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Hello, Hi, welcome everyone. Thank you for being here.

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This is our session on global perspective, on this struggle for reproductive justice.

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And I'm very glad that we were able to organize this session. Thank you for. Submit your papers. This is definitely a very important and very pressing problem that we have been facing all over the world with. the war on women's and other non-binary genders, reproductive rights right?

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And this is very much related to the Conference team on resurgent right-wing movements and institutions and governments, and I do expect that your presentations and the discussion we are going to have afterwards will contribute to this

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to the understanding of what's going on, and also what can be done to fight against this resurgent war against reproductive rights?

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All right. So before we start, I'd like to read the acknowledgment of country on behalf of everyone gathered. I pay respect to the spirit of country. Here in Ahma, where we are meeting, I acknowledged the past and present cooperation, wandering

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as the sovereign people. Here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the non aboriginal law, customs and custodianship responsibilities for a country and for the people. That country continues to sustain generation after generation

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into the future. For all of us I recognize the important contribution that first nations thinkers have major sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all first nation delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline.

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So we have 6 presenters for this session today, and each presenter will have 10 min, and I'll try to keep the time. I'm very sorry, because 2 min is really their little time, but we hope that everyone has, you know, an opportunity to say the most important things that you'd like to stress from your papers, and we still have some time left for discussion at the end.

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All right. So I'd like to start by.

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Okay, I need your help, Amanda, please.

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We go back to the program here. And yes, thank you.

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It's not working

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there. We go. Okay.

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So just to get in here. And yes, but

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yes, okay, which will. Okay.

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So everyone will be able to see. Okay, okay, that's it. All right.

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Okay. So our first presenter is Dr. V. Joyce. who will be presenting on making reproductive health safe, stratified reproduction, and reproductive justice in India.

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Thank you. Organizers. And as the title of my paper goes, it's talking about the how we can make reproductive health safe

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and try to understand the stratified reproduction, and how it is unfolded in our context, and how we can move forward with the reproductive justice movement in our context.

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how do we

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excuse me? Slides are not.

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It's not working

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off.

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Please try.

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Yeah, thank you.

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Well, in our context, it is only in the 20 first century we started talking about obstetric violence and broader issues around the reproductive violence. From contraceptive services based on abortion services.

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and which unfolded the terrain of stratified reproduction and reproductive oppression in our context, and we realized that it is the different how reproduction has been governed and maneuver to regimes of surveillance, coercion, and discipline.

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and from our experience we realize that it is not only a lived reality, but also a part of the State's nation building agenda, and all the more in the present regime of over one decade.

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And we see that these policies and programs have not been implemented uniformly, but they have more and more been you. being not uniform along the axis of social inequalities, cast class ethnicity and religion

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and research in relation, in the scholarship around. Reproductive health, in our context, has mobilized growing interest around who is reproducing? Who is not? There have been initial interest from the demography.

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Demographic scientists, and moving on to public health arena and women's studies, and who is being restricted from conceiving, and how and recognizing how reproduction is getting stratified, and how violence is embedded within it.

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And historically. The voices of Delet, Adivasian minority! Women, through their to their narratives have shown how they have been devalued.

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and the different programs which have the terms, like population control, Birth control, family planning shows how

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the Eugenic and the communal ideas have been long embedded within it, and it is interesting that we started with the overpopulation as an idea which was overall within the public policy framework. Now it is being once again family planning is being targeted. But through

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to take dividend of the demographic New Demographic Age group of 16 19 to 49 and for the economic justification. So that's again. So we see that in from the seventies and the present context that women are being repeatedly being targeted for controlling and managing within courts unfit in the fit communities.

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And it is in this context the paper looks at the narratives of the marginalized women who are from the Dalit in Theadivari community and the other backward caste community in our context. And I've taken this narrative from the 2. So Fieldwork which I've done in the urban context. One is Delhi and Hadrabat, the Southern State in our country and southern

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capital city of the Southern State, telling Ghana.

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and the study was done, you know, among women who had given institutional words over the last 2 years to minimize the memory. And I look at this! Narratives to the length of stratified reproduction and violence, how it is reproduced, and to understand how we can move through the towards reproductive justice.

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Now, I'm setting the scene of the stratified reproduction in terms of understanding how cast is an important marker in our context. It affects. How do we access? And Whale health care services and the health outcomes as it is.

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as it is defined by the social exclusion, discrimination, poverty, and stigma, and overall. If we see the large-scale datas of the National Family Health Survey and the National Survey organization, we see that the dalit adiversity and other backward

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community cast women, and particularly also from the minority religion. This is Muslim religion Islamic religion. women face a lot of disadvantage, not only in terms of health outcomes, but also in maternal, more

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mortality, morbidity, and also in terms of access. And we see also that in the last 2, that in the both in the low income States and the high income states that majority of the outpatient, that is, the clinical services and the inpatient services are first accessed by the other

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backward community cast. Women, followed by Dallas and the Adivasi, and that is also similar for the case of the middle and the upper income states.

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Yeah. And from the narratives I've tried to see what is the kind of violence women have faced, and I see from the obstetric violence in narratives. It's a dehumanization, unequal treatment, physical violence, medical violence is much lesser in a context within this group. But economic violence would be more if I see.

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and in terms of how conception has been surveyed. It's historically through the two-child. No, and which has emerged in the narratives through the intent incentives and the disintensive of various social welfare. programs! Because 2 child norm governs those. Then sterilization abuse. And on the other side, you see the non-concentive

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insertion of Iod's and tubectomy. So when sterilization both is conducted in camp or individually, you see that there is whatever large proportion of is done through non-consent, and there was denial of

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family services to the primitive tribes. But it has. The act has been taken off.

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and I've tried to map. What are the kinds of violence in both? Not only during labor and when the labor pain starts and the women arise at the hospital, but also when the women goes through the antennal check-ups and the first among the 4 are the most common women have reported.

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and it is through much probing women came up with the that women have faced with speeches, with fastest abuse and sexual content and experience in waiting room has been quite Humiliating for many isolating and Deaf!

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They have felt lonely and lack of emotional support.

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and we see Constant has not been taken for many of the the content is taking constant is more of a more of a rude in the sense that is just taken, but not taken with giving information. So it is kind of a rare.

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and nobody will say that the constant has not been taken. But consent with proper knowledge is not there. What I mean to say, and a lot of it else is taken under duress, and women from the disadvantage community are largely turned, as You know their lay people they cannot understand. So many of them said, what they will understand if you try to explain.

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So there's a lot of work needs to be done with the health care provider, and also but poor infrastructure did not emerge as on the as a violent issue. But some of them has said that we feel when we, being poor, we are being put in Watts, which is very dirty. Washrooms are not clean. There is spouse mill.

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so they it. Poor infrastructure emerges from being 4.

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That's what they have shared.

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And similarly, as in case of contraceptives, some of the narratives shared about contraceptives. How it is affected, and the first 3

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are have emerged from the narratives that is again of incentives and incentives. If they have more than 2 children, they cannot get access to the both the private and the government health insurance, which is partly by the State and the State Government and the central government

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abuse of sterilization. Many of the Tubeectomies women have reported they have been done, but women were not informed. When they came to the lab. After the Birming. They came to the ward. Then they got to know, or after they went home, when they had urinary track infection or the pain continued.

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Then there was also non-consented insertion of iod. Some of the women who would remember what happened in the labor room. They said they asked how many children we have and just? They asked, and they immediately inserted. They said they could not identify that if it was but vaginal word, why, there was need of intervention. That is what they said. Yes.

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Well, these are the narratives which I had put down, and I had first in this narratives I first highlighted. Who were these

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Individuals means in terms of their social background, and whether they were migrant, what kind of work, and where they came from to emphasize on their narratives rather than putting them on the end.

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So I am not going through it. Just

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yes. So what? This narratives! A lot of studies are being conducted, and now around reproductive oppression largely around obstetric balance. So what is happening is now the more and more narratives one is getting to here, which was when I did. My Phd. One didn't hear of narratives in terms of talking in terms of violence, but more in terms of quality, of health care

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what is going on in the public health sector, that is, the State funded institutions and the private health care institutions. So more narratives are emerging which is kind of a giving a voice to them.

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And what I'm meant to so I mean to say, is that eugenic dimension it is

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that, as we see, a revival of family planning. There is imprint of eugenic and technology, and also within the nature of obstructic violence. You see, the footprint of Eugenic within that, because there was in this study also I looked at the women from the higher income and the upper caste women.

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And Lastly, I wanted to say in this this, what if one wants to? advance the reproductive justice movement? One is realizing there is an increasing recognition of the reproductive repression which is happening at the same time there has been gains, not to say there has not been no gains. Yes, rights and policy initiatives have been

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undertaken, but also one needs to understand. All these initiatives didn't emerge. In one context there were various regimes. And what are the regimes? They are coming up. And so some of the prior initiatives which have been taken like of the not to take targeted approach. It is again re-emerging in that context.

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and we'd be advancing reproductive justice movement. COVID-19. really brought in how the health of the reproductive health of the women have been marginalized, and there's a greater discourse, and there's a greater need to engage with different groups. Yes, I like to, thanks for taking extra time.

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That's working.

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So our next presenter is Neil Mola Bunny. I hope I'm pronouncing it correctly. The tit of the paper is reproductive injustice in South Africa a case of forced sterilization of HIV positive black African women.

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Good afternoon.

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so I'm very excited to come and present the paper

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this afternoon. So I am from the University of Pretoria Sociology department in South Africa.

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So this is my presentation. outline. I'll do a brief background and then speak about the Reproductive justice framework and then draw some conclusions, thinking about implications for social and reproductive

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justice in post apartheid, South Africa.

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so forced and co-ed sterilization has been reported in South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, in Kenya

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and with pregnant women reporting and having been sterilized without their knowledge.

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and according to the commission of gender equality, 48 women reported being forcibly sterilized in South African hospitals between 2,002 and 2,015,

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and these were done while women were undergoing Caesarean section. Some women reportedly forced to sign the consent form

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while there were advanced stages of labor, whilst others had received threats, and

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thereafter signed the consent, form.

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Another report indicates that the very first case of for sterilization was documented in the late 1,900 ninetys.

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and the most recent case was reported now in 2021

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and you'll realize that South Africa is signature to various policies that prohibit for sterilization.

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and

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they also have a sterilization act of 1,998, which specifically criminalizes for sterilization.

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Yet, You know, these these policies have not prevented the ongoing practice of fosterization of marginalized women.

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Several authors have associated for sterilization with human rights violations, whilst others have

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linked to to stigma and discrimination associated with HIV.

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however, a gap remains.

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It's the lack of historical contextualization of these

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injustices in South Africa. And therefore this paper aims to contribute to this scholarship.

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And are we re-reading the narratives of women

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through every productive justice and lens.

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and in particular, I would really like to reflect on the history of colonization.

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and argue that it

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reinforces it

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the driving force between behind the persistent practice of for sterilization of

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like African women in post apartheid South Africa, and I would also like to consider the extent to which we can use the reproductive justice lens

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as a pathway to achieving reproductive justice in

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post-colonial societies.

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So the framework is founded on 3 principles, namely, the right not to have children the right to have children and the right to parent children in safe and health environments.

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it also prompts us to historicize injustices and also adopt a human rights and intersectionality approaches.

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I referred briefly on the historical colonial tropes.

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I've picked 2 that are related. I'll speak firstly, about the

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hyper-fertile female body.

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where you'll remember that during slavery, during colonization and during apartheid, black female bodies were regarded as hyperfertile.

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and during apartheid racist abouted population control policies aimed to limit the fertility of African women, whilst at the same time promoting and the fertility of white women

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and through racism and eugenic approaches those determined who was fit to reproduce and to parent.

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and the people that were produced by black women were regarded as racially unfit.

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The second narrative that I will speak about is a hypersexual, promiscuous, and diseased African body.

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where

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African bodies were seen as over sex.

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and controlled in their appetites and promiscuous.

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And this idea is linked to the disease, sickly African body.

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and these narratives resonate with those that are associated with HIV,

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and as a result, Africans are seen as responsible for high HIV infections.

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And from this history, then we learn.

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We learned that African women's bodies have remained sites of racial oppression and and control, and they have always been targets of politicized

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and racialized population control strategies. including fosterization in democratic South Africa, who tells us that these unethical practices

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and we're left out of constitutional negotiations.

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When the new dispensation came into power, and as a result, they were stripped of their racialized and politicized nature. Hence their persistence in post about in South Africa.

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So we really see how you know historical abuses of African women's bodies and reproductive and capacities.

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you know, continue to shape and drive the harms that we see today in post-aparte in South Africa.

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The next principle that I'll touch on is intersectionality, which reminds us to consider how systems of oppression overlap and interact with each other. When speaking about choice.

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we learn that reproductive decision making is directly enabled or disabled through interacting systems of repression.

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 according to the narratives of the women. We see that we are speaking about black African poor women who reside in rural areas, and

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I living with HIV,

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and all these are layers of discrimination that act interact, and

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they act in a cumulative manner to limit women's reproductive choices as well as increase their vulnerability to force sterilization.

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And these are women who are forced to access health care and public services. and most often these are places where they are subjected to abuse and oppression.

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and there are power dynamics that may limit

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their ability to resist for sterilization.

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So then, in closing, I'd like us to think about the implications for using the reproductive justice lens for achieving reproductive justice.

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In

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in context, where the history of colonization, the history of racism and sexism consists and continues to drive

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reproductive oppressions.

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particularly amongst marginalized communities.

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And I I want to add that, you know, achieving reproductive justice is not an easy task.

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It's easy to define. It's easy to unpack the principles. But then

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we're really here to to open a discussion about the various strategies that we can adopt, that we can implement in various contexts.

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But most importantly.

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I believe that you know a reflection on this history, and being aware of the deep-rootedness of the racist and sexist colonial history.

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continues to drive reproductive injustices in post-colonial and post-apartheid South Africa, and once we are aware of this history, then hopefully we can avoid reinforcing and perpetuating long-standing stereotypes about marginalized women.

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and we can begin to change the narratives.

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and that drive reproductive injustices.

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So in essence. I do see the reproductive approach as a pathway towards an integrated analysis.

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It helps us. It would help us to

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achieve a holistic vision as well as develop comprehensive strategies.

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And thank you.

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That was exactly 10 min really amazing. I'm impressed, all right. So our next presenter is Romeo Nieva, Jr.

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And the title of the presentation is child bearing behind bars the experience of Filipino pregnant prisoners.

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Okay. hi, everyone. I am rommel when you have a Jr. But you can call me wrongs. So I'm going to talk about the childbearing and pregnancy experience of Filipino women.

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I'm in prison, which is part of my Phd. Thesis

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where A and I examine the childbearing experiences the reproductive health of women prison, and also the institutional context

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of their experiences. in. When I was doing my Phd. At a tago in New Zealand. So I'd like to begin by highlighting my positionality as a researcher. So I'm a public health nurse.

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But I shifted to social Science and health and sociology.

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to. So I use social science framework

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and thinking to understand health and well-being.

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So my first encounter with with women in prison

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was when I was a nurse at the hospital, and I saw a pregnant prisoner wearing an orange uniform, so that triggered my interest in in this area.

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So

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so this is the the outline of my presentation. So I would start with the context of of the project, particularly the focus of this presentation.

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and also I briefly walk through about the methodology I undertook the

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and then what are the key themes, and also the bigger discourse around this topic.

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Okay, so I often.

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I often get asked about these questions. So Roms, why focus on women in prison? Particularly pregnant visitors?

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So Many women who enter prison comes from the margins of society, so they are also most of childbearing age and mothers, and some are pregnant. So, in other words, they have a very complex

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reproductive health, and pregnancy needs. Another important thing to point out is.

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women are considered minority, prison population. So globally, there are like around 2% and 9% are women. But in the Philippines it's 11. So it's much higher in the Philippines.

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So the prison of reproductive health care and in many countries is not a priority policy area. including my home country, Philippines, where, in reproductive health law implementation is very limited.

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 So what is a situation in my home country? So the correctional system, both men's and women's person is overcrowded.

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including women's prisons. So in 2,018 alone, more than 20,000 were in prison. So that's 11% of the entire prison population in the largest women's prison. There were more than 3,000 women in prison

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for a space meant for only 1,500. So it had a congested rate of more than 200%.

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So that's where I did my interviews.

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So take note. There's no conjugal visit in the Philippines for women only for men. So this pregnant women were imprisoned while pregnant.

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So most of these women were in prison, due to drug with the crime. So while they were helping their partners, her husband during the drug operation.

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So. But I'd like also to share with you the scaffolding, the framework that I'm going to use later to link

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the experiences of women. So the first is

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in in the book by Ross and solventure, entitled Reproductive Justice. So they frame women's imprisonment as a reproductive injustice. They argue that women in prison are trapped in a system that affects their vulnerability to incarceration and also reproductive health needs

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so imprisonment impacts women

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fundamentally reproductive health and rights by confining them and limiting their access to quality of reproductive health care and separating them from their family.

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Another framework is like, go through.

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I'm ghostman, framer of a total institution. So he argues that there are settings like prison.

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wherein, you know, individuals face very restrictive

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routines and constant policing and surveillance, and respected access to the outside world.

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Because of this reality, Sykes identified 5 pains or deprivation of imprisonment.

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deprivation of liberty, goods, and service, heterosexual relationship. the probation of autonomy, and also the privation of security.

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Both man also coins a term of mortification of self. In other words, when you enter prison, your identity as a woman identity as a person is removed.

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so your pressure identity remains, so that overrides.

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So because of that limitation of go, of of sight, pain of imprisonment which was based on men's prison. A lot of feminine sociologists argue that there is gendered pain of imprisonment, so women face or encounter or experience imprisonment differently because of this reality.

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So how are the data collected? I. I did interview with 8 and women who had experienced pregnancy in prison. And then I did thematic analysis of their accounts.

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So there are

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3 themes that encapsulate their experience. The first is

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increase, pregnancy, discomfort, and decrease relief.

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this empowering experiences because of loss of autonomy over their reproductive or pregnancy situation and also pressure identity overriding pregnancy and motherhood identity.

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So just quickly, the first theme. Basically, how imprisonment increase this discomfort

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because of limited coping strategy. So you can see they're more tiring. They had more intense nausea and vanity. So they were able to compare their pregnancy outside prison and also during imprisonment.

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So women's challenge of coping with discomfort were basically linked to limited resources, lack of institutional and family support. So, for example, if I were at home, I would ask my partner and mother to cook my my comfort food. But here it's very hard.

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Another theme is this empowering experiences because of loss of autonomy and control over their pregnancy and childgoing situation. So, for example, here the feeling of this empowerment was linked.

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So they're being left and supported in labor, an anxiety of that being transferred early to the hospital because of bureaucracy.

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So, for example.

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she told me that it was not my true labor. They could only send you to the hospital with its already true labor.

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because I was so scared I lied to her.

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so her is the the prison officer. and final theme is how their identity as a prisoner overrides or overshadows

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their pregnancy and motherhood identity.

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So, for example, here we can see that many women express how big in prison changed the way they view themselves in terms of their child during experience. So, for example, here.

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Elaine says it really feels weird every time I get to the visit the hospital for Pernatal. care, because I feel I am a prisoner, and I'm not a pregnant woman. So they weren't allowed to sit alongside with other pregnant women. So they have their special room because they are prisoner.

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So this experience deviates from the general belief

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around the special status of pregnant women in the outside community because they are pregnant. They should be protected. But in prison it doesn't exist that way.

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So again, because of it's linked to how Goffman argues about the mortification of self.

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So women were given wearable marks of prison like uniform vehicle, and being accompanied by prison officers.

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So I argue that the golfman, total institution extends.

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be in prison, because these markers

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are attached to women, even outside of prison, during hospital or parental care. So, to conclude, the potential of prison to address holistic needs of women has been described as unworkable because it contradicts

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to the institutional identity of prison. And then, finally, this prison practice are remnants or residues of a system that is designed for a male institution. So policies and programs

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are very men-centric. So it's not based on the genuine security risk.

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So just to say my final words, women's imprisonment, particularly the imprisonment of pregnant women, is a reproductive injustice.

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because one of the elements of to achieve reproductive justice is to have

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autonomy of a women's body so badly autonomy, and also their rights to, you know, to

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to raise their children in a safe and healthy environment. So that ends my presentation. Thank you very much.

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9 min and 50 s. All right. Okay. So the next presentation is by Esther and this Medina and the title of the presentation is the Dominican feminist movements fight for abortion rights through Las Gazales.

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Okay, Hi, everybody. Thank you for being here. I'm looking forward to the conversation we're going to have.

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after all the presentations.

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So I'm going to skip a lot of what I had at the beginning, because we only have 10 min

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at the beginning. I have a lot of pictures about things that you might know about the Dominican Republic. It's not a very well known country. But when we do that When I show this pictures, people are like, Oh, that's Dominican, that's from the Dominican Republic. So of course, the Beaches and Puntakana is

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the most well-known among them the music, of course, like Bachelorette, and people like you know Romeo Santos, one with Gerra, Prince Royce.

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also, Merenge, that's another very famous form of music. This singers you might not know necessarily, but they're also very, very important in the country. Mila, Kesala, Fafita, Lagrande, Maridal, Hernandez

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baseball. Of course our contribution to baseball is very, very important.

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big puppy is a very important example here, and of course not. Everything is, you know beautiful, and about music, and so on. We also have this very long history, as the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean related to repression, and the through, he, us dictatorship.

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And that is also related to the relationship to Haiti. I'm not going to go into that again, because we only have 10 min. But we can address any of this issues if you want in in the Q&A.

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I'm also going to skip this couple of slides because they're more upon my overall research agenda and how this project is connected to it. But again, we can come back to this later on.

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So this project specifically is about Les Cousalis les Gau sales are 3 exception to the total penalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is one of the very few countries in the world where abortion is penalized under all circumstances.

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and those 3 exceptions which are actually included, or are.

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you know, established in the most of the rest of the region are when the person's life is in danger, when the pregnancy is not going to be viable anyway.

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because the fetus has a defective genetical condition that is now going to allow it to survive after birth anyway, and when the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. Even in those 3 conditions abortion is penalized in the Dominican Republic. So that's what the Dominican feminist movement has been fighting for for more than 20 years to at least in this very difficult, very.

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I'm trying to be nice here. I'm trying to be elegant.

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very perverse context. Try to at least have those 3 exceptions be allowed right? and this is happening in a context where between 60% and 80% of the population already agrees with this 3

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conditions. With 3. With this 3 exceptions, the numbers are very different when it when we talk about abortion under all circumstances. But the main achievement that the Dominican feminist movement has been able to to get in this very long period is that at least it has changed public opinion.

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So that's the gap that we need to explain. And that's the gap that we have been facing and working with

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And this is, of course, in contrast with what happened in the past. So, for instance, in 2,018 Only a third of the population, only 34% of the population agreed, even with the exceptions, even with Les Gau sales.

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and I always include the picture of Esperan Sita, because she's a symbol of what this means.

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What this means is that women and very young women like her, even girls like her, which are mainly poor, and Alfred descendant women, and you know

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And that's another story that we're not going to get into here. But we can talk about it in the Q. And A. The majority of the population is suffered descendant in the Dominican Republic, and those are the women, and those are the girls that are most affected by this problem in Esperan Sita, even though she was sick with leukemia, didn't get

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the care that she needed. She didn't get the care that she needed in terms of interrupting her pregnancy, getting an abortion because he was pregnant. She was pregnant, and it was just like a month long. Pregnancy audit.

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 So the case that I'm looking at is basically the actions and strategies of 2 main groups. the Women's Forum for constitutional reform that was in place between 2,004 and 2,010

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later, the feminist forum from 2,010 to the present.

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But that's basically the feminist forum is basically a group of activists. I'm actually a part of it, and the coalition for women's rights and lives which started in 2,007. And it's still going on, and that one is mainly

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a network of organizations, mainly. Ngos. Okay? And again, I already mentioned the 3 Kl style. So I'm not going to get into that.

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And very briefly, I use A Gram-schan theoretical framework to look at this. So I try to look at on the one hand, what is what are the elements of the hegemony that the the the Catholic Church

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and political institutions, and now, more recently, in the last few years, also evangelical denominations, but to a lesser that extent compared to the Catholic Church exercise right? So the capacity to define the rules of the game, the capacity to use the State apparatus to impose their views, and of course, their capacity to infiltrate most other groups, to impose this views.

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But in contrast.

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counter hegemonic tactics, especially the ones used by the Dominican and feminist movement and its allies are about connecting their own situation with overall trends.

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offering their own interpretations of their own history and the history of their society, and providing independent depictions of themselves

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to fight the the legitimizing attacks that usually take place against them. And I don't have to tell you. And again, we can talk more about this during the Q. And a. That those attacks have increase. Now, as a result of the far right offensive that we have in Latin America, but also in the Us. And in many other countries.

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Okay, so I'll look at this in 3 moments. The first moment is the moment when the Women's constitutional. sorry the movements forum for constitutional reform started, and it's Allies are very diverse, as you can see on the slide. I'm not going to read at that, but just to get you to give you a sense.

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And this fight started against the proposal that conservative groups were able to include in the Dominican constitution the new Dominican constitution that was approved in 2,010

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that established an article article Ferry. Now is Article 37 that establishes the inviolability. Always get tripped with this word inviolability of life, since conception, which has many implications, but the most direct and implication of that is going against abortion.

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So these are some of the pictures of the protests that took place in that first moment. As you can see, there are several signs that are saying No to Article 3,

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and this took place at the public university. Think of this as the Dominican nunam, right? So, Nam is the most famous public university in Latin America, the one in Mexico City. This is our equivalent.

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and here you can see also a lot of the Allies that I was talking about. So there were a lot of people from unions. There were a lot of people from all the organizations. The woman, the big black woman that you see in the middle. She's a feminist Union leader, for instance, right, Elohia familiar.

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And this was very, very representative of that kind of protest. And the yellow sign says, I decided to have this pregnancy. Okay, I'm going to run a little bit over it. It's not the product of rape.

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There are also signs linking that to the situation in the country. So, for instance, corruption haha! Which hasn't changed But there was another precedent at the time you can see the presence of a lot of men in this protest as well. The sign says, for women's lives, for Lavio las Mohirees, and you also have. And this is another very important group of allies, 2

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professionals, especially health care professionals, saying, we need to have this in order to be able to save women's lives.

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That first moment was also very linked. The strategy was very linked to talking about human rights, to talking about norms, to talking about the Constitution to talking about

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you know.

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and being consistent with international, local and local legislation. And I'm going to pass this very quickly because I'm running out of time. It was also very much about confronting the church very directly the Catholic Church

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and the shred, and this hasn't changed. The strategy also focused on the extreme cases that I mentioned. Right? So this last element has continued in the other 2 moments.

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The second moment was, which was until from 2,010 to 2,021

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continued the fight for Les Galsales, and up until now on it's 2,023.

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We haven't been able to win that fight, but at the same time we have been able to at least stop politicians from a proven. The penal code without Les Cousalis.

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But at the same time we haven't been able to include Les Galsales in the Penal code. But you will see now. But again, what I want you to see as elements in common in these pictures is how the Dominican feminist movement is able to

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use those counter hegemonic tactics right? So the tactic of representing themselves the tactic of fighting the way

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far right

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movements, and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, and others are trying to delegitimize that fight. Right? So, for instance, here you see the color that is used in the rest of the region. We couldn't use the actual green, because there was another movement at the time

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using that green. But, for instance, here the emphasis is different. The emphasis is on presenting the fight in a positive way. Voya favord. I'm in favor of right. And there was a website. There was a whole campaign that was about that. But the element that didn't change, and it hasn't changed until now is that the emphasis is on Las Gal. So on the 3 extreme

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conditions.

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And to finish the last moment which started in 2,021 started with this camp.

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The Cow sales camp! That feminist activists and its allies established right in front of the Presidential palace, and that was very, very, very visible.

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and it took the fight to a new level, right? So, in fact, there was a lot of international coverage. This is an example of that. this is the one of the slogans that we use, and this is used also in the rest of the of Latin America. Viva celibus, alive and free. And notice how here there's a combination between national elements and international elements.

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You have the international element of the green right? So the green bandanas that you've seen around and starting in Argentina, you can see it also in the handkerchief that one of the activist is wearing. But I don't know if you can. Yeah, you can see it. You can also see the symbol of the of the butterflies.

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and those butterflies are linked to our history. The metabolic sisters that I presented very briefly at the beginning. This was the last demonstration. It used a lot of symbology that's like one of the most important areas in the country. This is in front of the National Congress in the country, and I love this sign, Levi, this legal. You stayed in a way where drinking is legal and you don't

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smoke.

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Aaborto. Cereal legal is to stand up here, and no awarde abortion is going to be legal, and if you don't want to abort, don't do it.

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So this is part of again, the last administration in March, and we can talk more about this later on. So thank you so much.

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It's presented yesterday.

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my screen to Clara. I will stop sharing, so you should be up. We'll start sharing your now.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): Okay, thank you.

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Hi, Hi, Clara, I would just present you right, and then you can start speaking alright. So the next presenter is clarity, and the tight of the presentation is reproductive injustice. An analysis of public data on women denounced to the police for clandestine abortion in Brazil.

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Flower. Okay.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): okay, thank you for the introduction. It's a pleasure to be with you. And this is a section exchanging knowledge about reproductive justice even, for from far I am glad I'm from Brazil.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and I will present this paper about reproductive and justice and analysis of public downtown women. Then also to the policy for kind of an abortion plus you, as you, you already said, so you

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Clara Wardi (UnB): you can see it as

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Clara Wardi (UnB): going to the next. Can you all see? Yes, yes. Okay. So the research object is abortion in the policyisco.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): I am focusing on this specific type of abortion crime. It's the abortion provoked by pregnant women or with her consent. So we do specifically with the behavior of the pregnant women. To show some context about Brazil. We here have a lot of access failures, and there is a geographic

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Clara Wardi (UnB): concentration and institutional battery years even for legal cases. So Glennis in abortion, continues to be reported to the police in Brazil and negligence as a public health issue.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): it's a policy issue, not even in only Brazil, but in the world. So, despite the advances in research on the subject

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Clara Wardi (UnB): on the subject, there is a little sociological evidence. Produce it all criminalization of abortion within the criminal justice system this paper presents results of my masters. This is in sociology at the the University of Brazil.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and

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Clara Wardi (UnB): I am passing it. But I okay, I best the goals are to present the panorami of of public data produced by the police on on the same abortions of abortion, on

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Clara Wardi (UnB): cleansing self abortion in the account from the last 20 years, focusing on the less 10 years, from 2,012 to 2,021, and this quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed from a family center section of perspective based on the reproductive justice framework.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): So I will identify who are the women accused of self abortion in Brazil. in terms of phrase class 8, and all their presence markers.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): And

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Clara Wardi (UnB): I will investigate how they activate it as a crime whatever not. It is printed with values that's rebooted to social constructions of gender, race, class, generation, and all their intersections. So I will not take so long when this Talking about reproductive justice that is a come up framework

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Clara Wardi (UnB): to all of

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Clara Wardi (UnB): you here. But it's important to say that I am

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Clara Wardi (UnB): I mobilize 5 mainly altars

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Clara Wardi (UnB): in Brazil? I took this

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Clara Wardi (UnB): this this sentence from Rose and Solenger, because there is a lot to be in presume about that reproductive justice uses a human rights framework to draw attention and persist laws and public incorporate policies. By? Is it on racial, gender and class presidency? These laws and policies denied people the right to control the voting

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Clara Wardi (UnB): bodies, interview with their a positive decision making, and you to mentally prevent many people from being able to live with the guinea in the same in the safe and healthy communities. So in Brussels colonize it country, we have a profound social inequality that mainly affects black and indigenous women. So access to a process of health, it's an equal.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and the mobilize the relative just to from work. To analyze this context is very powerful because it's a it's a important question to us is, how could for them to make decisions about reproduction be guaranteed in the absence of

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Clara Wardi (UnB): have policies and the information. So for mapping the conditions in which reproductive choices occur, occur. It's then possible to turn towards a human rights analysis and look at abortion with a less moral perspective. And considering all the

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Clara Wardi (UnB): the complex context, that woman are living in Brazil. So she it the methodology that I

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Clara Wardi (UnB): I use it to carry out this. This research was the collecting of recru, that on abortion, use it by pregnant women, or if her constant, through the access to information law that is important from work and Brazil, that you can ask about public information.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): which the States Public Security Secretary is. So they state policies. It's that from the State policies. So I just work with public data here and

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Clara Wardi (UnB): interesting, we have 27 Federal units that it's a consent concept close to the States. But just 18, since that is suite, both for their research.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): And then it's important to make this disclaimer about the limits of the national perspective. Just I am talking about with this, that about 68 of the February units.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and this work has a concentration the last 10 years.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and although the collection began in 2,001, and the variables are sex, race, caller, age, professional education and place of act.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): since I received the laptop, I made the categorization of the information and

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Clara Wardi (UnB): sorry. content analysis going to the results through this. Okay, I will pass this to

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Clara Wardi (UnB): to start here. about regarding the the outer and victims. Profile results. How those these holds are defined by law. There are other social factors that influence the production and the selection

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Clara Wardi (UnB): of this, that, and there is a this is standardization of who is the victim.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): For example, land appeared as victims, woman as victims and fetuses as victims. So there is a significant, significant number of day 0 with majority concentration in the victim category

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and also 93. So this and that's most likely refers to the fetus which may indicate the intention to compose its personal status based on the classification classification offers by the justice system and the not important results. It was the

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Clara Wardi (UnB): girls incriminated between 11 and 14 years old.

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01:03:53.410 --> 01:04:08.260
Clara Wardi (UnB): They have the access guaranteed by law to us as the legal abortion, but they are actually being criminalizing. And and another important information

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Clara Wardi (UnB): a is that

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Clara Wardi (UnB): these girls under 14 years old are being classified as victims and outers in the same proportion with different

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Clara Wardi (UnB): differs from what the criminal code established. This results with the reveals how moralism about abortion can overlap what's illegally established even in the case of children in the dollar sense. And as I, I don't have a time, I will focus on the mainly results regarding national. You may you provide results about phrase. We have the valley total. In the very total. We have

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01:04:50.410 --> 01:05:05.119
Clara Wardi (UnB): 54% of Mayo cases correspond to white women and 50 and 45 to black women. And it's diverged in with the researchers carry out on the national level.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): and it shows a whitening of data, and it it deserves a important problematization, because not all the States send data. There is a lack of use of certain ratio categories by the policies and the that's the reason why I use it. I cross it all the variables

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Clara Wardi (UnB): we phrase

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Clara Wardi (UnB): regarding to 8. There is a concentration between the rains of 18 to 24 years. White Homo are the majority in groups from 18 years old, while on the right girls are mostly black. In this sense white women are incriminated later. Why, black women have their dolls, and and youth more easily criminal is they criminalize it

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01:05:58.430 --> 01:06:15.090
Clara Wardi (UnB): regarding education and profession. Most of the reported women have low education, which is in line with other researchers in Brazil. In addition, incriminated. Black women have even lower levels of education compares to white women.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): that is important results. Actually, because, looking at the place where the act takes place in the context of abortion. It talks about save it, the support network, and even the class and occupation of the women accused it. For example.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): this category rolled in public area that shows, resumes and talks about abortion that took place in public. For all the bridges, for example, shows the front of vulnerability to which women are subject to the criminalization of their reproductive process. They can be in the downset during their displacement, even if they have not

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01:07:04.120 --> 01:07:05.570
Clara Wardi (UnB): accuses.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): How's it? an abortion. Sorry. finally, the final considerations from our product is just.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): we're identified inequalities and violence committed by the State for reason of gender race class age. and where the women leads that interview with the joint offer productive live from multiple experiences. And so the criminalization of abortion also show traces of criminal selectivity as it hides the number of cleansing abortion that

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Clara Wardi (UnB): do not reach this. The justice systems

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Clara Wardi (UnB): the fact to's registered as victim in policy reports, institution analyzes and operationalizes the defense of the proliferation within the criminal justice system, and also the classification in constancy, show the different particular ways in which

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Clara Wardi (UnB): police officer interprets the crime, and it's ages often going against the grain of legal understanding, the criminalization of the repository process of women and all the people who give, or is shown to be, a huge mistake with the democracy. That's why I'm talking about reproductive injustice that involves sexual rights and reproductive to this.

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Clara Wardi (UnB): This is, finally, this is not possible to have this even more a reproductive one in context.

347
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Clara Wardi (UnB): in the context of criminalization, of abortion. Thank you, and sorry about time and by English mistakes.

348
01:08:50.320 --> 01:08:51.829
Thank you, Clara.

349
01:08:54.450 --> 01:08:56.529
But what time is it in Brazil?

350
01:09:04.120 --> 01:09:05.460
Much, is it?

351
01:09:05.640 --> 01:09:07.060
She's muted?

352
01:09:07.140 --> 01:09:10.839
I'm sorry. Sorry it's 5 30. Am

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01:09:10.890 --> 01:09:17.990
okay? Not that bad?

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01:09:18.180 --> 01:09:25.200
Clara Wardi (UnB): Thank you. Thank you, Clara. If you can just stop sharing your screen.

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01:09:42.050 --> 01:09:54.749
So our last presenter is Consuelo Karate, and the title of the presentation is women's bodies as open excess flesh, reproductive technology and global inequalities.

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01:10:01.940 --> 01:10:05.380
Thank you so much for having me in the session.

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01:10:06.860 --> 01:10:23.930
This is a very short summary, and it's going to be a very short presentation. I rely on our chair to keep the time I'm going to introduce you. The the concept of bio-capital, and in particular, women's bio-capital.

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I will speak about

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what I define. Women's open access flash, which is different from body.

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I will, if I have time, I will give you 2 empirical examples, human milk banks, and gestational surrogacy. and then I'll draw some conclusions.

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The human body has long been the object of trade and traffic.

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Unfortunately, slavery, force, prostitution, and even wet nursing are examples of exploitation that have existed very early in human history.

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01:11:06.530 --> 01:11:12.550
But today the advancements of biotechnology are striking

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in that they allow for extraction, fragmentation, stockage, conservation, and exportation of human cells, fluids, organs and tissues.

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biotechnologies, excise and implant the smallest fragments of human tissue.

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Human tissue is sold and purchased in a global market.

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The word bio-capital shows the root bias which we find in the English word biology

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and in the Spanish word Bio! Lo! Here! And it's actually one of the possible words

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01:12:03.430 --> 01:12:20.650
defining life. There is going to be another one. I'll tell you in 1 s, and bos actually in Greek.  looks at the modes and contents of life, the human way of leading a life.

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And so components of the human bills are commodified and sold.

371
01:12:27.550 --> 01:12:46.580
The other word is Zoe, which we find in the English word zoology, or Spanish solo here, and this is like bigger, wider, because it refers to the vital principle of all living species.

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I'm looking at women's bio-capital in particular, because women put a lot more labor in extraction of bio-capital than men.

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Just think about extracting, producing. and extracting the ova, the eggs, the mother's milk wombs, placenta, umbilical cord. It's a lot of labor.

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01:13:18.670 --> 01:13:24.460
and that labor has to do with reproductive medicine

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and with regenerative medicine as well

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01:13:31.470 --> 01:13:37.230
women as holders of buy a property freely sell. It

377
01:13:39.450 --> 01:13:50.980
is the body, the person. Yes. our bodies ourselves. This is a strong feminist second wave's feminist statement.

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01:13:53.010 --> 01:14:07.570
but in countries where bio-capital human tissue is sold and purchased around the freedom of women there is, although also a lot of more elements.

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01:14:07.970 --> 01:14:19.540
so women are pressed to be economic agents in a rhetoric of love, empowerment, and self-represented.

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I want to make this claim.

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Women's bio-capital should be seen as flesh.

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not only as body.

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Why? Because flesh is a soft resource. commodification extracts disposable units.

384
01:14:43.600 --> 01:14:48.450
and it doesn't dismember the body in parts.

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slash

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01:14:51.090 --> 01:14:59.250
an open access resource which is made widely available to society.

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01:15:01.300 --> 01:15:08.880
Tissue, excision, and implant, do not threaten the continued existence of the subject.

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01:15:10.850 --> 01:15:21.629
and this is why the body, as open access flesh, is subject to relentless exploitation, sometimes

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01:15:21.850 --> 01:15:28.190
beyond the consent of the women who are selling or donating it.

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01:15:29.270 --> 01:15:46.319
The lady vanishes. Yes, so, Lange, the lady vanishes, is an expression of feminine feminist philosopher, Donna Dickinson. What she means is that contemporary biotechnologies obscure

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01:15:46.330 --> 01:15:54.679
the original female body from whom tissue is excite. They are forgotten.

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This is a set of sentences. We all can agree, I think we all can agree on. I own my actions. I own the resources produced by my actions. I am responsible of the consequence of my action.

393
01:16:15.840 --> 01:16:22.350
I own my body. Yes. I am my body. Yes.

394
01:16:22.740 --> 01:16:27.349
I can sell my physical body. Hmm!

395
01:16:27.650 --> 01:16:40.810
It depends. Because in countries where not in all countries, you can sell eggs, for instance, but in countries where you can sell your eggs you cannot sell your kidneys or your retina.

396
01:16:40.840 --> 01:16:51.200
So this is why I'm introducing a different distinction to understand how sorrow biotechnologies are actually using

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01:16:51.390 --> 01:16:53.450
women's bodies.

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01:16:55.320 --> 01:17:07.120
biotechnology's model distinctions. They model distinctions between person, body and flesh. between what is artificial

399
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and what is natural

400
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between what is a commodity and what is a gift, what is just donated.

401
01:17:17.420 --> 01:17:32.180
And I am actually urging for sociological research to protect oversimplification around this. There's a lot of research and biotechnologies which is made by doctors in laboratories.

402
01:17:32.640 --> 01:17:40.799
But so so so, there are very good. There is very good sociological research, but not enough in my, in my view.

403
01:17:41.170 --> 01:17:59.879
Okay, I have 2 examples. I'm just going very quickly through this. I'm quoting here the work by Julie Smith, an Australian who who is doing a wonderful job on milk bank, on human milk banks. And

404
01:18:00.210 --> 01:18:18.689
She says, breastfeeding mothers are invisible like dairy cows. When we go to the supermarket we don't see the cow when we buy the milk, and some something similar is actually happening around the human milk banks.

405
01:18:18.830 --> 01:18:30.719
The second quick is around surrogacy. There is a lot of good literature on surrogacy around the world.

406
01:18:30.850 --> 01:18:33.780
countries of the global South.

407
01:18:34.400 --> 01:18:51.439
Our becoming have become cheaper. Surrogacy hubs for countries of the global North surrogate mothers are invisible, health complications are undisclosed, mortality rates are unknowns.

408
01:18:54.480 --> 01:18:56.450
My conclusions

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01:18:58.010 --> 01:19:04.910
women are free individuals in a free market. Well.

410
01:19:04.970 --> 01:19:13.379
sometimes, but sometimes they are extremely vulnerable in free markets, because they have to face

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01:19:13.410 --> 01:19:28.570
global low firms. But the biotechnology, industry, and so on. So yes, they are free, women are free, but sometimes in many circumstances their power is very limited.

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01:19:30.710 --> 01:19:48.889
The second conclusion is, we should look at reproductive technologies dealing with Zoe, not only with bias, because human reproduction is dependent for advancements on animal reproduction.

413
01:19:49.140 --> 01:20:02.109
All the advancements in well many of the advancements in animal reproduction are then applied to human reproduction. And so we should look at the

414
01:20:02.320 --> 01:20:09.429
post-human or the not only human world. When we look at biotechnologies.

415
01:20:10.750 --> 01:20:20.579
Sociology is extremely important because it depicts the broader picture. the exploitation of flesh.

416
01:20:20.740 --> 01:20:25.509
the push and pool of new biomarkets in the world.

417
01:20:26.080 --> 01:20:29.719
In what is a bad. a good.

418
01:20:29.800 --> 01:20:41.370
or a better regulations, because regulations are not equally in the world, and we have seen different cases in the other presentations around different topics.

419
01:20:42.400 --> 01:21:07.090
And this is my final. A question. It's an open-ended question. Does increasing commodification of bio-capital improve the condition of invisible women? This is Where the the answer must be empirical. I don't have a final answer on that. I think we have to look at different terrains, at different countries.

420
01:21:07.090 --> 01:21:20.319
a different ways in which biotechnologies are applied applied, and we should at least have the quotation mark still open at the end of that question. Thank you so much.

421
01:21:20.530 --> 01:21:23.179
I have my references here.

422
01:21:24.290 --> 01:21:27.820
and oops grass. Yes.

423
01:21:40.780 --> 01:21:53.269
I'd like to thank all the presenters. I really enjoyed all the presentations, didn't you? The presentations were terrific. And yeah, and I think we learned a lot about reproductive rights from

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01:21:53.450 --> 01:22:12.509
cross-national comparative perspective and from so many dimensions of this issue. So I'd like to open to questions, and I'd like to ask. if you want to ask a question, please go to the microphone so that Clara in Brazil can also. hear the question.

425
01:22:13.860 --> 01:22:15.710
anyone?

426
01:22:18.580 --> 01:22:19.400
Yeah.

427
01:22:26.010 --> 01:22:26.690
Yes.

428
01:22:28.110 --> 01:22:29.040
Okay.

429
01:22:29.220 --> 01:22:40.619
Well, thank you. To all the presenters I'm Weida from Lesania, and my question is to the last the center. I'm sorry I didn't catch my name on Swallow. Okay.

430
01:22:40.710 --> 01:22:42.840
thank you. Very interesting presentation.

431
01:22:42.950 --> 01:22:54.089
And my question is, what do you think about the the fact that that game movements now use surrogacy as LGBT rights issue.

432
01:22:54.170 --> 01:23:03.510
and I think in the Us. They already sort of established this, that this is an LGBT rights, since gay men cannot have children without surrogate mothers.

433
01:23:03.710 --> 01:23:14.359
I was shocked when I found this out, but I was just thinking, what do you think about this, and what pension is going to be there between feminist movements and gay white movements?

434
01:23:14.460 --> 01:23:21.430
Thank you. Thank you for the question before constantly you answer. I would like to invite the presenters to please

435
01:23:21.580 --> 01:23:26.699
sit at the table here, because then we can all.

436
01:23:29.410 --> 01:23:36.049
It might be easier to ask the questions. Yes, you want to ask a second question.

437
01:23:36.140 --> 01:23:42.069
Hello, everybody. My name is Pyogazi. I'm from the University of Cape Town in South Africa.

438
01:23:42.250 --> 01:23:52.659
I think the first question I did. It's more of a genius equation. But I think to Dr. Mayo we've spoken about this, or I think we have.

439
01:23:52.750 --> 01:24:06.630
How do the woman find out that they've been sterilized, I think. A couple of months ago there was a big news thing about women finding out that their husband had authorized the husband stitch

440
01:24:06.700 --> 01:24:14.929
while they were. And and you did say that this often happens when they have had a C-sections on the swimming, they are. And so I'm just curious in

441
01:24:15.000 --> 01:24:30.180
the situation in which they did find out that that this did happen. now, I'm I saying, yes, okay. So during your presentation. You did say that you have a bit of a background as a healthcare worker.

442
01:24:30.190 --> 01:24:36.960
So I'm just interested in perhaps your position, and whether you have interacted with

443
01:24:37.010 --> 01:24:49.249
pregnant, incarcerated woman in your work and in terms of women giving birth behind bars. I've only seen it in movies, in American movies, particularly, I don't even know what happens to the child.

444
01:24:49.250 --> 01:25:10.759
so I think that's more the question. But like you don't even have to ask the answer the one about the work. But what happens to the child who is born to a woman behind bars? And I think this is more to Domenica and and also, Clara, because I think it was a bit similar. So if abortion is legal.

445
01:25:10.970 --> 01:25:18.900
is access to contraceptives easier, because I mean, if you don't want one, then you must make one easy. Thank you so much.

446
01:25:19.130 --> 01:25:29.850
Thank you for the questions before we move on to another question. Let's you know, because there are several questions actually asked for several of the participants.

447
01:25:32.620 --> 01:25:35.990
Okay, thank you for the question that

448
01:25:36.290 --> 01:25:46.409
Your question is. you know, it's a very provocative one, because around surrogacy the feminist movement is not united.

449
01:25:47.140 --> 01:26:02.459
There are feminists who have signed the ban, the universal ban against torrogacy, and there are families who are actually pushing to have legal surrogacy in countries where it is not

450
01:26:02.700 --> 01:26:14.400
so, I think, in my view, I I can give you my my view because you ask what is my view? But let me first tell you a little a little bit more about what the situation is.

451
01:26:14.450 --> 01:26:28.200
I think it we should not, as feminist divide around it. I think it's a pity it's a little bit what happened, I mean, I'm old enough to remember the debate around prostitution.

452
01:26:28.580 --> 01:26:36.709
you know, are you? Can you sell your body or no? You should not sell your body

453
01:26:36.920 --> 01:26:58.820
in surrogacy. I think that my view is that I mean I signed the the, the, the universal, the ban for universal suppression of surrogacy, I think. gay couples, same-sex couples trans.

454
01:26:58.830 --> 01:27:10.190
person have the right to be parents, but there are different ways. There is adoption, for instance, and around the world we see that.

455
01:27:10.210 --> 01:27:16.420
The rates of adoption go down when surrogacy becomes legal.

456
01:27:16.440 --> 01:27:24.399
I think there are different ways to respond to LGBT rights without undermining their rights.

457
01:27:28.100 --> 01:27:29.950
Who would like to go next?

458
01:27:33.960 --> 01:27:36.870
thank you for that question for you.

459
01:27:37.110 --> 01:27:39.170
And so the women

460
01:27:39.470 --> 01:27:49.459
 were linked to an Ngo led by a woman who had experienced what sterilization herself

461
01:27:49.890 --> 01:27:53.500
and many of them.

462
01:27:54.020 --> 01:27:59.309
and didn't know that they had been sterilized until they wanted to have

463
01:27:59.490 --> 01:28:00.859
other children.

464
01:28:02.190 --> 01:28:03.590
and they couldn't

465
01:28:05.030 --> 01:28:06.180
and

466
01:28:06.190 --> 01:28:07.970
When

467
01:28:08.100 --> 01:28:13.129
doctors investigate, they find that the Philippine troops had been tied

468
01:28:13.330 --> 01:28:20.820
or They've been cut, so they're permanently sterilized because they cannot have any more children.

469
01:28:21.170 --> 01:28:30.310
Some of them were made to sign consent forms they were told. Look, you are HIV positive you cannot have more children. So we are going to sterilize you.

470
01:28:30.710 --> 01:28:35.990
You know, there's a video on this. I think BBC

471
01:28:36.120 --> 01:28:43.900
documented this, and the women are narrating their their experiences to say, the doctor told me that

472
01:28:44.120 --> 01:28:54.229
he's going to sterilize me because I cannot have any more children, because I'm HIV positive. So yeah, so there are different experiences.

473
01:28:57.170 --> 01:28:58.080
Yeah.

474
01:29:00.180 --> 01:29:00.880
okay.

475
01:29:06.060 --> 01:29:08.459
thank you for your question.

476
01:29:09.070 --> 01:29:16.109
the the policy in prison is, women can keep their newborns or babies for one year.

477
01:29:16.810 --> 01:29:24.919
and for that they should either give it to their family or to the social welfare of the government.

478
01:29:25.090 --> 01:29:28.060
but most of the women in this city.

479
01:29:28.260 --> 01:29:30.740
They decided to give it their sanity.

480
01:29:31.080 --> 01:29:33.520
because it's harder to get the patch

481
01:29:33.560 --> 01:29:34.869
it in New Orleans.

482
01:29:35.130 --> 01:29:42.440
So, both of them a few weeks after a neighbor, the pastor, parents, too.

483
01:29:42.460 --> 01:29:45.029
or family members. to get

484
01:29:47.540 --> 01:29:48.200
okay.

485
01:29:48.790 --> 01:29:59.689
Esther. Yet I think there was a question for you as well. And then, Clara, which mind, Amanda helping me, you know, get clar. So it is

486
01:29:59.990 --> 01:30:04.490
well regarding the question about the Dominic Arabic. Thank you for your questions.

487
01:30:05.650 --> 01:30:07.309
In theory.

488
01:30:07.970 --> 01:30:22.140
 not only theory. In practice, there is access to contraception, there is, but that's one of the areas where you can see the hypocrisy that the

489
01:30:22.270 --> 01:30:26.469
hierarchy of the Catholic Church and evangelical denominations show.

490
01:30:26.710 --> 01:30:35.359
because public health policies establish very clearly access to contraceptions.

491
01:30:35.400 --> 01:30:39.800
we should also have access to sexual education.

492
01:30:39.860 --> 01:30:50.630
But those groups celebrity groups in in general, but especially the Catholic Church and Evangelical denominations, and the Catholic Church has a lot of power.

493
01:30:50.690 --> 01:31:03.150
And I didn't have time to to get into that in in more detail. It has a lot of power in the context of Latin America, most countries, not all. It's very different in countries like

494
01:31:03.200 --> 01:31:17.829
Rugby and Andentina, because the the level of influence of the Church has gone down very significant significantly. But in the context of the Dominican Republic it still has a lot of legitimacy.

495
01:31:18.690 --> 01:31:31.129
and it has basically blocked a lot of initiatives, especially around sexual education and even around contraception.

496
01:31:31.410 --> 01:31:36.480
So, to give you an example, I'm the co-founder of a feminist group in the country

497
01:31:36.670 --> 01:31:45.900
that is called Er Tullle feminism, an Ali pine, and Maghali Pinella was the most important contemporary to American feminist activists in the country

498
01:31:45.980 --> 01:31:47.120
and

499
01:31:47.200 --> 01:31:58.360
in our well, not the last. The last was last week, but in in the meeting we had we have a monthly meetings where we talk about different topics from a feminist

500
01:31:58.440 --> 01:31:59.680
perspective.

501
01:31:59.810 --> 01:32:11.499
and in the one we had at the end of May we were celebrating our seventh year on university, and the the issue was exactly the the issue we're talking about here, right? So reproductive

502
01:32:11.600 --> 01:32:16.190
justice, but focusing very specifically on motherhood.

503
01:32:16.760 --> 01:32:21.549
And we all learned there. We didn't know it.

504
01:32:21.670 --> 01:32:27.430
And most of the people there were a feminist activist that there is a whole list

505
01:32:27.450 --> 01:32:32.659
of medications. And you know health care products

506
01:32:32.740 --> 01:32:35.800
that the population has access to

507
01:32:36.130 --> 01:32:41.499
through the Public Health Ministry, and they include conducts.

508
01:32:41.760 --> 01:32:45.700
And we were all like, what. what, what.

509
01:32:46.140 --> 01:33:02.569
and why is it that we didn't know this? And we just learned that because the panelists who talked about that. She's an expert in the topic. And she was like, Yeah, that's part of the problem that the population doesn't know this things. And therefore we're not

510
01:33:03.170 --> 01:33:14.940
We're not fighting to have access to those things right. But there's this, and I think that's evident in all the presentations. This interaction between

511
01:33:15.050 --> 01:33:22.229
what is established in public policy and what is not established in public policy. But it's the dominant culture.

512
01:33:22.480 --> 01:33:29.260
right? And again, conservative groups take advantage of that to a great great degree.

513
01:33:30.580 --> 01:33:31.750
Thank you.

514
01:33:31.850 --> 01:33:37.329
Esther. Clara, would you like to

515
01:33:37.430 --> 01:33:51.059
Clara Wardi (UnB): thank you for the question? because the question was, if abortion is criminalize it, criminalize it. is, that is, to contraceptive contraceptives easier.

516
01:33:51.300 --> 01:34:04.510
Clara Wardi (UnB): But no, in Brazil the public policies do not have this integrated look at sexual and reproductive rights, even reproductive juices. even speaks

517
01:34:04.730 --> 01:34:33.709
Clara Wardi (UnB): of the need for this integrated V, which also talks about the importance of looking to the conditions in which women make their reproductive choices questioning the world choice from a critic of the, namely, burialism. But unfortunately, in Brazil and the recent years, for example, we have had a

518
01:34:33.710 --> 01:34:46.290
Clara Wardi (UnB): precariousness in in the distribution of contraceptives, and I increase in by reuse to us access legal abortion.

519
01:34:46.440 --> 01:34:47.830
Clara Wardi (UnB): So

520
01:34:47.890 --> 01:34:51.879
Clara Wardi (UnB): that's the rehabilitation. Thank you for the question.

521
01:34:52.330 --> 01:34:55.360
Thank you. Any other question.

522
01:34:57.310 --> 01:35:11.760
Well, I have a question for actually Clara and Esther, because I mean, we've been talking about reproductive justice. And there was a question about access to to contraception.

523
01:35:11.760 --> 01:35:34.229
but one big issue, and I'd like you to, you know. So your opinion and more information or data that you might have about that. Well, several years ago I read a report with Government statistics, a report that was produced by the Brazilian Minister for Policies for women with an estimate of about 200,000 abortions in Brazil.

524
01:35:34.300 --> 01:36:03.719
just, you know the cases that get to the hospital because of complications. So this was counted. It was not exactly an estimate. I don't know how precise it was, but it was based on The statistics produced by hospitals of complications. So the some would say that then maybe the number is actually like 500,000. So you have various estimates, and the the thing is one of the.

525
01:36:03.720 --> 01:36:25.249
In my view, major injustices is related to social class, and that's why the workers party has called this a public health issue right? Because middle class women, and I have had so many friends who would just take the plane to real and go to the best clinics and have an abortion right so

526
01:36:25.300 --> 01:36:37.559
exactly what women are not having access to abortion in these countries. So what is the situation now in Brazil? What is the situation? Esther and I also have another question. Okay.

527
01:36:38.650 --> 01:36:39.750
yeah, please. Yes.

528
01:36:40.120 --> 01:36:40.799
Yeah.

529
01:36:42.190 --> 01:36:47.449
I have a question to our colleague from India.

530
01:36:47.620 --> 01:36:52.279
I was wondering if there has been any movement

531
01:36:52.290 --> 01:37:03.430
that is trying to address the problems that you explained so well, especially movements on the side of you know, delete women or allies.

532
01:37:03.450 --> 01:37:20.179
for them, because I know that in some states one of my advisor has worked in Kerala, for instance, for a very long time. In some states they are very well organized, but I don't know if they're organized around this issues, and I would like to hear about that.

533
01:37:20.420 --> 01:37:34.329
That's a very, very important work that you're doing so, it just to it as well. But I think the reason I was trying to ask that question to me as well in in terms of how the women find out is that

534
01:37:34.340 --> 01:38:01.410
if you give an a a low-class, illiterate woman a contract to sign. Obviously she's going to just do whatever she is in labor, I'm assuming. number one, number 2. There is a conversation in a theoretical framework around prohibiting who are a woman to have children rather. If you cannot afford children, then you shouldn't have the right to have children. So I think that's where this work could go. But I know her personally. So I just thought

535
01:38:01.410 --> 01:38:20.269
we could just have that conversation about the class element to the how the reproductive rights as a woman are limited or limited, or the information that is available to you about whether or not condoms are supposed to be provided by the State or not, and whether you want to have a voice to fight that. Very good.

536
01:38:20.389 --> 01:38:21.730
So.

537
01:38:21.870 --> 01:38:24.680
Esther Clara.

538
01:38:27.920 --> 01:38:32.850
Clara Wardi (UnB): Clara, would you like to? Yes, yes, just a minute.

539
01:38:33.010 --> 01:38:55.599
Clara Wardi (UnB): answering your question. Thank you for the question, and the most cleansing abortions in pres you are performance in unsafe manner. So, according to the data from 2,021, from the national abortion survey. More than half of women need

540
01:38:55.600 --> 01:39:21.790
Clara Wardi (UnB): to be admitted. in health units to be treated, to be attended in in health units so, and also very 2 days. A woman dies from calendars in abortion in Brazil, so on, since abortion is the 50 leading case of maternal death in Brazil.

541
01:39:22.500 --> 01:39:38.930
Clara Wardi (UnB): Considering this data, abortion is a very serious public health problem in Brazil, and the criminalization increases this, the these numbers and

542
01:39:39.330 --> 01:39:46.850
Clara Wardi (UnB): and contribute with the stigmatization of this

543
01:39:47.070 --> 01:40:05.300
Clara Wardi (UnB): of these procedure. So this is the the the health reality in Brazil. And as we look at the Congress, for example, we see I increasing of the

544
01:40:05.310 --> 01:40:18.569
Clara Wardi (UnB): lost projects talking about more criminalization and less health attendance.

545
01:40:19.030 --> 01:40:29.330
Clara Wardi (UnB): And we couldn't look at this, this, this social social phenomenon

546
01:40:29.370 --> 01:40:33.350
Clara Wardi (UnB): using the the health perspective.

547
01:40:33.920 --> 01:40:37.190
Clara Wardi (UnB): That's a really big problem here.

548
01:40:37.920 --> 01:40:39.000
Thank you.

549
01:40:39.240 --> 01:40:45.220
Esther. Yeah, the situation in the Dominican Republic is very similar. And I'm actually surprised that

550
01:40:45.360 --> 01:40:53.120
that the situations are so similar, because in Brazil you do have a very powerful, very. you know.

551
01:40:53.610 --> 01:41:08.840
empowered exactly black women's movement. And yeah, I totally agree. And I was trying to to say that in my intervention this is a problem mainly for black, poor women.

552
01:41:09.230 --> 01:41:14.349
Right? I mean those of us who are middle class, those of us who are

553
01:41:14.450 --> 01:41:15.880
upper class.

554
01:41:16.380 --> 01:41:20.070
I I got an abortion myself when I was, you know, in my twenties.

555
01:41:20.230 --> 01:41:35.939
and I was able to do it very easily. Why? Because I middle class, I have access to, and I have the information to go to the people and the clinics that I know that do them and

556
01:41:36.970 --> 01:41:48.659
upper class women have it even easier. They go to Puerto Rico, they go to Miami, and the problem is solved. The problem is solved right. In the case of the Dominican Republic.

557
01:41:48.910 --> 01:41:55.429
I don't have the latest estimates, because, again, it's very difficult to

558
01:41:55.570 --> 01:42:05.589
to get an estimate, and the situation has changed. After the 2,010 Constitution that I showed to you after that article

559
01:42:05.650 --> 01:42:09.750
was included in the Constitution, because before then

560
01:42:09.790 --> 01:42:17.250
many doctors. I don't know if the majority of doctors, but many doctors, including doctors in public hospitals.

561
01:42:17.650 --> 01:42:19.750
they would just do it

562
01:42:20.140 --> 01:42:31.520
without, you know telling anyone right? It was just like, well, okay, this is the situation I need to prioritize. You know the woman's life.

563
01:42:31.740 --> 01:42:39.089
But after the 2,010 Constitution was approved. Many of them are very afraid of doing it.

564
01:42:39.620 --> 01:43:02.879
It still happens it still happens a lot, especially when the abortion is started by the woman herself, and then she arrives at the hospital, and they just have to finish it right. But it gets. I totally agree with Clara. It's a public health situation. In the case of the Dominican Republic. Abortions are the third cause

565
01:43:03.020 --> 01:43:04.890
of maternal death.

566
01:43:05.210 --> 01:43:12.359
and we're still not addressing them as what they are. They are a public health issue.

567
01:43:12.650 --> 01:43:15.859
and it's a reproductive justice issue.

568
01:43:15.870 --> 01:43:18.799
But we're we're very, very far from

569
01:43:19.090 --> 01:43:24.250
from having that conversation. It's a very difficult conversation to have

570
01:43:24.260 --> 01:43:39.219
again, even though, as I presented, the majority of the population agrees at least with exceptions and evade different degrees. I didn't have time to go into that right. So the exception about rape and incest

571
01:43:39.270 --> 01:43:43.959
has the lowest level of support, which is very telling.

572
01:43:44.090 --> 01:43:46.390
Right?

573
01:43:46.710 --> 01:43:47.640
Hmm.

574
01:43:53.690 --> 01:43:55.040
A.

575
01:43:56.600 --> 01:44:03.019
The the third cause is abortion. But I I don't remember the order of the other ones right now.

576
01:44:04.800 --> 01:44:16.450
I think so. Yeah. But but I do. You know. I don't remember that because it's related to the project. Yeah, it's a third cause. Yeah. But of course it changes. But yeah.

577
01:44:25.840 --> 01:44:29.780
Clara Wardi (UnB): can I? Sorry someone will.

578
01:44:30.740 --> 01:44:34.500
Clara Wardi (UnB): We'll talk, or I can ask. I can compliment.

579
01:44:35.340 --> 01:44:38.830
 Okay? so

580
01:44:39.100 --> 01:44:49.100
we are passing to right? Right? But you want just to add what you'd say so. Yeah, please go ahead.

581
01:44:49.910 --> 01:44:50.900
Clara.

582
01:44:52.590 --> 01:44:54.080
Clara, can you hear me?

583
01:44:54.140 --> 01:44:59.870
Clara Wardi (UnB): Yes, yes, if you just want to add to what you have already said, please go ahead.

584
01:45:00.050 --> 01:45:02.079
Clara Wardi (UnB): yes, thank you.

585
01:45:02.110 --> 01:45:19.740
Clara Wardi (UnB): I agree with my friend from Dominican Republic, because actually, in Brazil we cannot look at a portion only as a class problem, but he has an important intersection

586
01:45:19.770 --> 01:45:31.529
Clara Wardi (UnB): of race. The vast majority of women who die from abortion in Brazil, and who are assisted by the health system are black and women.

587
01:45:31.580 --> 01:45:41.709
Clara Wardi (UnB): and, as my research shows, the most vulnerable women criminalize, criminalize, it are black to. So

588
01:45:41.810 --> 01:45:46.459
Clara Wardi (UnB): that is It's important to look at this

589
01:45:46.760 --> 01:45:52.229
Clara Wardi (UnB): to to abortion with this point of view.

590
01:45:52.400 --> 01:45:57.660
Clara Wardi (UnB):  we've race and class together.

591
01:45:58.470 --> 01:46:03.909
Thank you. So now would you like to answer via.

592
01:46:05.020 --> 01:46:12.239
thank you. well, in our context. Yet now the violence word is not used.

593
01:46:12.360 --> 01:46:21.340
It's more in the government and 2 policy documents which have come up, the more term it as mistreatment and abuse.

594
01:46:21.580 --> 01:46:27.400
and the large number of not not large. The few studies which are emerging are

595
01:46:27.530 --> 01:46:39.879
only within the academic context, who are either researching, taking up as a research project, or some of them have done, their M fills and Phd. Theses around it.

596
01:46:40.050 --> 01:46:59.729
Within the health movement. Yet mistreatment and abuse is not much talked about, and part of a health movement. It itself took 50 years to talk about cast, and this was the first year we had ever any session around. Cast and help.

597
01:47:00.060 --> 01:47:18.240
That's so. It is and like I must also hear talk about my positionality. because it's important. I do not come from the upper class.

598
01:47:18.390 --> 01:47:28.429
and I am in an intercast marital relationship for the past 17 years, and it is true that and through my own field work

599
01:47:28.440 --> 01:47:36.110
I have been got to know and got to also learn, and I'll learn many of the experiences

600
01:47:36.380 --> 01:47:44.820
and within women's movement. It is a bit talked about in context of surrogacy.

601
01:47:44.960 --> 01:47:59.669
I would say. But not yet within the larger. But to say pregnancy, it's being identified since the it has been brought through again midwifery

602
01:47:59.790 --> 01:48:23.660
so, and there's a large debate going on in midwifery, and to bring around clinical midwifery, and not to look at the indigenous mid-free work And the for long the health policy has marginalized that, and knowing that now the doctors cannot reach out to the last mind, so mid-free is being brought about

603
01:48:23.850 --> 01:48:34.510
so. But so this violence is being also talked about. not because it has been. The mistreatment has been identified.

604
01:48:34.540 --> 01:48:48.070
So it was interesting that when I told about the when we started by work in Delhi. I was based in Galat and Delhi, and the second day, first few years of the second decade, when we started our work

605
01:48:48.090 --> 01:48:54.580
around midwifery and violence. We were looking through literature on quality of care more.

606
01:48:54.600 --> 01:49:07.389
And then, when, with the word mistreatment and abuse being started because the community health workers were extremely pushed to do some target-oriented work in the field.

607
01:49:07.510 --> 01:49:10.170
and as

608
01:49:10.430 --> 01:49:39.020
She also said that there is a need for re-reading lot of literature. in our context, it's equally important also in India. Yeah. And post, Covid, I would say there's been a lot more dialogue but more in terms of written articles, and but not in terms of maybe, you know, taking on to the streets which happen in the nineties like in India earlier.

609
01:49:39.130 --> 01:49:39.840
Yeah.

610
01:49:40.020 --> 01:49:47.049
but there are no more different forums, the lith forums which are talking about, because they also have their medical bodies

611
01:49:47.110 --> 01:49:48.770
which are talking about.

612
01:49:48.960 --> 01:49:49.660
Yeah.

613
01:49:50.290 --> 01:49:54.180
so it's more dispersed than one seasoner

614
01:49:54.420 --> 01:49:57.179
coming through in a collective form.

615
01:49:59.270 --> 01:50:09.290
So it's 720. I'd like to thank Amanda. Thank you so much for all your support, and thank you. Yes.

616
01:50:09.370 --> 01:50:37.909
and thank you to all the presenters. I think this was a terrific panel, and thank you to all who asked questions. The questions were equally very important. Right? And I look at you, I think you all pleased, aren't you with it? All right? All right. Thank you so much. And you know, I wish you the best in your research. And also, I imagine your activism to do something about these issues. Right?

617
01:50:38.630 --> 01:50:39.860
Yeah.

618
01:50:39.880 --> 01:50:41.129
thank you for.