WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:10.839 Hello! My name is Asangen Hahn, Professor Emeritus at Home National University. 2 00:00:10.970 --> 00:00:16.410 the organizer of the session on COVID-19, and Ulich Beck. 3 00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:23.000 Well, to begin with, I like to inform you what has happened with this session. 4 00:00:23.350 --> 00:00:29.350 Originally 4 papers have been expected to be presented this morning here. 5 00:00:29.640 --> 00:00:48.279 and one paper was co-written. So altogether fib of presenters are supposed to meet here tonight this this morning. but something might happen, so I found, after I had arrived here, no paper, no 2 papers. 6 00:00:48.570 --> 00:01:00.000 and I got Internet communication, and they told me that something really unexpected happened. So they were unable to come. 7 00:01:00.160 --> 00:01:04.540 Neither are were they able to make the June tall. 8 00:01:04.780 --> 00:01:10.010 so all together, we have only 2 papers we presented this morning. 9 00:01:11.140 --> 00:01:23.610 but so therefore no, and also the chairperson of this session, Professor Shujiro Yajawa, in Japan. He had some kind of medical problem. 10 00:01:23.640 --> 00:01:35.099 so he told me that he will be unable to attend this session this morning. So all together, you know, 2 papers will be presented. 11 00:01:35.680 --> 00:01:48.969 and therefore we would like to organize a discussion as a form of kind of you know dialogue. rather than a typical cases of presentation and C and dens. But anyway. 12 00:01:49.210 --> 00:02:01.789 I will explain a bit further when I have a chance to present my paper, but according to this, the scheduled The birth of the youngishim at Hainan University 13 00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:04.970 we will start to make a presentation 14 00:02:05.310 --> 00:02:12.210 so well. Roughly speaking, about 20 min or 25 min for each. 15 00:02:12.390 --> 00:02:27.180 and then the rest of the times that we can share in the form of a dialogue. Possibly, if somebody comes, including the audience for the gym, are you ready to make a presentation? Please? 16 00:02:27.520 --> 00:02:28.590 Thank you. 17 00:02:30.090 --> 00:02:37.090 Okay, good. Yeah. 18 00:02:38.550 --> 00:02:39.840 Yeah. 19 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:53.590 The total cover. That is kind of fun. 20 00:03:02.010 --> 00:03:06.170 Okay. as you. 21 00:03:07.960 --> 00:03:09.500 150. 22 00:03:16.070 --> 00:03:17.570 Okay? 23 00:03:18.880 --> 00:03:21.520 oh, how can I go backward? 24 00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:28.119 It's it's going out. 25 00:03:28.510 --> 00:03:33.779 Oh, my God, no, I have to go the other way around. 26 00:03:33.900 --> 00:03:48.700 Okay, here. Okay, the topic of my presentation is COVID-19 and biopolitics. I don't know whether you are familiar with this word biopolitics. Why do we pay attention? 27 00:03:48.790 --> 00:04:05.610 To it? It's as a mistake. Why do we pay attention to young women as the agency of a transformation? My name is young, he shame! I am a professor emeritus at the Hanyang University. So, Korea. 28 00:04:05.770 --> 00:04:12.780 I'm very glad to make this presentation here, even though our colleagues couldn't come. 29 00:04:14.840 --> 00:04:16.060 So 30 00:04:16.110 --> 00:04:20.010 I have 3 key themes. First. 31 00:04:20.130 --> 00:04:32.199 we are facing a new era of biopolitics in the process of responding to COVID-19 challenges, second, a new agency of a transformation 32 00:04:37.290 --> 00:04:38.410 too high. 33 00:04:41.080 --> 00:04:57.650 Second, a new agency with transformation for biopolitics is young women. I focus on young women. Third, one potential for East Asian bio-politics is to make an open community going beyond isolated individualization. 34 00:04:58.120 --> 00:05:12.560 What is the B of politics? There are 3 kind of politics. One is how politics, this is existing politics as usually used. 35 00:05:12.590 --> 00:05:41.859 Pursuit of national prosperity and the military power, pursuit of interest by military, industrial, complex centered for national security and economy. It is what we usually call a politics. It's a power politics. A second one is live politics started from social movement in the 1960 S. Attract an alternative to power, politics. 36 00:05:41.990 --> 00:06:06.280 highlighting, everyday life, quality of life, gender relations, fertility, children rearing identity, etc. This emerged as an alternative to power, politics, and the third one is biopolitics, a product of global risk society politics which emerge it as a response to life risk such as COVID-19. 37 00:06:06.660 --> 00:06:11.750 So it's a. It's a quite a new one. And actually, it was first 38 00:06:11.800 --> 00:06:33.040 acclaimed by Foucault by a power and biopolitics concept and theories. With relation to this, you know we can name a few of you. famous theorists. The first one is the Foucault, the the second one is a gunman, and the third Negrian heart. I think you are familiar with their names. 39 00:06:33.780 --> 00:06:42.370 Okay, I go through this full call, divided the sovereign power of the monarch. Surveillance, power and the firepower 40 00:06:42.770 --> 00:06:48.060 are analyzed. How about a pile of power operates in the neoliberal era? 41 00:06:48.310 --> 00:06:58.020 A gunman? He's an Italian, traced the relationship between bio-power and politics. He focused on their life. 42 00:06:58.230 --> 00:07:03.919 A spare life is a life thrown away outside the law where law cannot reach 43 00:07:03.940 --> 00:07:13.109 Nelson Hart divided the concept of bio-power and biopolitics. Firepower is a power which rules like a life 44 00:07:13.140 --> 00:07:20.669 and biopolitics is a force of life which gives birth to alternative production of the subject. 45 00:07:22.530 --> 00:07:26.549 Okay. where? Why do I focus on women. 46 00:07:26.570 --> 00:07:34.779 I have 2 reasons. One is, women, like unlike men, give birth to and bring up life. 47 00:07:34.920 --> 00:07:41.729 have the applicable care as a human being, saving life, doing high housekeeping. 48 00:07:41.770 --> 00:08:05.959 That's the first reason, and the second reason is the most damaged of of of COVID-19 are women. There are many examples. I will go further into this an example. A recent accident in Seoul, Korea, on October 20 ninth, 2,022, a lot of people who came out to enjoy the Halloween festival in Lithuan's Hole were pressed to death. 49 00:08:06.090 --> 00:08:16.779 In that accident there were more women victims than men, especially when young women victims. In that accident 98 women 50 00:08:16.800 --> 00:08:17.870 were 51 00:08:18.010 --> 00:08:23.169 pressed to death, and 56 men were dead. 52 00:08:23.370 --> 00:08:27.219 Later one or 2 more victims. 53 00:08:29.070 --> 00:08:33.359 Okay. And then I go to? why do I choose 54 00:08:33.850 --> 00:08:41.789 women? First of all, it's about women's Ethic in a different voice. By Carol Gilligan. I think you are all familiar with this. 55 00:08:41.820 --> 00:08:47.960 The book is very famous, and translated into a lot of languages. 56 00:08:48.790 --> 00:08:57.290 The first reason of why women women's ethical care. Hiligan talks about Heinz dilemma. 57 00:08:57.660 --> 00:09:09.510 and it's like this, Hein's wife is sick to the point of death. The pharmacy has a medicine which can cure her. However, the price of the medicine is so expensive 58 00:09:09.620 --> 00:09:18.549 that he could not buy it, even if he gives all the money he has, what should he to do that is called Hein's dilemma. 59 00:09:18.660 --> 00:09:23.180 What? And I will go back to the answer later. 60 00:09:23.400 --> 00:09:24.330 Okay. 61 00:09:24.660 --> 00:09:29.679 the second reason of why women are the most damaged are young women 62 00:09:29.760 --> 00:09:44.279 deterioration of inequality since COVID-19, according to world inequality report. Women, women's asset women's incomes are all very low compared to men's. 63 00:09:44.550 --> 00:09:46.370 Then the second 64 00:09:46.420 --> 00:09:54.429 direct damages of COVID-19, there are more women than men among the COVID-19 confirmed cases 65 00:09:54.460 --> 00:10:02.049 in Korea of 53.2 2% versus 46.8%, 66 00:10:02.280 --> 00:10:06.270 and among the death in Korea not to more. 67 00:10:06.310 --> 00:10:12.649 confirmed cases, or among women, and more dead among the women 68 00:10:13.230 --> 00:10:21.820 about why, you know we have no time to talk about it. Also social, economic damages. Women are in charge of care work 69 00:10:21.840 --> 00:10:37.000 damages increase in the family and the society, sexual violence, sexual harassment, cyber-sexual violence, family violence, children rearing mental health problems, etc. This one increasing, not just in Korea, in 70 00:10:37.020 --> 00:10:39.310 almost everywhere in the world. 71 00:10:40.260 --> 00:10:42.710 Okay, my explanation model. 72 00:10:42.800 --> 00:10:58.609 for how a new, a new agency of a transformation is formed, and I have push factors and put factors working together to make a new agency of a transformation in the age of biopolitics. 73 00:10:58.810 --> 00:11:00.570 That's very simple. Model. 74 00:11:01.350 --> 00:11:04.770 Okay? My, now, my empirical data. Now. 75 00:11:05.010 --> 00:11:05.930 a 76 00:11:06.150 --> 00:11:31.089 I and my colleague had 3 global citizens away from 2,020. To the march, 2,020 June 2,020, and September, October 2,021, and it was conducted in 33 global cities, and all the respondents are about 77 00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:35.099 18,000, more than 18,000 people. 78 00:11:35.120 --> 00:11:39.890 about 500 each from 33 countries. 79 00:11:40.650 --> 00:11:47.489 Okay? And these are the cities where we have the samples collected. Okay, 33. Cities. 80 00:11:48.500 --> 00:11:54.940 Analysis of data. Okay, about now, I go to push factors. First. 81 00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:02.909 I have an uneasiness in 2 dimensions. One is the social uneasiness related with a family life. 82 00:12:03.020 --> 00:12:10.300 and the second is the psychological uneasiness of the individuals. The questions 83 00:12:10.420 --> 00:12:20.339 survey questions on social uneasiness in the family life is like this, how do you feel about the following aspects of anxiety from family life. 84 00:12:20.440 --> 00:12:30.510 and I have 3 items there. I feel anxious that I may fall behind, because competition is too strong in our society. 85 00:12:30.670 --> 00:12:37.229 I am worried about whether I could manage if a family member fell ill or had an accident. 86 00:12:37.600 --> 00:12:45.570 and I am worried that an economic crisis may so strain my household income expenses. 87 00:12:45.700 --> 00:12:51.610 and we have a strongly disagree disagree, neutral agree, strongly agree. 88 00:12:51.980 --> 00:12:54.009 And the result is like this. 89 00:12:54.470 --> 00:13:12.739 the first one is global, all in the 33 countries. The second one is East Asia, and the third one is Korea. You can see that the the red line is women. Blue line is men in in the global. 90 00:13:12.750 --> 00:13:20.700 For you. You can see that women are in general have a higher social uneasiness in the family life 91 00:13:20.720 --> 00:13:37.449 in East Asia you can see that it's The difference is closer. But among the 20 s. Among the women of twenties is higher than among the men. of the twenties. And in Korea, I mean, can you see? 92 00:13:37.690 --> 00:13:38.890 Okay, here. 93 00:13:39.670 --> 00:13:43.109 Okay, the the gap here is really big 94 00:13:43.390 --> 00:13:49.959 gap here. Gap, here is big, but this is bigger here in East Asia and biggest 95 00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:51.139 in Korea. 96 00:13:51.610 --> 00:14:00.180 So no, you you can see, maybe, that there's stress and social uneasiness in the family life for young women 97 00:14:00.540 --> 00:14:03.340 are very great in South Korea. 98 00:14:03.520 --> 00:14:07.829 also in the in the 40 s. 20 s. And 40 s. 99 00:14:09.700 --> 00:14:26.179 Okay. And then questions on psychological uneasiness of the individuals. The question is, please kindly tell us how often you have felt the following feelings of our early ages since the outbreak of COVID-19 in your country, and I have a 100 00:14:27.530 --> 00:14:39.950 8 items on here. I have. I have a the trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. I have felt depressed, I have felt 101 00:14:40.160 --> 00:14:57.269 hopeful about the future. This is very positive one. The others are negative ones. My sleeping has been restless, I have felt lonely. I have felt angry. I have felt an imperative drive to suicide. I have reacted violently. If somebody 102 00:14:57.270 --> 00:15:10.809 faces me off or pisses me off. Okay, and then we have changed the other. These positive ones I will hope for about about the future. And then we made some indexes out of it. 103 00:15:10.870 --> 00:15:12.700 and the result is. 104 00:15:13.030 --> 00:15:23.619 you can see that the only reason is higher among the younger ones. both men and women. But it's even higher among the women. 105 00:15:23.720 --> 00:15:28.470 You can see the difference here. And it's the difference is quite 106 00:15:28.510 --> 00:15:44.730 yeah, they even among men and women in the global cases. But in East Asia. You can see that the the difference gets bigger here and not a big difference. Among other age groups in Korea you can see that 107 00:15:44.920 --> 00:15:50.180 the difference in in the 20 s. And the 30 s. Our biggest. 108 00:15:50.590 --> 00:15:51.750 and then 109 00:15:51.770 --> 00:16:01.960 it gets smaller and then gets bigger again, and then smaller, and the the difference. The gap here is really big compared to other 110 00:16:02.100 --> 00:16:07.870 examples. Summary of the analysis of push factors. It turned out that 111 00:16:07.900 --> 00:16:23.980 more women, particularly more young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. Tend to feel more and social unnecessary in the family life. Social, unnecessary here refers to uneasiness in the economic basis required to live a social life. 112 00:16:24.250 --> 00:16:35.960 It turned out that more women, particularly more young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. Tend to feel more psychological and agencies of the individuals psychological only it is here. 113 00:16:36.980 --> 00:16:44.429 refers to uneasiness as to their existence itself. As women. Such an uneasiness 114 00:16:44.490 --> 00:16:49.199 Pushes the young women to become an agency of social transformation. 115 00:16:51.470 --> 00:17:05.770 Okay, now I go to poor factors. There are 2, 4 factors. One is individualization and the other is community experience. Each 2 seems to be very contradictory. But anyway, we will see 116 00:17:05.940 --> 00:17:20.059 our questions on individualization is, are like this, how strongly do you agree or disagree, and there are 3 points here. Marriage is not a necessity. Living alone is acceptable to me. 117 00:17:20.110 --> 00:17:29.260 I don't need to have children after marriage. Living without children is acceptable. The third, I would gather divorce if my marriage 118 00:17:29.300 --> 00:17:32.579 didn't work out as expected. So it's about 119 00:17:32.690 --> 00:17:36.740 marriage children and divorce 3 issues. 120 00:17:36.950 --> 00:17:39.240 Okay? And then the result is 121 00:17:39.670 --> 00:17:54.659 and you can see here it's a glover, East Asia and Korea, and the difference, you know, women usually have more individualized than men. But the difference, if you see that 122 00:17:55.040 --> 00:17:57.549 the difference among the Koreans 123 00:17:58.090 --> 00:18:02.670 is biggest, very, very big here. The gap is very, very big. 124 00:18:04.170 --> 00:18:20.049 and another one is about the community experience questions on community experience since COVID-19. And we have 4 questions here. The Coronavirus pandemic has brought communities closer together. 125 00:18:20.050 --> 00:18:41.440 The pandemic has made people more appreciative of the national medical authorities. Since the pandemic people have become more appreciative of essential workers. For example, delivery drivers, sharp steps, etc. People have become more thoughtful of their relationship with the planet. 126 00:18:41.980 --> 00:19:07.600 Okay? And then the the result is like this community experience among among the global cases and among the global respondents there are almost no difference here among the East Asia and respondent there are some difference, but small difference among the Korean irrespective. You can see a big difference among the 20 s. Or that in Korean, I think 127 00:19:07.690 --> 00:19:15.660 among the twenties and the later 2. But anyway, you can see a big difference here. The Korean respondents are very different. 128 00:19:15.890 --> 00:19:34.470 The summary of the analysis of the full poor factors. It turned out that women, particularly young women, in their 20 s. And 30 s. Had to be highly individualized. It turned out that women, particularly young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. Tend to feel more community experience and need. 129 00:19:34.470 --> 00:19:54.350 the result of individualization and community experience seemed contradictory. At the first glance, however, the combination of these 2 factors seemed to operate as an important force, pulling young women as an agency of social transformation. In East Asia, particularly in Korea. 130 00:19:55.810 --> 00:20:02.569 Now I go into biopolitics. I have 2 dimensions of biopolitics. 131 00:20:02.630 --> 00:20:05.620 One is the value orientation 132 00:20:05.880 --> 00:20:19.120 the politics has to pursue. It's the question of either life or economy. The question is like this, going further in the current situation. Which do you think is a more urgent task 133 00:20:19.430 --> 00:20:35.629 in your for your country, social distancing for public health, or returning to normal life for economic recovery? That is the question. The second one is about the methodology, the way how to realize the value. 134 00:20:36.030 --> 00:20:40.099 the question of either rule of order or rule of law. 135 00:20:40.140 --> 00:20:54.100 Yeah, are you familiar with the rule of order and rule of law, rule of order? It means that it can go without the the without based on the law. 136 00:20:54.280 --> 00:21:13.919 The following survey items refer to 2 diverging opinions about how to respond to the recent state of emergency declared by the Government on a scale from one to 10. Please identify the point where you feel most closely matches your opinion. Discretionary power 137 00:21:14.110 --> 00:21:17.390 doing a state of emergency 138 00:21:17.540 --> 00:21:38.859 is always justifiable, regardless of the law versus discretionary power is only just just the viable within the procedures and confinement of the law. So okay, so it's about the question of discretionary power. It's a whether rule of law or a rule of order. 139 00:21:39.180 --> 00:21:58.900 And then we have these 4 types of citizenship according to political preference and their distribution. Okay, you have a biopolitics and power flics on the one hand, and you have a radical institution on the other, and we have a 4 types. The first one is exceptional state biopolitics. 140 00:21:59.180 --> 00:22:02.869 and the second one is mass mobilization, power, politics. 141 00:22:02.900 --> 00:22:19.879 The third one is a law based about politics, how politics, biopolitics, and the fourth one is law based our politics. So whether it's a power, politics or biopolitics. And then the distribution is that exceptional biopolitics. 142 00:22:20.120 --> 00:22:32.810 people who belong to this category is a 27.7, and those who belong to low-based power police. The other end is a 39.2%. 143 00:22:32.920 --> 00:22:34.729 Okay? So 144 00:22:35.110 --> 00:22:39.029 we see that. Still, you know, it is a biopolitics. 145 00:22:39.070 --> 00:22:56.979 People are 49% and populist people, 50 50.9% about the same size. But if you see the method, the radical, best old institutional method, is there a big difference here? 40% and 60%. 146 00:22:58.280 --> 00:23:24.000 Okay, so among these 4 types, I focus on exceptional biopolitics, why do I pay attention to exceptional biopolitics? Because exceptional biopolitics, the thought that emergency order, regardless of the law, is always justifiable if it is to protect the life and health of the people, refers to a radical 147 00:23:24.040 --> 00:23:27.949 because it goes beyond the law. 148 00:23:27.990 --> 00:23:42.819 because exceptional state via policies can emerge, repeat, and be intensified in today's global risk society. Because exceptional biopolitics can also imminently threaten democracy. 149 00:23:43.820 --> 00:23:52.790 Okay? And then we have the result here. Okay? those who prefer exceptional biopolitics type 150 00:23:52.920 --> 00:24:01.660 by sex and age groups. Okay, it's global east Asia and Korea. And you see that women, young women 151 00:24:01.750 --> 00:24:03.399 have 152 00:24:03.560 --> 00:24:13.920 higher preference for exceptional biopolitics in the global respondent. And then in East Asia, you see the difference. 153 00:24:14.140 --> 00:24:25.449 it's a little bit different situation. And in Korea you have a big difference among the the 20 and 30 s. And the later 2. 154 00:24:25.500 --> 00:24:36.639 But it's it's really really strange among the young ones when young ones, women are higher among the old ones men are higher. 155 00:24:36.670 --> 00:24:40.420 That's very strange. I go into this 156 00:24:40.790 --> 00:24:55.639 in the case of Korea. Those who prefer exceptional biopolitics are young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. And men in their 40 s. Men in their forests tend to show strong state-centered collectivism. 157 00:24:55.650 --> 00:25:03.600 The older the age, the more favorable they are to patriarchal transition and exclusive Populism. 158 00:25:04.970 --> 00:25:32.549 Young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. Tend to lead the change related with individualization and defend the freedom of the citizens. They also show more community experience related with the COVID-19 than men, and practice the ethical of care. Thus we can say that the subject of a leadership to lead the biopolitics in the future Korea can be found among young women. 159 00:25:34.310 --> 00:25:44.790 And and I go to the problem of individualization and community. And I use global risk theory by Buli. 160 00:25:44.859 --> 00:25:52.769 who he back the theory, the the risk society became an inevitable condition that is a constant of human life. 161 00:25:52.790 --> 00:26:02.460 Biopolitics comes out of this background. A key point of risk society is how to link the individualization and community. 162 00:26:02.840 --> 00:26:10.300 Oliver talked a lot about individualization and what will be the consequences of individualization. 163 00:26:11.410 --> 00:26:24.180 Now, individualization and open community, we can see both the condensed radicalization of the individualization and the community orientation among young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. In Korea. 164 00:26:24.430 --> 00:26:31.410 These 2 trends obviously seem contradictory. Thus deeper researchers, researches are needed 165 00:26:31.460 --> 00:26:51.780 at the same time, this trend can be interpreted to show a potential and pattern different from the West, where the tradition of individualism is strong. This trend can also be interpreted as Korea, showing a future vision of an open community going beyond the Western sociology. 166 00:26:53.110 --> 00:26:56.929 the shock and task to feminism. Gilligan 167 00:26:57.040 --> 00:27:17.460 I I talked about earlier, showed that men easily accept radical approaches in pursuing the value of life, such as breaking the windows of the pharmacy and silly stealing their medicine, as you seen in the case of a height, while women who consider relationship seriously do not do so. 168 00:27:17.460 --> 00:27:46.560 I just asked the question and didn't answer. But here the answer came. Hiligan asked young boys and girls about this, and young boys said that that life is the most important. So you have to break in and steal the medicine. And the girls answered that what they hesitated while we have to talk to the pharmacy! a lot more, or if 169 00:27:46.680 --> 00:27:55.710 if he steals, then he will go to the jail, and who will take care of the wife. Then that is a problem, you know. So they are hesitating. 170 00:27:55.760 --> 00:27:58.530 They take, they think about the relationship. 171 00:27:59.100 --> 00:28:18.609 So, however, the Global Survey data show that young women in their 20 s. And 30 s. Going to the COVID-19 are more radicalized in their ways of pursuing the valuable life. These findings truly throws a shock to feminism, and we need to examine their meanings more deeply. 172 00:28:20.490 --> 00:28:35.160 Concluding remarks, the value of life and political leadership. A considerable time is needed in order for an experience of a specific generation in a specific period, to be enriched into political leadership. 173 00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:40.670 In Korea it took 15 to 20 years of time for the 174 00:28:40.740 --> 00:29:03.290 80 sixth generation. These are the people who attended the colleges in the eightys and born in the sixtys so 80 sixth generation. This generation's experience of the transitional period of democratization in the 1,900 eightys to be enriched into political leadership. It took 15 to 20 years 175 00:29:03.290 --> 00:29:18.760 assuming the global risk of society as a constant. When would it be that women political leaders who are sensitive to biopolitics could open up and lead a new either of biopolitical age, we might 176 00:29:19.230 --> 00:29:23.650 expect it to be about the middle over 2030 177 00:29:23.720 --> 00:29:26.970 when we count it that way. 178 00:29:27.450 --> 00:29:37.699 This means a fundamental change would have occurred, such as your shift in the paradigm of a politics as well as in the role of political parties. 179 00:29:37.940 --> 00:29:39.770 Thank you very much. 180 00:29:40.330 --> 00:29:41.260 Okay. 181 00:29:49.860 --> 00:29:52.490 Now we go to next presentation. 182 00:29:54.160 --> 00:29:54.860 The 183 00:30:08.450 --> 00:30:10.000 good morning. 184 00:30:10.130 --> 00:30:14.990 This is the Sam. It's in Han again teaching sociology at 185 00:30:15.220 --> 00:30:18.800 our National University, South Korea. 186 00:30:19.520 --> 00:30:25.969 I like to introduce over the proposal with the session. First. excuse me 187 00:30:26.380 --> 00:30:29.280 and talk about my own topic. 188 00:30:30.260 --> 00:30:34.950 Why, we propose this session with the title. 189 00:30:35.340 --> 00:30:36.539 will it back? 190 00:30:38.040 --> 00:30:42.190 And COVID-19. Let me see how I came here. 191 00:30:43.290 --> 00:30:52.850 this is the first page let me see here, okay, now. 192 00:30:53.690 --> 00:30:57.099 i'm talking about 193 00:30:57.740 --> 00:31:10.650 modern and second, modern relationship or conflict. So, as you can see in this shot. modernity is characterized 194 00:31:11.080 --> 00:31:17.810 by differentiation. professionalization, specialization, something like that. 195 00:31:19.090 --> 00:31:21.810 And science and technology 196 00:31:22.670 --> 00:31:26.099 act as a primary role of development. 197 00:31:26.430 --> 00:31:27.789 So we expect 198 00:31:27.840 --> 00:31:33.120 a rational actor to emerge, to lead the society 199 00:31:33.310 --> 00:31:35.000 and the politics. 200 00:31:35.520 --> 00:31:42.249 and at the same time individualization is going on as a proposal. She has already taught 201 00:31:42.590 --> 00:31:46.409 as well as globalization, you know. 202 00:31:46.470 --> 00:31:51.610 and what we call this day anthropo-centric civilization. 203 00:31:51.710 --> 00:31:54.760 This going on in terms of the modernity. 204 00:31:55.690 --> 00:32:05.530 but as an unexpected consequences of this modern development by science and technology, among others. 205 00:32:05.890 --> 00:32:11.819 global risk society most. and there are many a symptom. 206 00:32:11.920 --> 00:32:13.590 many risk 207 00:32:14.690 --> 00:32:18.770 very threatening risks that we face this day. 208 00:32:19.090 --> 00:32:25.000 Many. But climate change or so COVID-19 challenges 209 00:32:25.120 --> 00:32:28.790 is probably more prominent than others. 210 00:32:29.650 --> 00:32:30.590 This 211 00:32:30.790 --> 00:32:45.340 keep us a kind of anthropological shock which opens up the second modernity. That is the basic theme that our wool it back developed before he died 212 00:32:45.730 --> 00:32:50.910 in 2,015. This anthropological shock 213 00:32:51.600 --> 00:32:55.950 provide the avenue for reflexive 214 00:32:56.260 --> 00:33:06.210 and something like a new politics or a new institution, or a second modern institution. Attitude outlook something like that would come out. 215 00:33:06.700 --> 00:33:15.499 And then we are moving to earth. not anthropo-centric, but anthropogenic vision of the world. 216 00:33:15.870 --> 00:33:25.809 So that is a kind of relationship between modern and second, modern attitude for outlook that I'm going to talk about 217 00:33:26.840 --> 00:33:27.900 this morning 218 00:33:28.950 --> 00:33:29.800 here. 219 00:33:31.110 --> 00:33:35.200 okay, yeah. 220 00:33:36.400 --> 00:33:42.620 the first of all, I like to introduce overall the session's objective. 221 00:33:43.440 --> 00:33:46.190 Adam Twosen. He. 222 00:33:46.430 --> 00:33:50.490 They're working at Columbia University in New York. 223 00:33:51.570 --> 00:33:56.589 I don't know him personally very well, but he wrote an article 224 00:33:56.630 --> 00:33:58.400 2,020, 225 00:33:59.250 --> 00:34:08.170 and he said, all it back is the most important intellectual for the pandemic and its aftermath. 226 00:34:09.470 --> 00:34:13.839 And then he described who it be, a sociologist 227 00:34:14.330 --> 00:34:18.090 who could save us from Coronavirus. 228 00:34:19.530 --> 00:34:21.839 I mean here in the long paper. 229 00:34:22.850 --> 00:34:34.620 but obviously only only only Peck died at 2,015. So no, you know, she died before COVID-19 broke out. 230 00:34:35.680 --> 00:34:46.840 but he somehow identified Woollique as the most influential and intellectual figure who could deal with this shock in a more systematic and a more affordable looking perspective. 231 00:34:47.480 --> 00:34:51.619 So I proposed this session. 232 00:34:51.910 --> 00:34:55.620 Starting from this observation by tools. 233 00:34:56.360 --> 00:35:05.210 we invite a paper investigating dynamic relations of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic from 234 00:35:05.550 --> 00:35:12.240 the following backs, clear card perspective in order to test extend 235 00:35:12.360 --> 00:35:20.060 of the relevance of the aboriginal statement collectively the statement made by Adam. Tush! 236 00:35:20.070 --> 00:35:23.180 That is a basic objective. 237 00:35:24.130 --> 00:35:26.589 Now, Ulita wrote 238 00:35:26.880 --> 00:35:28.330 in a quotation 239 00:35:30.040 --> 00:35:33.319 he wrote in world at risk of 2,008 240 00:35:34.330 --> 00:35:39.280 health risks mutate into threat to the national economy. 241 00:35:39.790 --> 00:35:43.099 tap losses, losses of wealth, etc., 242 00:35:44.120 --> 00:35:48.699 which in turn jeopardize a political and civil basic right. 243 00:35:50.040 --> 00:35:59.850 with the result that authoritarian State in particular, are able to overhaul the precarious authority and the legitimacy 244 00:36:00.470 --> 00:36:03.060 through the struggle against risk. 245 00:36:04.810 --> 00:36:14.659 the preoccupation with the security and the political exploitation of a fear enable State to appeal to global institutions 246 00:36:15.060 --> 00:36:22.780 and the requirement of the virus individual liberties without any fear of outcry of protesting. 247 00:36:23.910 --> 00:36:32.439 This leads to an internal globalization of a national risk policy inside and outside us and others, men 248 00:36:32.700 --> 00:36:35.369 can no longer be clearly distinguished. 249 00:36:36.280 --> 00:36:44.030 This go, this can go hand in hand with the authoritarian policy of We nationalization. So 250 00:36:44.140 --> 00:36:56.320 although he didn't so witness, you know, copy the 19 challenging somehow, he wrote many things about. For example, Sas, you know, 2,014 South London, for 251 00:36:56.410 --> 00:37:06.499 so he anticipated this kind of global risk. could pave the way to more authoritarian development. He worried about them. 252 00:37:06.870 --> 00:37:20.179 and he was thinking about how we can get out of this track and move into more participatory, more democratic way of dealing with this risk of society. That is, is a major concern. Now. 253 00:37:20.590 --> 00:37:21.260 yeah. 254 00:37:22.360 --> 00:37:28.290 So, following his own observation, we can identify a four-point observation 255 00:37:28.940 --> 00:37:44.320 first. as the Korean, 19 pandem exploited rapidly to the world. Their government of individual countries implement the powerful State-oriented nation for the policy and responses 256 00:37:44.750 --> 00:37:49.609 for the protection of their people's lives. And the public has 257 00:37:49.830 --> 00:37:53.050 okay, that is a overall tendency. The second. 258 00:37:53.150 --> 00:37:56.900 the liberal effect of those chain of a decision 259 00:37:57.110 --> 00:38:01.590 lead to a great upheaval of international order. 260 00:38:01.650 --> 00:38:12.699 such as Board of Disclosure, along with a full social isolation, including self-quaranting of citizens. The second 261 00:38:12.710 --> 00:38:16.490 observation. so as a result. 262 00:38:16.720 --> 00:38:24.170 such a trend of economic crisis intensified as a domestic international shrinkage 263 00:38:24.310 --> 00:38:33.930 in production and the increasing unemployment falls. Human rights situation is generally deteriorated. 264 00:38:34.130 --> 00:38:41.529 including threat to the right to leave of these socially disadvantaged groups 265 00:38:41.570 --> 00:38:43.770 and the reduction of a basic 266 00:38:44.020 --> 00:38:46.180 civil freedoms. 267 00:38:46.250 --> 00:38:51.779 So this, more or less related to the likely food of authoritarian development 268 00:38:51.970 --> 00:39:01.280 which we can derive from really tax statements. So this is basic kind of a scheme she offered us 269 00:39:01.850 --> 00:39:03.859 before he died. Okay. 270 00:39:04.510 --> 00:39:07.110 I already explained it. Okay, now. 271 00:39:08.750 --> 00:39:12.980 So nevertheless. there is a starting point of our session. 272 00:39:13.220 --> 00:39:16.759 This session would like to explore that. 273 00:39:17.100 --> 00:39:29.089 although the general tendency of risk governance moves in the direction strengthening authoritarian control. different trajectories are in principle possible. 274 00:39:29.700 --> 00:39:37.889 based on the analysis of the factors that give rise to reflexivocity. Agents distinguished from the modern outlook. 275 00:39:38.290 --> 00:39:43.800 Our session would like to explore how we can promote a more democratic 276 00:39:43.910 --> 00:39:50.419 and the participatory governance against Sharonistic and the Populist depression 277 00:39:51.010 --> 00:39:56.849 that we set forward as an objective of our session. 278 00:39:59.470 --> 00:40:00.510 Now. 279 00:40:01.540 --> 00:40:05.720 you know, China is a very different China pursuit. 280 00:40:05.880 --> 00:40:13.049 COVID-19 policies in a very straight way. But even in China 281 00:40:13.120 --> 00:40:17.819 there has been quite interesting debates about this issue. 282 00:40:17.980 --> 00:40:25.690 John went home as a very famous guy in China, he said. in 2,021, 283 00:40:25.880 --> 00:40:39.129 the recent disportion of the COVID-19 from naming to Rotation City indicate that the epidemic can be imported from abroad and spread in China. 284 00:40:39.630 --> 00:40:46.540 even though quarantine policy is a strict and the fascination of accelerators. Today 285 00:40:46.780 --> 00:41:02.300 it has created huge anxiety among the ordinary people. The anxiety originated from the profound uncertainty of the future, so he talks about the kind of perspective of global risk a society. 286 00:41:03.610 --> 00:41:13.330 This kind of debate is not really strong in China, but still going on today, I guess. Yeah. Now. my 287 00:41:14.060 --> 00:41:17.279 presentation depends 288 00:41:17.700 --> 00:41:30.330 relies on the kind of survey research that but the shame has already mentioned to me. I am interested. How The pathway 289 00:41:30.930 --> 00:41:42.029 after COVID-19 would die bulging. So in order to do so, I want you to formulate the basic type of human subjectivity 290 00:41:42.400 --> 00:41:46.880 in terms of questionnaire, however important. 291 00:41:47.130 --> 00:41:57.360 or maybe a beautiful idea. We may have. Theoretically, conceptually. I feel that we need some kind of empirical measurement to test 292 00:41:57.420 --> 00:42:12.779 what kind of typology made appear, and how they are different from each other. and what are the consequences of each type of human being, on their behavior, on the future prospect 293 00:42:12.810 --> 00:42:19.989 and on many other issues. So importantly, the what kind of questionnaire will we formulate to test it? Okay? 294 00:42:20.010 --> 00:42:29.659 So the basic question that I am using in my paper is very simple. Okay, the question exactly is as follow. 295 00:42:29.950 --> 00:42:36.199 medical technology has constantly advanced, as we have seen. 296 00:42:36.400 --> 00:42:43.989 for example, vaccinization. Yeah. Yet viruses have also mutated into more powerful phones. 297 00:42:44.700 --> 00:42:51.890 Yes, we see that also. And this is a circumstance. How do you see the future 298 00:42:52.110 --> 00:43:06.479 using a scale from one to 7, 7, i. 11, No. 10. Please identify the point. You feel mostly deeply matches your opinion, and then I give the 2 polar using cases. 299 00:43:06.580 --> 00:43:11.359 life will become more stable in the future is on the one hand. 300 00:43:11.410 --> 00:43:21.980 and the life will become more unstable in the future. On the other hand. okay, there is a one axis. expectation of the future. 301 00:43:22.080 --> 00:43:27.080 The second axis is about what we can trust. Okay. 302 00:43:27.880 --> 00:43:30.790 so I can provide 303 00:43:31.110 --> 00:43:40.280 the statement to life. It is desirable for our future to trust science and technology on the one hand, okay? 304 00:43:40.420 --> 00:43:51.709 And, on the other hand. it's desirable for our future to realize their fundamental or uncertainty of their life on the other. Okay? 305 00:43:52.160 --> 00:43:56.770 And then, if he. you know, combine this too. 306 00:43:56.890 --> 00:44:01.059 then we can formulate a kind of typology. 307 00:44:01.500 --> 00:44:11.529 okay, I'll I'll come back to you. But I we had had a kind of international global Survey research it 3 time as already. Purpose, as she mentioned first. 308 00:44:11.800 --> 00:44:15.429 June 2,020, 309 00:44:15.690 --> 00:44:19.689 including 30 global cities. As you see in this email. 310 00:44:19.970 --> 00:44:26.329 Second, September 2,020. It include only 16 global cities. 311 00:44:26.660 --> 00:44:37.360 And third is September 2,021, including 33 global cities. Now, if we combine these 2 axes which I just outline. 312 00:44:37.870 --> 00:44:44.819 one is expectation of the future. The other one is the trust citizen trust. Okay? 313 00:44:45.270 --> 00:44:49.830 And we can formulate. We can draw out the 4 types of outlaw 314 00:44:50.370 --> 00:45:00.440 future is a stable future is unstable. That is the basic expectation of the future, and what we trust, the trust in science, or trust in citizens with flexibility. 315 00:45:01.470 --> 00:45:03.470 This 316 00:45:03.480 --> 00:45:11.880 difference between trust in science and trust in cities and the flexibility. I think it is very crucially important for thinking about the second modernity. 317 00:45:12.040 --> 00:45:18.540 Modernity is a characterize a basic fundamental trust in science and technology, among others. Okay. 318 00:45:18.990 --> 00:45:24.689 but second, modern, it is shift to the importance of reflexivity of the situation. 319 00:45:24.970 --> 00:45:32.289 So you know, this kind of distinction serve as one of the most 320 00:45:32.320 --> 00:45:34.840 fundamental criteria 321 00:45:35.190 --> 00:45:38.429 for drawing out for outer look. 322 00:45:38.650 --> 00:45:45.420 And we can distinguish for outlook the the first modern outlook. Okay. 323 00:45:45.550 --> 00:45:46.750 See here. 324 00:45:47.300 --> 00:45:47.960 awesome. 325 00:45:48.210 --> 00:45:51.479 This is. This is the first modern outlook. 326 00:45:51.580 --> 00:45:56.900 and that the object is a risky-sensitive second. modern outlook. 327 00:45:57.090 --> 00:46:07.009 And in B. Butchin we can, of course, say about the Tachonochratic risk management and the post-scientific optimistic view. 328 00:46:07.070 --> 00:46:19.619 but important for our analysis, for my analysis in the presentation this morning is the first one and the last one. First one I call modern outlook. Okay. 329 00:46:19.810 --> 00:46:34.500 the last one risk a sensitive second more than out to local, and how they, different from each other, what kind of consequences they produce with respect to many important issues. 330 00:46:34.710 --> 00:46:37.030 So all together. 331 00:46:37.240 --> 00:46:42.309 the percentage is changing as time goes by. 332 00:46:42.480 --> 00:46:46.410 and in June 2,020 333 00:46:46.540 --> 00:46:52.909 modern outlook occupies about the 27% of the world. The population 334 00:46:53.250 --> 00:46:57.230 and second, more than outlook. occupied about this 335 00:46:57.290 --> 00:46:59.690 36 percentage. 336 00:47:00.170 --> 00:47:01.599 All right. Okay? 337 00:47:03.090 --> 00:47:09.070 And this changed to September 2,020, 338 00:47:09.320 --> 00:47:13.580 and also September 2,021. 339 00:47:13.830 --> 00:47:20.140 So if we look at the figure in September 22,020 340 00:47:20.280 --> 00:47:29.910 modern outlook occupies about the 31% second modern outlook occupied about this 36. So 341 00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:39.200 this shows some kind of a of a change. Okay. as you can say, from June 2,020 342 00:47:39.380 --> 00:47:55.590 to September 2,000 to 21, the modern outlook increased from about the 2, 27 percentage over the world of population to about the 31% increased enough. 343 00:47:55.870 --> 00:48:02.680 and the last one risk a sensitive second, more than how to look. This also increased. 344 00:48:02.850 --> 00:48:08.499 So it from 30 about the 33% to 36%. Okay. 345 00:48:08.820 --> 00:48:20.879 so this is very important. This is, and and it's also quite interesting. Both Moden and the second mode and outlook increase the significant tree. And the wise is so. 346 00:48:21.930 --> 00:48:26.639 You know this is a time and a time of September 20 347 00:48:27.080 --> 00:48:32.150 21. As we know, vaccine has been produced. 348 00:48:32.340 --> 00:48:41.830 and it was widely injected, or to the increasing number of the population. At that time the belief in science and technology increased. 349 00:48:41.850 --> 00:48:53.849 So trust in modernity or trust in science and technology also increased. So as a consequence of this interpretation as a consequences of it, as a modern outlook also increased 350 00:48:54.000 --> 00:49:01.820 from June 2,020 to September the twentieth 21. At the same time 351 00:49:01.830 --> 00:49:05.029 the second modern outlook also increased in. 352 00:49:05.240 --> 00:49:23.709 because this somehow shows that science and technology is important, but the nonetheless is very limited, and the really flexible citizens. The capacity, capability of understanding, fundamental uncertainty of our life. 353 00:49:23.820 --> 00:49:30.289 maybe more crucial importance, that kind of awareness, self-confidence also has increased 354 00:49:30.340 --> 00:49:45.590 as we you know, went through the experiences of COVID-19 challenges. So I am going to present only these 2 types of outlook. Modern outer look, and second was an outlook. 355 00:49:45.980 --> 00:49:50.359 How they differ from each other, what kind of consequences they produce? 356 00:49:52.710 --> 00:50:02.440 Okay, this is that you know where the second modern outer look seems to be more prominent, I know, in the case of them. Now 357 00:50:02.660 --> 00:50:13.230 this looks very complicated, but let me see here more than how to accept, and more than how to look in different regions. And I can show you this way. Okay. 358 00:50:13.240 --> 00:50:18.379 original distribution. June 2,020. 359 00:50:18.620 --> 00:50:20.840 And, as you can see. 360 00:50:21.110 --> 00:50:34.499 yeah, the How tell a yellow column over this color? The second modern outlook? Seems to be far greater in most of the regions, except 361 00:50:34.570 --> 00:50:45.349 Central and South America and the Southeast Asia, otherwise in many region of the world. Second, modern outlook. 362 00:50:45.410 --> 00:50:54.739 Our past, you know, so greater than the modern outlook as of June 2,020. 363 00:50:55.430 --> 00:50:56.350 All right. 364 00:50:57.030 --> 00:51:01.819 Okay, there is the same Cosby. No second survey. 365 00:51:02.260 --> 00:51:11.920 the second survey, and it showed the basic tendency throughout the subway. I guess you know 366 00:51:12.750 --> 00:51:24.860 the urban distribution, too. Okay. September 2,020. As you can see, the second modern outlook seems to be greater than modern outlook in here. 367 00:51:25.550 --> 00:51:26.690 Okay. 368 00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:31.120 Now the finally September 2,021. 369 00:51:31.130 --> 00:51:42.179 The general patterns seems to be, you know, you going on, but the gap has been reduced, you know, to a certain extent, as you can see here. 370 00:51:43.120 --> 00:51:49.460 All right. So overall. we can say from June 371 00:51:49.610 --> 00:51:59.200 2,020 to September 2,021 overall in every region except a few, you know. 372 00:51:59.360 --> 00:52:04.939 A second modern outlook seems to be somewhat greater 373 00:52:05.020 --> 00:52:09.439 then modern outlook, but the more than outlook 374 00:52:09.500 --> 00:52:14.099 has increased very rapidly as time goes by. 375 00:52:14.540 --> 00:52:17.050 One interpretation is again 376 00:52:17.150 --> 00:52:27.790 because of the success in producing and application of boxing as a solution to COVID-19 challenges, I think, yeah. 377 00:52:28.630 --> 00:52:41.849 so, okay, this is now third. And they just when we come to the third subway, September 2,011, they said, figure seems to be rather mixing, you know. So it's not clear-cut. Okay, yeah. 378 00:52:41.860 --> 00:52:43.720 okay. 379 00:52:44.950 --> 00:52:47.140 So from now on. 380 00:52:47.650 --> 00:52:49.649 I'm going to talk about 381 00:52:49.770 --> 00:53:00.419 what kind of consequences can we draw out of this distribution, as well as the difference between more and outlook, and, second, more than how to look? The question is. 382 00:53:00.720 --> 00:53:16.269 when we faced with a risk structuring security of a citizen's life. Some claim that citizens should follow Government's decision. since the Government represent the official authority. 383 00:53:16.800 --> 00:53:25.599 whereas others claim that government should respect the citizens regiment and develop appropriate policies 384 00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:30.139 because it is a citizen who must actually face the risk. 385 00:53:30.960 --> 00:53:41.690 If there was a significant gap between these 2 opinion, which opinion do you feel is a more correct, and of both on the one end, government decision. 386 00:53:41.750 --> 00:53:45.620 On the other hand, situations and judgments. Now. 387 00:53:45.740 --> 00:53:55.310 what we found is, there are very consistent, and a considerable differences between more than out to look a second model and out through 388 00:53:55.490 --> 00:53:56.780 about. 389 00:53:56.870 --> 00:54:06.520 You know the answer to the question that I already read it. So you know there was a second modern outlook. The person who have second more than how to look. 390 00:54:06.640 --> 00:54:26.810 putting far more emphasis to citizens, opinion, cities, and judgment than government decision that they support the citizen. Actually, I mean, throughout my presentation, actually I found that the the modern outlook, those who have a modern outlook support a strong state first of all. 391 00:54:27.020 --> 00:54:54.669 and therefore they seem to be support even very exceptional major kind of emergence kind of majors by the State in the name of national security. So they are a pro-government pro state 392 00:54:54.730 --> 00:55:12.809 citizen. To to an extent they accept very much exceptional authoritarian government. Anyway, they are very much a state-centered State oriented the situation, but they also support the science and technology, of course. Yeah. 393 00:55:12.830 --> 00:55:21.260 But in a way, they are also a neoliberal situation. I think. Yeah. So as we can see, you know, we can confirm 394 00:55:21.300 --> 00:55:27.989 this tendency throughout our survey. Global survey. 395 00:55:28.980 --> 00:55:34.349 Okay, so you can see the same tendencies here. 396 00:55:34.530 --> 00:55:37.490 Now, any other question that we ask. 397 00:55:38.550 --> 00:55:52.110 For example, it is the duty of a democratic state to protect the lips and the health of the public, and to ensure the fundamental freedom of all citizens 398 00:55:52.130 --> 00:56:09.580 in the current situation. What do you think is the most urgent task a set before the government of your country? And then I offer the 2 2 different attitudes, and and overcoming a disaster. To protect the public health is a top priority. 399 00:56:09.720 --> 00:56:13.410 on the one hand, ensuring basic civil rights 400 00:56:13.550 --> 00:56:24.989 is the top priority. Now, as we can anticipate this modern outlook. People who have modern outlook support the digestive management. 401 00:56:25.140 --> 00:56:31.990 even using the extraordinary kind of major. 402 00:56:32.130 --> 00:56:43.559 So yeah, way. June 2,020. We see clear differences. Pitch in this throughout. Look, except the sole Tagu. And on some small area. Okay? 403 00:56:44.270 --> 00:56:54.600 September 20. The same tendency we don't see very clear differences in East Asia, but otherwise we see with very clear differences, you know. Yeah, yeah. 404 00:56:55.230 --> 00:57:05.960 all right. And and a cousin. The opinions below show 2 dimensional opinions about how to respond to the recent state of emergency. 405 00:57:06.280 --> 00:57:24.010 Okay, I think. prop the shim already mentioned on scale from one to 10. Please identify the point you feel most closely matches your opinion. So, on the one hand, this creational power, during a state of emergencies, are always justifiable, regardless of the law 406 00:57:24.310 --> 00:57:25.890 on the other. 407 00:57:25.900 --> 00:57:46.149 This questioner discretionary power is only justifiable within the procedure and the confine of the law, that the rule of law that is a rule of in our order, you know, something like that. And as we can anticipate, we see also the similar tendencies here. 408 00:57:46.150 --> 00:58:04.289 there's a lot of. There's not significant differences which in East Asia, but otherwise on the some part of it, but otherwise we can come from quite significant differences between this throughout. Look here, June, in September, and and then September eleventh. 409 00:58:04.840 --> 00:58:13.410 Now there's a following, and there are some kind. The opinion below show to divers an opinion about how to respond to the recent state of emergency 410 00:58:13.580 --> 00:58:26.709 on a scale from one to 10. Please identify the point. You feel mostly closely met in your opinion. Okay. On the one hand, government, a strong leadership is the main key to recover from a disaster 411 00:58:27.650 --> 00:58:39.580 on the other, citizens. Active trust and the cooperation is the main key to recover from the disaster. So, anyway, one is strong government model 412 00:58:39.650 --> 00:58:49.620 model of a strong state which has been called on while we go through the period of COVID-19. 413 00:58:49.680 --> 00:59:01.019 But, on the other hand, there is still very much strong kind of emphasis put forward to citizens, initiative or citizens activities, citizens of freedoms. 414 00:59:01.130 --> 00:59:14.329 and the other kind of citizen, oriented or civil society, oriented the paradigm. So these 2 paradigm competed together in a very sharp, you know, forefront, I guess, in 415 00:59:15.020 --> 00:59:22.740 so the result we can anticipate about this consistent in many cities in the world. 416 00:59:23.240 --> 00:59:31.070 From September seventh June 2,020 to to September 2,021 Yahoo. 417 00:59:31.250 --> 00:59:47.380 So right well another one, the option below show 2. Dib, an opinion about how to respond, to resent the State emergency on the scale from one to 10. Please identify the point. You feel mostly closely matches your point. 418 00:59:47.450 --> 00:59:54.500 On the one hand, government is the main actor in the prevention of an endemic fine. 419 00:59:54.550 --> 01:00:03.440 the other one stage 3 citizens are the main actress in the prevention of an academic. So in the same programme differences 420 01:00:03.590 --> 01:00:17.080 State Center's model or a civil society model. And then the response seems to be very flirt in many of throughout 421 01:00:17.140 --> 01:00:23.370 30 or 32 cities in the world. Okay, so 422 01:00:23.400 --> 01:00:34.309 so When I heard the another one, the opinion below showed 2 like bunch of opinions about how to respond to the recent state of emergency 423 01:00:34.320 --> 01:00:46.579 on a scale from one to 10. Please identify the point you feel most across the imagine revealing the movement history of infected people in detail is essential for the safety of the society 424 01:00:46.680 --> 01:01:01.989 from the other. It is completely wrong to treat infected the peoples like a public enemies, or it is to paradigm. One is emphasis on privacy. One is the importance of the strong state in this regard. We also is. 425 01:01:02.010 --> 01:01:06.220 see that about the same tendency. Okay, yeah. So 426 01:01:06.630 --> 01:01:08.580 what I am suggesting is. 427 01:01:08.990 --> 01:01:21.700 well, the COVID-19 challenges offered us a kind of important opportunity to think about our future. 428 01:01:21.970 --> 01:01:26.610 not in a straightforward, a single way. 429 01:01:27.050 --> 01:01:43.100 while it could move toward a more or less authoritarian direction. as well as more or less democratically, our kind of participatory direction. 430 01:01:43.140 --> 01:01:51.010 and who will be the main actors in that trajectory? And I guess. 431 01:01:51.150 --> 01:01:54.680 for the first of trajectory. 432 01:01:55.120 --> 01:01:56.420 perhaps 433 01:01:57.200 --> 01:02:00.649 State, which is very strong today. 434 01:02:01.100 --> 01:02:07.930 and it's very understandable why people ask a strong state, of course. But again. 435 01:02:08.140 --> 01:02:20.680 the age of strong state has come back, and this state-centered model may pave the way to a more authoritarian direction of a Tibetan 436 01:02:20.910 --> 01:02:22.680 throughout the world. 437 01:02:22.960 --> 01:02:26.849 whereas a more democratic. 438 01:02:27.620 --> 01:02:29.310 participatory 439 01:02:29.750 --> 01:02:35.730 way of development could be related to the increasing role of 440 01:02:36.300 --> 01:02:47.850 and the flexible citizen as the center of development. And very fortunately we see from global citizen survey data 441 01:02:47.960 --> 01:02:48.960 that 442 01:02:49.060 --> 01:02:56.569 the second modern outlook was it agents who is a more reflexive attitude. 443 01:02:57.010 --> 01:03:21.110 has been increasing significantly at the level of a society, and they pray a very important differences, you know, so that somehow shows Where we are moving, how the the development of trajectories it may be differentiated from now on. That's my presentation. Thank you very much. 444 01:03:22.040 --> 01:03:22.720 Thanks.