WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:02.920 Is it working. Yeah. I will give my argument 2 00:00:03.650 --> 00:00:12.550 in 5 min. And after I make some demonstration, let's go. The argument. The analytic of control is who control you as a master, as a subject. 3 00:00:14.650 --> 00:00:16.490 Control your time, too. 4 00:00:19.020 --> 00:00:21.439 Think about the for this label. 5 00:00:23.530 --> 00:00:26.819 the master control of the time, because it appear on your time. 6 00:00:26.880 --> 00:00:33.979 and sometimes you can reverse the argument who control your time, control you. That's the way you feeling of the label work. 7 00:00:35.070 --> 00:00:41.299 And also when I go to Covid pandemic. The time was under control, out of control and control. 8 00:00:43.410 --> 00:00:47.140 But the way the time is controlled, the confirm institution. 9 00:00:48.050 --> 00:00:53.260 If you go to the city of time. You have 2 main result for a little of time 10 00:00:54.270 --> 00:01:02.740 in society. That's a result of the suite of time facing the industry of time and time part of the qualification of memorian curture. 11 00:01:03.660 --> 00:01:07.920 But as a result I were quoting a peril on this 12 00:01:09.520 --> 00:01:13.560 State has a big power to control time. The clock of the time. 13 00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:19.280 Think about your power clothing. So you're up to a situation 14 00:01:19.730 --> 00:01:23.469 different time. different style of controlling 15 00:01:24.490 --> 00:01:27.019 and the different combination of controlling. 16 00:01:28.420 --> 00:01:40.539 And if I come. and my proposal is much more. They return to configuration analysis like alias, and also like I developed today. 17 00:01:41.040 --> 00:01:55.720 it's a way to to bridge a channel between the left of control is much more philosophical and poor. and the question of time, which moves more existential and sometimes historical. 18 00:01:55.810 --> 00:02:02.610 So it's a very large framework. But I, since it's very necessary to revisit today 19 00:02:03.140 --> 00:02:10.159 because there are different directors of control, and is. I give some today to more of another paper of the 20 00:02:10.800 --> 00:02:18.629 Analytic of control in work and profession inside the environmental perspective at 30 21 00:02:18.770 --> 00:02:20.589 and 11 third. 22 00:02:21.720 --> 00:02:25.599 So this this polymatic could apply to a different subject. 23 00:02:26.420 --> 00:02:30.589 But the core of the demonstration is much more configuration analysis. 24 00:02:30.910 --> 00:02:36.650 Inside the period of Covid in the part of college, you could say it's out of control. 25 00:02:37.060 --> 00:02:40.960 My first image as a Socialist was Hanumi. 26 00:02:43.170 --> 00:02:49.249 or concerning my concerning controversy, I have to question about subjectivity. In this period 27 00:02:50.130 --> 00:02:53.710 we, we, our subjectivity. We have some alteration. 28 00:02:54.540 --> 00:03:03.359 and the work alteration, as in his story, is not so much innocent. But I use that as a criteria of observation. 29 00:03:06.540 --> 00:03:14.039 and the figure already asked him later, after the pandemic was stabilized, not finished. 30 00:03:15.370 --> 00:03:19.340 I could begin to as an idea of configuration. 31 00:03:19.750 --> 00:03:23.799 and to go more quickly on my demonstration like after you take me time. 32 00:03:24.830 --> 00:03:26.550 It's another method that's 33 00:03:28.950 --> 00:03:40.330 tool in a in sociology, but a senses of heart. But the key idea. when you have a of a certainty you cannot stabilize the. 34 00:03:40.350 --> 00:03:50.890 In fact, you cannot stabilize the value you can assemble with certain uncertain. So you proceed step by step, you proceed by each aeration, you proceed by sequence. 35 00:03:51.940 --> 00:03:57.009 For example, in historic architecture, after the Modernese was very influential. 36 00:03:57.140 --> 00:04:04.109 Look how busy! And for a while, like here there was a strong critique of were in societies of Genesis Lockeys. 37 00:04:04.370 --> 00:04:15.669 Let's come back to territory, not the globalization. It was the end of 70, and the Eastern of architect of Italian in Venezuela, called man for the 38 00:04:15.960 --> 00:04:20.269 the press were to proceed, and it was before 39 00:04:21.160 --> 00:04:35.150 you have to sequence in the period. and to make theorization of is sequencing. He was speaking for architectural and political critique. I don't know if I want to copy that, but I say 40 00:04:35.210 --> 00:04:39.980 I was informed by re-reading configuration theory of failures on this topic. 41 00:04:41.530 --> 00:04:44.029 No, I come to more demonstration. 42 00:04:45.700 --> 00:04:47.240 No, which is a bit 43 00:04:49.470 --> 00:04:53.269 so I would argue. Configuration is. 44 00:04:54.810 --> 00:04:58.189 it's clear, you know, for 45 00:05:00.050 --> 00:05:12.320 for areas in the court society. But even in the court society his main concern was a construction of centralized power. and when the noble, the provincial number. 46 00:05:12.340 --> 00:05:15.860 has to be affiliated inside the court society. 47 00:05:16.070 --> 00:05:23.269 So Just 2 or 3 socialization of funds finance 48 00:05:24.420 --> 00:05:26.920 to to pay the wall. 49 00:05:28.800 --> 00:05:44.060 and sometime to make the singularly noble coming to the court with some retribution, symbolic retribution, to be in place to ask it to some ceremonial to develop their accessibility of a west bank and intimacy. 50 00:05:44.430 --> 00:05:51.770 So the reasoning of areas in court society was horizontal, and the article 51 00:05:51.890 --> 00:05:56.180 in the construction that the element of Idias. 52 00:05:56.640 --> 00:06:04.879 I want to insist it's not in the book of society. It's a commentary in my different book. After while he tried to define his methodology in Mars. 53 00:06:05.060 --> 00:06:08.239 What is sausage of individual? But also 54 00:06:09.360 --> 00:06:15.209 here there is a question how to pass from one configuration to another configuration. 55 00:06:15.390 --> 00:06:29.050 and you refer to the question of game. You see, in game you have one confusion of card. You play the card you win or you lose. And after I came another configuration. So a game like Bridge is a succession of sequence. 56 00:06:30.290 --> 00:06:36.450 So as a player, as a reader of the player, you need to 57 00:06:37.320 --> 00:06:46.460 to characterize this configuration, and to pass for one configuration, and the idea of interdependence of the player is there 58 00:06:47.920 --> 00:07:02.250 in the configuration, and between configuration and between configuration that's in that balance. But to be between configuration is a tab stack. It's the way you play your stability. What? Remember the last game, or you prepare the next game 59 00:07:03.070 --> 00:07:04.330 or politics. 60 00:07:07.720 --> 00:07:11.519 A put in addition is pretty in a 61 00:07:12.220 --> 00:07:25.229 areas, but not so much the area setting today go, yes, to civilization. But we forgot relation, creation of game, relation of reciprocity, relation of masks, and the relation of a 62 00:07:26.580 --> 00:07:28.450 and poor. 63 00:07:34.940 --> 00:07:41.350 So when you say configuration, it was a reading of Bordeaux, for example, border reading areas. 64 00:07:41.760 --> 00:07:43.960 the violation in Gaugu 65 00:07:44.330 --> 00:07:49.190 we begin to create a social space. The Cosmet society is affiliation. 66 00:07:49.820 --> 00:07:52.980 but you can go to give and forgive in this model 67 00:07:53.130 --> 00:07:55.589 give and continue, and 68 00:07:55.770 --> 00:07:57.659 the centralization of power 69 00:07:57.960 --> 00:08:01.240 you accept to go in the game or you go out of the code. 70 00:08:01.750 --> 00:08:04.709 I remember it's not in my paper there, but 71 00:08:07.320 --> 00:08:15.600 Edias was in only last develop of books about to be insider and outsider any character as 72 00:08:15.630 --> 00:08:24.000 violence on the insider and violence of outsider. I says this today because some variety in front coming back. 73 00:08:24.650 --> 00:08:28.910 since also the balance are outsider. Whatever you have a lot of insider 74 00:08:29.110 --> 00:08:31.440 between the competing group. 75 00:08:33.270 --> 00:08:40.479 You see the It control is there in the court society, between the insider going to affiliation and the outsider 76 00:08:41.360 --> 00:08:53.230 after you can go to for this label. the developed analytic of control, because they are concerned by the autonomy for the work worker, autonomy for the working class. So it's novel and no good. 77 00:08:55.120 --> 00:09:04.579 but it was a what to consider autonomy supporting imaginary to counter bureaucracy. 78 00:09:04.880 --> 00:09:20.130 And Kribbon was here try to expand the conceptual of of control in a kind of globalization. So it puts the accident between the newators of power and expanded democracy. But he has in line 79 00:09:20.230 --> 00:09:24.630 the way to make iteration between Neville the third. 80 00:09:26.710 --> 00:09:28.330 the 81 00:09:30.420 --> 00:09:37.100 State centralized analytic of control. But when you're writing your books before Covid 82 00:09:37.700 --> 00:09:38.580 Craig. 83 00:09:39.760 --> 00:09:52.690 the big Itos, were to freedom freedom that in our political freedom and social freedom. If I go to Covid, it is more difficult to argue on freedom. We lose some degree of freedom. 84 00:09:53.550 --> 00:09:55.960 even if he's still in the Atos. 85 00:09:56.070 --> 00:10:02.530 in the writing, in the philosophy. I don't say that social freedom is down, but it has to be 86 00:10:02.970 --> 00:10:06.659 reinitiate, reset with the language of today. 87 00:10:07.200 --> 00:10:13.450 So let's come back to step by day, thinking which are the configuration we are seeking on about autonomy. 88 00:10:13.460 --> 00:10:17.019 about power, 2 about the daily take of control 89 00:10:17.610 --> 00:10:22.000 which way configuration analysis is helping us, you see. 90 00:10:24.410 --> 00:10:26.280 Oh, I come back. 91 00:10:29.810 --> 00:10:35.429 you see, in this use this style. I know this is on the 2 dimension I developed at the beginning 92 00:10:37.150 --> 00:10:40.479 side. I know this is constrained when you are under control. 93 00:10:40.720 --> 00:10:45.059 Configuration analysis opens. The probability to have 94 00:10:45.180 --> 00:10:50.409 was a feeling of time it depends away. Each configuration 95 00:10:50.450 --> 00:10:54.429 combine social constraint, regular concern 96 00:10:54.680 --> 00:10:56.380 and feeling of autonomy. 97 00:10:58.410 --> 00:11:03.089 For example, back in the power and the globalization. 98 00:11:04.130 --> 00:11:07.570 he's not 22 is before to 0 6. 99 00:11:09.310 --> 00:11:14.789 He was very aware of the risk under normal risk, risking work. 100 00:11:15.080 --> 00:11:16.790 risk of life. 101 00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:24.990 And he's in Arg. In his book. We are going to a new part of a internal security, so that 102 00:11:26.400 --> 00:11:30.250 as to develop Internet security, and it was a 103 00:11:31.070 --> 00:11:37.640 Atanta, the coup came also at this period, you see. but Eastern music was stable during 10 years. 104 00:11:42.230 --> 00:11:47.949 So I have a semantic argument. That's not so much topic today. But if you go to a semiotic. 105 00:11:48.450 --> 00:11:52.549 It's a question the way the sign are working together. 106 00:11:53.300 --> 00:11:55.620 And I made a quotation on Jensen 107 00:11:57.000 --> 00:12:02.870 Danish. linguist. we develop a systematicity of language. Many very 108 00:12:03.900 --> 00:12:05.280 flexible manner. 109 00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:17.319 The sign come together. They could make a system, they said. Solidarity like your time, not system like a management system. Expression and content go together. 110 00:12:17.820 --> 00:12:22.970 That's a symmetric function to deliver the sign. So it's an argument for 111 00:12:23.270 --> 00:12:24.600 semiotic. But 112 00:12:29.430 --> 00:12:30.460 so I 113 00:12:31.550 --> 00:12:35.800 a summarize my package for configuration. It's a way to 114 00:12:36.080 --> 00:12:41.759 make poses turning inside the moving situation. Harry Carmelo Panti. 115 00:12:41.890 --> 00:12:47.800 It's a way to construct a social representation. A configuration has to be stable and to our social meaning. 116 00:12:48.810 --> 00:12:55.690 It's a way to confront object translation. So a lot of classic literature could come in this. 117 00:12:59.580 --> 00:13:04.319 For example, if I apply the idea of configuration in history of sociology. 118 00:13:05.390 --> 00:13:13.560 The men debated in 1,890 in San Francisco, and was developing the dialectical system. An actor 119 00:13:14.500 --> 00:13:23.269 in beloved Congress. We, the block of this modernization was considered a tension between system and actor, not only in the plant, but in the flexible. 120 00:13:23.730 --> 00:13:26.580 firm, flexible society festival market. 121 00:13:26.680 --> 00:13:30.359 that we forgot the combination of a system and actor 122 00:13:30.500 --> 00:13:31.420 me. 123 00:13:31.630 --> 00:13:37.219 a psychological diagnosis, a physical narration, a dynamic on society for border 124 00:13:37.320 --> 00:13:39.349 pictorial question. And I, 125 00:13:39.800 --> 00:13:43.530 it's a way to argue, to argue about cultural reproduction 126 00:13:44.130 --> 00:13:47.899 for Lahaye he used to sell were like on some stores. 127 00:13:48.260 --> 00:13:55.529 He tried to make abilities more flexible. He was dispositive, but he developed the idea of pure word and culture 128 00:13:56.610 --> 00:13:59.409 to all. Post me a word. So he opened the window. 129 00:14:00.350 --> 00:14:05.539 Kozelik was concerned by his nominee, symbolic state. 130 00:14:05.870 --> 00:14:08.990 a bit like helias. Like Jasper 131 00:14:10.270 --> 00:14:18.440 itology of state. he was concerned by experience. Any develop is semantic of future between the 2 dimension. 132 00:14:19.860 --> 00:14:26.390 So the way to configure the relation between system and actor. That's the critical configuration. 133 00:14:28.230 --> 00:14:34.499 If you stay on this, you are still in the class. You can stay in the classic sociology. Why is this subject? 134 00:14:36.330 --> 00:14:38.490 Oh. 135 00:14:41.720 --> 00:14:48.709 but in my diagnosis we can go larger on this because you have the story of modernization which is functioning on the Allis. 136 00:14:48.950 --> 00:14:51.230 but also the side dimension 137 00:14:51.750 --> 00:14:57.240 of culture. We are forgotten. We are pretty supported by we call social anthropology. 138 00:14:57.930 --> 00:15:07.450 which pays for Tony Clutter. Memory which has a timer in articulation. What is a poor configuration? Usually it's side question for sociology. 139 00:15:09.350 --> 00:15:17.199 But if you put her head the question of the direct of control. You have a time configuration which I developed at the beginning 140 00:15:17.300 --> 00:15:20.300 the Christian power configuration. 141 00:15:20.370 --> 00:15:29.660 the location of Cluton memory has been developed by harbours. 5 min by a will you and some other one? 142 00:15:35.810 --> 00:15:40.199 So if I go to Covid, you have a succession of a 143 00:15:40.220 --> 00:15:41.799 constraint and autonomy. 144 00:15:44.660 --> 00:15:56.450 But you see, in the first period of Covid the Inter-deparance was there but negative blocking you at home, blocking the world, rocking all the classic politics of control 145 00:16:00.050 --> 00:16:03.309 when you have containment without the vaccine. 146 00:16:04.910 --> 00:16:10.880 A certainty was still there. But containment make declining the risk of this. 147 00:16:11.330 --> 00:16:21.009 But you see, people are more waste of people working outside. So you come to back more classic division of label 148 00:16:21.940 --> 00:16:30.059 when the vaccine come up, some is diminished. but you have to like it to make allocation of the risk. 149 00:16:30.260 --> 00:16:36.000 Gray is going to job risk of vulnerability. So the feeling of the yard, they become larger 150 00:16:36.260 --> 00:16:37.850 for the young people. 151 00:16:38.090 --> 00:16:41.579 You know the paradox. They are not someone cautioned by this 152 00:16:42.680 --> 00:16:46.810 which are concerned by? Didn't I want to to lose a job. 153 00:16:47.120 --> 00:16:53.820 to lose a work life balance, to go by 25 to the parent homes. So there was a backlash 154 00:16:54.090 --> 00:17:00.269 water paper here on this topic. So the question vaccine of 155 00:17:00.440 --> 00:17:01.140 the 156 00:17:01.420 --> 00:17:10.490 it does not mean there is no more risk. It's a contribution by race are under control, and each individual could appreciate the next risk. 157 00:17:12.380 --> 00:17:23.530 But on this topic I could come back by each's activity as a contradictory figure of subjectivity. Let's consult my mortality. More isolation. 158 00:17:23.720 --> 00:17:35.440 Return to the pound home. Risk of education for women. Unesco. You see. So you have to a factor diagnosis of subjectivation. 159 00:17:36.360 --> 00:17:38.100 because a lot of 160 00:17:38.390 --> 00:17:42.340 side by us on this topic. So you could argue 161 00:17:42.550 --> 00:17:47.290 subjectivity, changing, arguing my results that 162 00:17:47.360 --> 00:17:51.580 so the trajectory is to combine vanity and capability. 163 00:17:52.290 --> 00:17:59.809 the push and pull the positive and negative. But it has to be considered a dynamic term. So I come back to 164 00:17:59.870 --> 00:18:06.410 live. Biography in the lagography. The classic results is to command sequence on life, narration. 165 00:18:06.910 --> 00:18:07.979 that you make 166 00:18:08.080 --> 00:18:14.970 quickly an hypothesis of continuity by memory, by narration, issue with theore, and recur 167 00:18:15.720 --> 00:18:28.620 mit Ctl. And this idea of continuity after covid, we cannot make this promised of continuity. You have to. We demonstrate. Some people believe they have overpassitation. Some people really are still in the one 168 00:18:28.650 --> 00:18:31.259 general of the previous situation. 169 00:18:31.830 --> 00:18:36.750 so the idea of trajectory of likeography is changing between. 170 00:18:36.840 --> 00:18:39.630 It is such a variety and social capability 171 00:18:41.930 --> 00:18:44.100 I demonstrate for the young people. 172 00:18:44.140 --> 00:18:47.500 So, whatever the classic question, how to combine 173 00:18:47.820 --> 00:18:53.820 on their until variety for the future. Alvin are meeting during the Covid period 174 00:18:54.540 --> 00:18:55.740 for 175 00:18:56.530 --> 00:19:05.469 injustice before Kobe, during away, and after you. You see the scheme. But the either biography is quickly changing. 176 00:19:06.470 --> 00:19:09.519 so the sedimentation 2, and so on. So I stopped here. 177 00:19:09.950 --> 00:19:15.459 If I put an addition, I suppose there are no dialectic of control coming up 178 00:19:15.770 --> 00:19:20.449 not only the classic industrial statistic, but more by a 179 00:19:20.520 --> 00:19:26.560 addition of vulnerability addition of a sentencing. And he has to be identified. That I took here. 180 00:19:38.460 --> 00:19:39.840 Question. 181 00:19:41.370 --> 00:19:43.250 yeah. 182 00:19:47.040 --> 00:19:48.960 this is your coefficient. 183 00:19:55.170 --> 00:19:56.350 which is. 184 00:19:57.060 --> 00:20:02.220 and it depends whether you want to be by accident instead of the virus 185 00:20:09.370 --> 00:20:10.609 I'm using 186 00:20:11.050 --> 00:20:13.340 a body of control. 187 00:20:15.110 --> 00:20:19.779 The line is that the people, that they have no information in the 188 00:20:22.480 --> 00:20:28.479 and to all the norms, and he follows a man. That situation 189 00:20:28.620 --> 00:20:29.970 about it 190 00:20:36.710 --> 00:20:37.930 the only 0. 191 00:20:38.340 --> 00:20:40.600 This is a social 192 00:20:45.160 --> 00:20:46.020 sort of 193 00:20:47.660 --> 00:20:51.950 I like a big time. But I was just saying what things like the 194 00:20:52.360 --> 00:20:55.610 the the 195 00:21:00.300 --> 00:21:01.989 I think it's. 196 00:21:02.720 --> 00:21:06.849 I don't have anything specific to say for you, and we can talk about it later 197 00:21:07.100 --> 00:21:09.860 with. Yeah, sorry. 198 00:21:13.610 --> 00:21:17.070 I mean, I think the big issue for the Covid is about solidarity 199 00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:21.839 and the use of solidarity as a means of control of social control. 200 00:21:22.050 --> 00:21:23.779 That's for another discussion. 201 00:21:25.410 --> 00:21:26.240 Go for 202 00:21:29.410 --> 00:21:33.200 the you. The dynamic of control is interactionless. 203 00:21:33.310 --> 00:21:35.240 And that systemic. Yeah. 204 00:21:36.420 --> 00:21:53.409 no formidative control is configurational. It's a compromise between inter-despective and systemic. But the project. The program is to identify different dialectic of control, the classic industrial state. 205 00:21:53.530 --> 00:22:00.120 and some new D one coming by configuration of risk, and so on. Dixon. 206 00:22:18.150 --> 00:22:20.830 Thank you. Hi, I'm Julia. Well. 207 00:22:21.210 --> 00:22:23.980 probably I put the wrong slides, but 208 00:22:25.040 --> 00:22:26.970 it's just the code that is wrong. 209 00:22:28.580 --> 00:22:30.330 However, hmm! 210 00:22:30.340 --> 00:22:37.630 I would like to acknowledge the traditional students of the land on which we are meeting today, and by my respect to all the others, past, present, and emergent. 211 00:22:53.710 --> 00:23:01.620 Okay, I would like to thank the Australian Sociological Association to 212 00:23:01.860 --> 00:23:06.489 Let me be here today, because 213 00:23:06.560 --> 00:23:15.890 by have given me a scholarship to to well, 2%, and 214 00:23:16.300 --> 00:23:22.350 in particular for another conference paper, I have already presented. 215 00:23:22.480 --> 00:23:25.409 a couple of days ago. Well. 216 00:23:25.670 --> 00:23:31.300 my general work, my doctoral path, is about 217 00:23:31.710 --> 00:23:35.590 the Mafia games, a certain kind of video games that are 218 00:23:35.660 --> 00:23:41.530 depicting Italians and the mafia in a specific way. 219 00:23:41.570 --> 00:23:43.700 criminal environments. 220 00:23:44.280 --> 00:23:54.249 And this research involved 50 young video games players in Italy and in Australia. And it is mostly based on same structures in the views. 221 00:23:54.440 --> 00:23:58.900 I also do some. well, analysis of video games. But 222 00:24:00.040 --> 00:24:11.010 today I would like to to speak mostly about the way. gaming communities have been framed in the in the literature. 223 00:24:11.130 --> 00:24:12.730 Well. 224 00:24:12.980 --> 00:24:17.939 there's an overuse of the subculture concept 225 00:24:17.970 --> 00:24:22.370 in several papers. It's possible to find them 226 00:24:22.580 --> 00:24:36.340 to find the use of this subculture concept, which is often just adjusted from other fields, especially from cultural sociology. 227 00:24:36.380 --> 00:24:38.810 however. 228 00:24:39.070 --> 00:24:45.970 often the significance of this world is taken for granted and not explained at all. 229 00:24:46.160 --> 00:25:01.810 And this created a sort of problem, especially in relation to to the fact that the majority of the of the studies about gaming communities have been made by cultural studies and media-starred scholars 230 00:25:02.010 --> 00:25:11.270 so well, all these concepts could be justified somehow. But well. 231 00:25:11.390 --> 00:25:29.499 there is always something that does not work except for the neo tribes, which are probably the best concept to describe, at least the way that the groups use to consider, to think of of gaming communities. 232 00:25:29.730 --> 00:25:33.100 So. 233 00:25:36.330 --> 00:25:39.270 however, there is another problem. 234 00:25:40.330 --> 00:25:47.349 Other scholars focus on another interesting aspect of gaming communities. 235 00:25:47.380 --> 00:25:48.760 and 236 00:25:49.130 --> 00:25:54.530 well, they prefer to look out functional perspectives 237 00:25:54.780 --> 00:26:01.470 and to look at gaming communities as a group of different 238 00:26:01.500 --> 00:26:03.750 video games players 239 00:26:03.940 --> 00:26:13.140 in relation to their habits and to the way they spend time, and the way they inform themselves about gaming 240 00:26:13.500 --> 00:26:15.960 and well 241 00:26:17.350 --> 00:26:38.739 gamers or art core gamers are the most studied ones. They are usually considered the gatekeepers of gaming communities, and while they have been associated to the idea that a privileged sector of gaming community exists. 242 00:26:38.750 --> 00:26:47.280 and the sector has been favored by by gaming industries, and 243 00:26:47.550 --> 00:27:00.009 in the in the first decades of of gaming communities and gaming cultures, they were probably considered the only visible group. 244 00:27:01.340 --> 00:27:05.509 but after something happened. 245 00:27:06.109 --> 00:27:10.190 So here we have the casual revolution. 246 00:27:10.479 --> 00:27:23.620 Different different kind of video games with a different design. Change the way to look at games and people will. 247 00:27:23.970 --> 00:27:45.890 Were not traditionally associated with with gaming, started to be included by gaming industries. This does not mean that these people were not playing before, but it became an evident thing, and they were clearly included in advertising, even in in another aspect of of of the gaming production. 248 00:27:49.080 --> 00:28:00.869 In the meantime we find these mid-core gamers, where mostly people were familiar with with gaming. We were hardcore gamers, and well. 249 00:28:01.060 --> 00:28:05.810 they are playing less because of different factors. 250 00:28:05.990 --> 00:28:08.799 especially because they became 251 00:28:08.810 --> 00:28:15.210 adult. and then something new. He athletes. You probably have heard of them. 252 00:28:15.340 --> 00:28:23.660 these sports are quite an important thing now there are people who play professionally which 253 00:28:23.800 --> 00:28:30.459 can we consider a sort of nonsense because they are playing. But it's a job so very strange. 254 00:28:30.470 --> 00:28:37.130 very intriguing. It's a competitive way to look at games. 255 00:28:37.140 --> 00:28:43.060 well. there are some papers that are focusing on on this 256 00:28:43.220 --> 00:28:45.540 in this sector. And 257 00:28:46.220 --> 00:28:50.520 well, it's it's something that that is well. 258 00:28:50.560 --> 00:28:52.950 changing, changing, changing goal. 259 00:28:53.610 --> 00:28:54.820 However. 260 00:28:56.050 --> 00:29:02.100 this problem of conceptualizations and functional groups 261 00:29:02.960 --> 00:29:07.059 was dealt with just using 262 00:29:07.190 --> 00:29:11.000 Purdue's cultural capital 263 00:29:11.650 --> 00:29:13.429 in a new way. 264 00:29:13.820 --> 00:29:16.180 especially. 265 00:29:16.220 --> 00:29:28.739 Consolvo did it. But well, there are other scholars that try to use this bodier's theories to describe gaming communities. 266 00:29:29.090 --> 00:29:35.700 and the idea is that there is a game in capital, something that you can 267 00:29:37.610 --> 00:29:43.899 acquire in many ways. It's It's interesting because 268 00:29:44.450 --> 00:29:54.170 Gonzalo explains that she she's using a cultural capital in a new way. But. 269 00:29:54.230 --> 00:29:56.490 She 270 00:29:56.520 --> 00:30:05.739 mostly utilizes the paratax idea, which is more something related to 271 00:30:06.010 --> 00:30:13.430 cultural studies, and Jeanette in particular, she argues that 272 00:30:13.980 --> 00:30:30.989 gaming magazines, guides all the the materials that were used to facilitate gaming and to build a sort of identity were owned by gaming industries. At least the majority of them before the Internet. And. 273 00:30:32.170 --> 00:30:37.150 however, there are certain things of the of the 274 00:30:37.170 --> 00:30:39.620 cultural capital that are 275 00:30:39.680 --> 00:30:56.889 useful for this theory, and Consolvo did not consider them, and, for example, the importance of of the objectified capital, and especially in relation to gaming museums. 276 00:30:57.070 --> 00:30:58.850 titles. 277 00:30:58.870 --> 00:31:05.390 So the institutionalized kind of capital, of cultural capital and body. 278 00:31:07.650 --> 00:31:18.210 So gaming capital is a very conflict of space where different groups are competing to be hegemonic, and 279 00:31:18.380 --> 00:31:27.699 they are trying to control the politics. and well. at the same time, people are producing their own politics. So 280 00:31:27.790 --> 00:31:32.049 it's a very complex environment 281 00:31:32.110 --> 00:31:36.590 for a very complex way to describe a complex phenomenon. 282 00:31:40.350 --> 00:31:42.950 so I don't think it's enough. 283 00:31:43.130 --> 00:31:55.630 In particular, it is possible to consider all these conceptualizations, so the subculture, the neo tribes in relation to the functional groups I described above. So 284 00:31:55.790 --> 00:32:01.480 usually, people only rely on subculture and on gamers. 285 00:32:01.520 --> 00:32:15.020 But the there's some a variety of of of different kinds of groups that are interested in in gaming communities, in gaming cultures. in this sense. 286 00:32:15.590 --> 00:32:19.040 my study, my research. 287 00:32:19.060 --> 00:32:24.559 It's based on the the interviews I'm I'm doing now in Australia. 288 00:32:24.760 --> 00:32:30.880 more or less the middle of the of the data collection. 289 00:32:31.740 --> 00:32:37.820 And well. I'm interviewing young people. 290 00:32:37.920 --> 00:32:57.390 but I'm using different techniques. So since I'm a game or myself, well, I'm going to, I'm going to game in places. And I'm trying to recruit people through the Internet and but well, I'm not from here. So 291 00:32:58.170 --> 00:33:06.440 it is difficult to recruit people. There are certain hostile digital spaces, especially. There are some people who 292 00:33:06.690 --> 00:33:14.170 very, very upset when I say that I'm doing academic research. 293 00:33:14.320 --> 00:33:23.400 Especially in relation to the so-called Gamer Gate. And well. there is still a sector of people who 294 00:33:23.480 --> 00:33:26.399 it could be considered 295 00:33:27.760 --> 00:33:34.260 possibly associated to the outright or to certain values of of 296 00:33:34.660 --> 00:33:38.930 or conservative environments. And well. 297 00:33:39.090 --> 00:33:45.050 they are not really happy to talk with me, so it has been quite difficult. 298 00:33:45.280 --> 00:33:46.960 However. 299 00:33:48.250 --> 00:33:53.000 there are a lot of ongoing changes in in-game communities. And 300 00:33:54.940 --> 00:33:58.429 what? Are my initial findings? Well. 301 00:33:58.850 --> 00:34:00.009 first of all. 302 00:34:00.700 --> 00:34:04.830 the only very structural group 303 00:34:04.910 --> 00:34:10.050 are the sports clubs. Well, so far, in my research 304 00:34:10.240 --> 00:34:14.749 guest, arcade bars, gaming rooms and Internet cafees are 305 00:34:15.040 --> 00:34:19.200 use, but in a more liquid way. 306 00:34:19.760 --> 00:34:22.829 and, generally speaking, participation is casual. 307 00:34:23.600 --> 00:34:35.550 Except for plants. Clients are are groups in the game. So people take the membership of the groups and become well, they simulate 308 00:34:35.710 --> 00:34:45.859 another kind of social group which sometimes is very similar to a subculture. And yeah, I like to complicate the ideas here. But well. 309 00:34:46.810 --> 00:34:49.240 it's our job. 310 00:34:51.380 --> 00:35:02.130 yeah. Video games players like to play with people who are familiar to them. And the participation is often this intermediate. 311 00:35:02.270 --> 00:35:03.720 So 312 00:35:03.790 --> 00:35:08.950 this code is most used, the channel to organize. 313 00:35:09.190 --> 00:35:13.320 In-game sessions. however 314 00:35:13.360 --> 00:35:23.249 important, point. My participants said, well, I am a gamer. But but I'm not part of a subculture. 315 00:35:23.550 --> 00:35:31.430 so there are other people who are part of a subculture. But I'm not, but it's always someone else. 316 00:35:31.680 --> 00:35:38.320 It's very strange I haven't found someone saying, Well, that's me. No 317 00:35:38.770 --> 00:35:47.670 Some of them had the fact that they avoid debates because they could be very toxic. 318 00:35:47.850 --> 00:35:56.380 and at the same time they still feel that gaming is somehow socially stigmatized. 319 00:35:56.590 --> 00:36:02.260 and well. 320 00:36:03.160 --> 00:36:11.320 they try to well. to underlying that there's a nuanced 321 00:36:11.630 --> 00:36:17.700 conception of of gaming, of being a gamer that we called that we shield a knowledge. 322 00:36:18.120 --> 00:36:23.000 yes. So this is me playing gta 4. 323 00:36:23.360 --> 00:36:28.820 If you like the game. send me an email, if you know, some one will. 324 00:36:28.920 --> 00:36:32.710 as playing video games and the 325 00:36:32.780 --> 00:36:37.239 for anything related to that. And well, thank you. 326 00:36:42.970 --> 00:36:45.680 Yeah. The 327 00:36:48.840 --> 00:36:49.770 the 328 00:36:50.860 --> 00:36:56.659 well, it's difficult to recruit female gamers. 329 00:36:56.960 --> 00:37:04.260 even if it's in the survey. it's clear that there are a lot of people. Half of the people are 330 00:37:04.570 --> 00:37:09.150 girls women. But if we focus on. 331 00:37:09.310 --> 00:37:10.370 though 332 00:37:10.530 --> 00:37:16.810 playstation, computer video games the more well, the more complex games 333 00:37:16.830 --> 00:37:18.699 well, they are mostly. 334 00:37:18.770 --> 00:37:24.459 But probably there's something that that is 335 00:37:24.770 --> 00:37:27.350 well in 336 00:37:27.610 --> 00:37:33.849 the the access to to this community. I don't know, but I hope that in the next weeks I will have 337 00:37:34.020 --> 00:37:35.229 a good hook 338 00:37:35.690 --> 00:37:38.010 and well, that's it. Thank you. 339 00:37:42.030 --> 00:37:48.430 Okay. Social class. 340 00:37:49.800 --> 00:37:53.669 How are you looking into? I'm Carl from Griffith University. 341 00:37:53.710 --> 00:38:05.699 Thanks. Cool. Are you looking into social class as part of your research. Because Bohr Jews theory basically talks about social class and how 342 00:38:05.700 --> 00:38:27.400 it relates to you know, this culture of capital and social capital, but in terms of gamers. In the Philippines, for example, social class, as I mentioned before, social class in terms of gamers, is kind of blurred, because even those kids from the lower social class backgrounds can become 343 00:38:27.470 --> 00:38:52.109 E gamers which in your cases you are showing is it's it's it's basically an industry. It's it's a game. It's a sport which is related to people who are basically who have higher social and cultural capital, you know. So cut the story short, are you also putting class in on social class and consideration in your research? Thank you. 344 00:38:52.890 --> 00:38:57.760 Thank you, Karl. Thank you so much. Well. 345 00:38:57.770 --> 00:39:00.890 yes, the short password is, yes. 346 00:39:01.110 --> 00:39:05.950 the Long houseware is that I'm 347 00:39:06.120 --> 00:39:11.179 I'm meeting mostly people who are middle class. 348 00:39:12.730 --> 00:39:17.920 But there are some people who are. Note. 349 00:39:18.420 --> 00:39:24.309 Well, they are the lower middle class. They are lower middle class members. 350 00:39:25.110 --> 00:39:27.979 but I haven't found yet. 351 00:39:28.220 --> 00:39:33.000 People who could be considered of lower class of law were income. 352 00:39:33.060 --> 00:39:37.430 However. this is an assumption. So forgive me. 353 00:39:37.500 --> 00:39:48.320 Since this is a comparative study, I think that I will find differences between lower-class gamers in Italy 354 00:39:49.010 --> 00:39:52.819 and the lower and middle class gamers in Italy. 355 00:39:53.350 --> 00:39:57.829 whilst here, probably because the society is more 356 00:39:58.070 --> 00:39:59.160 there. Whoa! 357 00:39:59.430 --> 00:40:06.219 It's class divided. But the the difference is not probably so strong as strong as as in Italy. Well. 358 00:40:07.540 --> 00:40:13.620 things may be different, but well, we'll say I mean, it's a good question. Thank you so much. 359 00:40:16.320 --> 00:40:17.369 Yeah, yeah. 360 00:40:18.790 --> 00:40:23.929 You you complete to say that gaming is a subculture community. No. 361 00:40:24.140 --> 00:40:34.939 it's not your conclusion. No. no, no, at all. So I want to know more, and do not too much with him. But which value are he what you compete in? This gave me? 362 00:40:35.670 --> 00:40:38.220 What sorry you compete, for 363 00:40:39.210 --> 00:40:51.879 which value I engage in Jamie. Well, in which sense value like classical values. Or you know, when you play a game with friends, you play the time you play friendship. 364 00:40:52.890 --> 00:40:57.959 When you play bridge, you play Monet adapter. When you play a lot of Monet. 365 00:40:58.220 --> 00:40:59.630 you pay your life 366 00:41:00.010 --> 00:41:10.040 no more. One I during 6 months, I see. And also when you play Internet, you play time, you can play money on some specific game. 367 00:41:10.200 --> 00:41:15.820 But you, you play also the simple game of the Internet. You have different meaning of this gaming music. 368 00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:24.040 Well, the next same direction of game, if I understand well, what I tried to imply is that? 369 00:41:24.290 --> 00:41:26.759 Well, so the subcultural concepts? 370 00:41:26.910 --> 00:41:36.840 even where? Well, they, when they are associated to the post-cultural theory. Well, they describe these communities in terms of 371 00:41:37.090 --> 00:41:39.700 empty mainstream groups. 372 00:41:40.360 --> 00:41:43.070 And this is not the case. 373 00:41:43.710 --> 00:41:45.360 and 374 00:41:45.790 --> 00:41:51.280 there's always the idea that subcultures are somehow closed groups. 375 00:41:51.430 --> 00:41:55.090 This is not the case whilst 376 00:41:55.630 --> 00:41:59.260 the neo-tribe concept is more similar to 377 00:41:59.400 --> 00:42:10.830 to gaming is probably the most adaptable to gaming communities, because people do a lot of things, and gaming is just a part of their identity. 378 00:42:11.230 --> 00:42:13.959 however. in the game. 379 00:42:14.640 --> 00:42:22.229 so in virtual words, as started, for example, by Mathasoli in second life. 380 00:42:23.020 --> 00:42:29.549 Well, in that case they can be part of plants and clowns try to simulate 381 00:42:30.210 --> 00:42:47.080 deviant subcultures. So there are plants of criminals, clowns of very bad people, or the deviant subculture archetype. So this is the the idea I was trying to to communicate. 382 00:42:47.200 --> 00:42:48.900 well 383 00:42:50.040 --> 00:42:57.120 is right. We could go in by that. No, no, no. thank you. 384 00:42:58.460 --> 00:42:59.220 sides of. 385 00:43:01.680 --> 00:43:02.540 he said, You 386 00:43:07.110 --> 00:43:12.010 okay, there you go. Thank you so much. Yeah. Okay. Carol. 387 00:43:12.720 --> 00:43:36.959 okay, thanks. So much for the theory section for hosting this session. So first, I would like to acknowledge that we are gathered in the unstated territory of Nam, in the home of the Koolean nation. Wooden Jerry Voyeurong people, and I acknowledged the atrocities, genocide and massive scale exploitation caused by global European colonialism which shifted huge amounts of financial and other resources 388 00:43:36.960 --> 00:43:56.130 from the colonized nations to Europe. I call for reparations for colonialism and for slavery. Global acid distribution return of ancestral lands to its rightful owners, both in the settler colonies and in the global South and for dismantling of all colonial structural inequalities, exploitation and discrimination on a global scale. 389 00:43:56.520 --> 00:44:14.360 Okay? So what I would like to talk about today, since I'm talking to the theory section I so I've seen a push and voices calling to decolonize sociology. But many people are still not sure what it means Concretely, for their own fields 390 00:44:14.360 --> 00:44:39.359 they might have difficulties, seeing how there might be eurocentric or Western centric biases in their field, and what concretely decolonising their fields might mean. So they they know there are some texts by Southern scholars, they argued. To read, but they might not be 100% sure how to how it translates to their own work. So what I aim to do today is a and to give a concrete example 391 00:44:39.360 --> 00:44:46.160 to show how our theories are eurocentric, how it can happen and what kind of problems it might pose 392 00:44:46.160 --> 00:45:09.160 and how to decolonise a certain field, for example. So we have the problem that the theories we are building are based on data gathered in Western or white majority and highly developed countries, and they are based on literature largely by Western others. Our theories usually have 393 00:45:09.160 --> 00:45:26.279 white genealogies or white founders, which has to do with Many Phd students still Being supervised by white Western scholars. data from the global South is not, or infrequently looked at when doing theory building. 394 00:45:26.280 --> 00:45:44.079 If it is, and it is often a data gathered by Western scholars which respond to Western research questions and not necessarily to research questions or research designed developed by people from the global South and the analysis and theories 395 00:45:44.140 --> 00:45:51.419 from scholar space in the global South are often not read by scholars in the West when doing literature reviews. 396 00:45:51.480 --> 00:46:10.219 So the colonial scholars have been arguing that this is problematic, and ascribes a eurocentric biases into the knowledge that is being produced among the scholars who have argued, this is. Sayed Hussein Alata say it, Ferrita Lattas, and Walter Miniolo I, but also many others, including myself. 397 00:46:10.230 --> 00:46:15.789 So I will proceed to provide a concrete example for this today. 398 00:46:16.130 --> 00:46:39.299 So of course, we have the problem that there are mechanisms in place that exclude scholars from global northern and global influential conferences which has to do with the fact that the, the, the conferences in the global North have a global reach, a global impact. But they are usually imagined as 399 00:46:39.340 --> 00:46:42.530 national conferences, and 400 00:46:42.680 --> 00:46:52.409 people usually request abstracts to have a relevance for this national Association, for this country, even though 401 00:46:52.440 --> 00:47:17.199 the influence of the Conference is global. And as scholars from the global South also experience a huge barriers from getting published in global Northern journals which double as the globally most influential journals. So this blocks the corrective feedback that could come from the global South to eradicate biases in 402 00:47:17.490 --> 00:47:18.919 that is theorem. 403 00:47:19.130 --> 00:47:40.339 So we have the problem that we have a white positionality embedded in theory and a tendency to portray social problems that are caused or initiated by the European Colonial project, and that are perpetuated by continuing Western capitalist exploitation and other forms of 404 00:47:40.340 --> 00:47:53.109 Western hierarchies or dominance that are impacting the global South. So this kind of social problem tends to be portrayed in our theories as basic social problems that are 405 00:47:53.360 --> 00:48:06.020 caused by software mechanisms that are symmetric all across the globe. It would affect all people equally, and in in the case of migration studies 406 00:48:06.380 --> 00:48:07.320 the 407 00:48:08.050 --> 00:48:16.010 How do I say? The devaluation or discrimination or 408 00:48:16.280 --> 00:48:29.380 negative outcomes that migrants coming to the global North? Experience is, as I argue, due to the ongoing effects of the European colonial project, but is portrayed as 409 00:48:29.610 --> 00:48:49.480 symmetric processes that would affect all migrants equally. No matter whether they travel northwards or southwards. So I argued. In fact, it does make a big difference whether you're traveling northwards or southwards. So we have the problem that a conservative and at times racist bias is embedded by migration theory. 410 00:48:49.850 --> 00:49:09.750 Okay, So let me jump into my presentation per se. So the literature on migration and human capital argues that migrants have lower returns to human capital outcomes than natives. So it is argued, as if all migrants always have 411 00:49:10.040 --> 00:49:19.960 lower lower returns to their human capital, which means all migrants are disadvantaged on labor markets or migrants get worse jobs 412 00:49:20.010 --> 00:49:21.750 lower 413 00:49:22.020 --> 00:49:37.079 lower payments or slower career progressions than natives on the labor market and the the literature theorizes a specific set of factors that is said to cause this 414 00:49:37.460 --> 00:49:59.859 whereas in Hong Kong I find that white Western migrants have higher returns to human capital than natives, which means white Western migrants in Hong Kong get paid more than Hong Kong locals, and they also have higher chances to find themselves in more senior positions. And most of the factors that the literature theorizes that are supposed to lead 415 00:49:59.860 --> 00:50:15.459 to these lower returns to human capital are absent, reversed, or diminished in the case of a white Western migrants in Hong Kong. So I would like to explain why I think this is happening. I think it is 416 00:50:15.670 --> 00:50:34.130 due to a methodological issue, which is that the migration and human capital body of theories is based on the wrong generalization. It almost exclusively examines data of what I call northward migration, which is a 417 00:50:34.570 --> 00:50:58.869 countries that are based in the global north and migrants that are travelling from the south towards the from a more southern location towards a more northern location, and if the literature were to examine the reverse case of migration flows which are often called expatriates, quote unquote, which come from a more global northern location and go to a more self-orientation. It could be 418 00:50:58.930 --> 00:51:17.369 found that actually, these these migrants tend to experience privilege. But the literature just ignores these. These kind of findings, and the others, writing from the global South, tend to be rejected by journals, by conferences. And therefore this corrective feedback does not enter the literature. 419 00:51:17.750 --> 00:51:34.300 Okay, so I'm arguing that the literature lacks the the feedback or the theoretical perspective of all systems, analysis and dependency theory as well as coloniality of power, and also, of course, the feedback by others based in the global South. 420 00:51:34.300 --> 00:51:52.550 So the coloniality of Power School argues that even after political colonisation the globe remains structured by power relations that were initiated by colonialism, but are continuing today. This includes political, economic. 421 00:51:52.630 --> 00:52:22.229 media related cultural, related power relations, but also a racial hierarchy that was first imposed by the European Colonial project to be able to justify the exploitation of racialized groups which profits went then to the white colonisers. And Hong Kong, of course, is impacted by both local coloniality of power and from the British colonization which ended in and global coloniality of power. 422 00:52:22.330 --> 00:52:51.659 so the literature attempts to the migration, human capital literature attempts to identify general social processes that create the observed migrant disadvantage as a feature of migration as such, but from a world systems, analysis and coloniality of power view, most disadvantages would be explained as rooted in unequal power relations, and the findings in Hong Kong support not the 423 00:52:51.860 --> 00:53:03.990 general theory of a migration. Human capital, not the existing theorizations, but what the colonialality of power and what systems analysis theories would suggest. 424 00:53:04.210 --> 00:53:05.690 Okay, 425 00:53:06.780 --> 00:53:23.319 I'm going to skip through this in the interest of time. But yeah, there's other instances of a white labor market privilege documented in Taiwan, China, Japan, African countries, and a variety of other colonies, former colonies. 426 00:53:23.480 --> 00:53:28.080 So the human capital literature of migration 427 00:53:28.350 --> 00:53:36.349 theorizes that migrants always experience lower returns to human capital. This means they experience labor, market disadvantage. 428 00:53:36.400 --> 00:53:45.659 Including highly skilled migrants, so they tend to have lower earnings, lower occupational status, and lower rates of employment than natives 429 00:53:45.850 --> 00:53:47.580 and 430 00:53:47.770 --> 00:54:12.420 There's a range of attributions as to why this happened as such as that human capital is argued by this literature to be less than perfect, and it have less than perfect transferability across societies. So they kind of envision a metric world where, if you go to a different country, your human capital just does not apply that much because it's it's 431 00:54:12.580 --> 00:54:16.339 fitted best to the country of origin. 432 00:54:16.520 --> 00:54:18.080 also that 433 00:54:18.190 --> 00:54:35.719 less developed society might be able to invest less resources into the education and training that migrants like the knowledge, the cultural capital, the language skills, and the social capital to make it in a receiving society on the labor market that they experience discrimination. 434 00:54:35.750 --> 00:54:50.770 And here, This is kind of arguing from a point that people are xenophobic, that all visible minorities, everyone who is different is argued to experience discrimination. 435 00:54:50.950 --> 00:55:06.929 and there are only very specific cases where migrants are experiencing similar or higher returns to human capital which do not apply to the the group of wide Western migrants in Hong Kong that I am investigating. 436 00:55:07.360 --> 00:55:18.689 Okay, so other other scholars have already done important work in this area as well. I'm glad to give you the references. If you're interested. 437 00:55:19.800 --> 00:55:35.880 yeah, I'm skipping through this. But if you're interested, I'm going to talk about this more. So Tungstu and Fong have in 2,018 already documented, that whites are more likely to have a managerial or professional jobs, and more likely to have 438 00:55:35.970 --> 00:55:51.740 or or have better incomes, higher incomes than non-whites, and the same is found for people of major developed nations. sorry not not to non-white, but to Hong Kong, Hong, Kong, Chinese, or the the receiving society population. 439 00:55:52.000 --> 00:56:12.149 so I'm going to talk about the specific factors that are the specific theorisations of the migration and human capital literature that is found to be reversed in the case of Hong Kong. So, as I said, the the migration, human capital literature suggests that there is a 440 00:56:12.160 --> 00:56:36.859 imperfect transferability of human capital. so that if if kind of human capital moves to a different context, it gets devalued because the context is just different. The human capital doesn't apply so well anymore. But it is found that Western human capital is valued higher in Hong Kong than the Hong Kong local human capital and specifically Western education. 441 00:56:36.890 --> 00:56:46.770 or for mostly Anglo-saxon education. Also Western work experience. There is a belief that Western human capital is better than Hong Kong, local. 442 00:56:46.890 --> 00:56:48.550 a human capital. 443 00:56:48.890 --> 00:57:07.259 So, for example, one interview, he said, that the Chinese parents in this international school want a white face, they will think that a real Westerner, which is a white Western, is more competent, and therefore a white Australian with no Hong Kong work. Experience was recruited to lead an international school. 444 00:57:07.750 --> 00:57:10.080 so I argue. 445 00:57:10.240 --> 00:57:34.640 yes, there, there might be one factor that human capital from one context is not fully applicable to another context. But this intersects with economic power relations. So both factors might have an influence. So Hong Kong, as a global city is a nexus of trade with Western countries. It has whites and Westerners, as managers see also influential customers 446 00:57:34.650 --> 00:57:40.859 and people. These people tend to hire people with familiar human capital. 447 00:57:40.960 --> 00:57:49.729 And there is also a local and global cultural and academic hierarchies. So, as we know, there is academic stratification. It is not like 448 00:57:49.750 --> 00:57:52.549 all I could academic. 449 00:57:52.570 --> 00:58:08.550 The Greece are valued equally globally, but we know very well that there is a global academic hierarchy, and that the secular colonies and Europe produce the more valued academic degrees than the global South. 450 00:58:09.550 --> 00:58:14.260 Right? So so we can see that it's not just the case that 451 00:58:14.540 --> 00:58:29.149 human capital loses applicability when going to another context, but that the Western dominance in global business relations in in global capitalism, sending 452 00:58:29.190 --> 00:58:46.170 like that a lot of operations are headquartered in the Western countries, especially in the Us. Europe, other settler colonies. These people are sending managers to thank you pigments sending managers to 453 00:58:46.880 --> 00:59:05.929 global cities like Hong Kong, but also to the global South. And these Western often right managers will then hire people who have human capital that they are familiar with, not necessarily the human capital that might be most applicable to the global South, maybe to some extent, but they will still favor human capital that they understand. 454 00:59:06.230 --> 00:59:23.320 So yeah, this and the global culture and academic hierarchies intersect with this idea of just transferability. So The literature does not understand or investigate the second aspect. the lack of knowledge on the receiving society. 455 00:59:23.370 --> 00:59:37.950 So, as I said, the the literature assumes that you have to have very high knowledge of the receiving society. If you have less of this knowledge, then you will. You will have difficulties getting a job. 456 00:59:38.310 --> 00:59:56.439 this factor is present less in Hong Kong. So many institutions are modeled after the Uk. Due to the Hong Kong being a British colony, and institutions being shaped by by British colonialism. So many Western businesses have branch offices there. 457 00:59:56.630 --> 01:00:01.529 There is a Westernized business infrastructure. but still a 458 01:00:01.640 --> 01:00:14.190 sometimes Westerners there do encounter a lack of knowledge, for example, that's important to talk to recruiters. And sometimes this can lead to disadvantages 459 01:00:14.500 --> 01:00:28.699 so due to the colonial and global Western corporate influence. They encounter white Westerners in Hong Kong encounter similar societal and labour market structures that they know well how to navigate. So this fact is not present so much. 460 01:00:28.790 --> 01:00:45.089 so another factor is that the literature theorizes that if migrants have a lack of receiving society cultural capital they might face difficulties employing being employed. And here 461 01:00:45.550 --> 01:00:50.930 This factor is also diminished or absent. so 462 01:00:51.850 --> 01:01:15.110 There are industries with a majority of Hong Kong, Staff, and whites to face problems due to violating Hong Kong cultural norms. But they are helped by senior whites, the report being helped by senior rights, and they also face an abundance of drop opportunities. People are happy to hire them for other jobs, so they might just keep drop hopping. 463 01:01:15.110 --> 01:01:30.759 and they often face welfare, state or abundant job opportunities. in other countries. So if they have a problem, they can go home to their sending society, or they can just find another job elsewhere. So they don't have. 464 01:01:30.820 --> 01:01:38.090 and they are not pressure to accultate to some outfit into the local language at a local labor market. 465 01:01:38.260 --> 01:02:03.689 And Then, of course, there are industries that are run by white British or white Westerners where these people are the bosses, and of course, these recognize a Western cultural capital. In fact, there is a Gomo business culture that really emphasizes Western cultural capital, and that is present in materials. Tratas Business leadership, stratas all over the globe. 466 01:02:03.690 --> 01:02:22.149 so it's not the case that all migrants everywhere have to acculturate to the sending society to the achieving society. Sorry, but it is the case that the upper stratos of business recognize and emphasize Western cultural capital almost everywhere on the globe. 467 01:02:22.440 --> 01:02:25.670 All right. now, I said this already. 468 01:02:26.100 --> 01:02:34.170 then language skills this factor is reverse. So the literature says that you have to speak almost 469 01:02:34.350 --> 01:02:58.870 we have to have almost native fluency in receiving society languages in order to get into a white-color work, especially into a customer service or managerial roles. So this factor is reversed in Hong Kong. Tung Su and Fong have shown that individuals who speak only English have higher returns to human capital than people who speak only Cantonese. 470 01:02:58.870 --> 01:03:13.639 So this shows that people who are making it big in a certain Western organization then being sent to Hong Kong as executive are actually winning the game, not people who are trying to accommodate to Hong Kong. 471 01:03:14.210 --> 01:03:19.150 So this is the data I am going. I happy to go back to that later. 472 01:03:21.230 --> 01:03:44.430 So the literature here conflates globally hegemonic language, which is, of course, that due to a British colonial empire and the many British settler colonies. English has gained Status as a globally hegemonic language, both in business circles and beyond so many international schools in the world, are trying to teach English to their students. 473 01:03:44.460 --> 01:03:53.429 So the migration, human capital literature conflates this globally hegemonic language with the main language in a certain country 474 01:03:53.590 --> 01:03:57.869 and our region and receiving society language. 475 01:03:57.960 --> 01:04:08.519 so the Hong Kong global city labor market is so globally integrated that hegemonic foreign languages become more important than local languages. 476 01:04:08.780 --> 01:04:20.289 And there's also the issue of social capital. So the literature says that migrants, co-ethnic social capital is usually 477 01:04:20.290 --> 01:04:40.909 not having a lot of worth not helping them to get into a high level world, hey drops? Whereas, of course, the Hong Kong colonisation left a group of very powerful whites, both British and Non British leading corporations there. So white co-ethnic social capital can be very helpful of getting them into jobs. 478 01:04:41.040 --> 01:04:46.960 and then discrimination, of course. 479 01:04:47.750 --> 01:04:50.970 The literature assumes that if you. 480 01:04:51.180 --> 01:05:18.410 if you look great, I'm going to go here that if you, if you are visible in a minority, if you look different than the majority, you get discriminated, maybe because people are xenophobic. Maybe people are afraid of, but those who look different from them, whereas from a coloniality of power standpoint, you would argue that global racial hierarchies, intentionally implemented by the colonial project to exploit non-wide labor are continuing until today. And 481 01:05:18.530 --> 01:05:40.040 this means that whites almost everywhere in the globe experience racial privilege, whereas black and brown individuals almost everywhere on the globe, experience and racial discrimination, especially the more darker people. so yeah, I think I'm I'm out of time, but I hope I was able to give an example. How? 482 01:05:41.660 --> 01:05:43.049 this 483 01:05:43.500 --> 01:05:51.220 migration theory. It theorizes things as kind of symmetric kind of based to 484 01:05:51.250 --> 01:06:14.390 social processes, saying this would happen to migrants wherever they go, no matter where they are from. Whereas actually, these disadvantages that migrants and the global North faced are due to these global hierarchies, these global power structures that continue on from colonization continue due to global capitalism and are not as symmetric as the theory portrays. Thank you so much. 485 01:06:32.730 --> 01:06:33.490 Hmm. 486 01:06:34.580 --> 01:06:38.799 thank you. A wonderful presentation. Very, very interesting topic. 487 01:06:40.140 --> 01:06:44.179 We're stimulating. Well, first question. 488 01:06:44.440 --> 01:06:45.420 yes. 489 01:06:46.590 --> 01:06:49.370 what does it mean to be white. 490 01:06:49.580 --> 01:06:55.850 So Russian people, Romanians 491 01:06:55.930 --> 01:07:02.530 other people from Europe are they considered white in this scenario or not? Well. 492 01:07:02.800 --> 01:07:07.959 are there other kind of companies like 493 01:07:07.990 --> 01:07:13.190 the Chinese companies, and today have the same kind of attitude towards 494 01:07:13.370 --> 01:07:15.410 white people. 495 01:07:16.050 --> 01:07:22.250 and I'm very interesting. This fact that social, academic capital. 496 01:07:22.330 --> 01:07:24.240 it is less important. Isn't it 497 01:07:24.450 --> 01:07:32.090 a social ethnic capital for migrants? It's less important than usually, isn't it? 498 01:07:32.100 --> 01:07:36.280 Social? Ethnic capital? 499 01:07:37.450 --> 01:07:43.489 It is very valuable for works. Yeah, I'll answer all of it there. 500 01:07:44.620 --> 01:07:54.740 Okay, thank you so much for these excellent questions. Yes, you are correct. That whiteness in Europe and whiteness in other countries 501 01:07:55.180 --> 01:07:59.370 experienced differently. So Europe as the 502 01:07:59.860 --> 01:08:06.560 the homeland of the white populations and the center of. 503 01:08:06.950 --> 01:08:36.950 or Western Europe as a center of global colonialism, has More of a tendency to racialize white people or to ethnicize and discriminate against certain white populations, especially of whites from East Germany, or formerly also, and until today a little bit about whites from the so-called peripheries, and maybe Italy, Spain, the Irish, and so on, but especially nowadays. Eastern Europe. So this is very salient in Europe. 504 01:08:36.950 --> 01:08:43.169 whereas in the settler colonies, and especially in the global South. 505 01:08:43.170 --> 01:09:03.539 a lot of populations that would be negatively racialized in Europe or experienced discrimination, Europe are considered white, so Turkish people, Russian people, and so on, are considered white, or also South African white people are considered white in Hong Kong and report privilege there. Of course it also. 506 01:09:03.730 --> 01:09:11.910 it depends on on the socioeconomic average. So, for example, South Africans that I interviewed. 507 01:09:12.860 --> 01:09:42.339 on the one hand, they experience white privilege. On the other hand, for example, if they worked in a teaching industry they talked about employers knowing they're more vulnerable, knowing they will accept a lower wages, because they come from an underdeveloped country, and employers also exploiting this knowledge. So you always have these internal hierarchies in in any continent, in any region. And as for the social capital, so for white Westerners. 508 01:09:42.350 --> 01:09:52.419 they report it being very easy to network their network with elites there. So, for example, they would go to 509 01:09:52.630 --> 01:10:22.039 cultural events, such as the the finish or the Austrian. celebrations, holidays, things like that. And they would be able to network, even as students, even as people doing internships would be able to network with senior business leaders there from from their same ethnic group, or From their same country, and were able to draw on 510 01:10:22.180 --> 01:10:41.040 work. Opportunities for that. And 1 one interview you said in Austria, I would never have the opportunity to meet those kind of people because Austria is too big. Of course, as a student you cannot just meet with senior executives by Hong Kong. This was possible, so they were able and also 511 01:10:41.450 --> 01:10:52.829 the Chinese individuals, Hong Kong, individuals, and others there were very happy to network with whites because they were just assumed to be high status to developing jobs. 512 01:10:52.830 --> 01:11:19.889 so even junior whites, yeah, students, people just entering Hong Kong found it very easy to network didn't experience discrimination, which, of course, racialized people in Hong Kong experience. So they had a very easy time to network. And then, yeah, as as whites are still being a very powerful group in Hong Kong. This social capital held a lot of value for them in terms of employment chances. 513 01:11:23.700 --> 01:11:25.539 I just had one about 514 01:11:25.660 --> 01:11:27.340 or 2 515 01:11:27.520 --> 01:11:30.210 one about history. 516 01:11:30.680 --> 01:11:31.570 Wow! 517 01:11:32.020 --> 01:11:36.440 Long-term and contemporary history. So obviously, Hong Kong is a 518 01:11:36.940 --> 01:11:43.069 a place that's quite different in the Chinese context. 519 01:11:43.090 --> 01:11:47.870 So I wondered a little bit about how the post. 520 01:11:48.520 --> 01:11:59.520 no handover situation, might have changed things, but also the more recent history of protests, and the Chinese Government approaching Hong Kong in a very different 521 01:11:59.750 --> 01:12:03.660 way of hastening the handover or the 522 01:12:03.750 --> 01:12:13.439 what do you call takeover? And whether that's affecting any of the sort of dynamics for non- Chinese people in that context. 523 01:12:13.680 --> 01:12:23.620 but also in a more global capitalist context, thinking about things like banks which are obviously very present in Hong Kong 524 01:12:23.860 --> 01:12:32.239 and their move towards like these visible shows of like diversity and inclusion, and those sorts of 525 01:12:32.650 --> 01:12:38.849 policies for better or worse, in terms of how they're used. If there is a move to 526 01:12:39.120 --> 01:12:40.310 try, and 527 01:12:40.430 --> 01:12:48.349 visibly, maybe, diversify their their employees to fit with that sort of logic. 528 01:12:50.210 --> 01:13:02.240 Okay, thank you so much for these excellent questions. By the way, I think we also had 2 questions in zoom, if I know. But I'm not sure how to open the zoom thing. But yeah, the 529 01:13:02.850 --> 01:13:08.810 the handover itself, in 1,997, has affected 530 01:13:08.840 --> 01:13:19.539 like a lot of people were worried. Some capital, some businesses moved out of Hong Kong at that time, but especially also the 2,019 crackdown 531 01:13:19.870 --> 01:13:39.330 worried a lot of Western businesses they were. They were not so much worried about the Hong Kongers losing their freedom, but they were worried about rule of law. One lawyer I talked about was very concerned about this. They were worried about their contracts not being enforced. so Western corporations have worries about 532 01:13:39.480 --> 01:14:05.909 moving capital out of China, or contracts not being enforced. Things being randomly shut down by a Chinese government. This is why a lot of corporations refer to be in Hong Kong, where it's relatively easy to interact with the main it as opposed to being in mainland China themselves. So There has been a move of regional headquarters, or at least examinations of whether it might be best for them to relocate to Singapore. 533 01:14:05.910 --> 01:14:09.590 so Hong Kong has traditionally been 534 01:14:09.600 --> 01:14:31.990 being the regional headquarters site of choice for for Western corporations involved in producing goods in China, moving them to the west, but also exporting Western goods to to Chinese markets or even markets in the region. But this is being reconsidered about the actual figures. I don't have them here, but this is, of course, an important question, and sorry. What was your second question? 535 01:14:32.180 --> 01:14:33.240 And 536 01:14:34.710 --> 01:14:50.429 one big campaign that I noticed in the 6 years while I was there. Is that a very big bank? Hsbc. Was lobbying for LGBT inclusion specifically for laws to 537 01:14:50.450 --> 01:14:57.679 allow spouses of same-sex marriages to to get work with us. 538 01:14:57.810 --> 01:14:58.990 And I, 539 01:14:59.020 --> 01:15:11.959 I, personally was thinking that this is the least expensive way they can demonstrate their commitment to an exclusion, because if they talk about racial discrimination or other things, 540 01:15:12.230 --> 01:15:15.300 then they would. They would. 541 01:15:15.450 --> 01:15:27.820 need to to spend more money on actually instilling the policies that they are pushing, for, whereas the LGBT thing was widely advertised, and probably gave them a lot of 542 01:15:27.990 --> 01:15:30.510 good positive 543 01:15:30.610 --> 01:15:32.509 feedback. Or yeah.