance.

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individuals more interested in politics are more likely to have a greater disposition towards other attitudes. And here that promote democracy.

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Likewise, I am concerned with products and electron participation, because I think they are the most recurrent and most influential forms of political participation in democracy.

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but at the same time they are 2 different forms of participation. Each one requires different scales. It has very different costs.

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and also each one has.

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It's a city ways to influence the political process. And therefore I think it's relevant just to study of just how this 2 different forms of participation can influence the political process by affecting the levels of political interest in citizens.

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I studied Chile. The case is Chilla.

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I think it's an ideal place to study the relationship between political interest and participation.

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The last decade has witnessed a growing political detection reflected in low institutional confidence, and until very recently a decreasing electoral participation.

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and at the same time Chile has been the stage of a series of mass waves of mobilization that have challenged all governments, especially those of the rights.

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and which in October 2,019, reach its highest levels of contention. The so-called social outputs.

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and this contentious episode challenged the entire political image and condensed all the social demands that had mobilized students into one single demand.

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The replacement of the constitutional drafter during the dictatorship

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to that.

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So in this regard, I think I believe Giles, and offers an ideal scenario to understand how political interest has been changing hand in hand with political participation.

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Well, as I said, I use the genius, social, longitudinal study. This a Nano survey.

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conducted by the central conflict and social collision. and this service, inquires, among other things, about attitudes, political behavior of genius.

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This survey started in 2,016, and it's now in its sixth way.

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and so this can give us enough a statistical power just to make household relationship. at least between the relationship between political and interest and political participation in progress.

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 with the electoral participation. I only use 3 waves corresponding to the years in which there were elections. and I use a sample of approximately 1,300 individuals who have remained since the first wave

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to estimate the

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the models are used mainly

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dynamical, dynamic, linear models

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that can then capture between person and within person effects.

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Additionally, when examining the relationship between protest participation, I use an array and a bonus simulator which allows me just to make counsel effects, using the lack of independent variables as an instrumental viable.

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The results. like here

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in the next.

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you're left

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in the left final of this sphere. I plot the coefficient of participation in demonstration

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brought us on an interesting interest in politics, political interest.

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We see that across the different specification there is the positive contemporaries association between protest, participation and political interest.

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Likewise, we can also see that there is a positive time-life effect. There is a higher frequency of product participation

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subsequently increases political interest.

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 also confirmed the existence of council effects from produce participation of political interests.

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 in the left, in the right. Final of this, of this fear.

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Well, as I said, for this estimate, I only consider the wave of 2,016, 2,020, which were the years in which elections were held.

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As we can see, there is a positive contemporaries association between voting relative to those who did not vote and political interest.

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This is this is not surprising. however, the lack coefficient of boating is negative, and has a negative association with political interests.

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that is, those who voted in the previous period show on average lower levels of and political interest in the subsequent period.

297
00:56:04.310 --> 00:56:08.359
So I think I think this results are very interesting.

298
00:56:08.820 --> 00:56:17.650
first, because first, they show that political participation can indeed modify political attitudes in this case. In this case political interest.

299
00:56:18.570 --> 00:56:19.840
and

300
00:56:20.960 --> 00:56:25.430
but its attitude does not necessarily precede behavior.

301
00:56:28.250 --> 00:56:35.250
I think maybe different factor. Factors can lead us to participate in a demonstration. For example, I don't know.

302
00:56:35.280 --> 00:56:43.410
I was thinking, the boy of girl you like is attending a progress. And that's this. A good incentive for you, Chattan, too.

303
00:56:43.720 --> 00:56:56.789
but the experience of participation, I mean, once you have participated, can have a persistent effect on political commitment of each individual, and that commitment can be increasingly reinforced with each new experience of participation.

304
00:56:58.190 --> 00:57:05.010
Second, we observe a differential light effect according to the type of participation of political interest.

305
00:57:05.330 --> 00:57:11.529
This seems to be. This seems to be the most original or interesting results.

306
00:57:12.220 --> 00:57:17.440
because until now most of the scholarship has studied only the relationship between

307
00:57:17.650 --> 00:57:25.869
of voting a new political interest in interest without considering other forms of participation.

308
00:57:26.680 --> 00:57:31.550
And that's the studies consistently found. A positive relationship between

309
00:57:31.760 --> 00:57:43.870
electoral participation and political interest. However, this works only consider the period of electoral campaign. That is the time what the environment offers. The greatest number of political stimuli.

310
00:57:44.260 --> 00:57:50.620
And this is perhaps, I think, explain why I found a temporary liked negative relationship.

311
00:57:50.980 --> 00:57:57.599
 because I think that the impact of electoral participation is Malaysian

312
00:57:57.640 --> 00:57:59.170
is short-lived.

313
00:57:59.640 --> 00:58:09.230
 the electoral campaigns and electoral and elections themselves produce only a situational interest. Now a persistent interest.

314
00:58:10.060 --> 00:58:11.320
and that is.

315
00:58:11.450 --> 00:58:18.169
they require a specific incentive to be activated. Once the incentive ends, interest vanishes

316
00:58:18.430 --> 00:58:21.549
and the opposite is true for participation in protest.

317
00:58:22.250 --> 00:58:31.500
Both lacked and contemporaneous effects are positive, suggesting that once participation in this type of action has taken place.

318
00:58:31.570 --> 00:58:35.179
interest not only remains but also increases.

319
00:58:36.200 --> 00:58:48.879
So participation in products is more effective. an efficient in producing and reinforcing the political interest over time. And my question is, well.

320
00:58:49.070 --> 00:58:49.960
why?

321
00:58:50.430 --> 00:58:55.879
 I think maybe I need

322
00:58:56.110 --> 00:59:02.030
to work more in this. But I think is is because participation in products is

323
00:59:02.070 --> 00:59:08.810
is much more motivating because it is an experience of collective political socialization.

324
00:59:09.510 --> 00:59:17.210
It allows a series of interactions that are not possible in the loneliness, in the solitude of the ballot box.

325
00:59:17.880 --> 00:59:29.179
In demonstration Co. Exists experiences of the liberation and debate, but also of carnival and comradeship. A sense of belonging. A sense of being group may be developed.

326
00:59:29.600 --> 00:59:41.820
 I think, are the motions involved with this collective experience of political participation that can have a deeper and more permanent impact

327
00:59:42.200 --> 00:59:44.819
that the solitary experience of boating.

328
00:59:46.150 --> 00:59:57.589
And with this I'm not. I'm not claiming that encouraging electoral participation does not contribute to the greater involvement and interesting public affairs affairs among citizens

329
00:59:57.730 --> 00:59:59.060
on the country.

330
00:59:59.280 --> 01:00:10.499
But I do believe that electoral participation in other civil skills necessary for sustaining democracy can be developed if political interest is

331
01:00:10.870 --> 01:00:13.229
awakened in the first place.

332
01:00:17.430 --> 01:00:19.040
So

333
01:00:24.370 --> 01:00:25.680
this, this.

334
01:00:26.630 --> 01:00:41.619
this suggests that experience of collective political participation, especially in the early stages of political socialization during adolescence can contribute to the formation and development of political interest.

335
01:00:41.840 --> 01:00:48.489
and we have some evidence that suggests this in a study that recently published with Daniel Bidanda.

336
01:00:48.530 --> 01:00:57.860
we found that those students in whose school had a greater number of civic activities, such as elections, debates, and so on.

337
01:00:57.890 --> 01:01:07.860
We're less likely to justify the use of violence as a matter of political action, although not less interested in politics

338
01:01:08.770 --> 01:01:22.579
because I think fostering political participation of young people, especially in spaces such as schools can lead them to engage in other forms of participation as well as to the development of democratic political attitudes.

339
01:01:24.830 --> 01:01:25.690
That's it.

340
01:01:26.750 --> 01:01:27.580
Thank you.

341
01:01:32.050 --> 01:01:35.660
Thank you. Everyone. To us. Only one is.

342
01:01:47.820 --> 01:01:51.340
they're elements of the learning collection.

343
01:01:54.180 --> 01:02:01.170
And we can start for a question and comments.

344
01:02:04.450 --> 01:02:05.330
This.

345
01:02:10.500 --> 01:02:12.320
yes, please.

346
01:02:22.120 --> 01:02:25.190
I, yeah.

347
01:02:27.120 --> 01:02:29.500
okay. okay.

348
01:02:34.150 --> 01:02:37.350
yeah. The okay.

349
01:02:49.520 --> 01:02:50.660
On the

350
01:02:52.750 --> 01:02:53.890
yeah.

351
01:02:57.740 --> 01:02:59.820
Yeah. Yeah.

352
01:03:02.760 --> 01:03:03.590
Process.

353
01:03:05.100 --> 01:03:06.170
You have not.

354
01:03:10.310 --> 01:03:11.330
There you go.

355
01:03:14.820 --> 01:03:15.780
Not.

356
01:03:21.760 --> 01:03:31.300
And yeah, I think we've already questioned another platform. That's something that we've not to come off. But I have it in terms of. And this position that says on the

357
01:03:31.410 --> 01:03:32.610
topic

358
01:03:32.680 --> 01:03:35.600
interacting on the

359
01:03:45.120 --> 01:03:56.449
how they find somebody else algorithm, how they had to that the content that they are sharing online, how they try to.

360
01:04:00.940 --> 01:04:02.890
 yes.

361
01:04:03.870 --> 01:04:04.980
yeah.

362
01:04:05.980 --> 01:04:08.500
So yeah.

363
01:04:10.590 --> 01:04:16.109
And so I was kind of like, how about the next ball on the night? How to

364
01:04:31.030 --> 01:04:36.870
that, then? And also then they can.

365
01:04:40.830 --> 01:04:43.569
It's not that they

366
01:04:48.040 --> 01:05:00.609
 this is the

367
01:05:01.650 --> 01:05:05.920
in relation to the

368
01:05:06.620 --> 01:05:07.470
direction.

369
01:05:10.180 --> 01:05:15.960
What's going to take that? What is my reaction to the claims of the

370
01:05:18.250 --> 01:05:19.990
all different events?

371
01:05:20.220 --> 01:05:29.440
 so

372
01:05:32.190 --> 01:05:35.290
also number of

373
01:05:36.050 --> 01:05:36.920
this way.

374
01:05:38.370 --> 01:05:40.370
and then

375
01:05:41.450 --> 01:05:43.400
environmental.

376
01:05:43.650 --> 01:05:44.910
that's

377
01:05:48.850 --> 01:05:49.990
indigenous.

378
01:05:52.300 --> 01:05:58.320
So yeah, there were. It's right in the.

379
01:05:58.870 --> 01:06:01.130
And then 19.

380
01:06:09.660 --> 01:06:10.990
And

381
01:06:11.870 --> 01:06:12.660
okay.

382
01:06:13.500 --> 01:06:15.660
is this this, this.

383
01:06:19.060 --> 01:06:21.500
there is this this notion that

384
01:06:22.120 --> 01:06:25.430
for this?

385
01:06:32.120 --> 01:06:33.410
So

386
01:06:34.460 --> 01:06:35.459
to see her

387
01:06:35.600 --> 01:06:36.390
united?

388
01:06:36.500 --> 01:06:38.410
Yeah, yeah.

389
01:06:41.420 --> 01:06:45.110
I can give you in the social lab.

390
01:06:48.020 --> 01:06:51.430
Yeah. So somehow, they manage to

391
01:06:52.890 --> 01:06:59.890
 The

392
01:07:04.200 --> 01:07:04.880
yeah.

393
01:07:05.300 --> 01:07:06.180
yeah.

394
01:07:08.980 --> 01:07:13.790
there's a

395
01:07:19.150 --> 01:07:24.320
the second. So excuse me.

396
01:07:29.110 --> 01:07:29.860
So

397
01:07:30.830 --> 01:07:33.059
so it's not just

398
01:07:34.670 --> 01:07:35.480
he

399
01:07:38.280 --> 01:07:40.059
the I was

400
01:07:47.750 --> 01:07:50.240
 a car

401
01:07:53.370 --> 01:07:57.689
sound like you were saying that instead of these schools of democracy?

402
01:08:04.200 --> 01:08:05.180
Yeah.

403
01:08:11.850 --> 01:08:13.120
So it.

404
01:08:14.740 --> 01:08:15.990
So I asked

405
01:08:16.160 --> 01:08:18.290
this.

406
01:08:21.440 --> 01:08:25.099
So that's some just a clarification. But on the question

407
01:08:25.330 --> 01:08:26.090
question

408
01:08:30.670 --> 01:08:32.030
it was.

409
01:08:34.010 --> 01:08:39.590
I just wonder what these things that really, because they session

410
01:08:47.150 --> 01:08:48.680
3, 1, one

411
01:08:48.860 --> 01:08:58.790
I'm mentioning in the Tsar as well, because if you were up to it, then you got that enough? And she thought so. There was a kind of a

412
01:09:00.700 --> 01:09:02.010
just a

413
01:09:05.560 --> 01:09:06.330
so

414
01:09:06.980 --> 01:09:11.000
first thing is, you're just clarifying. I mean, it's from a strong

415
01:09:11.670 --> 01:09:12.500
see?

416
01:09:13.580 --> 01:09:15.580
Secondly, what about that?

417
01:09:18.000 --> 01:09:19.279
It is small.

418
01:09:20.740 --> 01:09:23.719
So yeah. on the first one here, for the

419
01:09:25.760 --> 01:09:26.969
was the

420
01:09:27.950 --> 01:09:30.640
stay in

421
01:09:33.460 --> 01:09:34.450
as

422
01:09:34.640 --> 01:09:37.789
work with those institutions to become the

423
01:09:41.940 --> 01:09:44.000
of. And

424
01:09:44.450 --> 01:09:45.140
in here.

425
01:09:49.710 --> 01:09:54.209
and every virtually I thought you. It's always something

426
01:09:54.360 --> 01:09:58.290
like one. For example, our group here.

427
01:09:59.970 --> 01:10:00.900
his work.

428
01:10:01.120 --> 01:10:08.240
Ok, it's just like the business we're used to work for. It's like hangers. If you buy a action, it's not

429
01:10:16.100 --> 01:10:17.080
your

430
01:10:19.760 --> 01:10:22.130
that we had like our 3, that one

431
01:10:22.510 --> 01:10:24.059
about this person, George.

432
01:10:28.110 --> 01:10:32.530
So yeah, in those different settings.

433
01:10:34.940 --> 01:10:38.029
it, for example, is is a

434
01:10:38.480 --> 01:10:43.329
believe in those things, or is it a rational concept? I don't think it has to be.

435
01:10:44.030 --> 01:10:47.190
It is a rational response if you don't

436
01:10:47.320 --> 01:10:49.090
you a new job

437
01:10:58.750 --> 01:11:05.250
 of those practices.

438
01:11:06.100 --> 01:11:10.130
But at the same time you're not the leaders in charge of many of your

439
01:11:11.920 --> 01:11:13.310
you

440
01:11:13.650 --> 01:11:17.069
pretty much. This is where you know the revolution that this is

441
01:11:17.170 --> 01:11:20.899
to come from this because you're going to change China.

442
01:11:21.740 --> 01:11:26.289
They might share some kind of vision of like, you know what? A.

443
01:11:27.510 --> 01:11:31.120
But in terms of the way they treat their own staff.

444
01:11:31.160 --> 01:11:33.240
They're just like everybody else.

445
01:11:35.140 --> 01:11:36.030
Your

446
01:11:36.200 --> 01:11:41.660
 I get frustrated that we don't do what they say in the

447
01:11:47.030 --> 01:11:50.059
their own behaviors that they

448
01:11:51.040 --> 01:11:51.940
oh.

449
01:11:55.010 --> 01:11:56.879
one that

450
01:12:04.710 --> 01:12:09.960
you have to follow up with that. So it okay.

451
01:12:16.760 --> 01:12:19.059
what I'm presuming is that there's no

452
01:12:19.450 --> 01:12:20.200
for you

453
01:12:29.130 --> 01:12:31.460
that can also possibility that

454
01:12:32.000 --> 01:12:32.950
for us.

455
01:12:44.630 --> 01:12:47.029
But in your point as well.

456
01:12:49.360 --> 01:12:53.290
 there's around a

457
01:13:02.570 --> 01:13:04.220
it's just in China.

458
01:13:12.860 --> 01:13:13.870
John.

459
01:13:14.750 --> 01:13:16.239
you can have a

460
01:13:19.180 --> 01:13:19.890
so

461
01:13:20.060 --> 01:13:21.040
you know.

462
01:13:26.840 --> 01:13:28.430
So you're not you.

463
01:13:32.040 --> 01:13:32.720
This.

464
01:13:33.800 --> 01:13:36.300
And I think that's a distinction.

465
01:13:36.350 --> 01:13:37.650
Very

466
01:13:40.340 --> 01:13:41.020
was

467
01:13:43.150 --> 01:13:44.790
technology.

468
01:13:51.980 --> 01:13:52.880
That's

469
01:13:57.980 --> 01:14:00.200
it's true

470
01:14:08.600 --> 01:14:14.720
what they need to succeed in that. Then area of it is much more.

471
01:14:15.030 --> 01:14:15.950
Okay.

472
01:14:18.880 --> 01:14:24.220
And I just a couple of months conversation with.

473
01:14:25.660 --> 01:14:30.209
it's very good.

474
01:14:30.600 --> 01:14:37.580
But then I mentioned all this one. There's this guy who's coming up kind of an argument he might. He might be pretty good at it if he came down. Maybe that

475
01:14:42.930 --> 01:14:44.260
on the first

476
01:14:48.160 --> 01:14:50.609
breaking out the until you are.

477
01:14:57.150 --> 01:14:57.830
Yeah.

478
01:15:01.510 --> 01:15:02.559
this wasn't

479
01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:08.000
so.

480
01:15:11.380 --> 01:15:12.500
was

481
01:15:16.420 --> 01:15:18.530
the city

482
01:15:20.710 --> 01:15:23.230
one. It's a

483
01:15:25.590 --> 01:15:27.600
future of these animals.

484
01:15:30.440 --> 01:15:32.679
I'm saying, why this is a

485
01:15:34.880 --> 01:15:37.000
so so that because

486
01:15:39.850 --> 01:15:40.690
no

487
01:15:52.800 --> 01:16:01.030
 change.

488
01:16:02.000 --> 01:16:03.150
there is some choice.

489
01:16:05.140 --> 01:16:07.390
We've all done it.

490
01:16:07.920 --> 01:16:09.830
So you got to see a

491
01:16:13.500 --> 01:16:15.360
what? What do you think about it?

492
01:16:21.130 --> 01:16:25.930
First in relation to self-

493
01:16:26.620 --> 01:16:29.070
I'm filled nice for you.

494
01:16:30.360 --> 01:16:34.509
and I was so identified as what it's not

495
01:16:34.630 --> 01:16:38.670
not a the experimentation. If it's a

496
01:16:39.080 --> 01:16:39.900
walking.

497
01:16:41.050 --> 01:16:43.180
Thanks for really.

498
01:16:47.290 --> 01:16:51.289
that's it, then it's still in the.

499
01:16:53.470 --> 01:16:57.149
And so we make 2 about where we like balance. They're doing so.

500
01:16:57.210 --> 01:17:00.480
The expectation that they're they are

501
01:17:00.790 --> 01:17:02.390
to the

502
01:17:04.750 --> 01:17:05.840
I think

503
01:17:06.610 --> 01:17:08.560
I have to.

504
01:17:08.800 --> 01:17:11.900
for the

505
01:17:16.060 --> 01:17:18.920
which is probably the most in the discussions

506
01:17:21.450 --> 01:17:24.450
we have a okay.

507
01:17:25.530 --> 01:17:26.400
but

508
01:17:27.690 --> 01:17:37.139
in terms of, since it in Australia for the last 10 years has been a real and certificate of the

509
01:17:39.910 --> 01:17:42.170
through successes of your education.

510
01:17:42.640 --> 01:17:46.210
It's got through various pigs. It's not your area's trucks.

511
01:17:46.540 --> 01:17:52.710
The largest successive government to the government has been to put young people to.

512
01:17:53.130 --> 01:17:54.270
Yeah.

513
01:17:56.040 --> 01:17:58.819
but I didn't need, you know, can still

514
01:17:59.080 --> 01:17:59.950
sure.

515
01:18:01.250 --> 01:18:02.220
And the

516
01:18:05.620 --> 01:18:07.149
we still see that

517
01:18:07.430 --> 01:18:12.560
about 2,

518
01:18:16.490 --> 01:18:18.190
all these

519
01:18:19.260 --> 01:18:21.609
and that

520
01:18:22.630 --> 01:18:23.300
here

521
01:18:23.670 --> 01:18:28.250
and it's in to the the of the.

522
01:18:30.820 --> 01:18:35.750
So I see what the changes there in terms of the your education

523
01:18:39.600 --> 01:18:40.510
system.

524
01:18:49.580 --> 01:18:52.630
 certain.

525
01:19:01.430 --> 01:19:02.330
So

526
01:19:11.480 --> 01:19:12.280
right

527
01:19:17.610 --> 01:19:18.610
bye

528
01:19:19.500 --> 01:19:20.480
the

529
01:19:20.980 --> 01:19:22.680
so

530
01:19:23.870 --> 01:19:26.590
and population bias.

531
01:19:30.330 --> 01:19:32.089
This is what this is.

532
01:19:35.570 --> 01:19:38.379
we will be.

533
01:19:50.190 --> 01:19:51.470
This is.

534
01:19:54.290 --> 01:19:56.750
yeah. Yeah.

535
01:19:58.090 --> 01:20:00.280
I.

536
01:20:05.560 --> 01:20:08.560
So

537
01:20:16.380 --> 01:20:23.770
reflecting of the offline contrast of activities as well, many of them also.

538
01:20:25.680 --> 01:20:26.360
okay.

539
01:20:26.550 --> 01:20:29.289
honey, or like

540
01:20:29.650 --> 01:20:41.939
 So they were kind of connected off online. And then they took their interest and the knowledge

541
01:20:42.380 --> 01:20:46.769
and then

542
01:20:50.580 --> 01:20:53.280
and I.

543
01:20:57.630 --> 01:21:08.869
But then thoroughly, I wanted to tell you only how many people might have seen it. But it doesn't tell you much about this.

544
01:21:09.430 --> 01:21:16.640
and I kind of want to find one of the next kind of things that we've been trying to like through the issues that say.

545
01:21:32.120 --> 01:21:35.109
yeah. But yeah.

546
01:21:39.760 --> 01:21:42.850
I,

547
01:21:46.020 --> 01:21:48.570
yeah, so yeah.

548
01:21:57.590 --> 01:22:00.139
yes. which is more difficult to

549
01:22:00.370 --> 01:22:01.630
my system.

550
01:22:03.820 --> 01:22:08.409
It is a Sauna, or this is kind of a

551
01:22:08.830 --> 01:22:11.760
troops are very, very

552
01:22:17.640 --> 01:22:22.760
 the

553
01:22:22.900 --> 01:22:26.810
because. which is a

554
01:22:28.930 --> 01:22:31.849
many days, some people

555
01:22:31.990 --> 01:22:33.080
one over that.

556
01:22:57.300 --> 01:23:01.669
I was wondering what if this happened. The other side.

557
01:23:04.070 --> 01:23:09.280
There are some people who resist and not for them. I mean there.

558
01:23:20.370 --> 01:23:24.140
This kind of

559
01:23:24.480 --> 01:23:25.670
on this.

560
01:23:35.220 --> 01:23:36.690
I always say.

561
01:23:36.950 --> 01:23:44.379
and and the which isn't attractive between having a strong strong, which, from all the to figure, is very attractive for many people in many parts of the world.

562
01:23:47.180 --> 01:23:50.880
so far back in all the regions. Monkeys!

563
01:23:52.230 --> 01:23:52.920
Oh.

564
01:23:56.790 --> 01:23:59.369
the jungle gets their organs

565
01:24:07.140 --> 01:24:08.930
want to see something different.

566
01:24:09.590 --> 01:24:11.240
They're one of the

567
01:24:13.160 --> 01:24:18.069
open. For a

568
01:24:18.170 --> 01:24:21.670
it's very hard to

569
01:24:24.840 --> 01:24:28.379
to you to let a voluntary groups

570
01:24:29.670 --> 01:24:30.360
accessible.

571
01:24:30.800 --> 01:24:32.389
How many students.

572
01:24:38.720 --> 01:24:40.070
how they.

573
01:24:41.120 --> 01:24:46.480
for lots of reasons. One of the largest reasons is the party itself, the Marxism.

574
01:24:47.000 --> 01:24:48.660
This is all

575
01:24:48.930 --> 01:24:50.560
it's like.

576
01:24:50.990 --> 01:24:52.110
So

577
01:24:53.700 --> 01:24:55.530
you to

578
01:24:56.310 --> 01:25:07.979
these are many threats of Marxism, and the party has it very close. The Communist party of China has officially qualified, and it's poor Socialist values

579
01:25:08.300 --> 01:25:18.659
1,013. When I was last night. Democracies there democracy, freedom, the quality rule of law.

580
01:25:19.440 --> 01:25:23.620
These are all there. Kids are learning children's arms in the school that are in

581
01:25:23.760 --> 01:25:29.440
singing these words in a string of salt they're we call them, and the word across the country.

582
01:25:29.880 --> 01:25:30.800
It

583
01:25:31.030 --> 01:25:32.949
a lot of people look at it just because

584
01:25:34.590 --> 01:25:40.510
I am interested in politics anymore. I don't believe that it's not fun for some people. Yeah.

585
01:25:41.210 --> 01:25:58.420
to the stuff like that. That's one the other person told me a few years ago I was sort of being told that you know democracy and greater than in the Chinese social values. And so I and I was thought they were who think that. And now she's fishing here about wants to.

586
01:26:00.260 --> 01:26:02.780
Because that's what it is to.

587
01:26:06.180 --> 01:26:10.950
 the following.

588
01:26:15.450 --> 01:26:16.110
okay.

589
01:26:19.060 --> 01:26:23.390
some extent that I think the shorts are its tendency to on instruction.

590
01:26:24.380 --> 01:26:26.700
Why, you

591
01:26:41.650 --> 01:26:42.490
it is

592
01:26:53.650 --> 01:26:54.330
this.

593
01:26:56.700 --> 01:26:57.520
Yeah.

594
01:27:05.320 --> 01:27:06.560
this

595
01:27:06.670 --> 01:27:07.980
say, my

596
01:27:10.640 --> 01:27:11.870
files.

597
01:27:14.080 --> 01:27:15.040
Yes.

598
01:27:16.070 --> 01:27:18.709
They wonder what happened on the so

599
01:27:20.600 --> 01:27:22.190
one of the

600
01:27:24.770 --> 01:27:27.999
working on which to kind of be there.

601
01:27:29.830 --> 01:27:32.800
It doesn't

602
01:27:33.150 --> 01:27:37.290
this trust that the act immediately after.

603
01:27:37.460 --> 01:27:42.229
and the peace and the sense, maybe maybe you'd be to be a

604
01:27:42.700 --> 01:27:45.950
so yes.

605
01:27:46.270 --> 01:27:47.520
yes.

606
01:27:51.340 --> 01:27:52.310
this is.

607
01:27:56.890 --> 01:27:57.580
please.

608
01:27:58.530 --> 01:28:02.880
 And the

609
01:28:10.340 --> 01:28:12.230
years. Okay.

610
01:28:16.630 --> 01:28:17.590
me.

611
01:28:17.880 --> 01:28:18.710
I think

612
01:28:19.350 --> 01:28:23.140
it's it's a

613
01:28:24.570 --> 01:28:28.460
and

614
01:28:28.610 --> 01:28:35.300
more  the

615
01:28:37.000 --> 01:28:37.700
he was

616
01:28:38.200 --> 01:28:39.680
so so

617
01:28:41.020 --> 01:28:43.670
musical and his own.

618
01:28:43.910 --> 01:28:45.450
And then

619
01:28:49.820 --> 01:28:50.830
that's all right there.

620
01:28:52.140 --> 01:28:54.010
Some incredible.

621
01:28:54.450 --> 01:28:58.719
I think, with with this data we can trace.

622
01:28:59.100 --> 01:29:08.970
have all those involved.  the.

623
01:29:12.630 --> 01:29:14.849
because what you say is true.

624
01:29:17.890 --> 01:29:19.420
20.

625
01:29:20.920 --> 01:29:24.190
It's on the same.

626
01:29:34.160 --> 01:29:35.050
yeah.

627
01:29:41.600 --> 01:29:44.109
you look into defensive

628
01:29:45.190 --> 01:29:45.970
for this

629
01:29:50.140 --> 01:29:52.620
of black

630
01:29:56.270 --> 01:29:58.219
much about the relationship between

631
01:29:58.910 --> 01:29:59.989
you say that

632
01:30:00.600 --> 01:30:02.080
interest

633
01:30:07.310 --> 01:30:12.500
does that translate into the other domain that

634
01:30:13.820 --> 01:30:17.010
in the

635
01:30:17.020 --> 01:30:18.889
some like.

636
01:30:20.500 --> 01:30:21.590
Oh, yeah.

637
01:30:21.730 --> 01:30:27.760
all the things that we need, some clinical data. the all right.

638
01:30:29.290 --> 01:30:31.030
get people to.

639
01:30:42.930 --> 01:30:43.610
Why.

640
01:30:44.290 --> 01:30:45.040
yeah.

641
01:30:52.250 --> 01:30:52.930
I,

642
01:30:57.400 --> 01:30:59.630
or just sort of 1Â min with that

643
01:30:59.640 --> 01:31:03.330
informal.

644
01:31:04.960 --> 01:31:09.840
I'm like, in the interest to you for this

645
01:31:10.360 --> 01:31:11.300
same.

646
01:31:19.410 --> 01:31:20.080
this.

647
01:31:20.540 --> 01:31:21.720
Okay

648
01:31:28.590 --> 01:31:32.839
for this presentation that they Institute.

649
01:31:33.050 --> 01:31:35.140
Yeah.

650
01:31:39.590 --> 01:31:46.009
today they become more knowledgeable about political processes

651
01:31:46.520 --> 01:31:50.439
or some, you know, some. Basically. Yeah, I guess. Yeah.

652
01:31:57.590 --> 01:32:01.049
not necessarily.

653
01:32:01.140 --> 01:32:06.360
I'm sorry. It's necessary to make sure that we're in the

654
01:32:07.090 --> 01:32:08.490
or

655
01:32:08.670 --> 01:32:10.690
he.

656
01:32:13.850 --> 01:32:18.360
There is this book by much prior to, he said. He said something like

657
01:32:18.460 --> 01:32:21.340
Be more interested in.

658
01:32:22.580 --> 01:32:23.730
He likes her.

659
01:32:24.710 --> 01:32:31.939
I think every I think there is a positive connection of the

660
01:32:32.030 --> 01:32:35.990
when people participate in the

661
01:32:39.320 --> 01:32:43.159
and perhaps they are going to be, for

662
01:32:46.950 --> 01:32:48.990
I think that is also an

663
01:32:55.400 --> 01:32:58.240
he said.

664
01:32:58.830 --> 01:33:00.090
There's a

665
01:33:01.740 --> 01:33:02.610
knowledge

666
01:33:04.700 --> 01:33:05.740
I was.

667
01:33:07.180 --> 01:33:07.880
This is

668
01:33:16.260 --> 01:33:17.260
same

669
01:33:21.930 --> 01:33:22.820
both sides.

670
01:33:27.640 --> 01:33:28.570
You

671
01:33:29.640 --> 01:33:30.580
use

672
01:33:38.450 --> 01:33:40.530
the

673
01:33:40.890 --> 01:33:43.860
really not clear in our generalized

674
01:33:51.300 --> 01:33:52.460
he

675
01:34:04.040 --> 01:34:04.770
is

676
01:34:06.120 --> 01:34:08.940
response institution spring this

677
01:34:14.900 --> 01:34:18.539
sort of proposition to that right? So easier.

678
01:34:18.810 --> 01:34:22.080
And

679
01:34:23.450 --> 01:34:25.759
so I mean that one or something.

680
01:34:27.610 --> 01:34:30.389
So I mean, is it really an icon about this sort of

681
01:34:30.760 --> 01:34:34.599
of the troublesome materials? Or is it actually a general life?

682
01:34:42.410 --> 01:34:45.220
So

683
01:34:46.150 --> 01:34:48.390
I would say.

684
01:34:50.290 --> 01:34:51.320
my

685
01:35:00.340 --> 01:35:01.500
I think it's changing now

686
01:35:02.560 --> 01:35:04.320
of so

687
01:35:08.610 --> 01:35:12.860
as well as it wise and teach.

688
01:35:19.300 --> 01:35:20.470
Oh, yeah.

689
01:35:24.820 --> 01:35:26.210
you

690
01:35:26.920 --> 01:35:29.229
yes. just one of the

691
01:35:30.110 --> 01:35:33.090
you might have to follow the

692
01:35:43.380 --> 01:35:44.530
it's very.

693
01:35:48.750 --> 01:35:52.549
and I'm in the

694
01:35:53.730 --> 01:35:59.700
there's no.

695
01:36:08.970 --> 01:36:09.960
that's right.

696
01:36:13.130 --> 01:36:14.220
So

697
01:36:16.240 --> 01:36:19.460
I think it's a really good question

698
01:36:22.100 --> 01:36:23.879
what I'm getting to our.

699
01:36:28.880 --> 01:36:31.410
But it it will need to get from you.

700
01:36:34.700 --> 01:36:35.660
Oh.

701
01:37:06.340 --> 01:37:07.540
you guys

702
01:37:09.300 --> 01:37:10.880
thanks everybody for coming in tonight.

703
01:37:11.270 --> 01:37:12.300
Alright.