WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:01.789
so welcome

2
00:00:02.110 --> 00:00:16.949
and welcome to the session. And yes, I organized this session about a year back long time, right? And I I I and I gather that you have traveled from far and wide to be here.

3
00:00:17.290 --> 00:00:19.899
and I wish we had more audience.

4
00:00:20.160 --> 00:00:24.389
because I'm sure you have interesting things to tell all of us, and and educate me

5
00:00:24.630 --> 00:00:28.689
so. With your permission, I'll start the session.

6
00:00:28.790 --> 00:00:34.120
So I just have to read this pledge before we actually formally begin.

7
00:00:34.140 --> 00:00:39.879
So on behalf of everyone gathered, I pay respect to the spirits of

8
00:00:40.180 --> 00:00:46.289
country. Spirits of country! Here in where we are meeting.

9
00:00:46.410 --> 00:01:15.669
I acknowledged the past and present cooling nation. Warum diggery! Why, Warong, as the sovereign people here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the nam, aboriginal aboriginal law, customs and custodianship, responsibilities for country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generations into the future of all of us.

10
00:01:16.240 --> 00:01:27.460
I recognize the important contribution that first nation thinkers have made to sociology. including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

11
00:01:28.010 --> 00:01:36.739
We thank all first nation delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline.

12
00:01:37.080 --> 00:01:37.949
Thank you.

13
00:01:38.710 --> 00:01:40.350
So, Jennifer, welcome

14
00:01:49.140 --> 00:01:50.480
help, and

15
00:01:52.040 --> 00:01:53.020
yes.

16
00:01:54.280 --> 00:01:55.140
of course.

17
00:01:56.710 --> 00:01:57.470
interesting.

18
00:01:59.930 --> 00:02:04.779
This is okay. You can hear me. Okay. on the on the recording. Okay.

19
00:02:04.880 --> 00:02:25.880
well, thank you very much. This is going to be a more relaxed session, I think, since there are a few of us in the room, and we can have a good conversation with one another, and I'm delighted to present some work. This is really some preliminary research that we have from some fairly recent data collection. Obviously, since I'm talking about COVID-19 disruption.

20
00:02:27.310 --> 00:02:28.580
it's it's okay.

21
00:02:31.050 --> 00:02:32.500
Yeah.

22
00:02:35.180 --> 00:02:37.110
okay,

23
00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:38.329
this is great.

24
00:02:46.180 --> 00:02:59.630
Okay? So I will go ahead and continue And so I should acknowledge my co-author. Scott yubiko on this research as well as our larger research project supported by the National Institutes for Health.

25
00:03:00.320 --> 00:03:22.550
so we know that the COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on health educational outcomes and economic outcomes around the world. particularly, not only the disease itself, but the mitigation strategies that were put in place that resulted in travel restrictions, school closures and lower economic activities.

26
00:03:22.770 --> 00:03:25.319
in lower and middle income countries.

27
00:03:25.580 --> 00:03:38.250
we have some research to suggest that, certainly, compared to the pre-covid period, households reported less income and other economic hardships resulting from the mitigation strategies in particular.

28
00:03:38.720 --> 00:03:47.730
So when we think about shocks and livelihood disruption. We have some evidence that there are certain households that are more or less vulnerable to these disruptions.

29
00:03:47.800 --> 00:04:07.839
and so, when we think about what might protect households from these external shocks. What might make it easier for them to persist throughout the economic turmoil that resulting from the mitigation we think about the resources that households possess pre-pandemic. So household human capital, education, and household size

30
00:04:07.840 --> 00:04:19.249
as well as physical assets. wealth, land, ownership, and other assets that may have allowed households to persist and not be as disrupted.

31
00:04:20.020 --> 00:04:49.520
And of course this will also vary, depending on households, sources of income, and we think about farming, income, or remittances from migrants. Certainly travel restrictions would have slowed down migration, and may have reduced the ability for migrants abroad to remit 2 households that were dependent upon those. So in this presentation, we're going to be doing just some preliminary analyses of our data and ask which household resources act as buffers to reduce the impacts of COVID-19

32
00:04:49.630 --> 00:04:58.729
on migration and livelihood disruption, and which household vulnerabilities might increase those impacts across to

33
00:04:58.980 --> 00:05:01.609
2 different settings to diverse contexts.

34
00:05:02.220 --> 00:05:17.209
We have some fairly straightforward hypotheses, then household level resources in terms of education and wealth should be associated with less COVID-19 related disruption to livelihoods that will be our first dependent, variable

35
00:05:17.210 --> 00:05:33.510
migration disruption. And then we're also looking at remittances, although I'm going to refer to them as transfer income or economic support, because these are not limited to migrant remittances, they could be economic resources provided to the household from other households in country.

36
00:05:34.370 --> 00:05:45.789
And then our second hypothesis, again, with the same outcomes is that household level. Vulnerability will will be, of course, associated with more disruption across these 3 outcomes, these 3 domains.

37
00:05:46.250 --> 00:06:07.219
Now, as I said, we have some rather unique and relatively new data. I'm going to be drawing from the family Migration and early life outcomes project. The Famllo Project, which was not intended to be a study of pandemic impacts on households. It was designed as a longitudinal household study of 2,000 households per site.

38
00:06:07.219 --> 00:06:18.029
we're in it says each country, but it's not nationally represented. We're representative. We're in 3 regions. we're in Chitwan Valley, Chiuan district in Southern Nepal.

39
00:06:18.030 --> 00:06:32.470
Our other site. We have about 2,000 households from Gaza Province, Mozambique. That's Southern Mozambique, and then another 2,000 households from Halisco, Mexico. That's a central western sort of traditional sending region for migrants from Mexico.

40
00:06:32.699 --> 00:06:47.880
All 3 sites were chosen for their high prevalence of migration and and remittance dependence, sort of historical patterns, as well as being quite diverse in terms of obviously their geographical location, but also their culture and household organization as well.

41
00:06:48.360 --> 00:07:09.129
We conducted Wave one in 2017 to 2018. These were in-person interviews, computer-assisted tablet software that the interviewers local interviewers took into the field with them, and all interviews were done in local languages. So it's translated into 4 different languages for all of our sites.

42
00:07:09.870 --> 00:07:22.320
Now our wave 2 collection was designed to begin. It began in late 2,019, it was supposed to wrap up by the end of 2,020, but obviously we had some disruption there, and so.

43
00:07:22.370 --> 00:07:32.860
as we would say, we decided to pivot make some decisions about what to do when we had to close down data collection in 2,020.

44
00:07:32.870 --> 00:07:36.260
And so we resumed phone interviews.

45
00:07:36.460 --> 00:07:55.010
in Mexico and Nepal. We had completed all of the data collection for Wave 2 in Mozambique at the time of the mitigation strategies when it was determined that it would be less safe to be in the field. And so I'm not going to be talking about analyses from Mozambique. I'm going to just be focusing on our 2 sites in Mexico and Nepal today

46
00:07:55.010 --> 00:08:11.099
to be able to address all of the interviews that were conducted. Following the widespread widespread closures in each site. So that would be travel, restrictions, school closures, and other mitigation strategies put into place.

47
00:08:12.370 --> 00:08:29.849
And, as I said, we're going to be looking at 3 specific outcomes. chose these outcomes because they're assessed. Very similarly, in the data sets, we added questions specifically addressing the extent to which households believe they were disrupted.

48
00:08:29.850 --> 00:08:52.070
or experience some sort of disruption due to COVID-19 and the mitigation strategies in place. The questions were, were that straightforward? We obviously have other measures of longitudinal change between time one and time, 2 in these households. But today I'm just going to be focusing on individual responses, households, responses to these 3 specific questions

49
00:08:52.160 --> 00:08:58.909
for livelihood disruption. We're looking at the loss of income work hours or employment by anybody in the household.

50
00:08:59.160 --> 00:09:14.960
And for this analysis. We're just coding that as a by variant, yes or no. Did the household experience any sort of livelihood disruption due to the COVID-19 shelter in place shelter in place. As a way, it was phrased in some of our sites.

51
00:09:15.750 --> 00:09:37.129
Then we ask about migration disruption. We're also going to dichotomize this. It refers to 2 questions, and whether or not anyone in the household had planned to leave on a migration trip, and was unable to do so, or whether somebody who was currently migrating had planned to return, and when it's unable to do so, due to travel restrictions.

52
00:09:37.350 --> 00:10:05.489
And then our last dependent, variable. As I said it includes remittances, but it also the way the question is worded. It could refer to economic support from non-migrant households. It could just be an economic transfer from another household. And so I'm referring to this as sort of transfer income, disruption, right and economic support had been received from somewhere else, and it was disrupted due to COVID-19. So a decrease in economic support is is the

53
00:10:05.680 --> 00:10:07.419
dependent variable for that.

54
00:10:08.300 --> 00:10:33.400
And then our predictors, as we said, we're looking for those protective factors as well as those risk factors. So we're looking at the highest education level of anyone in the household. We have complete household rosters. So we are not restricted to our data on caregivers and children, the focus of the original study. We can look and see what was the highest level of education of anyone in the household wealth. This is a selection of items owned by the household.

55
00:10:33.440 --> 00:10:42.160
And then we look at household vulnerability. In this case I'm just going to use the very rough dependency ratio for the entire household.

56
00:10:42.300 --> 00:11:10.609
Our controls include household size as well as agricultural activity. If it's a farming household we control. For that. We think that in many cases households that were engaged in farming activities as their primary source of livelihood may actually have been less vulnerable to economic disruption, due to the mitigation strategies. All analyses are logistic analyses with wave. One predictors predicting wave 2 outcomes. And we're looking at models of the log odds of those 3 outcomes.

57
00:11:11.750 --> 00:11:31.990
So I just want to point out a few differences across our sites. These are the descriptives. and you'll see that in fact, there's fairly high prevalence of livelihood disruption in both Chitwan as well as Halisco. About 70% of households in chit one a little over half in Mexico report some form of economic disruption.

58
00:11:31.990 --> 00:11:42.009
migration disruptions much more prevalent in Chitwan than in our Holisco site. migration is also much more prevalent in chit one than in our holy sco sample

59
00:11:42.320 --> 00:12:03.530
and then transfer income disruption. Somewhat surprisingly, we have fairly fairly low reports of that in chit one we were expecting that to be much higher, because there are more households that are dependent on remittances. so we're still puzzling through. Why, that might be, but you can see that about almost a quarter of households experience some sort of transfer income disruption in Halisco.

60
00:12:03.750 --> 00:12:30.129
Our predictors are all fairly comparable in distribution across the 2 settings, which I think surprises some people when we're presenting our data from these 2 sites. The difference here, however, is in the farming households. So many more households engaged in agricultural activities of some sort, either for their entire income or partial income support. In chit one, about 70% of households and only 18 in Mexico.

61
00:12:30.980 --> 00:12:52.949
So just looking at our very preliminary results here, we see that indeed, having more resources of these are just the results for Nepal, and then I'll show you the results from Mexico. And in Nepal, indeed, having more resources, higher higher levels of education, higher wealth are associated with lower likelihood of disrupt income transfer income disruption.

62
00:12:52.960 --> 00:12:59.709
But the dependency ratio in Nepal is associated with the greater odds of migration disruption.

63
00:13:00.830 --> 00:13:18.629
We also? I'll just draw your attention again to the farming households. We were expecting them to be less vulnerable. Indeed, they are less likely to report any sort of disruption to their income employment of anyone in the household, and that is significant. In Nepal

64
00:13:19.700 --> 00:13:45.680
the results for Mexico are somewhat similar, although we see that the wealth index is particularly significant across all 3 sources of disruption. I'll just show you back for Nepal. It was only significant and negatively associated with livelihood disruptions as well as migration, disruptions. So households that were wealthier were much less

65
00:13:45.680 --> 00:14:04.410
well, much is relative term, but we're less vulnerable to the disruptions caused by the pandemic across those 3 3 outcomes. And then again, agricultural households, although just under 20% of our households, were engaged in agricultural activity, and Holisco

66
00:14:04.530 --> 00:14:12.860
that is also associated with less vulnerability to disruption across all 3 outcomes, including migration disruption.

67
00:14:14.300 --> 00:14:34.820
Less 2Â min perfect because I'm at the discussion. So that's great timing. Okay? So our, our our our preliminary results here suggest that some factors are generally protective against disruptions overall and across our 2 very different contexts here, so wealth is consistently associated with lower odds of disruption.

68
00:14:34.820 --> 00:14:55.370
particularly transfer income, disruption, and agricultural households also seem to be consistently associated with lower log odds of disruption, some variability in terms of which kind of disruption we're looking at. But it does seem to be that those households were less vulnerable to those larger shocks imposed by the mitigation strategies.

69
00:14:56.120 --> 00:15:21.520
We're still looking at some of these sort of variable and non-consistent, inconsistent findings. Particularly, I would point to the well education, but we're also controlling for wealth there. But I would point to the dependency ratios which in Mexico have no association with disruption, and in Nepal have variable associations with disruption depending on the kind of disruption we were looking at.

70
00:15:22.640 --> 00:15:47.680
So there's some limitations of these preliminary analyses. And we're still working on thinking through the next steps. These analyses don't examine which family members, migration, income or remittances were impacted. Right? It's just household as a whole. So we have not yet stratified here by gender, or considered the composition or relationships across individuals in the household. We haven't explored other mechanisms that might have led to these increased vulnerabilities.

71
00:15:47.830 --> 00:16:04.190
and last, our next and probably first thing we need to be thinking about is the selection into those vulnerabilities. So variation in livelihoods and reliance on migration at wave one certainly predict the likelihood that say migration is disrupted at wave 2.

72
00:16:05.800 --> 00:16:26.060
So our next steps are to consider what changes occur in individuals, migration work and education behaviors. We have a lot of information on gender on age. We have a lot of more information on the focal children who are also interviewed as part of this study. So we can be looking at downstream impacts on the focal children from these overall household variations.

73
00:16:26.260 --> 00:16:27.909
Thank you.

74
00:16:32.410 --> 00:16:38.740
So next one is a D one. Here is here is d one here

75
00:16:46.400 --> 00:16:48.989
going to be more than 15Â min?

76
00:16:49.850 --> 00:16:51.020
I just

77
00:16:57.030 --> 00:17:00.299
so, is it okay for me to.

78
00:17:00.330 --> 00:17:02.229
I just the volume they do.

79
00:17:02.850 --> 00:17:11.659
I have an audio, a video. Oh, okay, all right. Let me see. I'll do something. Let me see if I can.

80
00:17:12.200 --> 00:17:14.300
Over here. It just says.

81
00:17:14.660 --> 00:17:35.739
share, sound and optimize. But we've had a problem

82
00:17:40.150 --> 00:17:41.470
here. Oh.

83
00:17:41.970 --> 00:17:49.170
my voice is quite quiet. But yeah. yeah.

84
00:17:49.390 --> 00:17:54.659
that's okay. that' be good.

85
00:17:54.960 --> 00:17:59.950
Keep talking if you like. Yeah, yeah, there is looking at my nose, or whatever.

86
00:18:02.010 --> 00:18:22.289
All right. But while she's doing it. I would thank you very much for coming here today, this early. This is the beauty of a big conference. But Before I start I would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land where we are doing this activity today, there, or in Jerry, people of the Colon nation. I would like also to extend.

87
00:18:22.290 --> 00:18:35.890
Is this acknowledgment in respect to the Combo Mary, people of the Uganda Language group from the so called Gold Coast, Queensland, where I have been doing this research of mine.

88
00:18:36.080 --> 00:18:52.739
This is part of my Ph. D. At Griffiths University, and I am thankful for Griffiths University for the scholarship that they gave me, and of course, to R. C. 31 for the bursary that I got to come here and present in this conference, so

89
00:18:53.510 --> 00:18:56.710
I would. Also, how do I do this?

90
00:18:59.730 --> 00:19:00.930
It's not moving.

91
00:19:01.210 --> 00:19:06.839
No, it's okay. It'll be. I got it

92
00:19:07.360 --> 00:19:08.300
5,

93
00:19:08.590 --> 00:19:10.490
all right. Technology.

94
00:19:10.730 --> 00:19:37.640
Yeah. So if I won't be able to finish the whole thing here today. you can also check out the article that I wrote in relation to this one. This is a condensed article in perfect bit. But I'm also writing currently a a more expanded version of the article. again, this is part of my research on my thesis on identity, musicality and translocality of Filipino musicians. in Australia.

95
00:19:37.740 --> 00:19:45.689
And when I say Australia, I'm referring to my field sites being Gold coast Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney.

96
00:19:46.370 --> 00:20:13.339
But also I would like to recognize that while doing this research, I was, and I am having different and multiple positionalities along the way in identities as musician, as Filipino, as migrant, as performer, producer, events, staff, international student and migrant worker. I believe this is important to recognize while doing the research, and while presenting this paper, because this affected effects and will affect

97
00:20:13.340 --> 00:20:20.979
the way I present my research in any platform, and when I was doing my research as well.

98
00:20:21.050 --> 00:20:26.449
So we all know that Kovat, 19 pandemic. Really.

99
00:20:26.450 --> 00:20:51.449
you already know what the the United Academic did to us. But in terms of the music industry. It's heartbreaking that Many people also even thought of quitting the industry altogether because of the effects of the pandemic. And even now we we still feel that way. And as some of the news would say, there's a catastrophe, for instance.

100
00:20:51.450 --> 00:20:57.579
the nighttime economy, and even the ancillary businesses and industries like hospitality

101
00:20:57.580 --> 00:21:10.279
and other, you know other work that are connected to the live music, scene and music industry in general. But for people who are working in the live music industry.

102
00:21:10.300 --> 00:21:38.259
As work as professional work, this is more heartbreaking for them, because this is their source of livelihood, and they cannot do anything, any other work than just to perform in nighttime venues in hotels, in pubs. But for people outside of their home country this is more even vulnerable because of the double layer of the risk that they can get from the illness, for instance.

103
00:21:38.260 --> 00:21:48.539
But From this premise I ask these questions, what are the experiences of Filipino musicians who play in entertainment venues?

104
00:21:48.550 --> 00:22:11.179
in Australia specifically. And when you see my title in the the the program. It talks about music industry. But I'm referring to music industry here as live music industry rather than the mainstream record music industry, because you have 2 kinds of industry and the music, and well, different layers of industries in the music industries

105
00:22:11.180 --> 00:22:29.329
there's live music, and there's recorded music. So I'm referring to the live music here? And how has Covid pandemic affected them in in this sense? And specifically on migrants, musicians, and laborers? And how did they cope with this through their values?

106
00:22:29.560 --> 00:22:30.770
capitals

107
00:22:30.940 --> 00:22:46.949
along the way. But why the interest in Filipino musicians in Australia? Well, Filipinos, for those who do not know. Filipinos are from the Philippines. they are the fifth largest migrant groups in Australia right now, and most of us live

108
00:22:46.950 --> 00:23:16.520
in new South in order New South Wales, where Sydney is. Victoria, where Melbourne is down south, there Queensland, where Brisbane and Gold Coast are. Those are my field sites. So I started there. But these are also the the the places where the biggest Philippine, the migrants are located right now. But you can also see more Filipinos in Western Australia, where purse is Darwin.

109
00:23:16.520 --> 00:23:39.299
which is in Northern territory, and South Australia, where Adelaide is sorry. I need to mention all those names, because not many people know these areas in Australia. So I just record, I'm just trying to recognize that a limitation as well. for people who are not familiar with the geography of Australia. And that's okay. I wasn't familiar before, also

110
00:23:39.310 --> 00:23:56.440
but more interestingly, Filipinos also are one of the biggest contributors of tax in Australia right now, because of labor and because of consumption and because of the international students. So we are contributing 5% of Australia's tax.

111
00:23:56.440 --> 00:24:20.330
So we are kind of supposedly significant in this space, but are still invisible. yeah. But labor migration in terms of music is not that familiar with many people? Yet, although Filipino migration has been known for years or for decades as a way for people from the Philippines to gain employment outside of the country, and eventually reside

112
00:24:20.330 --> 00:24:38.129
outside of the country. But for entertainment or or or music, industry, labor, we've been working in different parts of Asia, for instance, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Macau, But we started just in the 90 s. And 80 s. With

113
00:24:38.200 --> 00:24:47.240
mainly female entertainers, which we call Japanese because of these women were sent to Japan to to performances.

114
00:24:47.260 --> 00:25:12.650
and they did other things as well, which we will not be discussing today. But anyway, yeah. So not too many studies have been conducted in more developed countries, such as Australia yet. That's why this is A good research topic for me to explore at this point, but hopefully, this will work. I don't know if this will work. But

115
00:25:12.660 --> 00:25:13.979
Let's see

116
00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:16.420
me. Yeah.

117
00:25:17.470 --> 00:25:19.040
that goes.

118
00:25:20.530 --> 00:25:24.300
Let me go. I the

119
00:25:25.340 --> 00:25:26.170
love.

120
00:25:35.230 --> 00:25:38.160
the the

121
00:25:40.540 --> 00:25:42.510
you!

122
00:26:18.820 --> 00:26:19.500
Hello

123
00:26:22.830 --> 00:26:24.800
on of the

124
00:26:27.760 --> 00:26:28.500
the

125
00:26:29.680 --> 00:26:31.090
Whoa!

126
00:26:45.000 --> 00:27:13.500
So who are the Filipinos Filipino musicians in Australia that I'm referring to here at this, in my research. 13 full time musicians, although I said, there is an industry, so to speak, for Filipino musicians who are doing it full time. They're only few of them here in Australia. but in my research, as far as there is there. there are also 39 part time musicians. But there's not only part 39 part time musicians in S. Really there are more

127
00:27:13.500 --> 00:27:30.500
but they usually play top 40 hits from Anglo-american music and Filipino music. Interestingly, not too many of them play Australian music in Australia. So that's a different take as well. But usually they play in Rsl's Rs. For those who don't know are

128
00:27:30.630 --> 00:27:59.370
return Service League clubs where former military men go there and have some entertainment. So they play also in pubs, restaurants, and cultural festivals. But back when they were in the Philippines, they came from low to middle class income status. But they went here to Australia to have and to use various visas, such as skilled work student partner, and eventually became Pr. And citizens, some of them.

129
00:28:00.240 --> 00:28:15.379
Let's go to the meat of the presentation. This is a no-brainer, of course. COVID-19 pandemic canceled all live events, and It led to inability of these people to earn money from geeking.

130
00:28:15.590 --> 00:28:33.020
But this is more vulnerable for the and more precarious for full-time musicians, because, for instance, James here, who play guitar in cruise ships as well as the other 2 on your right there, Lloyd and Daniel.

131
00:28:33.020 --> 00:28:47.140
They play in in cruise ships, and of course, again, cruise ships were, you know, the the operations of these entertainment venues were stopped, and they were not able to to gain income from this, however, for

132
00:28:47.140 --> 00:28:47.950
them

133
00:28:47.950 --> 00:29:08.010
there was a support from the Government of Australia to get the job keeper and job seeker that we talk about here. it's about $1,500 every fortnight that they are being given some form of income while retaining their being musicians or being

134
00:29:08.010 --> 00:29:32.480
laborers. However, these I will mention later that This is not enough for their families. And again, as I've mentioned, this is the only thing that they want to do, and they can do as as per their perception. they're just musicians, and they can do any work aside from this. which is, of course, it's about individual agency. But

135
00:29:32.480 --> 00:29:46.240
anyway, talking about individual agency, some of them use their creativity instead. So, for example, Miguel here, who is a full-time theater actor and singer.

136
00:29:46.370 --> 00:30:13.690
went on to Youtube and made some videos about paper, art mache and paper art and and and and Crafts and then made some tutorials there and showed it to people, so that this is now his new outlet for creativity. Miles here established her own catering business during the pandemic and

137
00:30:13.840 --> 00:30:42.489
cooked food for the community instead. but of course that's a business, right? So she So the point here is, they use their all individual agency and social capital, for example, for Miles, who tapped the Facebook group of Filipinos in Central coast in New South Wales, and gathered everyone and asked them who wants food to be delivered and cooped for them during the pandemic. And she

138
00:30:42.490 --> 00:30:58.579
used her skills in cooking, because back then in the Philippines he was also cooking for her family and for the village as well. yeah, but she's a full-time musician here, and before before coming to Australia,

139
00:30:58.870 --> 00:31:21.770
The other thing is about virtual networks that they did and used as a side of collaboration. So, for instance, Oliver, there on your right, helped other Filipino artists to come up with their songs and albums. but this was done online most of the time. because he has a studio at home.

140
00:31:21.770 --> 00:31:32.110
and this one here Daniel, who was at the back of the room, stopped me to be to to come up with a live music session

141
00:31:32.190 --> 00:31:33.660
on Facebook.

142
00:31:33.700 --> 00:31:38.199
yeah. And then we we did some at live

143
00:31:38.260 --> 00:31:50.160
performance at home, which I helped them to enhance their digital capital as well in terms of doing this after I show them how to make it and how to do it.

144
00:31:50.390 --> 00:32:09.149
However, in Australia, even though I said that there's job maker and jobkeeper migrants mostly, and these respondents of mine were A were not able to access many of these grants and support, although they said that they were able to get Job

145
00:32:09.360 --> 00:32:38.319
Seeker, a jobkeeper because there's a 2 different things. Job seeker is this is being given for you to be able to look for work for another work. Job keeper is for you to keep your job, but still being paid every fortnight. However, there are structural inequalities, for instance, in terms of grants. the grants, for example, Nene, who is the the female singer? There's been working as full time music as well.

146
00:32:38.320 --> 00:33:02.720
she said. These are only these were only given to known names, and we, when she said, no names. These are the artists who have been there in the mainstream already, but there is what I call as a layer of plural aluminities where one layer would be their status as cover musicians, because cover. A musician is not considered

147
00:33:02.860 --> 00:33:20.349
most of the time as a creative activity, but rather as work. Now, how do you exercise your creativity in the industry when you are considered as that, plus the the, the, the, the, the precarity of getting the grants as well being given to regular musicians.

148
00:33:20.900 --> 00:33:32.179
The other layer of this criminality is there being migrants because most of the time grants would ask you to say, if you are

149
00:33:32.200 --> 00:33:50.930
an Australian citizen or permanent resident of Australia, which many of the part-time respondents, part-time musicians of my respondents are not, but for the full timeizations. They are Australian citizens and permanent residents, but they didn't have time to.

150
00:33:51.080 --> 00:33:59.660
Yeah, perfect. They didn't have time to come up with this this applications because you need to apply for this.

151
00:33:59.740 --> 00:34:11.739
and you need to show your portfolio. You need to show how you've been doing in terms of your music practice through the years as well. yeah, that's great, because I'm in my conclusion. Part already.

152
00:34:11.740 --> 00:34:35.879
Right? so well, the point here is, you know, the precarity of creative labor is magnified by their luminity, or what I refer to as blur aluminities, but also concretize and materialized by their the pandemic, because of the things that they were not able to do, as well as the uncertainty of securing the say sustainable career in the music industry. But, more importantly, as they attempt

153
00:34:35.880 --> 00:34:53.530
the the the musicians, as they attempt to increase their socioeconomic mobility and status to survive this adversity. They also have less access to the cultural participation, because they think more of music and the music industry as work rather than a creative activity instead.

154
00:34:53.530 --> 00:35:17.330
So But there is also more than that. Now, there's the complexity of a lot of things related, the music industries and their practice in labor, which we need to address in the future as well. trying to do that now. But yeah, including welfare of migrant musicians, you know, measuring the loss of income. However, it will be

155
00:35:17.330 --> 00:35:44.549
And online performances, you know, these live performances. Do they even pay these artists, and of course. the different experiences. But again, thank you very much to you for your time and everyone who's been part of my research. These are some QR codes to boost my ego as an academic and as an artist, if you'd like to connect with me. yeah, thank you very much. Everyone

156
00:36:08.250 --> 00:36:11.709
just can't see yourself on the recording of it.

157
00:36:11.740 --> 00:36:14.000
You need to just it.

158
00:36:15.350 --> 00:36:21.660
Okay, okay, so yes, yes. Thank you. Thank you so much. Okay.

159
00:36:22.130 --> 00:36:24.880
good morning, everybody.

160
00:36:26.830 --> 00:36:30.999
with my presentation I'm going

161
00:36:31.300 --> 00:36:36.420
to present some of the results of an international

162
00:36:36.470 --> 00:36:50.869
Comparative research project, mostly of a qualitative nature funded by the Volkswagen foundation on the impact of the pandemic amongst a few national groups in 3 European cities.

163
00:36:50.870 --> 00:37:09.960
In particular, we studied Turks in Stuttgart, and this part of the research project was coordinated by Professor Jar Dorsmitt at the University of Ludisburg, and Professor Yar Durhamist was also the overall coordinator of the project.

164
00:37:10.060 --> 00:37:36.460
Then we studied Bangladesh in London, and this part of the research was coordinated by Professor John E. At the Ramton University in London, and then we study Peruvians in Milan, and this part was coordinated by myself at Catholic University in Milan, and my presentation will focus on the situation of Peruvians in Milan.

165
00:37:38.270 --> 00:37:59.570
Okay, a few words about method. As I told you, this was mostly a qualitative study. So we collected and analyzed the data documents and relevant literature. Then we conducted 11 semi-structure interview with

166
00:37:59.570 --> 00:38:13.570
Expert. That means leader of Peruvian and local association and religious groups and local institutional representatives, and seeks a semi-structure interview with non-espert

167
00:38:13.600 --> 00:38:21.829
common people Peruvians living in Milan. And then, of course, we analyzed our interview.

168
00:38:22.880 --> 00:38:30.759
Some background information about the Peruvians in Milan at the beginning of the pandemic

169
00:38:31.180 --> 00:38:47.619
at the beginning of the pandemic, a bit under 17,000 Peruvians, were legally resident in the municipality of Milan 30,000. If we consider the whole urban area of Milan.

170
00:38:48.440 --> 00:38:56.980
Peruvians are the third largest national group in the city. After Filipinos, Egyptian, M. Chinese

171
00:38:57.670 --> 00:39:07.590
among the Peruvian citizens, leaving the urban area of Milan. Those in a regular condition and documented are about 11%.

172
00:39:08.170 --> 00:39:27.340
Most of Peruvian in Milan are female, and one-third of all Peruvian living in Italy are resident in Milan urban area, and this says something about the relevance of social networks for this migratory group.

173
00:39:31.180 --> 00:39:55.189
The greatest number of Peruvians reached Italy and Milan in the first decade of this century, and this is a a difference with the other groups we studied in London and in Stuttgart. Peruvian is in Milan are not an historically settled migration group.

174
00:39:55.190 --> 00:40:12.839
In London we have the third 4 50 generation of Bangladesh, and the same for Turks in Stut we have. So they are not migrant anymore. In Milan we have only first and second generation of Peruvians.

175
00:40:13.520 --> 00:40:31.920
Peruvians living in Milan appear to be distributed throughout the municipal territory without any evident form of getarization. There is not the Peruvian neighborhood in Milan, and this is another difference with the case of London and the Stuttgart.

176
00:40:32.140 --> 00:40:41.499
and then there are strong connection between Italy and Peru, and this is due to the Italian emigration history.

177
00:40:41.750 --> 00:40:53.700
Now Peruvian arrived in Italy, but at the hand of nineteenth century, the beginning of the twentieth century, Italians used to go to Peru for

178
00:40:55.270 --> 00:40:57.440
for work and other reason.

179
00:40:57.649 --> 00:41:19.730
Peruvian community in Milan, at least before the pandemic is lively but fragmented. For example, we count more than 20 Peruvian association in the city, and this means that okay. Peruvians are really active, but they are not able to join, to create a single strong Peruvian assessation. and

180
00:41:20.193 --> 00:41:29.470
last, the religious belonging as an important role for social life and identity. Of many Peruvians. Most Peruvians are Catholic.

181
00:41:32.120 --> 00:41:35.019
Well, the impact of covid

182
00:41:35.220 --> 00:41:46.780
the pandemic, as add the different individual effects depending on many personal characteristics, and this is the same as for Italians.

183
00:41:47.230 --> 00:42:14.270
for Peruvians in particular, the main discriminating, variable was the condition of regularity or irregularity with respect to their residence in the country, to be documented or undocumented for documented the Peruvian citizen. The consequences of the pandemic have not been very different from those experienced by Italians.

184
00:42:14.770 --> 00:42:20.750
Some lost their jobs, but were able to benefit from some State support.

185
00:42:21.140 --> 00:42:31.549
others by virtue of their profession. For instant nurses and delivery boys experience a period of work overload.

186
00:42:31.770 --> 00:42:42.699
Indeed, in the home delivery sector some small Peruvian entrepreneurs had been able to develop and consolidate their activities.

187
00:42:46.180 --> 00:42:58.250
Anyway, some, but absolutely not all of them documented Peruvian face, some difficult, some specific difficulties in a chessing, the Id available

188
00:42:58.250 --> 00:43:24.139
due to a reduced linguistic competence in Italian language. You have to consider this fact, that Italian language is very similar to Spanish language. I never study Spanish in my life, but I am able to read an article written in Spanish, or, to speak with the Spanish person, and this is a a good point for integration of Peruvians in Italy.

189
00:43:24.180 --> 00:43:35.649
But due to this fact. Peruvians usually most of them, at least, don't feel the need to study seriously Italian.

190
00:43:35.940 --> 00:43:44.540
So in everyday communication, it's okay. No problem. But in order to

191
00:43:44.710 --> 00:43:50.980
handling to handling paperworks, to face Italian bureaucracy. This is not enough.

192
00:43:51.170 --> 00:44:02.120
In order to face Italian bureaucracy, you must have a perfect knowledge of Italian language, and they don't have this perfect knowledge of Italian language

193
00:44:02.260 --> 00:44:23.830
in this cases. Peruvian's first-generation in particular, who need help tend to turn above all to Peruvian or Latin American profession, and this is made possible by the good over a level of integration of Farivians into the local society. Now we have many Peruvian professional working in Italy.

194
00:44:24.540 --> 00:44:41.400
even at the level of information, retrieval and interpretation, ethnic-based networks of acquaintance and friendships seem to have played an important role in the face of the informational cows which Italian citizens also complain about.

195
00:44:41.650 --> 00:44:53.210
For instance, some mentioned the important role played by the numerous Peruvians employed as nurses in spreading information about health and medical issues.

196
00:44:55.540 --> 00:44:56.610
But

197
00:44:56.750 --> 00:45:09.789
definitely more difficult is was the situation of undocumented Peruvian, especially those who lost their also illegal jobs due to Covid.

198
00:45:09.930 --> 00:45:23.499
In fact, they were unable to benefit from State aid, but, above all, they could not assess some basic art services guaranteed to Italian citizens and legal immigrants.

199
00:45:24.030 --> 00:45:38.740
and, moreover, often due to a lack of dedicating information. They were also unable to attest the essential medical services that Italy also guarantees to undocumented migrants.

200
00:45:38.820 --> 00:45:44.180
If you are an undocumented migrant in Italy, you can go to an hospital

201
00:45:44.320 --> 00:45:48.580
without any problem, and medical staffs

202
00:45:48.800 --> 00:46:03.919
is forbidden to report your situation to the police and the police is not allowed to enter medical facility to check the permit of so of of stay so undocumented migrant

203
00:46:04.240 --> 00:46:05.949
have no risk

204
00:46:06.160 --> 00:46:11.429
in a chessing first-time service. But they didn't know.

205
00:46:11.540 --> 00:46:19.810
and so many of them didn't go to first tide because they fear for possible legal consequences.

206
00:46:21.140 --> 00:46:33.710
Those must in need not only regground migrants benefited from informal out networks sometimes, but not a schizophrenia on enactic and or religious basis.

207
00:46:33.930 --> 00:46:43.119
Third sector organization, often those of a confession and nature got involved and promoted collaboration between foreign and indigenous citizens.

208
00:46:43.390 --> 00:46:52.249
These less formalized modes of assistance prove to be the most effective for people who are in situation of greatest need.

209
00:46:54.650 --> 00:46:57.780
And now some final remarks

210
00:46:58.200 --> 00:47:14.269
before the pandemic, some inefficences and inequities, and the growing and sustainability of the Italian national public debt have progressively pushed toward a revision of the Italian welfare system.

211
00:47:14.570 --> 00:47:28.040
In the ensuing debate, the concept of subsidiarity which became part of the principle recognized by the Italian constitution in 2,001 has carved out space and margin of attention

212
00:47:28.510 --> 00:47:47.929
at the earth. Of this concept is the idea that the State can and should intervene in the management of social life and related problems only where and when other social actors are unable to provide for the satisfaction of citizen needs and aspiration.

213
00:47:48.390 --> 00:48:13.809
In my opinion the pandemic has brought out what could be called subsidiarity the other way around. It was not the state that intervened to overcome the limits and difficulties of the various social actors by supporting direction, but rather large sector of civil society acted to cover the holes and the limit of State action.

214
00:48:14.030 --> 00:48:27.059
Well, this does not mean that the State was absent during the pandemic. The Italian State has, in fact, been very committed during the pandemic, and we can

215
00:48:27.180 --> 00:48:33.700
see. Look at the 2 most iconic images of the pandemic. this one.

216
00:48:35.090 --> 00:48:44.910
the Italian army, transporting the coffins of pandemic victims out of a small town. This is Italian state dramatically in Asia.

217
00:48:45.050 --> 00:48:49.670
and the second one is the Swan. the Caesar.

218
00:48:50.170 --> 00:49:00.839
the image of an exhaustive nurse in the national elf system. This is an image of the effort of Italian state during the pandemic.

219
00:49:01.930 --> 00:49:06.460
but despite these great efforts.

220
00:49:06.520 --> 00:49:10.739
the Italian States seem to have been a bit

221
00:49:11.110 --> 00:49:23.640
overwhelmed, especially in the early stages of the pandemic. By the emergency. It does not seem to have been very effective in planning a specification, for some people include the immigrants.

222
00:49:24.170 --> 00:49:40.150
Yes, at the very beginning of the pandemic Italy did launch an amnesty for some types of migrants, family caregivers, and agricultural workers, but this was conceived as an action not in favor of migrants.

223
00:49:40.180 --> 00:49:47.629
but in order to help Italian families and to help a sector of the national economy.

224
00:49:48.170 --> 00:50:05.790
Paradoxically, the amnesty seems to have worsened the condition of uncertainty of many irregular migrants. The procedure was, in fact, substantially blocked for many, many months, and the application for amnesty presented were examined extremely slow.

225
00:50:05.930 --> 00:50:08.160
If I a minute.

226
00:50:08.210 --> 00:50:23.470
just a minute. Last point from our research emerge from both Peruvians and Italian interviews, the concept of resilience. Many Peruvians, with the

227
00:50:23.910 --> 00:50:32.190
certain pride, declared that they were better equipped. Than Italian to face migration.

228
00:50:32.360 --> 00:50:35.880
and your argument was the following, yes.

229
00:50:35.930 --> 00:50:42.479
Covid is a problem. Yes, but we in our migratory history

230
00:50:43.010 --> 00:50:50.159
had to to face many problems. And this is just one more. So not really a big problem.

231
00:50:50.490 --> 00:50:52.190
Thank you.

232
00:50:56.510 --> 00:50:58.980
Okay of us.

233
00:51:09.030 --> 00:51:13.559
Thank you. Yeah. I just want to make sure.

234
00:51:20.550 --> 00:51:22.040
Yes.

235
00:51:22.430 --> 00:51:24.470
recording.

236
00:51:24.780 --> 00:51:27.069
Yeah, yeah. He should be fine.

237
00:51:30.080 --> 00:51:47.810
thank you. Everyone for being here. First of all, I'll start with acknowledgment of the country. I would like to begin by acknowledging the traditional owners of the land on which we meet today. I would also like to pay my respects to elders, past and present.

238
00:51:48.420 --> 00:52:01.239
So the welfare state can alleviate hardship for temporary migrant workers. Evidence from 2 lockdowns in Australia. This article is basically from my Phd. Thesis, and is currently under review.

239
00:52:01.320 --> 00:52:08.759
So I would also like to acknowledge my co-authors, my supervisors, Nicholas M. Herrigan and Sean Wilson.

240
00:52:10.870 --> 00:52:14.259
So just summarizing the article in one slide

241
00:52:14.310 --> 00:52:36.160
the the research question is like, does self insurance model provides a decorate support in comparison to state insurance model, to temporary migrant workers in times of crisis, like COVID-19, pandemic and the methodology we use is the qualitative methodology, and we have conducted 47 interviews

242
00:52:36.160 --> 00:52:55.970
basically during the 2 code like 19 lockdowns. So the E, the interviews one were conducted online through Zoom. The novelty in this research is that we are comparing the experiences of almost identical groups with and without welfare support during the 2 lockdowns.

243
00:52:56.070 --> 00:53:09.459
The conclusion is like that self-insurance provides adequate social protection for temporary migrants, and that citizens, like incorporation of temporary migrants into the welfare State would alleviate, significant hardship.

244
00:53:10.320 --> 00:53:32.480
So the the the research, the elaborated research question is that there are 2 men welfare models of social security, the state insurance model, and the second one is a self-insurance model. So in circumstances like COVID-19 pandemic, which insurance model would be adequate to meet the temporary migrant workers needs.

245
00:53:33.100 --> 00:53:43.540
So the background, temporary migrants are an important source of labour in developed countries, with many relying on temporary migrants to fill labor shortages.

246
00:53:43.560 --> 00:54:01.659
In 2,020 there were 93 million migrants from developing countries living in developed countries. In Europe, 23.7 million workers are non-european citizens, as of 2,021 and 1.9 million immigrants from non-EU members centered

247
00:54:01.690 --> 00:54:19.379
Europe in 2,000 22,020 in Australia before the pandemic. More than 11% of its labor force were temporary migrants. Temporary migrants are excluded from welfare programs, including health and employment benefits offered to workers in developed countries.

248
00:54:19.390 --> 00:54:25.640
For example, the the Medicare, which goes the health and the unemployment benefits.

249
00:54:26.510 --> 00:54:45.530
The exclusion of temporary migrants from the welfare regimes is justified with reference to temporary migrants. Work ability to be self-reliant. For example, if you apply for a student visa, you would need to show 20 or now, 28,000 Australian dollars in savings.

250
00:54:45.590 --> 00:55:06.280
Temporary migrants are assumed to have enough resources and income that they do not need welfare benefits like other workers in countries such as Australia, Canada, and Germany. This requirement for self-reliance is partially regulated by the State through requirements that temporary migrants prove that they have their own resources or savings before they are granted visas.

251
00:55:07.220 --> 00:55:26.600
A previous research in this area until 90 96. Australia's migration regime focused on permanent settlement. The last 2 and a half decades, however, have seen expanded temporary migration to fill loosely defined labor shortages that now cover less skilled job categories.

252
00:55:26.800 --> 00:55:33.029
For example, in in recent years there were 2 million gentry readers

253
00:55:33.190 --> 00:55:36.540
to entering migrants, including international students.

254
00:55:36.750 --> 00:55:55.119
the 2 most important are the international student visas and the working holiday maker programs. These provide substantial shares of the Australian labor force in industries such as retail hospitality, agriculture, cleaning and delivery services.

255
00:55:55.230 --> 00:56:07.900
So basically like unskilled jobs like dedicated programs, these de facto temporary migrant labor programs provide labor for low-skilled occupations where employment, right violations are common.

256
00:56:09.040 --> 00:56:23.670
Our research? so basically, we are testing these 2 perspective, the self insurance model and the state insurance model. We ideally would like to examine 2 similar groups of temporary migrant workers.

257
00:56:23.710 --> 00:56:35.969
but one group subject to only self insurance and one group subject to state insurance. So I would like to clarify the self insurance and the so insurance modern groups

258
00:56:35.970 --> 00:56:54.170
mit Ctl. And so, during the first lockdown international students and temporary migrant workers were excluded from the welfare regimes, which was the jobkeeper payments, and during the second lockdown it was extended to temporary migrant workers, including international students who were working 150.

259
00:56:55.220 --> 00:57:17.619
We would ideally, we ideally like to observe them during periods of unemployment, to see how, if they sustain themselves, the self-insurance model would predict that temporary migrant workers rely on savings, including family support in country of origin, to substantial themselves through periods of unemployment during work-based migration.

260
00:57:17.620 --> 00:57:32.929
The state insurance model would predict that without State support, temporary migrant workers would like the resources to protect themselves during the period of unemployment, and answered, we should see the difficulties affording these necessities.

261
00:57:33.330 --> 00:57:46.369
I. Our study covers a period in which Australia experienced 2 Co. Waves of COVID-19 log towns. The first was from March 2120 20 to June 30,

262
00:57:46.680 --> 00:57:56.699
2020, in New South Wales, and from March 30, 2020 to May 1220, 20, and July 8 to October 2027 in Victoria Melvin.

263
00:57:57.320 --> 00:58:23.889
So basically, there was short, like 2, 3 days of Lockdown in Melbourne. But we have include, we have included that in Lockdown, too. The second was from June 26 to 21 to November 8, 21 in New South Wales, and from February 12 to 17, and then May 27 to June 10, and then July 15 to 27, and August 5, 2021 to October 26.

264
00:58:23.890 --> 00:58:33.809
2021 in Victoria. These lockdowns involved work from home orders, closure of non-essential businesses, travel, restrictions and movement restrictions.

265
00:58:33.920 --> 00:58:53.359
Although a Federal job protection scheme which was known as jobkeeper and other fiscal and monetary measures contained the rise of unemployment. Job losses still took place in sectors that employ international students and other temporary migrant workers, such as retail and hospitality.

266
00:58:55.770 --> 00:59:21.330
so social security for temporary migrants in Australia, as I earlier said, Australia has a mix of universal and and residual welfare typical of liberal welfare regimes. This means that benefits like unemployment, relief, disability, benefit, the age pension are paid at relatively low replacement rates, but are available to eligible citizens and permanent residents.

267
00:59:21.520 --> 00:59:28.000
so even permanent residents need to live for a certain period of time to be eligible for these payments.

268
00:59:28.100 --> 00:59:36.819
During the first lock down in 2,020, the Australian Government instituted a form of wage subsidy which was called jobkeeper.

269
00:59:37.160 --> 00:59:54.490
because traditional welfare in Australia is spared at such a low rail rate relative to wages. Australia had to increase the generosity of payments during the COVID-19 to deal with severe lockdowns of people and economic activity, so that welfare support was basically

270
00:59:54.950 --> 01:00:09.069
not enough to pay for the bills and cost of living. A jobkeeper was more generous than traditional unemployment benefits about our 7 50 Australian dollars per week. It was paid to workers through their employers.

271
01:00:10.250 --> 01:00:33.169
and then, during the second lockdown in 2021. The Federal Government then refused to reinstate its jobkeeper program as insurance. Again, hardship. During lengthy lockdowns in New South Wales and Victoria, however, the Government introduced a COVID-19 disaster payment that framed relief as similar to a program for natural disaster.

272
01:00:33.760 --> 01:00:46.820
The scheme covered all temporary migrant workers, including international students who were working this approach had the advantage of requiring only amendments to regulations specified in existing legislation

273
01:00:46.820 --> 01:01:07.650
to be eligible for the scheme. Temporary migrant migrant workers needed to be working and undertaking paid employment the policy of extending the disaster payment to temporary migrant workers during the second set of flock downs was widely interpreted as being motivated by both public health.

274
01:01:07.690 --> 01:01:15.910
like income income, insecure through temporary migrants, could be a population that would not comply with public health orders.

275
01:01:16.080 --> 01:01:25.440
which is related to the first article that I have done and published from my Phd. Thesis, and also on humanitarian grounds, that migrants

276
01:01:25.490 --> 01:01:30.439
could generally find it difficult to survive during such a lockdown.

277
01:01:31.440 --> 01:01:47.490
The methods and data. We have conducted 47 interviews with international students working during the lockdown, or those who have lost their jobs, and they were from the South Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal

278
01:01:48.390 --> 01:02:17.429
participation was limited to respondents who were international students, studying a degree diploma or trade course in Australia and were citizens of a South Asian countries, so those who were on permanent resident visas, or those who were citizen, so we didn't include them in the sample size, or those who have lost partial or complete work hours during at least one of the 2 lockdowns, and the interviews were conducted through zoom

279
01:02:18.280 --> 01:02:27.080
so Then we have compared or sample size to the recently published academic literature.

280
01:02:27.490 --> 01:02:46.170
for example, Wilson, Et. All published in 2020, and then Berg and forbid Fab Emblem, published in 2022. So dia studies was were basically surveys. So it was a large sample size. So In our sample size.

281
01:02:46.210 --> 01:03:13.350
we had interviews, 60 of the male respondents, and they have taken The response from 46 and 43% respectively, or Median age was 24.1, and there was 22 to 25 years, and in Burke, and from BBC. 23, so we have. We had included 2 States as locked down with severe in New South Wales and Victoria.

282
01:03:13.400 --> 01:03:19.089
and the country of origins were from South Asia. Like India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh.

283
01:03:21.330 --> 01:03:29.539
So the results of the study suggest that participants struggle to cope with problems arising from exclusion.

284
01:03:29.940 --> 01:03:43.240
and emergency assistant. During the first lockdown many participants lost their jobs and were in many cases relying on others for their basic needs like food shelter.

285
01:03:44.130 --> 01:03:48.889
The findings also suggest that temporary migrants felt treated differently.

286
01:03:49.000 --> 01:03:56.460
for example, alienated by the Government during the first lockdown participants suggested with

287
01:03:56.470 --> 01:04:05.939
mental health, with reports, with many reporting from stress and anxiety. However, during the second lockdown, when they were accessing the support scheme.

288
01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:25.920
Many, many participants reported that now they are well off they can pay for their food, they can pay for their rent, and then, based on the results from this study. The discussion section presents an argument for the extension of State insurance to temporary migrants, not just especially during the extraordinary circumstances

289
01:04:25.920 --> 01:04:36.090
like COVID-19, but more generally, for example, the first theme that I present is the job. Loss and job protection have welfare.

290
01:04:36.520 --> 01:05:04.100
Oh, thank you. So like. During the first lockdown in 2,020. Many Australian workers retained their jobs because of the Government welfare premise. So the payments were were paid through their employers, but only through those who were Australian citizens or permanent residents. This is inclusion from the support scheme resulted in severe job losses and vulnerabilities for temporary migrants.

291
01:05:04.250 --> 01:05:21.050
For example, one international international student studied the inclusion from the government support payments, pushed us to lose our jobs, because had we been eligible for jobkeeper we would have kept all jobs like other Australians. Another students expanded.

292
01:05:21.050 --> 01:05:35.720
I lost my job when the lockdown was announced, because the cafe got close and they retained the staff who were either citizens or permanent residents because the Government was paying them, and I was not eligible for that support which was job keepers scheme

293
01:05:36.590 --> 01:05:53.010
and then basic needs like food. Participants described that they had lost their job and income if and they found it difficult to survive. For example, one student said that, like other Australian citizens and permanent residents also need support from the Government. But

294
01:05:53.120 --> 01:05:58.100
Temporary migrants didn't get that. It was hard to pay for food rent

295
01:05:58.150 --> 01:06:03.980
bills without a job. The last option for me was to leave Australia.

296
01:06:04.330 --> 01:06:22.799
and another student, which was from who was from Nepal a reported that this year I'm incredibly good, due to the support a payment of 7 $50 per week. I am able to pay for food and rent for me. This lock down is way better than the first lockdown

297
01:06:24.110 --> 01:06:31.649
and then accommodation. So similarly, participants were able to pay for their accommodation and bills

298
01:06:31.750 --> 01:06:46.060
due to the support scheme, and in the first lock down they were. They were not able to pay for their accommodation, and they were living in worst accommodation. For example, they were living in shared bedrooms and hot bedding, etc.

299
01:06:46.730 --> 01:07:10.769
And then so sustaining migration through periods of difficulty. During the 2020 lockdown. Many participants told us of friends returning to their home countries because they couldn't survive financially. For example, an international student from India stared that during the first lockdown I thought of leaving Australia because of no support. I was very lonely and helpless.

300
01:07:11.020 --> 01:07:17.150
And then, during the second lockdown participant experience experiences were different.

301
01:07:17.260 --> 01:07:47.149
For example, one student said that it is because of this 7 $50 support for women's support payment that I'm able to stay in Australia. Otherwise I would have left Australia during this 2021 lockdown and then mental health conditions under the lockdown. So during the first lockdown the mental health conditions of the participants were very worse, they were struggling to cope up with stress and anxiety.

302
01:07:47.150 --> 01:08:11.610
Is one participant who was struggling with mental health started that during the lockdown the 2,020 lockdown was terrible for me. Personally, apart from the financial problems, I was not able to sleep properly. My family told me to come back. But I didn't want to lose everything, because International students, they invest a lot of money to come to Australia.

303
01:08:12.870 --> 01:08:31.660
And then more than money alienation from the Australian community. So it was a day wide, like Australians and non- Australians. But when they started receiving the support payment, so they felt they felt more integrated into the Australian society.

304
01:08:32.220 --> 01:08:41.529
And then the conclusion. So this study provides evidence for for insufficiency of the self-insurance model.

305
01:08:42.650 --> 01:08:56.549
and there, as a for, and then as a form of social protection for temporary migrant workers. so relying on self-insurance, temporary migrants, experience and inability to meet meet basic needs like food and accommodation

306
01:08:56.980 --> 01:09:11.480
and experience a deterioration in psychological health. In contrast, it shows when temporary migrants are provided with even temporary like support. Like citizens, they can meet basic needs and maintain psychological health.

307
01:09:11.650 --> 01:09:22.649
And then the human suffering under COVID-19 can be seen as an amplification of ordinary hardship faced by marginal workers in liberal capitalism.

308
01:09:22.700 --> 01:09:33.919
As such, the self insurance system during the normal times can be thought of as a creating similar suffering. Allbit, attenuated from the extreme levels during the COVID-19.

309
01:09:34.620 --> 01:09:36.079
Thank you. Very much.

310
01:09:40.590 --> 01:09:51.160
Happy to take any questions or represent this. And it's also. I think.

311
01:09:51.940 --> 01:09:52.850
okay.

312
01:09:55.430 --> 01:09:57.880
Questions one by one

313
01:09:58.990 --> 01:10:00.770
and 6.

314
01:10:06.610 --> 01:10:14.780
 it can come up to the front. That maybe

315
01:10:14.790 --> 01:10:17.500
is, if everyone has a much.

316
01:10:24.040 --> 01:10:25.690
Yes.

317
01:10:31.950 --> 01:10:34.210
oh.

318
01:10:34.740 --> 01:10:51.810
okay. My name is from Japan. Thank you for your talks. I enjoyed it in particular. I knew about the situation of various ethnic groups under the pandemic. That's very good. And I

319
01:10:52.040 --> 01:10:59.600
I'm wondering that Of course, I think Groups has some characteristics

320
01:10:59.690 --> 01:11:00.810
of

321
01:11:01.270 --> 01:11:04.730
as an ethnic group, right? So I

322
01:11:04.870 --> 01:11:08.319
guess that there some countries of ethnic groups

323
01:11:08.510 --> 01:11:11.650
affect their situations under the pandemic.

324
01:11:11.990 --> 01:11:23.040
Could you tell me about this? But, for example, Kennedy's means are for ethnicity, probably a social capital. Probably. race pros like helping each other. Something like that.

325
01:11:23.100 --> 01:11:24.910
please?

326
01:11:25.220 --> 01:11:30.819
Oh, yeah, probably everybody has an idea. I think, right?

327
01:11:41.010 --> 01:11:42.550
Okay.

328
01:11:44.040 --> 01:11:44.830
yeah.

329
01:11:50.260 --> 01:12:12.609
Well, I may say that regarding Peruvian in Milan. This is a really important point, and it it marks mark a a difference. With the Turks in Stuttgart and Bangladesh in London, because Peruvians! In

330
01:12:12.660 --> 01:12:21.099
What I can call a multi-level identity. because the Peruvians are Peruvians.

331
01:12:21.630 --> 01:12:26.950
but most of them feel themselves Italians.

332
01:12:27.440 --> 01:12:31.550
and then they also consider them Latin American.

333
01:12:31.850 --> 01:12:34.429
so they can

334
01:12:34.490 --> 01:12:52.270
count on many network of support. The Peruvian one, the Italian one in particular, the catalytic Italian one, and the Latin America, and this is a a point of strength for this nationality during the pandemic. But in everyday life.

335
01:13:04.240 --> 01:13:12.040
so in terms of South Asians living in Australia, whether they are temporary or permanent. So there is

336
01:13:12.050 --> 01:13:21.810
larger group of South, a people from South Asia, like from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. So during the COVID-19 lockdowns.

337
01:13:22.050 --> 01:13:37.179
temporary migrant workers who were from South Asian background, they were able to receive support from fellows, Australian citizens, and permanent residents who were from South Asian backgrounds, but who were well off.

338
01:13:37.480 --> 01:13:42.090
who have businesses or who have good jobs. So they were able to support

339
01:13:42.160 --> 01:13:53.429
international students and other temporary migrant workers who were struggling during the first lockdown, and then during the second lockdown. As I said in my presentation, they were able to get support from the

340
01:13:53.590 --> 01:13:55.650
State, from the Australian goal.

341
01:13:58.990 --> 01:14:16.550
Okay, thank you very much for that question. I would say. I would like to say resilience, but he already mentioned it. So it's not unique to me anymore. But anyway, it still resilience is part of the Filipino characteristic, but also adaptability.

342
01:14:16.830 --> 01:14:30.100
And in relation to the community. As you mentioned, we have this thing called Bayanihan, which is based on the root word Bayan, which is, which means hometown.

343
01:14:30.190 --> 01:14:50.990
So we are helping the people from our hometown when we are away from home as well. Yes, the Home Town Association. So that's the community and solidarity aspect and spirit of things, but also, on the other hand, of that, the other side of that is the self-reliance or ceiling. Seek up, that we say

344
01:14:50.990 --> 01:15:00.290
we just want to work and work. That's why you can hear people saying Filipinos are hard working when they go to other places. I think it's because of the

345
01:15:00.290 --> 01:15:10.500
self-reliance more than more than just working hard, because we want to be able to survive in a world that we are not familiar with.

346
01:15:11.390 --> 01:15:12.210
Thank you.

347
01:15:15.120 --> 01:15:16.730
And

348
01:15:17.930 --> 01:15:23.449
you have to be. and you give us a question for all of the bread and downs, having

349
01:15:24.000 --> 01:15:25.739
peace, and so on.

350
01:15:26.670 --> 01:15:27.570
Awesome.

351
01:15:28.990 --> 01:15:32.819
Thank you. I'm Sandy from the Philippines.

352
01:15:32.970 --> 01:15:34.990
so

353
01:15:35.140 --> 01:15:40.669
I have questions for each of them, but I'll specify. And so for

354
01:15:40.850 --> 01:15:53.040
post lock down, if you can say something. what happened after. You know the lockdowns for Jennifer

355
01:15:53.440 --> 01:15:55.550
and Marco.

356
01:15:56.420 --> 01:15:59.289
What are the reasons why

357
01:15:59.500 --> 01:16:05.940
for Jennifer? Why, Napoleon? I know there are a lot of migrant

358
01:16:05.970 --> 01:16:11.790
people are sending migrant countries go to the Us. But why Napoli, in this case

359
01:16:11.970 --> 01:16:13.200
all

360
01:16:13.320 --> 01:16:15.290
migrant sending countries

361
01:16:15.710 --> 01:16:20.929
do 10 to a remit anyway. So why, for Marco.

362
01:16:21.850 --> 01:16:28.440
Probably the same for the Peruvians. Why, the interest with the Peruvians

363
01:16:28.560 --> 01:16:39.869
and for my co- Filipino. I'm also doing a lot of research on Philippine seafarers mentioned briefly about them. So my question is.

364
01:16:40.220 --> 01:16:49.660
what data do you have on musicians on board cruise ships here in Australia? And if you have a lot. We can write something.

365
01:16:50.140 --> 01:16:50.800
Thank you.

366
01:16:51.940 --> 01:16:56.680
Yes, I did. My name is Stanley from the Philippines University of

367
01:16:59.000 --> 01:17:10.129
thanks, Andy. I'm also from up up. we have. We are from the same school,

368
01:17:10.130 --> 01:17:30.759
data on migrants, on musicians. Unfortunately, that is an expensive end of war to do. If you go to cruise ships, but I know one or 2 people working on that. David Cashman, for instance, from Southern Cross University, is, he has written a book on Philippine of migrant positions in cruise ships.

369
01:17:30.810 --> 01:17:54.720
If you have funding I can, you can hook me up, and then we can do the research together. but yeah, in terms of data. I'm just looking at people inland only for for now working in our sales, pumps, clubs, and here in Australia, but we can make something out of that. Thank you.

370
01:17:57.050 --> 01:18:10.899
thank you, Sandy, for the question. So the data we collected was only from 2 lockdowns, but I can generally comment on the post lockdown scenario. So

371
01:18:10.930 --> 01:18:23.229
many international, so a non-essential work was resumed after the lockdown restrictions were over, and then many students were able to to go to work, and they can perform the

372
01:18:23.430 --> 01:18:42.199
the duties that they do, for example, like cleaning and other services. So now, after the post lock down or post pandemic it. The the situation is better compared to the lockdowns, because they can work, they can earn, and they can pay for death

373
01:18:42.400 --> 01:18:45.110
bills. And so what? Thank you.

374
01:18:48.290 --> 01:19:04.509
Okay, so thank you for the question. So I am from the United States. But the Comello project is not related to the United States. we're looking at sending primarily so migrant, sending households in 3 places. So

375
01:19:04.690 --> 01:19:21.479
Nepal, Modern Beak and Mexico, and all of the migrants are going to very variable destinations. And that's why, at the end I was talking about, we need to consider the selectivity in our data before I'm more confident in our migration disruption measure.

376
01:19:21.480 --> 01:19:36.139
So in Nepal, many of the migrants are going to the Gulf States, working in construction of low and mid-skilled labors, and then, of course, going to many other places, going to Australia and

377
01:19:36.140 --> 01:19:43.350
other destinations. Very few of our respondents of our households send any migrants to the United States

378
01:19:43.410 --> 01:19:59.980
in Mozambique. Most of the migrant sending households are sending migrants to South Africa. There's a long tradition of that I should also say that these are also 3 settings with very different histories of migration in terms of where they are in kind of the the migration process.

379
01:20:00.020 --> 01:20:10.449
 so, Nepal, some of those destinations are quite new, say, in the last couple of decades, particularly coming out of Jit one.

380
01:20:10.590 --> 01:20:21.769
But the area is very highly dependent on remittances, so lots of current ongoing migration. Mozambique gets largely male labor migration to South Africa that has been going on for many decades.

381
01:20:22.010 --> 01:20:32.730
In Mexico, in Holisko, Holisko is often thought of as a very traditional sending location. And of course, people think of the Mexican United States migration system.

382
01:20:32.890 --> 01:20:39.999
But actually a net migration from Mexico is 0 right now with the United States. So there, there's, you know.

383
01:20:40.050 --> 01:21:08.109
very little migration, lots of return migrants. And in our Holisco sample we have very few comparatively few households who are currently engaged in international migration. A lot of internal or domestic migration, but very little international currently many who are still receiving remittances, though from people who have gone and are, you know, not considered part of the household any longer. These are social networks ties across those households.

384
01:21:08.310 --> 01:21:25.419
and I will also just say, maybe it goes against the stereotypes of American researchers. But we're very interested in thinking through whether a lot of our theories and ideas about migration really are comparable. Our theories about migration are often

385
01:21:25.640 --> 01:21:41.600
termed very universally migration has X a factor has X result. But we have limited studies that can really are designed to really be comparable and really address that process comparably across those settings.

386
01:21:41.610 --> 01:21:48.100
Our study is very much focused on children. So I could talk a lot about the children's outcomes from our data. So

387
01:21:48.210 --> 01:21:51.040
we kind of pivot to do the households. From that

388
01:21:51.100 --> 01:21:53.810
I think that answers your question, or I hope it does.

389
01:21:54.950 --> 01:22:13.760
Thank you. well! We! We study Peruvians for 2 main reason, the first one that my colleagues invited me to join this project, that they were interested in studying Turks and Bangladeshi

390
01:22:13.760 --> 01:22:31.519
erez Agmoni, which are Muslim migration group in non-muslim countries. So the idea was to study a Christian group in a Christian country. So to make some analyses and check some differences between this situation one

391
01:22:31.520 --> 01:22:54.819
and the second reason is very practical, and the fact that I carried the A research on Peruvian in Milan 15 years ago. So yeah, some networks, but also the opportunity to make some analysis about the evolution of the presence and the integration of this group.

392
01:23:02.800 --> 01:23:10.669
I'm Julio Griffith University car which were the implications of digital spaces in

393
01:23:10.850 --> 01:23:16.140
in the way the communities were articulating solidarity, I mean

394
01:23:16.380 --> 01:23:17.820
position

395
01:23:17.900 --> 01:23:24.459
and well about it. Where there are any young people

396
01:23:24.470 --> 01:23:28.819
having like jobs that are supposed to be done online

397
01:23:28.920 --> 01:23:31.499
like money farming, this kind of fix.

398
01:23:31.710 --> 01:23:36.330
and what they like in

399
01:23:36.390 --> 01:23:38.699
affected by the pandemic

400
01:23:40.720 --> 01:23:42.159
by any of these

401
01:23:43.650 --> 01:23:46.929
money farming when you well.

402
01:23:46.950 --> 01:23:54.320
there are some certain kind of jobs that you do on the computers, and they are very low, skilled jobs, such as

403
01:23:54.440 --> 01:23:57.759
playing in a video game, fishing

404
01:23:57.820 --> 01:24:01.019
and then using the the tokens, the

405
01:24:01.150 --> 01:24:05.589
the objects you you take and and sell them. It's an organized industry.

406
01:24:05.730 --> 01:24:07.590
So what was a

407
01:24:09.690 --> 01:24:12.840
yeah and you for that, do you?

408
01:24:12.870 --> 01:24:24.259
Implications of these things on digital space? I'd say it allowed them to do some live performances online. I did

409
01:24:24.600 --> 01:24:41.640
a few myself. I am also a musician. So I, yeah, I was there. Yeah, it is an auto ethnography.

410
01:24:41.680 --> 01:25:11.360
so I we we did live performances. However, this were not paid, or at least not a guarantee to be paid. There was no guarantee to be paid. There's one respondent of mine who? Who is a part time musician, but who's been working in the music industry? She is known because she was part of Australia as a talent some time ago, and she won the heart of the judges and the Filipinos, of course.

411
01:25:11.360 --> 01:25:24.309
But during the pandemic she went into performing in what is that call there? There's a platform forgot it now, but she's being paid there, and she's being given tips.

412
01:25:24.310 --> 01:25:51.819
and then people would even fans. Would you know it's not on the fence? No, by their fans, on that that form they have been. Maybe. Yeah. They've been sending her money to tokens that you were saying to as well, and some gifts. Actually, there was someone from Sydney who's been sending her gifts going to Melbourne.

413
01:25:51.990 --> 01:26:04.400
So yeah, those are the the implication. But these are not. Again, these are not assessed in terms of income. as we were also talking about. Yeah, it makes sense.

414
01:26:04.880 --> 01:26:11.040
Yes, yes. that to

415
01:26:11.230 --> 01:26:26.500
the the online dimension was not important in the field of jobs, because Peruvians in Milan are involving delivery

416
01:26:26.710 --> 01:26:27.920
cleaning.

417
01:26:27.950 --> 01:26:34.120
home care, assistance. yes, the the

418
01:26:34.500 --> 01:26:41.990
services. So is this is our job that you are forced to do in person.

419
01:26:42.070 --> 01:26:48.210
But the online dimension was really important for associations.

420
01:26:48.320 --> 01:26:53.800
for going on with their activities and also for

421
01:26:53.900 --> 01:27:07.679
both for cultural association but also for religious association and the online dimension was important. In order to activate some elk networks.

422
01:27:07.860 --> 01:27:19.270
so there is someone in need. Okay, we communicate the online. And we are looking for someone who can give an end to that person which is a link.

423
01:27:21.520 --> 01:27:24.440
and the next to the stop

424
01:27:31.300 --> 01:27:48.939
everyone. So I am loving photo from the American University of Kuwait. I have some questions to cut in particular, because I work actually with Filipino women, domestic workers in Kuwait and their Tiktok practices, which is all about music that in a different way, obviously.

425
01:27:49.160 --> 01:27:58.550
But it's more about your positionality, the reflectivity part that I feel like it would be interesting to elaborate on.

426
01:27:58.730 --> 01:28:00.759
And I was actually wondering

427
01:28:01.040 --> 01:28:12.349
if it's not your project, why not actually making it making a work in the actual form of an autobiography so obviously depending on what you have to say about it.

428
01:28:13.350 --> 01:28:18.880
and I would like to extend my question to anyone who has maybe conducted

429
01:28:18.890 --> 01:28:25.169
any form of really inative ethnographic form of participant observation.

430
01:28:25.190 --> 01:28:29.919
I'd like to know more about your positionality on the field. Thank you.

431
01:28:30.230 --> 01:28:49.120
Good question. Thank you very much now. I'm afraid to answer it now. But In terms of that's why I always do. That's what I always do when I present this research. I always recognize that those positionalities, first, because

432
01:28:49.280 --> 01:28:55.410
This affected how. I saw, for example, the industry, for instance.

433
01:28:55.580 --> 01:28:57.260
I had

434
01:28:57.340 --> 01:29:07.479
the notion before that working as a musician outside of the Philippines will lead to more money for people who do it.

435
01:29:07.520 --> 01:29:23.990
However, when I was already here, and doing the research at the same time doing playing music around. I don't know if I should tell you this, but at some point I I was paid $50 for 3 sets. 3 sets is 45Â min.

436
01:29:24.670 --> 01:29:27.770
and that would be around 3Â h to play.

437
01:29:27.880 --> 01:29:51.060
and you only get $50, and you bring everything, all, all your equipment, even the PA system. So that was quite exploitative, of course. So Those things affected, how I saw and how I analyzed my data as well and as part of the research which leads me to the auto ethnographic part. It

438
01:29:51.110 --> 01:30:13.930
was originally part of my Csis, which is also being examined. This is here and hopefully be out in any time soon. but we remove that part yet, although I'm writing a lot of articles about my experiences of ethnographic piece as well. one is coming out in December this year in

439
01:30:14.150 --> 01:30:15.900
digital Asia, I think.

440
01:30:15.970 --> 01:30:29.559
Yeah. So I wrote something about ethnography, of doing the online performances at least. And then I'm writing something about what ethnography, about my experience as a performer

441
01:30:29.620 --> 01:30:51.539
and the other things I've been doing as well. So, for instance, I I also use this positionality as an event staff, for example, or as a photographer, because I also do this things as part of my immersion in in the community. And I'm known in the Filipino community and and the Gold Coast and Queen and Brisbane as well. yeah. People know me. Well.

442
01:30:51.760 --> 01:31:11.249
this appearance is not easy to to forget. I think, yeah, so. yeah. Those positionalities affected how I related to to people as well in terms of the musicians in terms of the community, and in terms of for flexibility about myself. I hope that made sense. But

443
01:31:12.030 --> 01:31:12.880
thank you.

444
01:31:22.770 --> 01:31:33.620
Yeah, I was just going to say, I don't do auto ethnography. I'm a social demographer by training, and so I'm not doing a lot of in-depth ethnographic work, although I will say

445
01:31:33.730 --> 01:31:56.439
we do think a lot about our positionality as researchers conducting particularly comparative international work. So I didn't talk a lot about the formula project. But it's a large research team, so many American scholars. But also we work with site partners in all 3 of our settings. And so I did talk a little bit about we have all local interviewers.

446
01:31:56.440 --> 01:32:18.819
We send researchers from the United States, including students, to participate in interviewer training, but also in observing pilot studies and conducting focus groups. So I didn't talk a lot about kind of how the study was done. But there's a lot of preliminary work that goes on before we ever enter the field. and it's very. It's

447
01:32:18.820 --> 01:32:26.769
it was not officially community participatory-based research, because we did come with top-down questions from the researcher's perspective.

448
01:32:26.790 --> 01:32:54.450
But we did adapt our questionnaires and our and our interview protocols quite a bit based on local knowledge and insight into what was appropriate. So some of the questions about particularly about children, not so much about migration, but many of the questions about children's activities and adolescents and transitions to adulthood are quite different. Or across the 3 sites, or some are not included when not considered appropriate. Culturally.

449
01:32:54.500 --> 01:32:57.249
socially. So there's a lot of

450
01:32:57.430 --> 01:33:01.570
thought and work that goes into thinking about our positionality and being very

451
01:33:01.710 --> 01:33:14.569
responsive to our local site partners as well. But it is not ethnography. And it is definitely like I said it. It's not technically community-based because we did come in a priori with our research questions.

452
01:33:17.100 --> 01:33:17.970
but

453
01:33:18.190 --> 01:33:43.350
well in in in our study, in, in, in, we do a a small part of our search by ethnographic observation, but this part was carried by a colleague of mine, and this part was dedicated to religious group, and I must say that my colleague absolutely no problem also, because

454
01:33:43.350 --> 01:33:48.409
Christian groups, not on not only Catholic group, have

455
01:33:48.810 --> 01:34:09.270
at least a rhetoric of openness. So everyone is welcome. So also you that we are going to study us out so to work on so absolutely no problem, and in doing interviews with the Peruvians we didn't face any particular difficulties, also because

456
01:34:09.340 --> 01:34:10.740
the roots.

457
01:34:10.820 --> 01:34:24.490
as I told in my presentation there are a strong link between Italy and and Peru, and so many Peruvians as some ancestor from Italy. So

458
01:34:24.920 --> 01:34:25.809
no problem

459
01:34:30.020 --> 01:34:46.039
now, as I told in my presentation, Italian and Spanish are are very similar. So many of our interviews didn't speak. good Italian, but it was perfectly understable, understandable.

460
01:34:46.740 --> 01:34:48.449
And I it.

461
01:34:52.980 --> 01:34:59.519
I just want to say that in terms of positionality I think the most difficult thing for me was

462
01:34:59.550 --> 01:35:03.149
to think and to say and to determine

463
01:35:03.210 --> 01:35:04.220
where

464
01:35:04.260 --> 01:35:11.429
war starts and stops and plays our systems

465
01:35:11.750 --> 01:35:15.699
doing this as a researcher. And when am I doing this as a performer?

466
01:35:16.150 --> 01:35:22.739
Yeah, so that's one of the things that you need to think about clearly.

467
01:35:23.830 --> 01:35:24.770
Yeah.

468
01:35:25.140 --> 01:35:26.420
anyone else?

469
01:35:28.740 --> 01:35:30.120
Other questions.

470
01:35:37.730 --> 01:35:40.990
 how do you?

471
01:35:42.910 --> 01:35:45.140
You also have to? You said

472
01:35:46.180 --> 01:35:47.380
the

473
01:35:53.780 --> 01:35:59.010
right, because yours was Mexico.

474
01:35:59.280 --> 01:36:07.849
Nepal and Mozambique. And so as you, as if not, it was not multi-ethnic

475
01:36:08.290 --> 01:36:22.749
right, Marcos. but for you, what in your one of your responses you asked for, that you were questioning the validation of certain migration theories

476
01:36:22.780 --> 01:36:36.289
I like you to elaborate on that a little more, but particular theory is not fitting. Your is not working to make the analysis. One and second is that if

477
01:36:36.470 --> 01:36:43.309
if you, if you feel that the established theories are are to be, are not validated.

478
01:36:43.850 --> 01:36:49.680
then what are the alternatives that you have thought or bring to your research for

479
01:36:49.760 --> 01:36:50.900
analysis?

480
01:36:51.150 --> 01:36:54.840
And then I come back to Marco's question. Okay, so I

481
01:36:54.930 --> 01:37:20.609
I will answer that really quickly. I didn't mean to imply that the migration theories do not are not validated by our research, and, in fact, in many ways they are. I think the the research, particularly because we were focused originally on children in sending community households. But a lot of that research had not been comparative, yeah, and had found some different results. So the idea that migration is positive or negative

482
01:37:20.660 --> 01:37:28.669
for children's well-being, it's quite mixed across settings and really depends on the outcomes. People are looking at

483
01:37:28.950 --> 01:37:30.859
the places they are, I mean, just

484
01:37:30.930 --> 01:37:47.689
just. There is not a clear sort of answer to those questions, and it was not clear to us at the outset whether or not that had to do with research design, whether it had to do with cultural differences across, you know sending regions or whether it was

485
01:37:47.690 --> 01:38:13.349
the the measures that people were using to assess children's well-being. And so that was our motivation for conducting the research. And, in fact, what we're finding is that the things that we think of in terms of social stratification that predict both migration as well as returns to migration. The you know, the benefits of migration. Those are very consistent across the 3 settings, but seems to be a little inconsistent. Then our our children's activities.

486
01:38:13.570 --> 01:38:19.859
and maybe some of the responses to migration. Whether they are then, we ask, you know them, their own migration aspirations.

487
01:38:19.890 --> 01:38:38.789
and the extent to which migration is self-fulfilling across the site seems to be a little variable, so I think that might be where there's some new room for new theoretical thinking and framing particularly in terms of the maturity of those migration streams in terms of the pandemic. It just a really just, a

488
01:38:39.520 --> 01:38:41.030
unanticipated

489
01:38:41.300 --> 01:38:51.680
benefit of having already been in the field. And there, too, I don't think the literature is is consistent in terms of where we expect these big external shocks

490
01:38:51.680 --> 01:39:11.820
to impact sending communities. And so that's really where we focused and had to hit it really quickly. So I, I feel like our data on matter, not as good as our data on some of these other things, because we had to adapt so quickly to that. But and did not have as much, you know, community going back and forth to design the questions on that. But it was.

491
01:39:12.100 --> 01:39:13.290
it's going to.

492
01:39:14.230 --> 01:39:22.260
But just to give a brief response is largely the migration theories are based on American experience.

493
01:39:22.490 --> 01:39:29.400
So which may not my personal

494
01:39:29.760 --> 01:39:35.920
work on the field? Sometimes those theories just, you know in that is not quite.

495
01:39:36.230 --> 01:39:53.630
does not quite fit with migration in other parts of the world that's happening. you know. So it's not to this. Yeah, are really labor migration theories right? And not all of this migration is labor migration. Yeah, yes, it's too, a focus on children. Right? Right? I

496
01:39:53.650 --> 01:40:06.139
no regarding Marcos I was thinking about because of your different multi-ethnic communities, although in Milan or in you.

497
01:40:06.150 --> 01:40:18.729
what was the in embedded social capital? In, of course, this question was asked that the capital which helped, or the culture capital among the Peruvians as opposed to the Italians.

498
01:40:18.740 --> 01:40:22.600
The answer was only, did you study on it a bit of it?

499
01:40:22.900 --> 01:40:27.209
And the other place was.

500
01:40:27.950 --> 01:40:40.660
So because there are 3 different communities in 3 different places.

501
01:40:41.210 --> 01:40:55.809
coping with COVID-19. All the difficulties did you see in your research some of the the differences in the cultural capital in these 3 communities, and which cooked better, or which cooked.

502
01:40:56.040 --> 01:40:58.199
you know. Not so good.

503
01:40:59.880 --> 01:41:03.880
Well, I'm and I'm not sure there are

504
01:41:03.960 --> 01:41:05.800
one group

505
01:41:06.270 --> 01:41:09.339
which was able to cope better.

506
01:41:09.620 --> 01:41:15.580
There are different way to go with the code, but no one is better or not.

507
01:41:15.730 --> 01:41:24.929
I suppose my question is, what was the cultural capital in these 3? And how did it help them to cope better or

508
01:41:25.280 --> 01:41:26.180
did not?

509
01:41:26.940 --> 01:41:34.050
Okay? Well, I'm not sure. I'm going to answer your question. But there are

510
01:41:34.490 --> 01:41:41.140
an important difference from Peruvian in Milan, and

511
01:41:41.190 --> 01:41:45.210
on the other side jerks in Stuttgart and

512
01:41:45.220 --> 01:41:47.529
Bangladeshi in London.

513
01:41:47.560 --> 01:41:50.590
and the difference is is that

514
01:41:50.920 --> 01:41:54.740
 Bangladeshi in

515
01:41:54.770 --> 01:42:04.080
in London and Turkey, in in Stuttgart are very satellite group.

516
01:42:04.330 --> 01:42:06.809
They have a traditional.

517
01:42:07.030 --> 01:42:09.760
They are not migrants anymore.

518
01:42:09.860 --> 01:42:11.900
but

519
01:42:11.990 --> 01:42:22.069
from many aspects, paradoxically Peruvian are better integrated in the.

520
01:42:22.490 --> 01:42:24.659
in the local

521
01:42:25.730 --> 01:42:26.780
environment.

522
01:42:27.160 --> 01:42:45.620
And of course the the religious element is, is a very important one. This is a very, very important, but also the tradition. In any case, Peruvians are people of land in a region like Italian, and many of them

523
01:42:45.880 --> 01:42:51.579
many, some of them Italian ancestors or European and Chester.

524
01:42:51.780 --> 01:42:54.250
And so

525
01:42:55.210 --> 01:43:19.310
Also the fact that the Peruvian are scattered. all! In in the old, the the town in a Turks in Stuttgart are in the for your back neighborhood, and the Bangladesh in London tower, amlet, and Bricklay, which are also very famous in Egypt, are among the people, and

526
01:43:19.710 --> 01:43:22.110
no problem that just

527
01:43:22.840 --> 01:43:25.740
so should we call the session to a close now.

528
01:43:26.140 --> 01:43:31.290
any last calls? No, okay. I thank you very much for coming

529
01:43:31.350 --> 01:43:40.519
to this to our session and making it very vibrant and nice. Thank you for all your questions and thank you to each of you.