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Okay, so,

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So with good and good evening to everyone We are going to first do the acknowledgements of the country, the country we made of this war Congress is called NAN.

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It is the home of the cooling nation's Warundegi world wrong people. We acknowledge there's sovereignty, pay our respects to their elders and ancestors.

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Well, I am really delighted to share a this session. Loretta Vassar asked me to do it because she has another session at the same time.

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Negro women in the Suzanne labour market. So this issue has been organized by a professor Abdul Malik Atman.

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From the same areas, West France and by Loretta Balassar, professor from David Cohen University.

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We have 4 speakers even if we only have 2. Was this only? And we have one missing, maybe she will arrive.

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The first presentation is about foreign domestic workers. Digital practices in the Gulf Estate by Marion Bretto.

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I don't know if I cross to your name and she's from the American University of Kuwait.

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Then we will have Laura Wayne's book from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Austria.

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And Laura Shi's online. Hello Laura, can you hear us? Well, she's there, I know.

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And she press recorded her presentation because she's in South Africa and she was worried about running out of electricity so we will hear to her presentation recorded but she's here for a questions.

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And then if and now, Knai arrives that she haven't arrived that she haven't arrived here from Tokyo, that she haven't arrived here, from Tokyo, Gah, Koogee University, Japan.

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We will have her presentation on war generation models and Doy Mulkitz analysis on migration with the perspective of gender capital and age.

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And finally, we have her presentation on World Generation Mothers and Doy MOOCITY, Japan.

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We will have her presentation on World Generation Mothers and Doy Mulkits analyzes on migration with the perspective of gender capital and age.

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And finally, we are having the presentation of Sally. And she will speak about measure and success. A predictors of successful economic integration and rational human refugees.

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Okay, so. You have 15 min. And very strict in time. So I will give you many notes to let you know that the time is finishing.

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And then we have a general discussions. Okay, so we can ask. I give the flow to Marion.

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Thank you.

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Thank you. Can you hear me? Is it working? Yes.

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So good afternoon and first I would like to analyze the First Nations of Australia. Thank my institution, the American University of Kuwait.

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My friend and colleague of Dominic Ahmed, who couldn't be part of us today, Dr. Laura and Dr.

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Loretta for giving me the opportunity to introduce my work today. And finally, to give you an illustration of what Dr.

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Anafi was talking about regarding the Islamo leftist in France. I would like to wish Ed Mubarak to anyone concerned in this room.

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So what I will discuss is recurring aspects found in several hundreds of video that I gathered between 21 and 23.

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In Kuwait and TikTok. Which was the main control for currents because I was located there.

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But the way videos are streamed, which is not the topic of today, but on a methodological.

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You point it important to mention that there are streams less on the phone localization than specific algorithms and metadata.

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So as the hash tags that you may know. Which also lead to receiving contents from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Roman and the UAE, United Arab Emirates.

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In the fall of 22 I joined a support association from Filipino domestic workers in Kuwait so I started conducting proper pornography since full with participant observation and I built report with women who are domestic workers and regular Tik Tok users.

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With them I could take part in tiptoe choreographies which allowed me to experience how physical they are.

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So for starters it's all about looking at previous videos, how people would be dancing, also coordinating them with the music and repeat that again and again until you're satisfied with the result, which takes time and can be very tire.

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One approach with their digital practices. Oh, yes. The isolating conditions of work and migration management, domestic workers suffer from highlight attention between invisibility and over visibleization.

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For that, what I will present in is an registration of how TikTok reflects and generates what I argue being post-numeric forms of migrants see in today's Gulf Society.

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Most numeric in the sense of of that what happens online and offline fits one another simply because as I just said both experiences are corporeal.

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Both are ways to bond emotionally and physically with the local context. Which further leads to consider migrants as individuals with specific ways of taking part in the quote unquote host society.

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By the way, whenever I will use the word host, it is between post. And further, migration as an experience of mobility, yes, but also of routing and entrenchment.

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So before getting to my point, I like to recall some basic information about domestic work and work on conditions in the Gulf states.

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Their domestic workers are females who from the censuses I could access were counted in the entire Gulf region, 2.4 million in 2,014.

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When it comes to Kuwait in 21, official censuses would go around 600,000 women as based on records provided by recruitment agencies, which means that whoever would have not followed a documented form of recruitment is not included.

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So in other words, this word, this number is not really reliable. These women come from sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and those who migrate to take these positions, often start at a young age, single or married with kids sometimes in the home country.

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Like in other fields in the Gulf, design renewable short-term contracts from 2 to 3 years, which obviously puts them in state of temporaryiness.

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There salary is rented between 100 to 400 American dollars a month and the amounts are not regulated by strict labor laws.

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Their work includes daily housework. Cooking, cleaning, watching kids. Taking care of elders, sick or disabled people who would be part of the household in which they work and reside.

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Similarly to the salary, these aspects are very relative because they may not be stated in the contract.

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Are respected at all. So very often one is recruited as a nanny but they end up cooking, cleaning, etc.

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The contract form is called Sponsorship or in Arabic Cefano. It is a legal condition in all GER countries in the recruitment of foreign nationals.

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Which links the employing companies or individual nationals with employees through a series of measures that include the intention of a work visa, a residence permit, health insurance, housing, transportation.

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In the case of domestic work, the Kafala system prohibits employees, I quote, from living or changing jobs without their employers at which makes abandonment of posts.

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Fleeing in case of abuse, illegal and reprehensible dialogue, which applies for example when, for example, with my interview is, cases of women beaten by their employers.

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And simply wanting to run to the police during their working hours, this is illegal. In the case of female domestic workers, the Cafe, sponsor is the person with whom they will reside in most cases the male head of the family.

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Although it's not specific to the Gulf region, they may be subjected to poor working conditions and abuse that can include the confiscation of passports which is the most famous case we hear in the media.

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To avoid absconding and other breaches. None respect of rest days, accumulation of tasks, working hours, exceeding the terms of the contract.

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All right, with all that said Let's talk about their digital practices, which is what I'm interested in right now.

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As we know in migration and media studies, mobility is by nature connective. Individuals who migrate develop strong cultures of bounds as gone by Dana Dimin School with her concept of connected migrant.

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And in this context, owning a phone is obviously an SCD not only to stay in touch with the family back home but also simply to pass the time as a form of connective leisure.

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In other words, it is to connect to the world by taking part in a leisure activity that is connective that they use TikTok.

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Which is the up I focus on through this up and others of course. These women get a sense of and produce a worldwide culture through the music, the choreographies that are further spread and imitated on the TikTok platform and community.

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This aspect, I believe, is important to consider because and as I could hear previously a lot since Monday.

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Researchers tend to focus on the use of the internet as a way to stay in touch with the family only when it comes to to migrants Which tends actually to victimize, according to me, migrant workers and deprived them from any capacity to be, let's say, connected to the world in a normal way in an

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ordinary way as we do as well. Further, the examples you will see show that because they employ the body.

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And because it connects users to each other, TikTok provides with an aesthetic experience of self-expression that is sensory, individual yet collective and this also enables this woman to exist in the host country.

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So I could find really a lot of videos and it was really hard to choose which one to talk about today with you.

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You can find videos of women dancing such as the one on the left taking selfies depictions of everyday situations in different positions in their employers house than dancing while cooking, filming themselves while working, etc.

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So let's have a look at the one. On the left, yes.

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Saying night, day and night.

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All right, so I'm having a lot of fun doing these kind of things. Yes, no, we're fine. Okay.

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Oh

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And the black boxes obviously hide the information about the people. So on this video There is a text in tagalog that is a Philippine language which means we did it too referring to the choreographic trend.

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This of course induces comments as we can imagine from an overall yes audiences from the same linguistic background.

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This corresponds to a type of video that fits the users national ethnic and or linguistic community by connecting to a worldwide trend on a local scale.

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So this is the first trend. Another type that I personally find very interesting is how they also end up creating their own TikTok specificities, notably with the hashtag, Hadamah in Arabic means a female worker.

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And it can also be literally translated as servant. Hence it's not necessarily a very rewarding word.

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As we can see on the screenshot on the right, it is actually used as a hashtag here.

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Simple girl, Haudama in Saudi. As a hashtag, it creates a web and myriads of connections between the videos that would contain it.

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But we can also see that it can serve a sense of image re appropriation in how the user has headed the text.

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Yes, I'm proud of myself on top of the image. Simple girl are in the caption again, simple girl Hatama in Saudi.

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Sometimes the captions and the hashtags also include proud hadam which is even more explicit. Which shows again how TikTok acts toward self empowerment.

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Supposedly defies shared assumptions about domestic workers as migrants. Deprived of freewheel, as submissive.

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Oh.

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Oh well. And in state it shows a capacity to reflect on their position and make it pride. There are other, yes, there are other videos that are very critical and very explicit.

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Storage there were conditions so we have this one on the left where this woman is explaining how to steal an object while working.

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The other one on the right when you have what they call do it when someone retryves a user retrieves a video from another one and makes kind of a conversation between 2 videos and here they are actually discussing a TV program where Kuwaiti people were interviewed about what they think about domestic work.

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Saying that, oh no, I don't need them, I don't like them, they are dirty, they are foreigners, etc.

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So they are reacting to it. For my 5 remaining minutes. I will talk about my favorite example.

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Which illustrates relations of power inside a household in the videos. And more particularly when the members of the family are included in the videos.

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Here we can see a domestic worker having fun throwing shoes towards the phone with kids that she's taking care of.

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And the staging expresses how this sense of destruction is under control. Number one, because well there is an arrow pointing at a very tiny CCTV, right, a civilian scamera.

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And we can read hello CCTV just enjoying the baby. This visual audition is very important because actually without that we wouldn't be able to notice the CCTV, right?

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This suggests that Tik Tok helps to build complicity and bounds with the kids, but this is a sort of bonding that is under civilians, right?

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And what is very fascinating here is that in the end of the day, it's like if we had 2 forms of power, 2 forms or 2 types of actors.

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Embodied through 2 devices on the bottom the domestic worker that is present. Secluded at home working.

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Who remains remains being watched by the bus that is absent that is on the top represented by the CCTV camera.

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I guess I have to conclude, right? This brings me to my last point. That is that. Oh yes, perfect.

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So it brings me to my last point. That is the idea of civilians and control when addressing migrant work nowadays in in the Gulf society.

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Dana Diminascoo that I mentioned just before who coined the concept of Connected Migrant aimed at actually through this concept highlighting new modes of surveillance.

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That the new technologies imply, which applies to TikTok. If this app connects users to the world, it also connects to actors that one may not be aware of when posting a video.

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It can be employers, yes, institutions, but also individuals who use TikTok to Let's say spread.

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Illegal recruitment ads. But also NGOs to reach out to them. One of the consequences is this kind of circular that is this one from the Philippine Embassy in Kuwait.

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In 2,020 it issued a warning to the domestic workers about their virtual activities. To guard against any further risks since posting anything relative to the employers.

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Well, privacy goes against the term of their contracts and cases of imprisonment have happened recently in the UAE.

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Because of such videos considered cyber crimes. What these cases tell us is that if this woman may be working alone at home, supposedly secluded.

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They also produce a sense of community and visibility by having their digital activities recognized by their diplomatic representatives.

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Which raises questions about importance to address new forms of control and punishment. In conclusion, in context of migration, I would like to argue that Tik Tok enables some sort of a threshold.

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That is an articulation of heterogeneous elements. My headerogenous elements, I obviously refer to modes of self-impowerment.

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Through the body in motion and its digitalization. I also refer to the tension between the private and perfect sphere and privacy.

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The tension between professional and effective ties and above all how all of these performances as physical and emotional experiences reinforce categories of race, gender and class in in context of mobility, but also under the rim of structural violence in the G Society.

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And this is it from. Thank you.

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Thank you very much, Maria.

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He goes, It's a presentation where we find it.

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Yeah, okay.

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Hi everyone, thank you very much for the invitation to this session. I'm very delighted to be able to present first results of my Kickkling studies.

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In concrete terms today I will talk about female domestic cleanness in the gig economy. That is construction on the informal labor market.

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So as we all know, we face substantial transformations in the provisioning of domestic work. The growing number of middle-class women entering the former labor market the increasing intensity of wage labor and the continued bright gender stereotypical division of domestic work.

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Results in a social reproduction gap. That is predominantly filled by multiple marginalized and low paid migrant women in the informal labor market segment.

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So what we can see is a sustaining standard division of work and ongoing coloniality of labor. And overall, the outsourcing and commodification of domestic work among different social classes.

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To varying degrees contributes to blurring boundaries between markets and households.

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The domestic fields, private households are a very interesting site of employment because They are organized along various axis of inequality and power.

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So first of all, laborers face intersecting inequalities such as gender. Class, migration or ascribed ethnicity.

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Most of them are migrant women as I already mentioned. And they work in private workspaces with no social control, with no colleagues, with no other.

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Potential clients present and therefore they work in an invisible field so to say with no protection with no social control.

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Furthermore, There is a linguistic and spatial fragmentation of workers. Which makes it hard to mobilize those workers for union interests.

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And there is a high share of informal labor taking place in this field. So these power relations make the home an intensely political space as plant and darling put it.

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Therefore, there is a necessity to negotiate social boundaries. Continuously negotiate social boundaries between public and private sphere, working in personal lives and between social categorical categorical divides.

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So this is what I'm interested in. How do geek based domestic cleaners set boundaries?

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How does this boundary work look like and how do they construct status? In a working relation that is based on immense power hierarchies.

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And therefore I started to project Kick-klein. And I work together with myelin, Angelique Bou, and Julia Radelea in this project for One year, approximately one year now.

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And it is funded by the Digi 4 of the Vienna Chamber of Labor and my personal interest is not only to talk about the results in the scientific community.

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But additionally also provide information on problem areas. For social partners and furthermore I will create a website together with my team for domestic cleaners in 16 languages where they can inform themselves about their rights.

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Even in the informal working field. So there is also social political dimension of this project not only a scientific research interest.

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Yeah, so what we did is we conducted 15 problem-centered interviews with domestic cleaners in Vienna.

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It was in person in interviews only in German mostly but domestic cleaners could choose to the language to interview language.

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We cooperated with social scientists with different native languages for that. And all cleanest received €20 in cash.

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As an incentive. And we analyze those interviews with qualitative content. Analysis. Just a quick view on our sample.

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So as you can see most to domesticliness under studies are born in Eastern European countries or in the Balkan.

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And they have different educational levels. And there hourly wage in Euro indicates there wage It's it it shows their wage that was indicated on their personal profile site on the gig economy platform and we just have to keep in mind we conducted the interviews during July and December last year when inflation was also already quite high in Austria.

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So yeah, just keep that in mind.

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So first of all, what we found was that there are severe experiences of dehumanizing practices of damaging the integrity, the bodily or the psychological integrity of domestic cleaners under study almost all of them told us about various incidences with sexual harassment and abuse.

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And so this is the setting we are in. It's not only power hierarchies, but power hierarchies.

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Often lead to abusive behavior. Which is the case with our interviewees. The various experiences of that.

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And therefore they created a few strategies to counteract. Those experiences. 1. One boundary making practice would be physical and verbal demarcation practices.

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Considering the bodily appearance. And also the mana, the way they behave or respond verbally.

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As Anna says, luckily I really have a self-continent appearance and I can keep the people at distance.

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Or Anastasia, he asked me if I can work in tights only. Because the floor is very sensitive and you should not walk on it with slippers or with bare feet and I ask And you are wearing tights at home too.

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And she replied, why do you ask such a stupid question? Okay, so it isn't stupid if you ask it but if I do it stupid okay yeah I get it loves So, and this refers to a quick-witted verbal reactions to encroaching behavior.

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We have a few examples of that. But then also we know that within the private sphere of the household domestic workers I immersed in the immediate intimate relations of the household members.

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And it is well research that this setting is related to clients having the desire for or the idea of an emotional closeness with household cleaners.

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Which comprises the expectation to comfort them regarding problems, sorrows, vulnerabilities, fears. And this is a theme that is often romanticized in mainstream pop culture.

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To emotional close relationship with the domestic cleaner or the doorman. Our interviews and the study are also confronted with this idea of providing emotional care and refuse this form of effective labor as shown in the following quote.

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I was with a family at their house and for me it's the workplace. But they say, I need someone as a family.

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They didn't want distance. But for me, it's important to have a good employer not to have friendships.

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Some clients want to eat together. I mean, for me it's not important. I mean, maybe that's too much.

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Because you have work yes and that's my goal other private things are not important So here we see a clear boundary making and emphasis on the professional role.

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A further theme we found was assigning self-sacitated value to work, especially how to work and when to work.

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This has been shown or manifested in the self-reference of being one's own boss.

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I don't have a boss. I work for myself. I don't let people take advantage of me in any way as Anna puts it.

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I can always take a break and have some teats, no problem. I'm the boss myself.

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Says Fatima. And this self-reference provides a sense of independence, especially compared to former experiences with cleaning companies.

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Where cleaners are bound to instructions and cannot choose or respectively decline clients themselves.

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And another theme refers to the dominant idea that working is as a cleaner working as a cleaner is no occupational choice but rather an act out of existential necessity.

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Which strengthens power asymmetries and the risk that domestic workers are subjected to abusive labor conditions.

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As Anderson puts it the act of employing a domestic cleaner lowers the statues of the house work done by the worker as the employer feels for time with something better.

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Based on this notion, cleaners pointed to their own time to their own principles, to their choice. As Cecilia puts it only because I'm looking for work doesn't mean I have to do everything yes I'm looking for work I'm unemployed I absolutely need this truck but I can say no to I mean everybody

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has to have a choice Anastasia one woman told me you're a cleaning lady here in our country and you have to accept your salary and your life here.

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And if you want to stay here, you have to do it. And okay, no I don't want to do it, I don't have to do it.

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Interviews under study the domestic cleanness we conducted interviews with had several incidences with attempts of intimidation, especially in the form of threats of being reported to the police.

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And here we also found 2 strategies. One was down creating menaces of being reported, not taking them seriously.

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As Anna says, people usually don't want to do that, report incidences with clients because you work unregistered and I was also threatened something happened to me.

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I could not go to the appointment in the morning and the woman without asking me said, I will report you.

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I just took it easy and said, yeah, if you don't have anything better to do, report me.

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Several. Cleanest under study also told us about incidences where they were accused of having stolen something.

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Particular in situations where they refused certain power. Demonstrations, acts of power and one Strategy was also to mirror those.

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I went to the household for months and then all of a sudden I get a text from months and then all of a sudden I get a text from the man from the family member.

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He called me a thief and said they will go to the police. I could not help myself but say, OK, then go to the police, report me, and I will say that you employed me illegally and that you didn't explain my work and that I worked illegally at your place.

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This client mentioned this threat after he wanted to have sex with the client with the cleaner sorry and she refused.

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And after that he mentioned this threat to go to the police.

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The last theme we found was to emphasize cleaning as a competence and passion in a societal setting that devalues cleaning.

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And that creates the notion that cleaning work is inherently degrading. Cleanest under study put an active emphasis on their own expertise.

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For example, I have to iron and clean all the clothes. Expensive things I have to make sure to use the right washing machine program.

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I never make mistakes and I'm very careful. Are also referring to cleaning supply. They want to have everything super clean but with class cleaner that doesn't work and they have no kitchen roller cleaning clothes nothing what should I clean with I can't use my hands or toilet paper.

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People are a bit weird.

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Another, theme we found was the refusal of the normative idea of dirty work by underlying the own joy doing it that you can see the effects that you make people happy by it.

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As matter puts it that's why it's so strange for me to call it work because it's the first time that I'm doing something with pleasure and voluntarily.

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Now I'm experienced what it's like when you really enjoy doing something.

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Yeah, so overall what we can see from this first insights is that cleaners are confronted with contradictions between external ascriptions, societal norms, occupational strange and strains and self-use.

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And we could see some micro resistances in responses to experiences with Devaluation and degradation, for example, sexual harassment or accused accusals accuses of having stolen something threats to the police.

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I'm sorry.

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And by that, the attempt or aim or in implicit. Idea of challenging the normative hierarchy of informal domestic labor.

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However, And these strategies are individual, individualized. And in addition to research we need substantial labor regulations in the domestic field regarding the supply, the provision of mediation.

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And the purchasing of domestic labor and And I see this also as a responsibility of scientists in this field.

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Yes.

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Not only to conduct research but also to work with the results in terms of social political involvement. Thank you very much.

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So thank you very much Laura. I think you are online so you will have the time afterwards for answering and we will hear you.

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I hope. So we have our third speaker. I think she's online.

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Can you please, Share your slides

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Yes, Oh, I want to share my slide.

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We have to end this once again.

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So can you share my slide?

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Yeah, go ahead.

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Okay.

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Okay, today I am so happy to share my service such migration from Vietnam to Japan and Taiwan.

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So the argument by presentation is that The sorting function after infrastructure exploitation. Or migration system is aed by the host country's labor molecularization system and employers demand.

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Systemically dividing human beings by gender generation. Nice, SNSD nationality and a capital.

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As a result, more bannerable violent movements from Grover South such as Raymond from, a place in the expoited labour market in Grover.

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And move through the background of my studies. So for Vietnam, the countries. Government is supposed to send its labor to other country to some secures so many So that as a result, the number of Vietnam is migrating to East Asian country.

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So it has been increasing. And many of them say migrating to Japan and Taiwan. How, there is not enough research on A fool is a migrant in the case of Raven Migration from Vietnam to Japan and Thailand.

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And, They have the migration system. We code is it's a technical intern training program.

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The width started in our 19, s and this program was initially designed to transfer technology to developing countries.

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And I make international contributions. So however in fact the system has essentially Surely as a framework for introducing unscheduled workers from Asian countries to the Japanese labour market.

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And, and I don't think, the for example technical income trainees they cannot change their employer freely and also they cannot play with their family to Japan.

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And I technique go into train is can only work in Japan up to 5 years. At the same time there are many so human rights vibration or by relation organised.

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I'll wave back code for the technical Intent Treaty in Japan. Okay, okay, this is the Dimitri, it's gonna go into training and So in company in the western part of Japan.

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So they are technical as I. I'm supposed to work after 3 am morning. Every day, their day of was only a one or 2 days per month.

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So.

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They're salary was only 800 US dollars or something and they are not So able to go out freely so without permission of their employers.

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And, Okay. And also there's so many. Cases against technical into trainees.

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This is a case. Our male epitome is, technique going to reennies was beaten.

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Yeah.

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Body a Japanese create in the company and a. Hi, my name's government, they started to accept.

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Migrant workers from ancient countries in 1919. But how are so? This kind of the migrant workers.

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Was, gratified as a guest worker. So that's why. Fundamental rights also very limited.

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Oh

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Oh, migrant domestic because they cannot free it and say, and also they cannot be as if funded to Taiwan.

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And also the migrant domestic worker in Thailand they can work in Taiwan after foot in years.

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However, so they cannot apply the permanent residents. A status in Thailand. And also the lock in condition of the migrant domestic worker in Thailand is very super problematic.

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So many of them, they walk. So everyday. And as a face harassment, abuse and And this is a flyer, which was distributed.

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In the webinar conference in Taipei in 2,019. There's still many migrant workers in Thailand that are asking at risk.

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24 of us day off about week. It mean that so many of them, they don't have the And how many so bit now is I going to work as a face?

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Exploitation and humanized vibration in Japan and the Taliban. But so.

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So we don't have enough academic research. Oh, a profile or a background or the migrants.

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So that is why it's not easy to protect their right.

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So that's the advice or I want to, introduce the conceptual frame back to honorize the structure of migrations.

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The fourth is a migrant nefarious fertility. This is one of the 30 to analyze one migration a phenomenon happen.

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So migration infrastructure are systematically interconnected. Was the technologies, the organization and actors that facilitate any conditions and mobility of migrant.

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So this migration infrastructure has 5 aspect, right, and right free. A commercial to the NORCO, human body, humanitarian and sociology.

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I know, Jean, and reindeer clues say that migration is the structures make migrants subject to institutions.

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Yeah.

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And commodification any integration that do not require migrants to rise. Capability to realize migration.

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So.

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So that is why so, people they can migrate without any capabilities and also there is a paradoxical situations is that as migration, beyond migration infrastructure.

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Mike migration more safer. But the complicated situation arising because of the high predatorural fee in the sending country.

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But, migration from Britain to Asian countries. So we have to, so. We have to.

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Care about aware about the context of across world and migration from Beta to Thailand and Japan.

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I, for example, the migration infrastructure frame do not Otherwise the sizable economic disparity between the standing country and the receiving country.

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And also the migration infrastructure is the concept does not incorporate the perspective of the host country's institutions, policies, and a commercial operator into the discussion.

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I also the migration infrastructure would say that the migrations has become safer than before. So how about some money, sobit premiers still face a border with Gauti in the trajectory of some migration.

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So that is why so we have to so introduce. I don't know, so concept to analyze the structure of migration.

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So that is why so I want to introduce the new concept. To the So I call this framework as the infrastructure app.

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Oh

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Exploitation. I situated the infrastructure up exploitation as a framework for I believe a migration in which women from Vietnam or the global south and was exploited labour markets at Eastern Asian countries.

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Or a global nose. So this infrastructure of exploitation involves such economic factors, both sending in the second countries migration policy.

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And a migration in industry.

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Okay.

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And also, I am exploitation. I define it. That infrastructure crisis roomer is in the visuals in the global Harriot's rival market in the Global Nodes.

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So to analyze the migration phenomenon from Vietnam's I conducted the 2,014 to 2,019.

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I interviewed more than so 150 and Vietnamese people they migrated to Japan or Taiwan.

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But from 2,000 to 2,010. So.

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So this is the result of the Oh, targets. And this is the infrastructure of exploitation between Vietnam and Taiwan in Vietnam is so it their rock as they have to I played this part of you for the broker company.

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And time and sided employers. And work as themselves they have to pay some fee for intermediary company in Thailand.

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And it also is a buck for the domestic workers. And for example, the requirement for the domestic worker is not very complicated.

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It's very simple. So it's mean that the improve euros in TRY once time on his side So I want to hire women have the experience of marriage and the title of the box.

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That's all. And, and, this is the bucking for the factory.

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Okay.

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And this is much more complicated. So we, improving as they want for high as a young people's and also sometimes we they want to so I said, Good regarding there as a height.

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Oh, wait for education attainment. So that is 5. So that's kind of. A vendor's age and a booty related to the work that you've done.

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Okay.

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So because of the higher bring requirements for the domestic workers, our rules and thoughts for the talk to you workers, a domestic bog is more open opportunity for the Vietnamese women in do that area.

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This is the infrastructure of exploitation between Vietnam and Japan. This is, this is similar. Oh, to the infrastructure of exploitation between Vietnam and Taiwan.

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People they want to work in Japan as a technical engine trainee. They have to pay. A higher predator.

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So according to my, I'm gonna have to pay a partial fee to rock in Japan as a technical intern today as about, 10,000 US dollar.

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2 fades. The most of them they have to borrow their money from banker And this is a I think we go into Chinese.

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So for example, this is room. The company to a a seafood processing company in Ibaraki.

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This is a central background. This is in your Tokyo. And the company is able to hire us 10 female technical There is is between at 20 to 28 and education attainment is a high school or a high use.

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And this is also the advertisement for the United States, in Japan. This company want your hires.

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Young made sure workers and always with education attainment of high school over high years. So, this is, that's it for the age education head and or, or by or her actors that are considered.

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Okay.

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Interviews and the matching performance. I know. Japanese employers, they want to hire us. The young healthy workers with a certain level of education.

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Oh, Let's get it with my, Yes. So has that influence of the demand of employers?

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Yeah.

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So, so. I say that this is a raw generation. The, the characteristic of the domestic workers.

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In Taiwan. Is that say or rude or muscle's born during?

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Or immediately after the Vietnamese world or before do we move in 90 86. I put my positions in this group.

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As a war generation market. And the What is that?

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They are so B in and do. Before, you are in the Bitamis, whoa, over before, So, And.

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Yes.

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So that is, the first, for the support generation was a 31.7 years old And so this is a higher a sunset of the technical interventions in Japan or factory workers.

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And the most, there was generations more this education attainment one middle school rebel. So the education, so attainment, dubbing domestic workers and institutional care workers was and other groups.

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Oh

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Now, you have a really, you have already 50 min. I already have used 15 min. So just to let you know, that you have to start thinking about finishing.

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Okay, I'm very sorry. And all the living so domestic workers and institutional care workers had been married before their migration.

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So it says, very so, specific retro-domestic records. And I'm more of the domestic workers before.

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So it mean that so they and to the international labor migration without any formal employment. Experience in our former I'm 30.

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So, So I found out this kind of it. So, international paper migration indicators intersection of gender asnicity rights nationality and capital.

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Because the ruler Raymond conducted Raven migration through the infrastructure of exploitation. And they work it as a domestic worker in Taiwan.

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And also the Doolar Young. Women and men, they are going after Doymoi in 86 are also entered the Reagan migration through the infrastructure of exploitation and they market in Thailand as factory workers and in Japan as a technical income training.

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5, structural of exploitation creates specific national and ethnic growth in the history. Countries which are then divided from citizens in the household society.

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And deprived their fundamental rights as a human being. In this way, gender education height and white are related to the job placement.

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And the conclusion, the thoughting function of the infrastructure of exploitation is shattered by the host countries.

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I'm rival Mobilization System and Employest Man is systematically debating human being by gender, generation, nice ethnicity, And it's attractive function result in the surprise.

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And control our workers who are sent to the industry and the care sector up the group are most contributing.

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These sectors more or what. It's a Vomora is create. Through between students across the country and migrant workers and a racial group of migrant workers that can be exploited.

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And say face it money exploitation and discrimination. So I'm

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Okay, so thank you very much.

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Thank you. So we are.

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Yes.

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Okay. Yeah.

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Welcome everyone. My presentation today is on measuring success. Predictors of successful economic integration of resettled female refugees.

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According to UNHCR, more than 26 million people have been displaced from their home due to some form of persecution or war with more than half under the ages of 18 years.

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Even though Africa is noted as the host continent of refugees, it is also the continent that has the largest refugee camp.

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However, most of the countries in Africa cannot permanently accommodate refugees. With this in mind, there has been growing consent among governments to engage in humanitarian actions, aimed at addressing these ongoing challenges in Canada is no different.

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Canada has 3 main resettlement programs in place. That supports this. There is the Government Assisted Refugee Programme, Private Sponsorship Program, than the Blended Visa Office referred program.

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Why is this research important? Oftentimes we realize that most research focus on the immediate impact of wars, conflict, etc.

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On with rather than looking at the longer term impact in terms of their outcomes in whole society. In cases where refugee women are eventually resettled in the host society, some may lack the necessary education and language qualities may lack the skill set as well as work experiences needed to take advantage of the economic opportunities the country can offer.

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Lastly, this research provides information that is beneficial to government and settlement agencies to create programs that would further foster the better integration of refugee women in their labor market.

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So my main research question is, what's one of the characteristics that predicts economic success among refugee women in Canada?

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To answer this, I look at 3 main questions. What are the human capital and demographic characteristics of resettled refugee women who enter the Canadian labor market?

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That's education contribute to the income of resettled refugee women in Canada. And lastly, does the year or period of arrival and economic conditions in the Canadian labor market affect the economic success of resettled refugee women.

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I used the 2,016 version of the longitudinal immigration database which was the most recent version at the time of my dissertation.

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And this is how in Statistics Canada Research Data Center. I focused on refugee women that arrived between 1,995 and 2,016 and were between the ages of 0 and 64 years at the time of the arrival.

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For my dependent variable, I used employment income in 2 ways. One, I use it as a binary where I compared it 5, 10 and 15 years after arrival.

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Then secondly I use it as a continuous variable where I looked at 2,005 2,008 and 2,011 our arrival period then 3 and 6 years after this period.

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For my independent variable I focused on the ascribed and achieved characteristics of the refugee women at London. I used the scripting statistics such as cross tabs and several regression models to come to find answers to my research question.

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Non-definence.

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The largest number of refugees women in Canada come from Africa and the Middle East are 39% followed by the Americas at 17%.

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Maybe we are looking at the landing age of this population who realized that majority of them arrive as young adults.

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As such, if you pay attention to it also you'd think about the fact that for those that arrive under the ages of 25 years, they would have different labor market outcomes.

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Based on the fact that they have the opportunity to have some of their education credentials as well as skill experiences in Canada.

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Marital status has an impact on the type of work refugee women do in Canada. From my data, 48% indicated that the single at arrival, 43% indicated that they were married or in common law partnership and 8 and 9% also in indicated that they were separated, divorced or widowed.

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In terms of education, this is essential elements not only for access to the labor market but also for desired jobs at opportunities such as upward mobility such as financial status, financial increase as well as status.

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From my data, majority of the female refugees in this sample had lower levels of education.

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School level also helps us to determine the types of jobs as well as positions that refugee women apply or look for in the labor market.

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From my study, most are most refugee women are underrepresented in managerial position. Only 7% indicated that they had professional skills.

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When it comes to knowledge of official language, most assistance literature point out that it is essential that newcomers have knowledge of at least one of the languages of the host country in order to secure employment.

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In my study, 44% indicated that they are fluent in English only, 9% were fluent in French only and 3% were fluent in both English and French.

336
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At the same time, 44% indicated that they were not fluent in neither English or French.

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01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:42.000
I education is essential not only for finding jobs in the labor market but then also it helps in determining the types of job one can apply for as well as the wage expectations.

338
01:01:42.000 --> 01:01:51.000
The trend here is that refugee women with at least university level end significantly more than those with no post-secondary education.

339
01:01:51.000 --> 01:01:57.000
And this was evident 10 and 15 years even after arrival.

340
01:01:57.000 --> 01:02:13.000
Looking at the interactions. Refugee women betrayed an apprenticeship certificate and hire who had invest and were knowledgeable in at least one of the official language of Canada, they had a higher likelihood that their income would be above the media employment income.

341
01:02:13.000 --> 01:02:30.000
However, this was only evident 10 and 15 years after arrival. For skill sets, the higher the skill level of the refugee women as well as having an university-level education, the chances are that they would have an income that exceeds the median employment income.

342
01:02:30.000 --> 01:02:41.000
Yeah, also this was evident 5 years after arrival. However, 10 years after I arrival there's a decline effect and 15 years after arrival this is no longer significant.

343
01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:50.000
So we can come to the conclusion that the effect of education and skills set on the income of refugee women declines with time.

344
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With wild area of bed. Refugee remembered from the Americas that had bachelor's degree are likely to have employment income above the median income.

345
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And this is at 5 years after arrival. 10 years after arrival, those from Europe, Africa and the Middle East as well as from the Americas are let and have incomplete university degrees are less likely to have income that is above the media employment income.

346
01:03:18.000 --> 01:03:33.000
15 years after arrival, those from Europe that have trade and apprenticeships certificate as well as college and trade certificate are also less likely to have income that is above the media employment income.

347
01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:43.000
Regarding the London Age, when we are looking at that in terms of that and as well as the education to see the impacts on education.

348
01:03:43.000 --> 01:03:50.000
Regardless of whether it is 5, 10 or 15 years after arrival, there is no effect.

349
01:03:50.000 --> 01:03:56.000
Recession gripped Canada and elsewhere between 2,008 and 2,009 and recovery was not realized until 2,015.

350
01:03:56.000 --> 01:04:06.000
Here I focus on the employment income of refugee women that arrived in 2,005. 2,008 and 2,011.

351
01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:18.000
Then I compared this 3 and 6 years after that rival period. This is a summary of 16 regression tables.

352
01:04:18.000 --> 01:04:34.000
Education has a positive effect on the employment income of refugee women regardless of their arrival year. 3 years after arrival, those that arrived in 2,005 and 2,011 there's a declined effect on their income.

353
01:04:34.000 --> 01:04:44.000
Well, for those that arrive during the recession, there is no effect over time. However, for those that arrived before the recession, 6 years after arrival, their income rises again.

354
01:04:44.000 --> 01:04:57.000
Knowledge of official language shows a similar pattern. The only difference here is that for those that arrived before the recession, 6 years after arrival there is a decline on effect on the income.

355
01:04:57.000 --> 01:05:06.000
For scale level also. Refugee women that have various skills there has different impacts based on the arrival year that they come.

356
01:05:06.000 --> 01:05:17.000
For those that arrived, for those that arrived during and after the recession that is 3 and 6 years after there is a declining effect.

357
01:05:17.000 --> 01:05:32.000
For a wild area of bed, the difference is that refugee women from Europe I, as well as Eastern Europe, they have better employment outcome compared to those from Africa and the Middle East.

358
01:05:32.000 --> 01:05:44.000
Africa and the Middle East as well as Southern Asia. 3 and 6 years after arrival, there is no effect regardless of the arrival period they came in.

359
01:05:44.000 --> 01:05:56.000
For age good realize that for refugee women that arrive at age 50 and more there's a higher probability that the employment income is lower than those that arrive at a younger age.

360
01:05:56.000 --> 01:06:16.000
This pattern is evident regardless of the arrival year. However, 3 and 6 years after our arrival for those that arrived in 2,008 and 2,011 there is no effect over time while for those that arrived in 2,005 as a negative decline on their income.

361
01:06:16.000 --> 01:06:33.000
For Marital Status. Those that arrived in 2,005 that were single they had the best employment income however during the recession those that were married or in common law partner had better employment income compared to the other groups.

362
01:06:33.000 --> 01:06:46.000
3 and 6 years after arrival, for those that arrived in 2,005 and 2,011 there is no effect over time while for those that arrived in 2,008 that is during the recession.

363
01:06:46.000 --> 01:06:58.000
3 years after arrival, there's a decline past 6 years there's no effect. Regardless of the immigration program that refugee women resettled in Canada, the year of arrival, they had refugee women resettled in Canada.

364
01:06:58.000 --> 01:07:04.000
The year of arrival, they had positive employment income. The year of arrival, they had positive employment income and this was most significant for those that arrived. They had positive employment income and this was most significant for those that arrived during the recession.

365
01:07:04.000 --> 01:07:06.000
However, 3 and 6 years after arrival for those that arrived during the recession. However, 3 and 6 years after arrival for those that arrived during the recession.

366
01:07:06.000 --> 01:07:11.000
However, 3 and 6 years after arrival. However, 3 and 6 years after arrival for those that arrived in 2,008 and 2 and 6 years after arrival for those that arrived in 2,008 and 2,011 there's a arrival for those that arrived in 2,008 and 2,011 there's a

367
01:07:11.000 --> 01:07:17.000
negative decline.

368
01:07:17.000 --> 01:07:29.000
Critical Race Theory draws our attention to structural harms that exist in the labor market, which do not mention race pasty but that has an impact on the experiences of refugee women.

369
01:07:29.000 --> 01:07:36.000
For instance, if we think about the fact that some refugee women have professional skill level as well as university level education.

370
01:07:36.000 --> 01:07:46.000
There were still any lower levels of income. And you'd think that with such high level of human capital at least they will end above the media employment income.

371
01:07:46.000 --> 01:07:55.000
The case is that oftentimes some quite Canadian employers do not want to hire refugee women based on the scientific perceptions they have concerning this group.

372
01:07:55.000 --> 01:08:03.000
As such female refugees status has become one that is evident based on how much opportunity the host country is willing to offer.

373
01:08:03.000 --> 01:08:17.000
This goes to where we forced the tax that is raised by a credit card race theory that race and power are factors through which economic divisions are created.

374
01:08:17.000 --> 01:08:22.000
Sometimes too, it is not a matter of the human capital that refugee women possess when they arrive into a country.

375
01:08:22.000 --> 01:08:32.000
It's a matter of where they obtain these human capital qualities from. We would see if you recall from most of the findings that I had.

376
01:08:32.000 --> 01:08:39.000
Refugee surrender were from Europe and America is far better than those that were from Africa and the Middle East.

377
01:08:39.000 --> 01:08:52.000
The issue is that racial discrimination is embedded in the operations of the Canadian labor market such that it has different expectations for the sentence that different groups experience in the labor market.

378
01:08:52.000 --> 01:09:04.000
When we look at segmented labor market theory, not only does it draw the lines that show that different sectors in the labor market but then also the different rules that regulates the different sectors in the labor market.

379
01:09:04.000 --> 01:09:13.000
For a skill level, it is necessary to compete in the labor market. However, with the various scale levels that refugee women have in the labor market.

380
01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:27.000
It has very little effect in terms of the taxes that they achieve. So in conclusion, it is necessary to pay attention to recession periods as it gives us an insight on the specific impact it has for different groups.

381
01:09:27.000 --> 01:09:40.000
When we look at existing policies and regulations, it is necessary to constantly re-examine them as it helps us to look at the impact of racism, discrimination and inequalities that marginalized population face in the labour market.

382
01:09:40.000 --> 01:09:53.000
Also, it is also essential to develop a and strategic employment programs. In the case of refugee women that arrive in the case of refugee women that arrive with higher level of education and that arrive with higher level of education and skill set, this will be essential so that they do not fall in high level of education and skillset.

383
01:09:53.000 --> 01:09:59.000
This will be essential so that they do not fall into the place where they have to be essential so that they do not fall into the place where they have to constantly do for survival jobs to the place where they have to constantly do for survival jobs to survive in the Canadian labor market.

384
01:09:59.000 --> 01:10:04.000
Thank you.

385
01:10:04.000 --> 01:10:08.000
Thank you very much for keeping me. Hi. So well, and thank you to all the presenters.

386
01:10:08.000 --> 01:10:25.000
We are in the room but also life or this exciting in Scium. I opened the floor for questions and reflexes.

387
01:10:25.000 --> 01:10:35.000
Yeah, maybe we can take a. 2 or more questions on them. Are there any more questions? Just one.

388
01:10:35.000 --> 01:10:42.000
So I don't do it. Yes, you have police here. Yeah. Yeah.

389
01:10:42.000 --> 01:10:50.000
Yeah, hi, I'm Sanaa Emmett. I'm a research fellow at the WSB Berlin Social Science Center in Germany.

390
01:10:50.000 --> 01:11:00.000
Thank you so much for your presentations. I have a question for all of you. So the first question is for Mario and Laura.

391
01:11:00.000 --> 01:11:20.000
Yeah, I mean, I think it's great that you sort of bring out these different individual strategies of responding to the working conditions and also in terms of what workers are really trying to express themselves or resist but at the same time it also feels like resilience.

392
01:11:20.000 --> 01:11:26.000
You know, in the sense that it allows workers to navigate the working conditions, but also keeps the work going.

393
01:11:26.000 --> 01:11:31.000
So do you see it? My question is do you see it as a sort of source of explicit resistance that might turn into something and even collective bargaining for that matter.

394
01:11:31.000 --> 01:11:46.000
Perhaps you could talk a little bit about the role of trade unions in that situations. Do workers feel sort of like, do they feel trustful?

395
01:11:46.000 --> 01:11:54.000
Do they feel, do they have trust in going to these institutions. My second question is to Sunai.

396
01:11:54.000 --> 01:12:15.000
Sorry that I'll miss the last one or 2 min of your presentation. I had to rush out urgently, but what I was missing was what is the role of labor agency here like our workers also resisting in some ways and when you talk about infrastructure of exploitation, where do trade unions do you also see trade unions in this infrastructure

397
01:12:15.000 --> 01:12:29.000
of exploitation. Do you also see them being sort of counterproductive to workers interests yeah perhaps you could mention that and my last question is to Sally.

398
01:12:29.000 --> 01:12:36.000
I think it's great that you use critical race, hearing intersectionality in labor market positions. I've been trying to do it myself.

399
01:12:36.000 --> 01:12:39.000
But maybe what I couldn't understand when you're talking about labor market positions, what kind of employment is it?

400
01:12:39.000 --> 01:12:44.000
But like is it is it formal sector employment? Is it informal jobs? Is it low paid services?

401
01:12:44.000 --> 01:12:50.000
Is it high paid? When you draw out these differentiations in terms of when migrants came, their skills, etc.

402
01:12:50.000 --> 01:13:07.000
Could you also perhaps talk a little bit about what kind of jobs? Thank you. And peace, maybe we can start.

403
01:13:07.000 --> 01:13:14.000
No. Please go ahead.

404
01:13:14.000 --> 01:13:24.000
Hi, thank you very much. I have a question for Marion and I would be interested in the hostility against domestic workers as shown in one TikTok.

405
01:13:24.000 --> 01:13:40.000
Where the people in the street were interviewed Could you elaborate on that? Because I'm not aware of hostility particular against, female workers in domestic households. Thank you.

406
01:13:40.000 --> 01:13:50.000
Thank you. Laura. We can start answering by order. So do you want to start?

407
01:13:50.000 --> 01:13:57.000
Yeah, should I answer the 2 questions at once? Oh yeah.

408
01:13:57.000 --> 01:14:02.000
I could also first question. I could start if you want.

409
01:14:02.000 --> 01:14:13.000
And yes, we have had to be there. Okay, I'll be short. Do you like people?

410
01:14:13.000 --> 01:14:20.000
Alright, thank you Laura for your question. Oh, I can see myself. I wasusterity towards domestic workers.

411
01:14:20.000 --> 01:14:31.000
Yes, there is. This is a very broad topic actually. Just to stay on a very descriptive level and with the data that I provided just to give an example.

412
01:14:31.000 --> 01:14:34.000
So the thing that we could have seen a very descriptive level and with the data that I provided just to give an example.

413
01:14:34.000 --> 01:14:46.000
So the thing that we could have seen as a small logo with a 2 little woman. This is a TV in online TV program for Mali Ola, which is a famous channel in Kuwait.

414
01:14:46.000 --> 01:14:56.000
That is also displayed on social media and it was people in a shopping mall randomly being interviewed about what they feel about that.

415
01:14:56.000 --> 01:15:18.000
About domestic work and most of the people would be saying that they are against it, which is also very interesting as a form of public discourse because On the other hand, well the majority of Kuwaiti households own sorry, oh yeah, we can say they own.

416
01:15:18.000 --> 01:15:48.000
They would be saying they own actually they recruit domestic workers but there is this kind of trend. Meaning that well there's some sort of contradictions when it comes to that.

417
01:15:54.000 --> 01:16:06.000
So, yes, so yes, hostility towards domestic workers. It's something that is, it's common narrative, but that is also challenged with other forms of discourses.

418
01:16:06.000 --> 01:16:07.000
Yes. I can't remember your name and I'm sorry about that. Thank you.

419
01:16:07.000 --> 01:16:22.000
Sona, nice to meet you and thank you for your question. Regarding trade unions. When it comes to Kuwait only unions are not allowed for any kind of job category.

420
01:16:22.000 --> 01:16:44.000
However, There are NGOs that do a great work and they try to implement lows and to provide support so to be also very descriptive again when it comes to the field work I'm conducting It's a bit tricky because it's not an NGO per se that is recognized by the

421
01:16:44.000 --> 01:16:57.000
embassies by the government, the Kuwaiti government. It is under the umbrella of another big international NGO that works on the local level.

422
01:16:57.000 --> 01:17:08.000
And what they would do is having a weekly permanent receiving domestic workers who with be coming and complaining about their situations.

423
01:17:08.000 --> 01:17:19.000
There would be also intermediaries in cases of abuses for example but when it comes to having trust and confidence in the institutions.

424
01:17:19.000 --> 01:17:32.000
I would say what would be trustful in terms of institutions would be this kind of organizations. But the thing is that not a lot of domestic workers are aware of their existence.

425
01:17:32.000 --> 01:17:47.000
When it comes to embassies I guess the secular that I showed illustrates that there is no possibility to actually trust them because we can see that they work towards the direction of the environments themselves.

426
01:17:47.000 --> 01:17:55.000
When it comes to the secular that I showed there are some economic reasons behind this kind of circular.

427
01:17:55.000 --> 01:17:59.000
It is because the Filipino government itself and embassy. Also has 2 respect agreements between the 2 countries.

428
01:17:59.000 --> 01:18:12.000
When it comes to the minimum number of workers to be sent and received each year. So yeah.

429
01:18:12.000 --> 01:18:16.000
Maybe I can follow up on the question.

430
01:18:16.000 --> 01:18:19.000
Yes, and you also can answer if you want me.

431
01:18:19.000 --> 01:18:25.000
Yeah, in terms of the question, whether to call it resilience or resistance, thank you very much.

432
01:18:25.000 --> 01:18:38.000
That's a very important point. I would call it resistance because there is a risk involved because domestic cleaners and a study have made severe experiences also with physical violence.

433
01:18:38.000 --> 01:18:39.000
Yeah.

434
01:18:39.000 --> 01:18:49.000
Or people locking doors from inside and threatening them and so on. So I would, therefore I would call it macro resistances.

435
01:18:49.000 --> 01:18:53.000
And in terms of, trade unions, in this project we work together closely with trade unions.

436
01:18:53.000 --> 01:19:11.000
They're part of our advisory board. And from their experiences domestic workers under study as well are not aware of this institution partially but then also made very negative experiences with institutions per say.

437
01:19:11.000 --> 01:19:38.000
And also, I'm particularly working, on domesticiness in the gig economy. And gig economy websites also promote a certain kind of reserve army mechanisms because you see what hundreds or thousands of profiles of domestic cleanest so competitive relations between domestic cleaners are strengthened and therefore yeah it is even more difficult to

438
01:19:38.000 --> 01:19:47.000
mobilize domestic limits for union interests.

439
01:19:47.000 --> 01:19:50.000
Thank you. And.

440
01:19:50.000 --> 01:19:55.000
Now go please do you want to?

441
01:19:55.000 --> 01:20:06.000
Thank you for your question. Yeah, the resistance is very soon important to summarize about. The migration from.

442
01:20:06.000 --> 01:20:18.000
Japan. So I found that so perform at the same time is opting resistance in Japan and Taiwan.

443
01:20:18.000 --> 01:20:27.000
The one on the type of the resistance is a robot movement and another type of the resistance is. It's like, everyday phones have resistance.

444
01:20:27.000 --> 01:20:43.000
This is the discussion by the. And, in background. So Vietnamese government, they, the demonstration.

445
01:20:43.000 --> 01:20:56.000
Or some social movement. In a in Vietnam. So that is why if you organize some demonstration or labor movement So maybe 5 min later, the police.

446
01:20:56.000 --> 01:21:10.000
We are alive and we arrest you so that is why the ruder people so they don't have the character of the social movement or labor movement.

447
01:21:10.000 --> 01:21:19.000
How about so when they start to walk in Taiwan or Japan. So they can contact with some social movement.

448
01:21:19.000 --> 01:21:35.000
The country. So that's why there's some That means the workers they and got it in the labor movement or social movement in the host countries.

449
01:21:35.000 --> 01:21:48.000
How about, so especially the domestic workers from Vietnam. So because not easy to go out freely from the employer's house and also they don't have the day off.

450
01:21:48.000 --> 01:21:59.000
So it's very difficult. For them to interest. To organize the social movement or labour movement.

451
01:21:59.000 --> 01:22:05.000
And in Japan, there's someone so they can go into training so they entered as a robot movement.

452
01:22:05.000 --> 01:22:18.000
But it's still not very so active. So because the both in Japan and Thailand So trade union in the host country, they are not very interested in migrant workers.

453
01:22:18.000 --> 01:22:30.000
So even the migrant worker is the essential labor forces for the to both countries. But the day by trade unions, they are not very interested.

454
01:22:30.000 --> 01:22:37.000
And the migrant workers. So that's his voice. It's still, it's not easy to organize or easy to.

455
01:22:37.000 --> 01:22:44.000
It's not it. So easy to. And as a robot movement for the Vietnamese migrant workers.

456
01:22:44.000 --> 01:22:59.000
However, the some migrant workers from Vietnam so they perform The another type of the resistance. So I code this is, illegalization of their status of residence or undocumented migration.

457
01:22:59.000 --> 01:23:10.000
The sun was on say, run away or free from employers house or factories. And the enters the informal robot sectors.

458
01:23:10.000 --> 01:23:21.000
They, face many risks such as deportation or arrest, but still so they can free to change and employers.

459
01:23:21.000 --> 01:23:34.000
And, in the informal labour market in Taiwan and Japan, maybe the of the undocumented migrants as sometimes a better than the bigger migrant workers.

460
01:23:34.000 --> 01:23:36.000
Yes, thank you.

461
01:23:36.000 --> 01:23:50.000
Thank you very much. Sorry. Yeah.

462
01:23:50.000 --> 01:23:59.000
So senator and for my date for the data that I used it did not tell me the type of jobs that the refugee women do when they are in Canada.

463
01:23:59.000 --> 01:24:06.000
However, because it allows me to see the skill level at arrival as well as the education level, I'm able to make something references.

464
01:24:06.000 --> 01:24:15.000
So for instance, there were most of the refugee women in my data were overrepresented in terms of being having skill and technical training as well as labor.

465
01:24:15.000 --> 01:24:24.000
So to a larger extent, you would assume that they will be in the informal sector or the secondary labour market where oftentimes they are going in for part-time jobs.

466
01:24:24.000 --> 01:24:33.000
They are going in for jobs where employers won't put much emphasis on having the Canadian work experience or even emphasis that their language should be as fluent in terms of their English.

467
01:24:33.000 --> 01:24:49.000
So you would find a higher number of them in the informal sector. And even in the cases where those that arrived were having a professional skill level or managerial school level, there are barriers in the Canadian labor market essentially based on the fact that employers will go in with the argument that you do not have the Canadian work experience.

468
01:24:49.000 --> 01:24:59.000
So even if you were a manager in your country of arrival, now that you arrived in Canada, you are not going to get that same position.

469
01:24:59.000 --> 01:25:08.000
So you would find most of them still now having to downgrade or going in for survival jobs to the point where they are able to actually compete in the Canadian labor market.

470
01:25:08.000 --> 01:25:14.000
So that's to some extent is what I can shed light on and in terms of even looking at the intersectional aspect of it.

471
01:25:14.000 --> 01:25:24.000
If you look at female refugees that arrive in Canada, they are coming from different parts of the world. There are some that are ingrained or have this established family system where it could be that they weren't entirely involved in the labor market.

472
01:25:24.000 --> 01:25:42.000
Now you've arrived in Canada where there's a different dynamics you may have to support your spouse or have to go into the labor market so that also brings in that idea of if you are looking at the intersectionality you are looking not only at the fact that they are women but then they are married, they are age, they

473
01:25:42.000 --> 01:25:47.000
are religion, That's.

474
01:25:47.000 --> 01:25:53.000
Thank you.

475
01:25:53.000 --> 01:25:59.000
Thanks to all the presenters for great Pipe, those really interesting pipes. My question is to Lowa, actually.

476
01:25:59.000 --> 01:26:01.000
Very interesting. Pipers. My question is to Lowa, actually. I was in intrigued by this example.

477
01:26:01.000 --> 01:26:08.000
I was intrigued by this example as one of my interview excerpts to this example so it was one of your interview excerpts with someone I don't know whether she suggested to someone I don't know whether she suggested to threaten the employer.

478
01:26:08.000 --> 01:26:28.000
Saying well you've employed me illegally so so we're all excited they've got the same bargaining power which from an Australia perspective it's really yeah surprising to hear because it's well there's no firewall between migration regulations and labour regulations.

479
01:26:28.000 --> 01:26:39.000
So if a worker complains about an employer at the moment. So this is about the change in the Australian regulation hopefully but at the moment they put themselves at risk and they're well they will have to leave the country basically.

480
01:26:39.000 --> 01:26:54.000
So I just wonder what the regulation of Austria is and whether a migrant worker could indeed complain about expectation or you know something related to labor rights without losing their residency.

481
01:26:54.000 --> 01:26:56.000
This is make sense. Okay, thanks.

482
01:26:56.000 --> 01:27:00.000
Yeah, thank you. What a question. Should I respond immediately?

483
01:27:00.000 --> 01:27:07.000
Hey, wait a minute Laura because there are there is some there are 2 more questions or we're going to pick 3 questions

484
01:27:07.000 --> 01:27:08.000
Sure. Sure.

485
01:27:08.000 --> 01:27:17.000
If you want to present yourself. Hello, my name is Degfina and I wanted to ask you hold something.

486
01:27:17.000 --> 01:27:28.000
Because we are in a joint session between which link migration and work and it's very important for us, FE, 30, to understand trajectories.

487
01:27:28.000 --> 01:27:51.000
So I'm wondering and I'm asking you can you make a point? About the way if we take for example domestic work which is there is a lot of work about domestic work now since more than 20 years now than about Brazil, about the way the trajectories of people, mode of resistance.

488
01:27:51.000 --> 01:28:02.000
Er, in question also of condition of work and stuff like that. So I would like to ask you how you integrate in your reflection.

489
01:28:02.000 --> 01:28:19.000
All other work can study which we who are made in other countries. Since more than 20 years. I'm a little bit surprised because We feel like the migrant.

490
01:28:19.000 --> 01:28:29.000
You take him or her into a count only when you arrived in the country and the qualification.

491
01:28:29.000 --> 01:28:50.000
And the country where the people is coming, they are not all them. Refugees, they are mobile people, which are not very clear for me if they are refugees or if there are refugees or there are French people or there are African people who arrived from Africa in which circumstances.

492
01:28:50.000 --> 01:29:04.000
It's like if we can take into account what Sayads was saying, like the country where they can form, the trajectories of the people do not disappear.

493
01:29:04.000 --> 01:29:11.000
So what what what is your position between neutrality? Yes, it guitar is my great migration.

494
01:29:11.000 --> 01:29:22.000
I don't know how to say it in English. And capacity of adjustment. Of people know and the way they are behaving and doing they organize their life.

495
01:29:22.000 --> 01:29:34.000
Generally coming for you. Thank you. We have one more question.

496
01:29:34.000 --> 01:29:42.000
Well, after dolphin asking Nick a last question, my name, my name is Nordi from University of Warongong.

497
01:29:42.000 --> 01:29:53.000
My question be very precise plain quick. Through the Marion and an so to the marion, why take talk?

498
01:29:53.000 --> 01:30:05.000
Rather than let's say Instagram face the book than others. And especially with the focus on the Tik Tok, how that's digital activity is different and unique.

499
01:30:05.000 --> 01:30:15.000
Flo, we know that like the Filipino, Filipino, women separating newsreels and magazines and for a long time.

500
01:30:15.000 --> 01:30:25.000
Handenias and the other have done a lot of work on those things. How that's different from your digital activity from these activities.

501
01:30:25.000 --> 01:30:35.000
To the now go, just very quick question. I'm very much interested in to hear from a lot more about infrastructure of the exploitation.

502
01:30:35.000 --> 01:30:45.000
How that is different from well established approach in the migration studies such as migration industries, network and infrastructure.

503
01:30:45.000 --> 01:30:59.000
If you are creating that you provided the new framework, how that's new. Thank you. Let's speak one more question.

504
01:30:59.000 --> 01:31:06.000
Thank you very much for your presentation. Yeah, I'm Mark Albert from Bologna University.

505
01:31:06.000 --> 01:31:20.000
Italy. It's kind of known that when we do research, especially qualitative research, but research in general, we do it with our identity, what we are, and even with our body.

506
01:31:20.000 --> 01:31:36.000
So how your characteristics so the fact of being a female researcher coming or not from the country but even your origins our origins, had an influence to talk.

507
01:31:36.000 --> 01:31:55.000
To these people, but also to interpret the material. It's kind of interesting. It's always the matter when we study migration, but here we study migration and work and so there's also the social element class element etcetera so it's not neutral the way we We pose ourselves as researchers.

508
01:31:55.000 --> 01:32:02.000
It's just maybe 2 general questions, but I was interesting.

509
01:32:02.000 --> 01:32:14.000
Thank you. I think you are having a tough time now. Do you want to start? People or do you prefer to say You are lost.

510
01:32:14.000 --> 01:32:24.000
Okay, just a young time. Don't worry.

511
01:32:24.000 --> 01:32:31.000
I really don't like being on the podium if you noticed, but it's alright. Yes.

512
01:32:31.000 --> 01:32:44.000
So Delphin, nice to meet you. How do I integrate research done on other countries? That's a broad question that I don't think I will be able to answer at once.

513
01:32:44.000 --> 01:32:47.000
Sorry.

514
01:32:47.000 --> 01:33:01.000
Well, well from a very methodological viewpoint, it would be when, for example, I see recurring our common trends.

515
01:33:01.000 --> 01:33:22.000
Between a given study. For example, well, in previous presentations or also what now represented there are some works that she mentioned that are used because it's recurring or common trends that of for example, what I mentioned this idea of being in a state of temporariness because it's not renewable, short contract.

516
01:33:22.000 --> 01:33:42.000
etc. So it will be the same sort of framework. I also personally integrate work on digital migrants, so Dana Dimin as as you may probably know she didn't work on the girl stage right so well I try to do a mix of the girl states, right?

517
01:33:42.000 --> 01:33:48.000
So well, I try to do a mix of of many things whenever it makes sense, right? I'm not a migration to many things whenever it makes sense. I'm not a migration to this person.

518
01:33:48.000 --> 01:33:59.000
I'm an anthropologist of emotions. And you had a question regarding how do we address the capacity to adjust.

519
01:33:59.000 --> 01:34:28.000
To adjust to the host country Right? Well, for me I feel like TikTok is a is an example of how the not of how the address to the host country but it's an illustration of how they develop a way to to as I said to self assassinate to how you say that to root up to taking

520
01:34:28.000 --> 01:34:47.000
roots, yes, to make sense to where they are at the moment when they are working in the country which is why I find it it's interesting and important to get a bit a way of the people we study the trajectories as being mobile people only.

521
01:34:47.000 --> 01:34:54.000
No, it's not the case and no they don't use the internet only to remain in touch with the family back home, right?

522
01:34:54.000 --> 01:35:06.000
They also used the internet for many other reasons than just, you know. Oh, and how do I address what happened in their life before migration?

523
01:35:06.000 --> 01:35:15.000
I answer that whenever I will start the interviews in next fall. This is funny what I can answer. Thank you.

524
01:35:15.000 --> 01:35:18.000
Laura, do you want to take the floor?

525
01:35:18.000 --> 01:35:26.000
Yes, thank you very much. Considering the first question if domestic cleaners are putting themselves at risk if they mirror a police threat.

526
01:35:26.000 --> 01:35:31.000
I would say that first of all, not all domestic cleaners under study have a limited, residence permit.

527
01:35:31.000 --> 01:36:01.000
So a lot of them are from Eastern Europe and there's the free movement of labor so to say and also maybe you could assume that maybe some cleaners under study already recognize that, or experience that those threats are not resulting in actions but are rather a power demonstration and I was also thinking maybe,

528
01:36:06.000 --> 01:36:19.000
that's a story that cleanest and the study tell me as an interviewer and it's it hasn't happened like that but then still for me as a researcher, it is kind of a status construction.

529
01:36:19.000 --> 01:36:29.000
Made in front of me so to say so yeah I would respond to this question like that and then considering the The data and power hierarchies in the field, I think that's highly important.

530
01:36:29.000 --> 01:36:51.000
And, I've been thinking about it beforehand. So the main, thing was, peer docs, to peer as we know of course I get different insights and data than if I get a different insights and data than if six-year-old man would conduct the interviews I would assume that

531
01:36:51.000 --> 01:36:52.000
Maybe not all cleanest would have. Told him about a sexual abuse in a way that they did.

532
01:36:52.000 --> 01:37:16.000
To me. But then also I work together with social scientists with native languages, different native languages, and they conducted interviews in the first language of interviews partially and still the interviews conducted in German.

533
01:37:16.000 --> 01:37:29.000
Yeah. Where that it can result in decalized data given that it's not the native language of the after cleanest under study.

534
01:37:29.000 --> 01:37:56.000
And also when it comes to the analysis from it's crucial not to lay my values on to the data which is happening quite often I think when it comes to low wage workers kind of victimizing discourse or exploitative assumptions which are true from a labor law perspective but coming from the laborers themselves the comparison group very often is

535
01:37:56.000 --> 01:37:59.000
not people working in Austria. Under different conditions, but there are possibilities back home, so to say.

536
01:37:59.000 --> 01:38:15.000
And there, there are quite often they make more money than the people in their region where they come from and that is the perspective they are coming from.

537
01:38:15.000 --> 01:38:31.000
So I try to Yeah, critically reflect upon, my own values and, also on the kind of data I collected.

538
01:38:31.000 --> 01:38:35.000
Thank you. Now, Ko is your turn.

539
01:38:35.000 --> 01:38:48.000
Okay, thank you for your questions. So they got in a question of the. So you ask it about.

540
01:38:48.000 --> 01:38:55.000
Infrastructure. Yes, I think so. We already have money.

541
01:38:55.000 --> 01:39:04.000
So, to analyze the migration phenomenon. The right, migration system Tories or Yeah, we have many.

542
01:39:04.000 --> 01:39:16.000
But however, so this, theory of infrastructure of exploitation. And that is focusing on the migration phenomenon in the Asian regions.

543
01:39:16.000 --> 01:39:29.000
And I was understanding about the I was understanding the historical element or historical context of the Vietnam Japan and Tehran.

544
01:39:29.000 --> 01:39:42.000
And also I am very focusing on the a situation or policy institutions and policy of descending and receiving countries and migration.

545
01:39:42.000 --> 01:40:00.000
Industry of both sending and receiving country and also I'm very focusing on the fox, but, exploitation and discrimination or exclusion against the migrant workers from Grover's south.

546
01:40:00.000 --> 01:40:14.000
Yes, we already know that many so magnet workers from the global sl already face it a lot of I've been asking and exploitation, role or something like that.

547
01:40:14.000 --> 01:40:25.000
But still, so. This kind of the social phenomenon. Because it's, So. So I, so I want to as a focused.

548
01:40:25.000 --> 01:40:41.000
The element or aspect of the exploitation. Abuse and discrimination. Or an exclusion for the migrant workers in Asian, especially in Japan.

549
01:40:41.000 --> 01:40:45.000
Some migration phenomena is not very so new, but it's still. Not very soon.

550
01:40:45.000 --> 01:40:55.000
The mind. So that is why so as I am a researcher from Japan. So we have to analyze.

551
01:40:55.000 --> 01:41:09.000
More migration phenomenon in Japan. So that is why I want to visit focus exploitation. And also they are already in the position of the searchers.

552
01:41:09.000 --> 01:41:26.000
This is my private experience to contact with the contact interview with Vietnamese that migrant workers because I started my interview in Dur area of Vietnam Yes, Japan and Vietnam.

553
01:41:26.000 --> 01:41:35.000
So we have about it. So in, and Japan is a number one donor. Of the ODA for Vietnam.

554
01:41:35.000 --> 01:42:05.000
And many Japanese so companies I invest. In Vietnam so that is why so but for us many, so Vietnam has, I am a Japanese researcher, but I so Try to use I try to respect the cultural society and after a few years, right, I started to support Vietnamese migrant workers.

555
01:42:09.000 --> 01:42:20.000
In Japan. As a interpreter, as a translator. Some time I go to How can I say I go to the hospital with them?

556
01:42:20.000 --> 01:42:35.000
I go to the city for with them to support them. And yeah, so that's it. Of course, yeah, your question is very important.

557
01:42:35.000 --> 01:42:46.000
So we are not. We have we already, we have to continue to. How can I say?

558
01:42:46.000 --> 01:42:59.000
Rethink our petition as a researcher. To understand. Or get a migrant worker from.

559
01:42:59.000 --> 01:43:05.000
It's not easy but I have to do. Have to continue. Thank you.

560
01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:09.000
Thank you.

561
01:43:09.000 --> 01:43:18.000
Thank you. Okay, because they weren't like Nobel. That's just funny too.

562
01:43:18.000 --> 01:43:34.000
Oh Yeah, okay. No, there wasn't the one question about how did you assess in the other studies around what's new about you.

563
01:43:34.000 --> 01:43:39.000
Research. There was 1 one of these questions was supposed

564
01:43:39.000 --> 01:43:53.000
Wow. We can pick up your discussion. So for this category, I think there was entirely time stage so I more or less data and speak for itself.

565
01:43:53.000 --> 01:44:01.000
So in terms of looking at the subjective aspect of it, I have a lot of data. I had a lot of position.

566
01:44:01.000 --> 01:44:11.000
I had to Besides which one to actually I guess my dissertation at the end of the day. And for me, it was a matter of, Latin.

567
01:44:11.000 --> 01:44:24.000
The data top for it speak for itself right so on one hand is to show things What refugee remembering to the Carnegie neighborhood market but then also wanted to bring in that aspect where it showcase that they still need support when they are coming in with.

568
01:44:24.000 --> 01:44:38.000
These level of experiences and scholarships, it's such an Np-hard novel to the labor market but then there's also that aspect of it that we have to constantly remind the cabinet or sentiment agencies that they're still the need for more support.

569
01:44:38.000 --> 01:44:56.000
And more programs in terms of a sustained India integration. I guess that's when we can We we still have a few very few And muse.

570
01:44:56.000 --> 01:45:02.000
! Oh yeah, do you agree with that?

571
01:45:02.000 --> 01:45:16.000
Oh yeah. Alright, thank you. It is because the book is so small. Thank you for your question.

572
01:45:16.000 --> 01:45:26.000
Why TikTok, which is a very interesting question. Firstly, it is because I came from the approach of what my Kuwaiti students would be telling you.

573
01:45:26.000 --> 01:45:32.000
Professor you should see and take that as crazy and all of this and this and that is going on. So this is where I come from.

574
01:45:32.000 --> 01:45:39.000
First. So I would look at it and this obviously would be the thing that with the algorithmic system.

575
01:45:39.000 --> 01:45:48.000
Once you click on one type of video, it would retrieve millions, well, hundreds and hundreds of videos of the same genre.

576
01:45:48.000 --> 01:45:58.000
So this is why I started focusing on that. But then when approaching the people of Line, the domestic workers themselves.

577
01:45:58.000 --> 01:46:09.000
I would see that indeed, especially the Filipino community, they would be using many other platforms and I would see that the users would defer according to them.

578
01:46:09.000 --> 01:46:21.000
And what I found on the more, heuristic viewpoint interesting with TikTok is that it's more participation in terms also of creativity.

579
01:46:21.000 --> 01:46:37.000
Inentivity in comparison for example with Instagram where on Tik Tok you have for example the thing I was mentioning the duets when someone can make a video, someone can retrieve the video and talk about it on top of the visual.

580
01:46:37.000 --> 01:46:47.000
So I think there is some sort of potential that aligns with the modes of expression that they are trying to develop on it.

581
01:46:47.000 --> 01:46:53.000
No regarding the reflectivity part, I think it was Mark. Don't remember your name, I'm sorry.

582
01:46:53.000 --> 01:46:56.000
This is a huge question, yes. For me, so it's as an anthropologist.

583
01:46:56.000 --> 01:47:05.000
I keep asking myself this kind of question all the time. I keep asking myself this kind of question all the time.

584
01:47:05.000 --> 01:47:14.000
What I found interesting offline is that we found with the woman some sort of common ground on the fact of all of us being migrants.

585
01:47:14.000 --> 01:47:31.000
Yes, they would be calling me an expert because I'm a white privileged professor migrant. However, the fact of sharing a similar sense of, or let's say, feeling of hatred from the host society.

586
01:47:31.000 --> 01:47:55.000
But also a similar let's say somehow similar experiences of racism help me to bound and create trustful report with this woman which was really necessary to go beyond what is obviously the main problem the difference of capital and racial background as well.

587
01:47:55.000 --> 01:48:13.000
And the thing that I'm interested in currently is also the over presence of young white student female students coming to conduct their research in this support group that we're going to.

588
01:48:13.000 --> 01:48:35.000
And I think there will be something interesting to dig into because there is a different Forum of perception of us And what I see is that again because I'm not a passerby because I live in the country there is a different form of confidence that is given to me from this woman.

589
01:48:35.000 --> 01:48:43.000
And also They perceive me in another way as a strict researcher because we agreed on the fact that I'm conducting participant observation.

590
01:48:43.000 --> 01:48:57.000
We have been discussing that together, what it is, etc. But also I'm a translator for the West African domestic workers so they would be inviting me whenever they need functions later.

591
01:48:57.000 --> 01:49:09.000
And I'm also on a personal side doing advocacy work. So it's a mix of many things which for me I don't see a problem in it.

592
01:49:09.000 --> 01:49:17.000
Like I mean, to me in my research it's OK if it's subjective. Okay, so now we have to close the decision.

593
01:49:17.000 --> 01:49:24.000
So thank you very much to our presenters. I know to new assistance for your nice and questions. See those things.