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To Okay.

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Good morning. This time to start the session. The first. Organizer, Professor Eli Koji will Yeah, acknowledgement.

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Christine. Yeah, good morning. Welcome to this session from the very early morning today. So on behalf of everyone gathered I pay respect to the spirit of country.

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Here and now, where we are meeting. We acknowledge the past and present. Khulin Nation, Laurenjali.

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Waround as the submarine people here. The Cultural Knowledge Holders who maintain and promote the Nauru abolitional law, customs and custody citizenship.

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A custodianship responsibilities for country and the people that Country continues to sustain generation after generation.

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Into the future for all of us. I recognize that important contribution that first nation thinkers have made to sociology.

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Including challenges to our dominant weight of thinking. We thank all First Nations. First Nations delegates in the room today.

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For their contributions. To knowledge in the discipline. Thank you. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much.

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Well, thank you.

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And I'll put the slides up when the fifth sticky start.

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To be

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Good morning. Yeah. I was in Al-qaeda. Where an indigenous people and the I remember important your indigenous peoples movement.

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To stimulate them and now they were recognized as the in the different nation was in Japan recent years.

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Well, let's turn to the our session. Tackling East Asian migration regime challenges opportunities for Eastern Democracies.

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I'm the chair of this session. My name is Akheiro Koo from Aden University in Tokyo.

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And I have been doing research on in competitive immigration research. So as you know well, 3 East Asian democracies experienced rapidly the socioeconomic development is experienced rapidly socioeconomic development since 1,988 socioeconomic development since 1,900 sixtys or some

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decades and they have been experiencing. Syria's populations ageing since the 19 nineties. They started receiving foreign workers and married migrants.

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More than 3 decades ago. Without having regional and national framework comparable to the EU under its Schengen zone.

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Interviewing similarities can be found. In the my immigration patterns of the region. The similarities include guest worker type, labor migration.

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Ethnic migration or reluctance to welcome refugees. In addition to high incidence of marriage migration and care domestic walk migration incorporated in pamilistic worker Beijing.

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There are all exclusive attitudes towards immigrant immigrants is puzzling. Considering their deepening reproductive crisis, policy makers as well as the general public.

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Us still cautious about the inclusion of immigrants. As potential members of the nation, the societies.

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Hi, I mean that the exemplary case for these serious products is Japan. The most shocking recent news in Japan is that Japan has only had only 770 newlyborn babies last year.

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While it has more than 1 million until 2,015. That is a serious drop. And also based upon hard data it will be it will lose its population 1 million each year or more.

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For multiple decays from now on. And the population will shrink too. 87 million in 2,070 Broncalent one.

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125 million Something tanks forecast that economy needs more and more new immigrants and they their share will go up to about 10 million and the share will be 12.4% of total population in 2,070.

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Despite all these forecasts, there has been some social forces against the opening door for immigrants. And our door or refugees has been very narrowly opened.

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Were really limited. A Japanese presents extreme cases like a case. However, it represents the common paradox in East Asia.

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But we will see the Yeah. Yeah, but we will see the common politics among the 3 East agent and democracies.

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In this panel, wives, colors or experts will discuss cases of Taiwan Kolir and Japan And now, Namah Ovichi from Melbourne University will make commentally following the 5 presentations.

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So let's start the presentation. Professor Sam.

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There.

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Yes.

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Good morning everyone and I want to thank 2 organizers to put together this panel. Oh my presentation were Be about opportunities my observation and research on the opportunities and challenges of reforming Taiwanese immigration policy.

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And. Mrs. The only I would like to introduce you what immigration policy and migration regime is like in Taiwan.

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And, focus, provide you with the focus and perspective. And I will talk about 2 main reforms.

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To increase immigration into Taiwan. In the conflicts of logics. Of this policy. And I would try to provide explanations to these conflicts of projects and try to conclude.

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In the end. And about Taiwan's migration regime. Oh, I changed my title little bit from exclusive to it.

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Solutionary because this is more accurate. Let's begin to think about what is migration regime.

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And this is my take. About this concept is a concept to capture the relation between mobility, regulation and discourse.

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And the focus of the study is on the migration regime, design and improvement. There are many aspects about migration regime.

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You were here today. This is my focus. For this presentation and a migration regime in Taiwan used to be put together and group together with Japan and South Korea to be called exclusionary migration regime mainly because the 3 day days ago we all began to recruit immigrants to field labor shortage.

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And then at that time 3 countries learn from each other. They they all think we have this ethanol homogeneous society so we adopt a guest worker policy in different variations.

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So for a long time on these 3 countries the great majority of foreign migrants except for marriage migrants.

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Or categorize as low-scale workers and work as guest workers or trainees. Without prospect of settlement and permission to bring their families.

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And. This is distinctive. About the Asian migration regime.

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I will argue that a three-day case for 3 day case there is no amnesty regularization legalization taking place in these 3 countries and indicating these countries have limited pressures to a private ego frameworks informed by human and civil rights to the aliens.

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In Taiwan, I was focused on Taiwan today and it's for three-day case we we have seen the increase.

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Rapid increase in immigration but without settlement. So temporary labor policy for manual workers. And just some highly scale migrants can have this pathway to permanent residency or citizenship.

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But, is moving, it's changing. Like our organizer mentioned it. Decline of birth rate and demographic challenge.

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It's become the push factor to change And so, there is a shift of power.

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The policy making now is at the hands of currency bureaucracy. National Development Council.

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In the discourse has been changed to supply of human resource for now in for the future to take a population decline.

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And, the policy goal, put it specifically to respond to changes to demographic structure. And, so this is like the report by this.

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Council last year to link population decline, immigration policy and economic development. Together so No, my question is that the similar part policy change have been going on in South Korea and Japan and but still now people think that researchers think that I have to here to transform their migration regime significantly.

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So I'd like to know that to her extent the new and more proactive immigration policies in Taiwan signify transformative changes in Taiwan's migration regime, meaning that we see more settlers rather than temporary immigrants.

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So let me, give you some. The idea about what's going on. What is new?

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This change mainly is about the skills based immigration policy. And, because in like I want, except for marriage migrants, the only legitimate reason to accept newcomers is skills based on scales.

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And so granting a higher scale migrants more rice and pathway to permanent resume. Incentives to increase the immigration.

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So for for quite some time we have this little construction of scales. And only what the other hand we have the so-called role scaled.

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Guest workers and the then the college educated. The so-called high scale. And we thought as professionals to distinguish these 2 groups.

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And so one is without college education. The other is with cottage education and for the high-skilled causeway to permanent.

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Is provided. And so for. This is the current situation.

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We have we have heavily readied on foreign workers in many jobs in manufacturing sector. And as well as in the chaos sector.

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And they are institutionalized as low scale. Not because they are really low-scale, but they are institutionalized as low skills.

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So they can be higher as case workers with low and fixed salary during their stay. And they are some of their high skill really because a lot of them are working in our sameiconductor industry.

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Definitely pretty. They are not real steel. In in care work too is very sophisticated work. And then, On the other hand, we have a This foreign professionals was pathway to PR.

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But the number has really not increased. Us significantly. So, now the, new, the policy maker is eager to bring in more, immigration immigrants so they try to expand this to end.

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To meet or to meet or to reduce the requirement to to be part of us high skill. Mainly to the implemented poin system and then to promote some guest workers to become label technicians.

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And so now we are very, we have policymakers very ambitious. They said the score.

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Before 2037 years from now we need 300 So more. Skilled immigrants. And they are professionals and professionals via a point system and a miss scale.

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Not no blue-collar workers. Totally from the killed immigrants. And so I put this New part is in this matrix.

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I have no time to go through but just give you the sense that now currently we need population supply. So the quantity concern is high and we have no specific skill match.

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And the integration potential is there. For them to become permanent resident. However, I will talk about the current The policy really actually increased.

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Great number of immigrants but they have very little hope to become the permanent resident. And so that's what I call the conflict of projects.

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So. Well, the question is do new policies bring in more immigrants eventually to settle? Not as temporary worker.

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And that's time I moved to become a host society with more settlers than transients. Then they may quickly.

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Look at these 2 domains. One is to increase the number of foreign professionals. We remove salary label requirement for foreign graduates.

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They if they graduate from the higher education in Taiwan, then they definitely can pass the point system and they can walk it with any salary.

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And so this is called meddling definition of professionals. And, because we have, A greater number of horn students in the past decade.

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The number is double. So they have become the supply. And the point is system really works. Now the great majority of them stay on because of this point.

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How, sorry I have to go very fast. I only have few minutes left. And so actually by this point system we have seen some some number or the increase in terms of professionals.

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And however they have according to my study they have very they have difficulty to obtain permanent residency because our income They were required for applying PR is about 60% income label of the same age group.

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Is above above medium they had to be much better off. Economically. In the second is the promotion of this guesswork some of the guest workers to become medieval technicians.

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And we have quite a number, quite some number of them. They become long term. They become long-term and guest workers and so the policymakers try to make some of them to stay.

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So this is the neo-palacy, I think it's similar in Japan.

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We, we promote some blue Carter workers to become a permanent resident. But the problem is they still have to meet the income label required for PR.

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But their their salary is much lower than the professional professionals. So the same thing happened. This policy. Actually end up creating a lot of temporary.

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Long-term temporary immigrants. So explaining the conflicts of the reform. I focus on a policy bureaucrats because they for now they really dominate the policy making.

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This is the reason why I promised I focus on on them. I tried to explain their conflicts of projects.

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They want to bring in settlers, but why they place such high hurdle for the high income hurdle.

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And I think that Ideology is more has more experimentary power over rationality. In terms of rationality, they should.

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Have increased large number of immigrants to settle to combat population decline. But now we see the criticism induce.

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The policy said the high hurdle for immigrants. To settle and these are 3 aspects I think class classism it is at work for those immigrants with less power who are socially devalued, discounted and excluded as compared with other immigrants in in these 3 aspects college education and much economically much better off and no blue counter the migrants accepted

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as new members. So I would say this is one is the market value space citizenship. That you have to prove your market value to be.

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To be a qualifier as one of Taiwanese members. And, blue counter settlers.

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The policy makers emphasized ever over and over again this is not for blue Carter migrants to settle.

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So, I think criticism has a lot of other implicit bias, for example, women. Screwed it in large number because of different reasons if we are interested we can talk about that during Q&A.

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I want to conclude just quickly that the result of immigration reform at least for now more and more college educated and medieval migrant workers are attracted by pathways to permanent residency.

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But the high heard of becoming permanent resident prevents many from anticipating the certainty of settlement and many continue to work and live without complete rights for a long time.

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And, so this is the last slide I have. I think exclusionary migration regime if we talk about is is predominantly long term, long term or temporary migrants.

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I think this the concept the regime is consolidated. So the policy changes have not transformed but instead consolidated the exclusionary migration regime categorized by an ever larger number of temporary migrants.

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Without settlement. So this is my participation.

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Thank you very much. First I have, from national taiwan university

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Next speaker is in June from Korea University. Told and she got he well present in video pretty important video.

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No, this is Right to present. Trends of international migration and issues of my integration being Korea.

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In my presentation, of international migration. Of. And my And finally, I played the reasons. Local area of migration in Korea.

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To ratio the directions of Korean emigration and integration. In the last 3 decades. As a researcher.

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Has become anTY-FIVE country from the old in 19 nineties.

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The normal offering business has continued to increase. And now the over about 2 millions. Ocology for 3.8%.

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The Korean population in tradition in war You've been classified with residence according to the sentence of residence.

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Nice meeting is at the Korean. We 40 national May always his Koreans fully fun Korea for employment.

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V,

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The last movie, workers why the number of professional workers has to move. Oralize me. No, they are.

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You know national merit began to increase in 2,000. Cassie C. 2,005.

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Always declined. Since then. Nowadays every year, 10,000 international universities occur. Between Korean men and 4.

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A local Mary M. It has to be steadily increasing since 25. But lower opportunities with a migration background.

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Continued. They are not worries around. 70,000. Normally my nation student has continued to increase.

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You know, the late 90, s he lost the growing trend. If you specify who you measure by additionality So, There we are Chinese by those absolute Muslims.

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Yeah, number is estimated here to be 800,000 hippies. Be any Korea's we've written nationalities Yeah, normal has continued to increase in 2,006.

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And when there are 30 my Americans and Canadians. Ethnic Koreans could be because there was a majority of foreign residents due to the Soviet government's integration policy favoring at any Koreans over those at the point.

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For example, always is Korea's visa. And what you did to be now, H 2 design.

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Allow every Koreans to enter and work in Korea more freely than look at any 4 years. The Korean government favorite vision to overseas Korea.

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Fly close before refugees. The normal of rapitional Tuberry has to be made at paper.

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But it forces change the features of Korean residents is a increasing trend. For honors. In 2,015 from over OUt marginalized in cities does not work at proportional temporary agreements.

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He stimulants that Korea is now the taste of emission country. If we compare the same type of between

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From 8% to half. Well, the proportion of Korean residents we've got Koreans from 81% to 77%

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You can somewhere else you have mentioned the trends of migration in Korea and followers. First, the number of migrants who Yeah.

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1,000 post. Short-long most scared foreign workers. Seen the overall honest bread and test Okay. The number of natural life premiums is changed on all free Students say the high authority was

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Mary Miami migrants are acquiring Korean citizenship. Transporting from Pompeo to The normal Refugee Centre at Refugee.

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Okay, as Muslims are very few and people. Oh, overall integration has increased. Racial and culture diversity has not increased to the same reason.

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18 Korea on the Egyptian country made middle point in contradiction identified Munition as a state in which migrants become good members of the hostess society.

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5 FIVEING IN TRIED mentioned.

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Integration and my agricultural resentments. I revised the Oh my reason proposed by Ego and St.

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Participation and psychology and culture. As new authors in my study. I had 3 dimensions of my intuition as I mentioned earlier.

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Every indicators to measure the level of migrant education items. And the exactly, Folks are examined the level of systematic integration.

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In very trendy trends because of the race of Coyne Leslie's who are 6 to 3 weeks now and Natural life cousins and native greens.

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But the privilege rate is higher to move foreign investors than say native Koreans. And then our dangers.

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So, to the Korean memories. Performed only 7.9 My husband's given that sustainability conditions and nature creates Yeah, is already spinning forward and as compared to the point is content or leading to Most of their name on books .

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1, 48% We have which victories provided by the archives of the right. A little x is 4.1 out of 5, Odyssey's present experience So, and 17.8% You did not have text features.

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This map shows that those scripture mates are put in residence in 4 major instruments in tax insurance 80% of my past issues.

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So political participation of putting in the early nineteenth century of foreign writers in Korea. In real discrimination experienced by foreign residents A lot community present inferior to discrimination, but within 2.7% You imagine?

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So many responding to discrimination in furious pessimism and indicate your own psychological education. We used our sense of belonging in the sense of belonging to Korean society.

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1 3.7% dollar 5. Was higher than the elements. So, so building the local community was at a role in the Turkish society.

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Migration Research and Tricky Exeter. Korean government on the My reason is Institute. The micro distribution is there.

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Considering the previously reviewed indicators. And there shows that professionalists naturalize for persons and permanent residents 470 out of 100 points.

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Professionally shows the lowest in their own situation. However, all groups show that the integration method of these 8 points Well, how are you, indicating that the difference between the roots was not However, because the Apache did not provide a baseline or get to reach Cool.

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To assess whether the level of integration is high or low, it is difficult to judge ability to do or immigrants is managed to When you comes from acceptance, it's an important condition for agricultural society.

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It defined it as a degree to reach the other people of different racial and for a baby role as members of society.

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We don't know, You know, or as far as the school increased from 27 to 2015 and declined that tour.

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Indicating that Koreans have become And for us, who are supporting us as They also became next objective of powering policies.

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Football King. Korea's rejection of refugees and Muslims were pregnant. Yeah, any refugee crisis in January?

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Very easy. And the recent protests against construction of what we have properly creates protections and attitudes towards immigrants and minorities.

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James for sympathy in the 1990. Use 20 tests. And to entry with the I was walkers and made myERS movement were perceived.

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Us. But, what you're quite sure is now was seen as FLOOR. CIMMA.

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Combining the self-based research review or model. The overall data is 2.5 points.

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Audible 5, features the best destiny ever into their So in integration level of petroleum residence was 2.8 8 higher than the average of many migrants and all these Do you know the national life responses?

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In creation then all fibers and many migrants. Yeah Teger race I know is still the average in several indicators of integration.

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The experience of discrimination Of course, No, in the overall If a lot of research match the research on my own survey of migrant focus as many times to me is the whole Metropolitan area.

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The overall level of hybrid workers in 5 min 1, 2.5. The average man had all the situation.

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These results focus that most migrant workers and maybe my Not ready to raise it. Montreal is institutionally and Korean desire.

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I display the reasons for the road at you know migration in Korea from Prospecting roots are migrants, statues and On the migrant side, they have 2 curiosity.

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Anybody? And they do not have a serious foundation for social inspiration. Which has foreign records the entity.

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From the dating side, they do not recognize migrants as members of society. People arrive and discriminate on it and through them from the opportunity structure and social relations.

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So the government side, the government and politicians are reluctant to its defense. Active migrants in integration policies such as enzyme's foundation for hope to protect the rights and stateless migrants.

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Because the general public is concerned about immigration districts. Thank you for Professor Eugene.

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Oh yeah, university. And even though she presented by pre-recorded video, she can join.

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I'll discussion later on.

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So next presenter. Is great. And you will. Regime in Japan.

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Quite a new.

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I did a dance check. Would say to change some things. Since last 2 years. How's it?

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Yeah, thank you. Thank you. Good morning everybody. Thank you so much for coming to our presentation.

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My topic is pretty new and it's very challenging for coming to our presentation. My topic is pretty new and it's very challenging for coming to our presentation.

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My topic is pretty new and it's very challenging for me. My topic is pretty new and it's very challenging for me so I hope you can bear it with it.

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I want to problematize the real, really this binary categories. Between migration and refugees. Seen through the case of Japan by looking into the evacuation of the Afghans in the aftermath.

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Of the upheaval into 2,021 as well as the label migration project that is going on.

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Language produces binaries to distinguish concepts in a distinct manner, to label the people who are crossing borders as migrants or refugees have a great degree of political meaning and consequences.

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You in itcr's campaign hashtag words matter distinguishes refugees and migrants that the refugee is running for their life, fleeing war or persecution.

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They can't return home and they are entitled to special protection under the international law. On the other hand, migrants or those who cross border to work.

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Education and family reunification. And are free to return. This binary opposition between refugees and migrants have led to the development of 2 separate domains in policies and scholarships in the distinct manner.

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Within this dichotomy, the state manipulate and politicize the labels to insist that people arriving are economic migrants or bogus refugees so that they are not genuine refugees to justify the selective and arbitrary inclusion and exclusion.

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The scholars of migration states that the line between the wanted and unwanted are derived from the perceptions of the implications for national resources in general and welfare states in particular.

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I argue this border produces social relations of domination and inequality and it is not only materially constructed, but also symbolically constructed.

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According to the public opinion survey conducted by the Pure Research Center reveal that across the 18 countries including Mexico, South Africa, Hungary and Israel, well these are not the usual migrant and refugee receiving countries.

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All the countries except Japan showed high support taking in refugees fleeing violence and war compared to immigrants moving to their country.

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However, in the case of Japan, it showed an opposite trend exemplifying the negative perception towards refugees.

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But not to migrants. The refugee recognition rate is extremely low in Japan, less than 1% and lags far behind the international standards.

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Well, the state is not interested to protect refugees. It genuinely, genuinely cares whether Japan remains attractive to labor migrants and international students.

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So the aim of this presentation is to discuss the contradictory dynamics for open borders for labor migrants and close borders for asylum seekers through how the state label people differently.

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Instead of understanding the 2 systems in dichotomy, it aims to situate migration refugees systems.

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In a continuum and discuss the nature of the developmental welfare state.

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So, just if this is something that is just happened on the ninth June, which kind of symbolizes.

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That the 2 binary oppositions and how it has been treated. So on ninth June, simultaneous moves took place in Japan.

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One is the strengthening of the state control over asylum seekers and refugees. To facilitate deportation.

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The other is the expansion of the labor migration to mitigate the ever-shrinking and aging population.

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It gives a clear message to welcome the labor migrants to work in the precarious labor market, but refugees fleeing from fear are unwanted as they may become a burden to the social welfare.

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The dichotomy between the migrants and refugees successfully contributed to separate the 2 issues as those in the business sector remained indifferent to the revision of the immigration law and the civil society advocating for refugee protection did not pay much attention to the expansion of the labor migration scheme.

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So, here I would like to explain a bit about the, the evacuation of the Afghanistan case as as a case for the refugee acceptance.

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Well, Japan ratified the refugee convention in 1,981 but between 1,982 to 2,021 the total number of refugee recognition is less than 1,000.

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And even though Japan is the fourth donor to UNHCR, You can see that there is not no political will to accept as this was the speech given by the ex- Prime Minister Abe at the UN.

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It just says that Japan says it must look after its own before allowing in Syrian refugees.

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So in 2021 August what happened was that the Taliban took power in in Afghanistan and for those in Japan we have received a number of requests from those Afghans who wanted to evacuate.

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And these can be classified into 3 groups. So the first one was the local staff of the Japanese Embassy and Jaika.

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So basically they were employed by the Japanese government. And secondly, former international students who studied under the government scholarship.

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And thirdly, the families of Afghan citizens who were residing in Japan. And by the end of August, more than 120,000 people has evacuated.

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But the evacuation to Japan remained very minimum. Well, why Japan got involved in this is because that Japan has been one of the major donor to Afghanistan in the past 20 years to support the reconstruction and development of the country and particularly important was that we received a lot of international students under the government's scholarship.

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The number was more than 1,400. So those students were, they studied in Japan and took their masters and PhDs and they went back to support the Afghan government to develop the country.

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So we did a survey in early 2022 that are targeting the Afghan evacuees who have arrived in Japan after fifteenth, who have arrived in Japan after fifteenth, who have arrived in Japan after the fifteenth of August, but those who could not return.

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And 83% of the respondents were the current or former students. And 94% said that if they go back there is a high risk that they will be persecuted.

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And these are from the free answers. And as you can see, The the affiliation with Japan actually brought this well founded fear of being persecuted.

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So they say that those who worked for previous government and Japanese organization are considered as spies and never forgiven.

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So what we try to do is that for the universities who had international Afghan students We tried to evacuate them.

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And also we have been receiving a lot of requests that they are really in danger of their lives. But then what the state responded was that they they refused to issue the short-term visa which is meant for like maximum 90 days and for this is issued for like tourists or family visits.

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But they only allowed them to enter the country if they hold the working visa or the student visa.

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So in other words, those who have this well-founded fear of being persecuted and will qualify as refugees had to become migrants and as you can see between 2,021 June to 2,022 June if you become a refugee you will be entitled to have this long-term visa but the number is very

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limited while as the other visas such as the working visa or the student visa has increased quite a lot.

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But then,

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What should be noted is that the refugee recognition is not the goal in their lives and after 6 months even though they are recognized as refugees they will be no support at all and everyone have to become neighbors to sustain their livelihood.

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So this is the survey to the former staff of the Japanese Embassy in Afghanistan who are recognized as refugees.

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But our refugees are free to choose their jobs but constrained by their limited language ability. Now most of them work for the dispatch company in construction or factories even though 70% of them has a university or postgraduate degree.

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The resettlement support is so limited so as expected they have to depend on the welfare not because they are refugees but because of the poorly designed resettlement and integration policies.

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So as Professor Oishi has argued, Japan has a linen policy towards highly skilled workers. However, with the refugee label attached Afghans even though they have a PhD are considered as symbolic threat by the state symbolic threat arises when difference in values, morals and attitudes are perceived as threat to

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in-groups. Afghans are appreciated when they were students because they were returned after the study but not welcomed when they arrived with a high possibility of becoming refugees.

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Even though the reason for the well-founded fear are based on the previous relationships with Japan. The refugee label became a powerful signifier for Afghans to be treated as unwanted in the racialized eyes of the state that intersects with ethnicity, gender, and religion.

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Muslim women were never represented in a positive manner. And the fact that the The fact that you support women's education in Afghanistan for the past 20 years was a flagship project for the Western Allies, including Japan, to show off.

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It's quote unquote civilization and democracy. But that was conveniently forgotten.

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So now I move to the issue of the labor migrants, especially focusing on the care workers. So this is the labor shortage that has accelerated in the past years and especially in the sectors such as nursing and long-term care insurance.

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The labor shortage is really chronical. So here you can see that the different kinds of migration channels has opened up in the past decades.

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To deregulate and open up for the labor migrants, especially for care workers, to come in and work in Japan.

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Even though the numbers are increasing, the medical and social welfare only shares like 4% among the total sectors but it's a growing sector.

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The number of the service providers and migrants working in medical social welfare has increased. Quite a bit even though the border was closed.

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So this means that the students and the people in other sectors are coming into care work.

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The Ministry of Health, labor and welfare had issues this guidebook saying, let's work with migrant care workers.

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Why not hire a migrant care worker to work with you? Well, I thought that this was quite revolutionary considering that they were really in the forefront to exclude the the migrants to work in the health sector.

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And then there were various incentives given for labor migrants in the care sector, including scholarships and subsidies.

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So this these are some of the measures to make them easier. Make it easier for them to work in the field.

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This is, but this is how precarious it is. Maybe I don't have time for to explain this.

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I can come back, but it's just that the to have this national certificate of care work. Have made them have allowed them to access to the citizenship but only a handful will be able to reach this stage.

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So here are the migrants here. Earlier we saw that the refugees were turned into migrants. But here I would think that some of the migrants would be turned into refugees.

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Well, the state seems to successfully separate the migration refugee domain to keep labor migration under strict control.

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But in the post-pandemic era, the Vietnamese workers who were the top sending country is now in decline due to the economic development in their home countries and devaluation of Yen.

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While the people from Myanmar is increasing where the younger generations are suffering after the military coup.

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The Burmese are asking refuge as students and labors to Japan and may not be able to return to their home countries unless the situation improves but the situation is unlikely to improve.

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So these are the number of people who have applied for the humanitarian status and 98% are from Myanmar.

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So in conclusion, the essentialist view holds that migrants and refugees are fundamentally different. This dichotomy legitimized the open borders to labor migrants to amend the labor shortage but close the border to refugees as they may become the burden to the welfare states.

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The Afghan who experienced the well-founded fear of persecution was not admitted as refugees. It had to be turned into migrants to enter Japan.

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Symbolic threat arose as if Muslim families cannot be part of the nationhood. On the contrary, labour migrants were given incentives to enter care work, but some may apply for the refugee humanitarian state as due to the well-founded fear of persecution in their home countries.

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The strong emphasis on self-reliance combined with the self-responsibility manifests the developmental nature of the welfare state.

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Instead of criminalization of migrants and refugees, capability approach should be enhanced to provide language training and education.

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What has been long postponed is the coherent policy to support the long-term resettlement and integration of people crossing borders.

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Going beyond the dichotomy allows us to see that borders are not only securitized but monetized and these goes hand in hand.

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The poor treatment of refugees and lack of humanitarian principles surely will affect the country's soft power and the attractiveness to both labor migrants as well as students.

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So that's all. Thank you very much.

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Thank you, Professor Rainbow. Yeah, to herself, help. That actually helps. And use.

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Okay, next. Presenter is to go for the in. To talk about the labor market.

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Yeah.

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Peace. A free start. Presentation. Good morning.

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First, I'd like to thank organizers for giving me this opportunity to present my research. My name is Kikukuna Ayashi from the University of Tokyo.

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Today I'm going to talk about the labor market traditions of immigrant war courts in Japan.

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As in Salesforce year and in Taiwan The rapist shortage. Let the Japanese government to open the border and to accept a growing number of foreign workers.

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From 2,012 to 2,021 the number of foreign nationals remaining in Japan had increased by 36%.

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We need to keep in mind that Japanese government has been active to accept 40 workers. Students but not as any other types of immigrant as the professor or just explained so they are passive to accept refugees.

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Eminent workers often occupy different positions in the labor market from those of native workers. So it's the same in Japan.

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This figure shows the proportions of non-regular workers by nationality. The green grine represents the proportion of non-regular workers of Japanese women and let's do try shows the proportion of non-regular workers of Japanese men.

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We can see that the proportion of non-regular workers are much higher among foreign nationals compared to the Japanese men.

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Especially those from Braggio, so I mean they're from South America. And from in the Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippine, Nepal, soda from Southeast Asia, the proportion of non-regular workers is quite high.

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The proportion of non-regular worker is large among Japanese women. But those of South American and Southeast Asian immigrant women are even higher.

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If we look at the proportions of professional workers The proportions are quite large among Americans, English and Indian immigrants regardless of their gender.

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In contrast, the proportions at less than 10% among South American and Southeast Asian immigrants.

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And among these South American and Southeast Asian immigrants, the proportion of manual workers are large. Especially Bragerian and Peruvian immigrant men.

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Manual workers constitute more than 80% of their preparations. Which is much higher compared to the Japanese man.

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In short, immigrants are stratified in the Japanese labour market by their nationality. Immigrants from Western countries or maybe from India occupy the top positions.

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East Asian immigrants are in the middle. And the Southeast Asian and South American immigrants are in the most Bernoulli positions.

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Alright, your studies. Often took the economist view or recognized perspective to explain that this certification. So they explain this certification with focusing on the different labels of human capital.

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So there they shinks the Western immigrants are in a top position because they have Barged amount of human capital and the Southeast agent and South American immigrant are in a lower rural position because they do not have sufficient amount of human capitals.

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And it's to some extent it's true because they're levels of education, it's much lower among the Southeast Asian and South America immigrants compared to the Western immigrants.

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But it's not a full story. According to the SABI data, We cannot say that these are amount of human capital can explain that this certification.

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This table shows the distribution of occupation before and after migration. It tells that the distribution of occupations of immigrants before migration does not defer by nationality as much as those after migration.

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Team, the proportion of the Southeast Asian immigrant who worked as professional workers before migration who worked as professional workers before migration is around 30%.

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Only about 8% below that of Western immigrants. In contrast, only 17% of Southeast Asian immigrants work as professional workers after migration.

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While more than 70% of Western immigrants do so.

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The percentage of Southeast Asian immigrants working in manual jobs after migration has more than doubled. Compared to before migration.

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We can't find the shimeter tendency among South American immigrants. The personage of South American Jimmy's working in manure jobs after migration has more than toy code compared to before migration.

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So immigrants who held shimmers socioeconomic positions in their home countries are in very different labour market positions after migration.

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Previous studies taking economist perspective may argue that stratification among immigrants occur due to differentiates in Quarity of human capital or transfability of human capital.

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Immigrants have accumulated human capitals in their home country before migration. However, these human captures are not necessarily fully utilized in other shipping country.

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For example, employers cannot properly evaluate educational credential immigrants obtained in their home countries if they do not know well about immigrant education system in immigrant home country.

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Furthermore, due to differences in business custom or Because employers chink, there is differences in business custom between countries.

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So they're working experience, the immigrant, emerated in their home country are not evaluated in by its employers in other shipping countries.

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Human capital commemorated in some countries For example, in the US are more transfable than those accumulated in most Western countries.

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Because of the hegemonic position of Western countries in the world. Americans workers can get advanced because of their fluency of English, even though it's just their native language.

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However, in Japanese case Human captures accumulated outside of Japan might not be transfable. Fabi of studies suggests that Japanese employers expect immigrant workers to have Japanese-spentric human capital.

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They, Haidi Bardu, Japanese rungage proficiency and cultural adaptability of immigrant workers.

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Lers learn specific vocational skills. Even for professional jobs. In the process of recruitment of new graduates, employers, neighbor or seldom asked what is their major.

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What they learned in their university. Employers just asked a question to test if they had a team spirit.

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If Jeopardy's employer to value Japanese language skills and cultural adaptability more than anything, Human capital accumulated outside of Japan does not matter regardless of location where it is accumulated.

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There are some studies examining if transpiability of human capital immigrants accumulated in their home countries differentiates their positions in the labor market.

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Some studies show findings which support this argument. Compared to the Japanese nationals who graduated from university in Japan, Western immigrants who graduated from Western University Arm War.

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And that no Western immigrant from graduated from a university in non-western countries are risks. So it says education or return or education is different.

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And education and Cordicho acquired in Western country had much value. But the whole world also found that Japanese nationals who graduated from a university absolute also armed risk compared to the Japanese who graduated to university in Japan.

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So unfortunately, the survey Hulboro youths did not ask which country their university was located. But we can assume that most Japanese choose our university in Western country for studying up road.

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So this result suggests a possibility that education credentials aren't in Western countries. Do not improve workers position in the labor market.

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But these studies just are test how the employer evaluate human captures accumulated in different countries in directory.

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So we have to test.

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If employers in Japan evaluate human capital accumulated in Western countries more highly than that accumulated in non-western countries.

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The Adios Japan project team conducted a online survey for those with experience in HR Dijon to investigate how Japanese employers aarate human capital of a diverse worker.

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And in this survey we question employers a variation of human captures acquired in different pressures. We asked how our respondent Evaluate the foreign experiences of a candidate if they were in church or recruiting a regular worker who could be in a managerial position.

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In the future. We asked about graduating from a university in Western or Asian country. Studying a year in university in a Western or age and country working in a general affairs department in a Western Asian country or Japan.

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And working as a sailor's representative in a Western Asian or Asian country or in Japan. Our response is given on our 5 point scale.

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So with regard to education. Education experience we can compare which acquired in Western country and in Asian country and with regard to working experience we can compare how the employer evaluated them, accumulated in how the employer evaluated them, accumulated in Western and in Asian and in Japan.

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Tinneder, we test how this evaluation of the human capital defer according to the press of human chapter accumulation.

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And I also test if a variation of the human capture accumulated in different countries defer between foreign capital form and Japanese capital form and between forms with and without Obashi branches.

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This is a resort and These video shows the predicted levels of evaluation. Of the educational experience in the Western country and in Asian country.

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Although there is a significant effect of the positive effect of the education acquired in Western country. The difference is part marginal.

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So, yeah, so their employer maybe evaluates their education acquired in Western country a bit higher than their education in acquired in Asian countries.

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Just a small difference.

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And this table shows the result of a variation of working experience and I just keep this. Okay, and these previous roots that are And 4 years in Japanese capital forms or formed with no obashi branches tend to evaluate working experience accumulated in Japan much higher than those accumulated outside of Japan.

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Employers in foreign capital forms and formed with Obashi branches do not differentiate their evaluation of human captors accumulated in different countries.

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Form each result, we cannot say that human capital accumulated in Western countries are more transfable in the Japanese labor market than those accumulated in Asian countries because there is only a small difference.

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So what forms gratification of immigrants? And why do Southeast Asian and South American immigrants tend to experience downward mobility while Western immigrants tend to experience upward mobility.

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We can assume that structure factors play more important roads in the stratification of immigrants in Japan. Human kept their best explanation has been developed in the Western countries where family-based immigration awards or refugee is a major These are majority of immigrants.

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So there it assume that immigrants have unlimited access to jobs and immigrants who look for a job in our shipping country.

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However, studies in Asian societies go build. Asian context where this assumption are not varied. Asian countries tend to implement immigration portraits that accept foreign workers only for a limited period as a temporal walkord.

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Furthermore, sending country government activity involve migration processes. They trained various kind of care workers and helped them.

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Work in foreign country for example the Filipino government trained various kind of care workers and help them.

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Working the foreign country. So the government also negotiates the working condition of their work with shaping countries to avoid criticism from the public and sustained migration rule.

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Or intermediary agencies enhance So this migration process. So what I want to say is a reshaping country decide to accept manual workers because they are they have a labor shortage in that area of occupations.

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And the singing country. Or the intermediary agency trains their citizens to be a manual worker. So there are immigrants from South East.

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Asian countries or South American countries are not become Mario Rochon not because their skills are No, properly evaluated because they are accepted as manual workers and they are trained to be so.

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So, this is a story, this is a conclusion. Stertification of immigrants starts before migration through the creation of cross-national recruitment network.

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And so what we need to ask is how other employment opportunity are located in the global labor market. So it's we can say this is our institutional rights in equality labor market position is determined through an allocation of recruitment network between and within societies which is institutional rights by activities of reshaping and sending countries government.

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firms and intermediary agents. I'm sorry, I poke too much. Thank you.

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01:12:47.001 --> 01:12:55.000
Thank you. I Next speaker is, from Universal Housing.

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She will talk about

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Historical comparison in migration.

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Oh So she was.

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Can you please unmute yourself? Oh, good. Okay.

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Yes, yes, yes. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for, giving me the opportunity to present my paper today and I'm so sad that I cannot join the conferencing person, but here's my presentation at World Historical Compares of migration regimes, the concept of immigration control regime in

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Japan. I know that actually it is almost like the preaching to the priest, but, migration studies in Japan, Usually in PAY, the wide variety of the topics such as the migration laws and border security like the investigation or the research about the immigration control and the Refugee Recognition

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Act. Mainly done by the legal studies, And on the other hand, there is another field of study history or migration loads in Japan.

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So this topic also entails the set topics such as Japanese diaspora or pharma colonial subjects to like Koreans with Taiwanese in Japan and also the development or the change of the lows such as Immigration Control Act, Nationality Act, Outdoor Territory.

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And also, sociology, of course, most importantly for us, international sociology in Japan investigate the topics such as the labor market.

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Or migrant integration in the labor market such as technical inter trainees, NP migrants, highly skilled foreign workers, women.

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Or the, migration and class stratification, migration and family, work assistance, education or racism in

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Yeah.

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And in my presentation, I try to actually address a little bit historical issue of this, the concept of the migration regime.

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Yeah.

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In Japan. So, already introduced by the very beginning of this session. Migration regime, means that migration policies and the outcomes that collectively reflect the admission and settlement of foreign boom people all the time.

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And while this the diversity of this very concept itself, the migration regime. Which, has a great, wide variety from the current migration set of the policy to the rather critical perspective on.

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Okay.

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The current situation or the hardships that's migration. Receives in the in the center that will settle the country I would like to pick an example from the concept of the migration regime in Japan, which in Japanese language can be tr translated as immigration control regime, when you can't I say.

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Which has been addressing the actually not really about the migration regime that we usually imagine from the world, but rather about addressing the ethnic discrimination and also the history issues between Japan's colonial past.

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You

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And also tries to raise the issue of human rights protection for the migrants in Japan. So therefore, Also, my presentation is not really exactly about the migration regime with sociologists usually imagine.

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I try to highlight the importance of search the concept of this notion itself. And hopefully trying to figure out or clarify.

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Yes.

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Yeah.

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Yeah.

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Well, persuade you. Concept. So my question is how that's the research of Japan's history of immigration regime or immigration control regime has revealed and how produce what produced such scholarship in relation to The neighboring Northeast Asian countries, namely China Taiwan and Korea And to, my purpose is to

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link past and present migration studies in Japan. And to identify the characteristic. Characteristics of the Pounds.

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So what we see that when we try to figure out what kind of the scholarship has done under the concept of some immigration control regime.

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Regime. Yeah, we can find out the 2 big waves of the scholarship of this using this concept.

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Yeah.

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So, It is. However, all these 2 ways. Was well conducted under the strong criticism or at least a question to the Japan's immigration contract policy.

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And, the Tom is, to repeat, immigration control regime in Japanese language. And mainly this concept is, referring to the historical origin in Japanese language.

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And mainly this concept is, referring to the historical origin of immigration policy in Japan. Let me look to the 90 seventies, the first wave of the migration, immigration, contour regime studies.

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St.

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As a societal background was Very much clear. It was actually anti Vietnam war movement. It's and this anti Vietnam War movement mainly led by the peace in Vietnam's city coalition problematized the Japan US Security Treaty.

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And because this organization tries to, assist. The evacuation of the US soldiers from Vietnam or even to the Korean soldiers from Vietnam.

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They faced how to receive or how to send them back to or how to assist their evacuation from Vietnam to the third countries such as Canada.

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They face the difficulties in the japan's immigration control policy

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And also the anti-viet anti Vietnam War movement also had a close relationship to the revision of Immigration Control Act because of these systems of the soldiers.

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From Vietnam to the And, maybe we jump off the integration control act was long. In the 90 69 And this, quickly code the anti, anti-immigration control at revision movement.

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And this, the various political parties and also the grassroots movement. Participated in this movement.

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Also by the anti revision movement by Korean youth league in Japan and also overseas Chinese music. In Japan.

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And also among the student movements such as Tokyo University. They said that this revision of Immigration Control Act.

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Which mainly aims to. Makes the integration. Oh, sorry.

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Immigration control. Bureau to make it easier to the port Those who were arrested in just a political movement.

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Such as student movement at the time. So therefore just as students leagues in Tokyo University for example.

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Yeah.

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Claim that this is an issue of the relationship between the Japanese and Korean and Chinese who are always oppressed or because of our Japanese discrimination.

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And this, immigration control revision movement resulted, its fruits both in terms of social movement and also the scholarship.

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It's success free repealed every region of the Immigration Control Act in 90 73.

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And it also connected to the on type fingerprinting movement to the alien registration card which is which I cannot really explain in detail because it takes so much time.

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However, it's also, placed the, on Japan Korea solidarity movement in the 90 sixties, seventies and eighties for the.

388
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Between the crossroads movement between the citizens as well as students and also the decolonization or history studies movement between the Japanese grassroots activists.

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A

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And also, for us more importantly. It made. Group of the scholarship we which investigates the history of immigration contract policy of Japan.

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So, for example, while questioning the origin of Japanese immigration policy. And also Japan's, alien registration.

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Yeah.

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Act or area registration. Systems tracing back to the early ninety-thirds such as the Montreal in, northeast part of China and also the residential fingerprinting registration system in pre and post war Japanese system, a Japanese society which targets both Not only for the former colonial subjects of Korean did.

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Are you on the Chinese but also to the native Japanese population?

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Yeah.

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And

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And the 2,000, because of the new, release of the new documents from Japan and the United States and Australia and New Zealand enabled or few the new wave of the study of the immigration control regime in Japan.

398
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Yeah.

399
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And also the, actually this time in the 2,000. Democratization of Korea also pushed the release of the new documents or the release of the new oral historical or biographical documents.

400
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Under the Kim Jong-UN and then we call another administration to understand the reconciliation projects in the Republic of Korea.

401
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Past the several past resettlement lows, especially in the early 2,000.

402
01:23:28.000 --> 01:23:46.000
And then the change of 4 3 incident or and no gonna be massacres and of course more famously the conscious uprising issues reviewed.

403
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And.

404
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And study the castle. Lights to the Korean hardships and difficulties the survivors experiences in in the in the boss of the Republic of Korea.

405
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And, in these 2 and reconciliation projects, included the survivors experience of the memorial activities and it was more importantly it included the overall testimony of the irregular migrants to Japan.

406
01:24:13.000 --> 01:24:24.000
So one Japan's integration control regime for Japan's migration regime. Studying in the, post war Japan in the late 19 forties.

407
01:24:24.000 --> 01:24:38.000
International situation of Japan was rather turbulent. Although Japan was defeated and it was only in Japan that enjoyed the peaceful moment in the late 19 forties China.

408
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Immediately it is.

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Was immediately entered the civil war. Taiwan experienced the white pair or dictatorship and also Korea of course Korean Peninsula was divided and then Korea was started in 1990.

410
01:24:53.000 --> 01:24:54.000
Yeah.

411
01:24:54.000 --> 01:24:57.000
And Okinawa was separated. From Japan and became under the direct meal with your occupation by the United States.

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And

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01:25:04.000 --> 01:25:05.000
Yeah.

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01:25:05.000 --> 01:25:13.000
And under this international situations, the scholars started to find out that there is a So, study to find out that there are various factors that they need to take into account.

415
01:25:13.000 --> 01:25:25.000
In order to investigate the historical origin of the immigration company such as private trade and travel between Okinawa and Alami Islands and Thailand.

416
01:25:25.000 --> 01:25:49.000
So, in. They figured out that more closely and more in detail that your regular irregular migration will travel from the refugee like people from Chinaaiwan and Korea as well as the migration and trade as well as the migration and trace in and Korea as well as the migration and trains in between Okinawa and

417
01:25:49.000 --> 01:26:19.000
Taiwan. So we actually influence the Japan regime. And, also they found out that the He found immigration contract policy should be more placed under the legacy of colonialism but also to the relation to the US knows East agent.

418
01:26:21.000 --> 01:26:22.000
The

419
01:26:22.000 --> 01:26:33.000
Diplomatic policy. And also some of the scholars such as Tesmo or Sizzuki started to point out that the immigration and national League Act in the United States in 1,952 should be more compared by the Japan Immigration Control Act in the 90 51 and probably also more it doesn't does not

420
01:26:33.000 --> 01:26:51.000
point out this for this far but this historical comparison of the immigration Good, could be done also between not only between Japan and the United States, but also between Japan and Republic of Korea and the Republic of China.

421
01:26:51.000 --> 01:27:08.000
So, previous scholarship in Japan under, conducted under the notion of the migration control regime have found out that the logic that connects current coroner reasoning and racism in Japan and historical continuity of Japan's immigration policy.

422
01:27:08.000 --> 01:27:21.000
And, irregular migration from the Northeast Asian countries, Actually, virtually formed the basis of the, current immigration contract policy of Japan.

423
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And this, This, findings can even, drive the historical and regional comparison such as fingerprinting system and immigration control policy between Japan and Korea and Thailand.

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01:27:37.000 --> 01:27:45.000
So, also my presentation is about not accessory is a migration region, but, rather the integration contra regime of Japan.

425
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It can connect the historical relationship between racism and immigration policy in Japan at least. And also father, yeah, the connection between Japan's Korean room and the diplomatic relation in North East Asia.

426
01:28:01.000 --> 01:28:15.000
Oh, so I cannot really talk about this, but the refugee policy in Japan. It could be also considered under then, international diplomatic situations in the 90, late 19 seventies.

427
01:28:15.000 --> 01:28:28.000
And, migration regimen. It's historical clauses, has been problematic in Japanese society for a long time and people worked against or try to work this system better.

428
01:28:28.000 --> 01:28:37.000
And the history of this, grassroots movement is also just history of changes in Japan's position in North East Asia.

429
01:28:37.000 --> 01:28:42.000
So that's all my presentation. Thank you for, your kind of listening.

430
01:28:42.001 --> 01:28:44.000
So that's all my presentation. Thank you for, your kind of listening.

431
01:28:44.000 --> 01:28:51.000
Thank you very much.

432
01:28:51.000 --> 01:29:06.000
So that platform has seen. The commentator of discussions,

433
01:29:06.000 --> 01:29:15.000
Okay.

434
01:29:15.000 --> 01:29:25.000
Being tighter some heavy pioneers

435
01:29:25.000 --> 01:29:36.000
Hey, good morning everyone. Before I start, I'd like to acknowledge the we're enjoyed people who are the traditional custodians of this land.

436
01:29:36.000 --> 01:29:47.000
I also like to pay respect to the elders past present and future of the cooling nation and extent that respect to other indigenous Australians present.

437
01:29:47.000 --> 01:29:56.000
Okay, I first I would like to thank Professor Amy Kocha and Professor Kiro Koito for organizing this very exciting session and Professor Kiro Koito for organizing this very exciting session.

438
01:29:56.000 --> 01:30:09.000
Which addressed critical issues in migration and inclusion in East Asian democracies. I'm also very grateful to all presenters who share their fascinating research.

439
01:30:09.000 --> 01:30:26.000
With all of us here. I know that we are kind of running late. I think we are behind the schedule so I think it's I'll try to be brief and I'm pretty sure a lot of you have questions for the presenters and usually sit on this side and say oh I'm not interested in listening to commentator this

440
01:30:26.000 --> 01:30:31.000
point I would like to ask questions so I'd like to give you guys more opportunities to do so.

441
01:30:31.000 --> 01:30:43.000
All right, but having said that, I'd like to say a few words. The first 3 presenters, Professor Xen, Professor Yoon and Professor Ogawa really reminded us.

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Of the common challenges that we are facing in in East Asia such as low birth rates, population aging and labor shortages and which all necessitated the opening up of the labor market in all these countries.

443
01:30:59.000 --> 01:31:10.000
And it's really fascinating that all of 3 governments are responding to these challenges in a very similar manner, such as widening the immigration gates.

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01:31:10.000 --> 01:31:22.000
Promoting the immigration of long term migrants and big shift. And a gradually developing integration policies. Although we don't really think those are enough, you know, sufficient at all.

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And at the same time, we also learned that there are many common areas that they could further improve, they could further improve in terms of.

446
01:31:31.000 --> 01:31:44.000
Their policies. Their reluctance in accepting asylum seekers and refugees and evacuees. It's definitely one of those areas that they could and should change in the future.

447
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Since over 100 million people have been forcibly displaced across the world. At the moment.

448
01:31:50.000 --> 01:32:01.000
Doctors are a park also offered as her comprehensive historical overview of the Japanese immigration regime and immigration control regime.

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That has been very important for us to be reminded that he's told historical legacy always plays a major role in our immigration policies.

450
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As well as integration policies to certain extent. I don't know, she provided her insights based on the very rich data that she provided.

451
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On the impact of migration on the stratification across different migrant groups. So overall all presentations complemented each other and we learned a lot from them so I think I thank all of you for that.

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And more and more specific, I would like to make a bit more specific common themes that are worth highlighting.

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And there are 3. The first one is class and social certification issues. Professor 10 used the term classism.

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And basically that immigration policies favor a college educated foreigners and wealthy migrants, only high-income countries or those with market values so-called can become permanent residents.

455
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Similarly, Professor Naayoshi presented the reality of divergence in occupational mobility among migrants in Japan, which is quite striking and stunning.

456
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Migrants from the West experienced significant upward mobility whereas those from the Asia Asian region had downward work mobility that were quite clear in her data.

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And the second point is the gap between the migration multicultural realities and the public perception in attitudes.

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And the Professor Yun's concept of multicultural lag is particularly important and it is shared among all 3 East Asian democracies.

459
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People's mentality cannot keep up with multicultural realities and I think the race is embedded in the Japanese and other countries immigration control and immigration policies.

460
01:33:56.000 --> 01:34:01.000
And the regimes also reflect this gap.

461
01:34:01.000 --> 01:34:06.000
Seen in Professor Ogawa's presentation as well as Dr. Parks presentation. And the third point is gender inequality.

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01:34:06.000 --> 01:34:23.000
Professor Tens pointed out the women only consisted of a quarter of scaled migrants in Taiwan and Professor, the women only consisted of a quarter of skilled migrants in Taiwan and Professor UN's data also showed that migrant women had more difficulty in their economic integration.

463
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They situation is similar in Japan, but Professor Naishi also highlighted the importance of examining the group characteristics.

464
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Percentage of women was much higher among migrants from the West. Than those from elsewhere. And Professor Ogawa also pointed out the importance of paying and closer attention to the gender dimension of forced migration, gross gender inequality in the countries of origin needs to be tackled as well since it is part of the sufferings that

465
01:34:49.000 --> 01:35:05.000
propelled numerous asylum seekers and refugees from Afghanistan. And having said that, I've like what struck me after listening to all these presentations was kind of striking similarities between these situations in Asian countries.

466
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And the situations in Australia. And Australia used to be receiving a large number of immigrants as permanent residents, but these days the government has been shifting its policies to more temporary migrant schemes and strategies.

467
01:35:19.000 --> 01:35:27.000
So it's extremely difficult these days to get permanent residency in Australia much more so than in Japan or in Taiwan.

468
01:35:27.000 --> 01:35:39.000
And only highly skilled, extremely highly skilled with extremely high level of English and or extremely wealthy migrants can settle down as permanent residents in Australia.

469
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Or the situation is kind of similar in Canada as well. The lack of recognition in migrants or educational qualifications is also similar.

470
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In Japan, similar to Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Australia has also been notorious in terms of in in the horrible treatment of asylum seekers and refugees.

471
01:36:01.000 --> 01:36:14.000
I feel obviously like asylum seekers period. And probably which I perceive worse than those in Japan or comparable or potentially worse than in Japan in terms of its magnitude.

472
01:36:14.000 --> 01:36:21.000
I think I saw in news that a couple of days earlier was on Sunday that our last But, asylum seeker left.

473
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My, the final camp in Nauru, which is a good development, but still for a long, long time asylum seeker, so many asylum seekers have suffered tremendously in those islands in almost like a concentration camp.

474
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Which is really terrible. And UK also has been reluctant in accepting asylum seekers in even evacuees from Ukraine.

475
01:36:48.000 --> 01:37:11.000
I heard that Canada is sometimes surpassed as a big receiver of refugees and asylum seekers but they have been also criticized as accepting only cream of the crop, only very highly skilled people among the Applicants for the refugee status.

476
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So the same can be said about social inclusion and integration. Australia actually provides much less social protection for temporary migrants than Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

477
01:37:22.000 --> 01:37:32.000
And while all these 3 countries, stage and democracies offer migrants the rights to national health insurance, national health care insurance, and free education for public schools.

478
01:37:32.000 --> 01:37:43.000
Austria does not provide those for example and very similar in Canada. Canada also doesn't provide national health care insurance for all temporary migrants.

479
01:37:43.000 --> 01:37:54.000
In the US there is no such, there is no such thing as full national health care insurance.

480
01:37:54.000 --> 01:37:59.000
The Obamacare existed, but I think it was kind of with drone or dismantled to a large extent, I heard.

481
01:37:59.000 --> 01:38:09.000
And Australia are the Dorian College Japanese government immediately offered monetary support to all temporary migrants. While Australia didn't.

482
01:38:09.000 --> 01:38:18.000
And temporary migrants greatly suffered because of that. And he also assisted the Australian government only assisted permanent residents and citizens.

483
01:38:18.000 --> 01:38:29.000
And our government help only for the temporary migrants started only in July, 2,021 when most temporary migrants run out of money and return home.

484
01:38:29.000 --> 01:38:41.000
So, institutionalized inequality also does exist. That means in institutional and inequality that professor, and she also mentioned, does also exist in Australia.

485
01:38:41.000 --> 01:38:45.000
So having sort of listed all these sort of similarities also mentioned does also exist in Australia. So having, she also mentioned, does also exist in Australia.

486
01:38:45.000 --> 01:38:54.000
So mentioned does also exist in Australia. So having sort of listed all these similarities between Australia and other industrialized countries and those situations in any stranger that those presenters sort of shared with us.

487
01:38:54.000 --> 01:39:03.000
Does this indicate that there has been a regime convergence at the global level or at least among industrialized countries?

488
01:39:03.000 --> 01:39:12.000
Sort of emerging economies. Or is the regional regime declining or going to decline or in the process of declining or are we in the process of converging?

489
01:39:12.000 --> 01:39:18.000
That's the first sort of question that I'd like to sort of address in this in this session.

490
01:39:18.000 --> 01:39:29.000
The second question is that why is it that East Asian countries provide better social protection? Than traditional migration countries such as Australia and Canada or the US.

491
01:39:29.000 --> 01:39:44.000
Yeah, that's, I found that the, the migration policies and integration policies are constantly changing and I've been quite pleasantly surprised by the developments in all these East Asian democracies.

492
01:39:44.000 --> 01:39:50.000
A lot of in traditional immigration countries have been withdrawing a lot of benefits and social protections and rights.

493
01:39:50.000 --> 01:40:15.000
Compared to to the previous errors right. So So in that sense, to me, regional regimes seem to be converging a little bit but also in certain areas East Asian democracies regimes, East Asian regime so-called are actually surpassing the traditional immigration countries, migration regime, and integration regime, whatever you call.

494
01:40:15.000 --> 01:40:24.000
So I'd like to question, I'd like to hear what you guys think in in the audience and the presenters and I would like to stop here.

495
01:40:24.000 --> 01:40:43.000
Thank you. Thank you very much. And now we want to open the discussion to the floor and 3 presenter to the floor and 3 presenter please come and take the seat wrong And, so, Dr.

496
01:40:43.000 --> 01:40:53.000
Oishi, please take my seats and I will be to the

497
01:40:53.000 --> 01:40:57.000
I guess.

498
01:40:57.000 --> 01:41:10.000
I if I think thank you very much for your great comments and we are a framework of analysis of the immigrant migration regimes in East Asia.

499
01:41:10.000 --> 01:41:38.000
We're come regional convergence our basis was there is some regional convergence but there could be a global emergence of many immigrants or refugee deceiving countries and there could be another color box of some aspect is somewhat improved and whereas other countries are deteriorated.

500
01:41:38.000 --> 01:41:48.000
And when I had a conference with some other Europeans and the American discoveries They said, oh. Japan is not necessary exceptional.

501
01:41:48.000 --> 01:42:10.000
We are converting to the Japanese hotel, recent years and pretty ironic but well let's start if there are any questions okay the first person and you are the second person.

502
01:42:10.000 --> 01:42:16.000
So in there anybody who

503
01:42:16.000 --> 01:42:27.000
Thank you for your presentation, Jacob Thomas, Chinese University of Hong Kong. I'm wondering if some of you could speak a bit about particularly with respect to attitudes toward immigrants and refugees.

504
01:42:27.000 --> 01:42:41.000
How a lot of that might have to do like if we draw a contrast with what countries. United States and all the celeric settler colonial Western societies.

505
01:42:41.000 --> 01:43:00.000
How the history of immigration and refugee reception and also sending may affect the attitudes of the public in any East Asia of their populations toward refugees and immigrants.

506
01:43:00.000 --> 01:43:09.000
I mean because whenever you hear about people talk Try to justify normatively why it's important to see refugees in Western societies.

507
01:43:09.000 --> 01:43:24.000
The me a thing that comes to mind is a Jewish refugees from Europe after the Nazis and and how that was a real formative a dimension of US identity, but also Europe, them going abroad.

508
01:43:24.000 --> 01:43:38.000
I'm wondering what the analog is in East Asia. If there's an identity, also you think the Vietnamese Americans, they've been very sympathetic toward the Abdian refugees in part because of their own experience in refugees for Vietnam.

509
01:43:38.000 --> 01:43:49.000
So I'm wondering those sort of dynamics of historical memories and understandings of identity. In relation to immigration.

510
01:43:49.000 --> 01:44:06.000
What what do they like in in New York City societies? And lastly, I just really quick the interaction very fastening interaction between the Western education and the and the difference between the Westerners and the Asian.

511
01:44:06.000 --> 01:44:23.000
I'm wondering if you could talk a bit about maybe it hasn't something to do with this understanding of the benefits of cross-cultural education and interaction this idea that somehow you know if you get an education you're a westerner you get Western engineers good but if you're Asian you Western education maybe not so good and vice

512
01:44:23.000 --> 01:44:32.000
versa. If there's something to do with that, a hunting Tony and kind of, we're better in our own civilizations than big mixing.

513
01:44:32.000 --> 01:44:41.000
Exactly. Together, right?

514
01:44:41.000 --> 01:44:48.000
Thank you very much. I had an hope from University of Syriac and Max Planck in Stuart for a study of religious and ethnic diversity.

515
01:44:48.000 --> 01:44:55.000
I had a lot of questions. I guess I addressed them to all in one's and it's actually very very similar to Nana Oichi's question.

516
01:44:55.000 --> 01:45:09.000
So my study has always been on Japan and Singapore seeming very different, but I think it addresses really well because Singapore has been, so we always talk about these traditional, let's say Australia, Canada, these traditional immigration countries.

517
01:45:09.000 --> 01:45:24.000
Singapore has been the immigration country in Asia and in Singapore we have seen exactly the same trends of very very strict like becoming very strict immigration regime especially for the highly skilled which used to be the other way round.

518
01:45:24.000 --> 01:45:50.000
And now we see these emerging trends of actually opening up in East Asian countries. So I'm wondering what your take on this is and here again Japan somehow seems to be very interesting in the fact that there is no real that doesn't seem to be any objection against or there doesn't seem to be a view of

519
01:45:50.000 --> 01:46:01.000
foreigners or there doesn't seem to be a view of foreigners taking jobs which we would usually see a view of foreigners taking jobs which we would usually see in other countries including as far as I know most of the East Asian countries, including as far as I know most of the East Asian countries, for example South Korea, including as far as I know most of the East Asian countries, for example South Korea and that would probably have been my question

520
01:46:01.000 --> 01:46:26.000
to Professor Yoon who showed us how this has been changing in recent years. So how would you? Explain this this kind of opening up in terms of a general closing down but also this a bit, maybe different trends that we see in Japan of foreigners not being seen as we see in Japan of foreigners not being seen as competitors

521
01:46:26.000 --> 01:46:30.000
on the job market.

522
01:46:30.000 --> 01:46:38.000
So whichever question, somebody can respond maybe there.

523
01:46:38.000 --> 01:46:56.000
All right, yeah, I think quickly about about the, about the past but we form quite informed that general public about immigration and

524
01:46:56.000 --> 01:47:02.000
I mean, I don't have refugee at. So, when Hong Kong, people want to.

525
01:47:02.000 --> 01:47:11.000
Free to Taiwan because of the Iran erosion of democracy. We actually don't have that to receive.

526
01:47:11.000 --> 01:47:22.000
So they have to come and work. And same enough to the situation that they you know, they they they have to become workers to be received.

527
01:47:22.000 --> 01:47:31.000
Yeah, but I think that in a past the largest refugees What Kaiwan is, those 4, those 4 men in China.

528
01:47:31.000 --> 01:47:42.000
Yep, the Civil War. Yeah, so I think that's, the Oh, I.

529
01:47:42.000 --> 01:48:08.000
Terms of the convergence with gene hamburgers or divergence. Think. True that I also saw Observe, there is an increase in long-term temporary migrants in US in Australia and Singapore and I think in Taiwan, Japan and South Korea We are more opening up because We are new

530
01:48:08.000 --> 01:48:19.000
destinations. So it's like we are in the stage of eager to attract. To offer in the same.

531
01:48:19.000 --> 01:48:25.000
And it's evolving. I don't know how, 10 years from now, maybe we will become.

532
01:48:25.000 --> 01:48:38.000
Another Singapore to close down again. I think there's there's some dynamics going on. And so it cannot say something for sure.

533
01:48:38.000 --> 01:48:46.000
It's convergence or divergence. So that's my pick.

534
01:48:46.000 --> 01:48:51.000
Are you? Would you like to respond? Yes. Okay, thank you.

535
01:48:51.000 --> 01:48:55.000
Thank you very much for the question.

536
01:48:55.000 --> 01:49:05.000
Regarding the issue of the conversions, of course I can't discuss it in a very abstract manner regarding the how the welfare state has been.

537
01:49:05.000 --> 01:49:13.000
Shaped and being transformed but just regarding the issue of the migrant care workers I think there are certain convergence.

538
01:49:13.000 --> 01:49:21.000
That earlier I thought that Japan and Taiwan was in such a sharp contrast. Because there was this professional more professionalized.

539
01:49:21.000 --> 01:49:31.000
Way of acceptance for Japan while as Taiwan was accepting the care workers as unskilled temporary labor migrants.

540
01:49:31.000 --> 01:49:39.000
But now that Japan has deregulated its migration channels and opened up the labor market, it has becoming very close.

541
01:49:39.000 --> 01:49:47.000
And similar with Taiwan and also similar with Korea, Korea has accepted a large number of Chinese Koreans.

542
01:49:47.000 --> 01:49:59.000
To work just like the nit gay in Japan but then similarly a lot of those nikes in Japan are now entering into the care labor market.

543
01:49:59.000 --> 01:50:09.000
So we can see the conversions between the 3 just regarding this. Migrants in the care labour market.

544
01:50:09.000 --> 01:50:31.000
And regarding the issue of this historical context I think there is like this juncture in how we understand the history of Japan where those overseas Japanese had to evacuate after the war to the mainland when Japan lost the war and they also had to suffer a lot.

545
01:50:31.000 --> 01:50:50.000
When they the the like the Manchukuo has collapsed. And several 1 million people has actually evacuated just like the case of the refugees that had to flee from the war and hunger and also a lot of woman has been raped.

546
01:50:50.000 --> 01:51:00.000
So these issues has been really cut off from the Japanese imaginary in how we think about the issue of refugees.

547
01:51:00.000 --> 01:51:08.000
So I think that is why. The attitude towards the current refugees is just so indifferent. Thank you.

548
01:51:08.000 --> 01:51:18.000
Not just cut off, maybe, repressed. Right to them.

549
01:51:18.000 --> 01:51:24.000
Or shall I move? To a Mr. Professor you. Just do.

550
01:51:24.001 --> 01:51:27.000
Professor you can you respond to us some or at the diaspora? Yeah

551
01:51:27.000 --> 01:51:45.000
Okay, okay. And you know as all the presentations mentioned that, all these Asian countries implement, class, differentiated, immigration policy.

552
01:51:45.000 --> 01:52:05.000
Are favoring highly skewed immigrants. Quite discriminating, less, scared immigrants.

553
01:52:05.000 --> 01:52:06.000
Okay.

554
01:52:06.000 --> 01:52:11.000
But I want to. You know, whether or not. The the governments of East Asian countries have a genuine intention to attract highly security immigrants.

555
01:52:11.000 --> 01:52:24.000
Because the number of highly scared immigrants is small in all you know in our ancient countries So I may explain.

556
01:52:24.000 --> 01:52:36.000
The class biased immigration policy of East Asian countries. have some kind of public relations purpose.

557
01:52:36.000 --> 01:53:02.000
You know because the general public has negative attitude towards the the settlement of less educated and less security immigrants.

558
01:53:02.000 --> 01:53:03.000
Yeah.

559
01:53:03.000 --> 01:53:08.000
To postulate the public to, you know, to support the government policy of immigration policy. They should emphasize that the country accept only Hily skewed and highly educated immigrants.

560
01:53:08.000 --> 01:53:29.000
So if they settle in the country in the host country then the integration probably is not as serious So the policy of the class biased part, you know, the class biased immigration policy.

561
01:53:29.000 --> 01:53:30.000
Okay.

562
01:53:30.000 --> 01:53:37.000
Has some kind of public relations purpose rather than the actual. You know, actual, effect. You know, to sort of the the labor show to your problem.

563
01:53:37.001 --> 01:53:37.000
Has some kind of public relations purpose rather than the actual. You know, actual, effect. You know, to sort of the the labor show to your problem.

564
01:53:37.000 --> 01:53:38.000
Okay.

565
01:53:38.000 --> 01:53:43.000
Well. Now wait a minute. Thank you very much. So we are already a run out of the time.

566
01:53:43.000 --> 01:53:56.000
Thank you much very much for the presentations and solely home. Salah Park and then Professor Ayoshi that you cannot respond to the questions.

567
01:53:56.000 --> 01:54:06.000
I hope that the presentations and the commentary are helpful to understand the East Asian migration situation and regimes.

568
01:54:06.000 --> 01:54:18.000
Which has the implications of the growth out trend of the regime transformation about human mobility. And we appreciate your coming and joining by Zoom.

569
01:54:18.000 --> 01:54:26.000
So I hope, we can, contribute to and constant I, understanding of the situation.

570
01:54:26.000 --> 01:54:35.000
East Asia and its convergence and also its joining the global trend of the convergence of some immigration regime.

571
01:54:35.000 --> 01:54:39.000
Thank you very much. Or Johnny Males.