WEBVTT

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and

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good afternoon. Good evening. Afternoon. Evening. Which one are we at? I'm not sure. Afternoon evening. Everybody. Thank you for coming to this afternoon. Session. the second in the in the The Paradoxes series that we're having.

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this afternoon session is is dedicated to the memory of

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to the memory of of Professor Keith, Holland said.

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who, as you you all know, and sadly passed away last September. He, Keith was

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originally involved in setting up these sessions with.

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And so we're dedicating this session

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to the memory of of Keith. And after the 3 papers Dynch is going to say some words and

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show some photographs. I'm getting emotionally.

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how do you do? And And then we're we're going to go out together afterwards and and have a drink for Keith.

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Okay, so that's the plan for for this evening. So I will now hand over to add in to chair the session. Thank you.

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What have.

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And we have tree papers

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today?

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It's relaxed. It was actually to

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hold the questions.

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And

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the first presenter is.

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we are just a meeting at the time. So there's an exponential of agricultural science

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so far away from the North.

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and he is actually going to talk about Parliament's of intention.

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sexual exploration in how nature does in about

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thank you.

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Yes, I'm really honored to be at this session that I'm dedicating to keys because he's been really important for this community and for me personally.

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So we all miss him there much. I will try not to be emotional during a session. Because it's yeah.

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It's about paradoxes of intention.

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And then, I just want to so emphasize also upfront that this is really explorative. It's not aimed to reach any concurrent conclusion, and it's drawn on my over the years encounter with nature and interpretation as a phenomena.

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but also a research subject. And I want to conceptualize some of the observed and experienced

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and paradoxes during these encounters.

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 and I hope we could reflect together in the space of

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and

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in the space of paradoxes.

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So

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it works. Yeah.

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so over the years I kept on bumping into

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okay, thanks

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into a particular group of actors in tourism, but also beyond tourism.

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social practices, and industry, which I borrow a term from Dr. Iva la Cool, called the Figure of Guide.

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It appears in different research contexts. Often a tourism guide.

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as we're all familiar with, but sometime they are also employed, self-employed as independent entrepreneurs. and they also, in this figure of guide enacted in other contexts. For example, scientists or researchers

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and museum curators and outdoor educators.

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So in in the context of tourism, studies the studies on tour guide, old figure of guide, I would prefer to say, is concentrated quite much on these people who, guiding tour, or or they appear to be

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in these guiding situations.

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but it's often from a pragmatic and instrumental perspective.

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So either discussing relationship between these guides and guided, or their scales, modulations, and competence

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to achieve a particular kind of experiences for the guided or visitor, if you prefer

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so, in his very important work, Eric, on 1,985. The tourist guide the Origin's structure and dynamic of of a row.

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He defines 2 main rules for the figure of guide.

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One is a past funder, and the other is mentor. So for him the function of the modern tourist guide is determined by what he calls

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the leadership spare, and the mediator amidatory spare

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for me. The interesting thing is how these 2 spears are balanced and enacted in relationship to one another.

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So

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about a year ago I was employed. I became a research at this organization called the Swedish Center of

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For Nature Interpretation, which is situated at the Department of Urban and Rural Department at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. So suddenly I could assemble these interesting dots and and encounters over the years into this row, because it's very much associated with this figure of guide

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as a particular kind of practice. They do the practices of nature and interpretation.

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The centers were the work. Their work has been really much practice focused.

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so they didn't ever have a researcher before. But then

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they were always tasked to develop knowledge and masses to help their guides and nature interpreters. That's my role to link practice and theory. So I saw it as a really interesting and exciting opportunity, but also him with many challenges.

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So now it's being 10 months I'm working there. It has allowed me to

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to really reflect on both the observations I had before entering this official role, but also through attending the work. Practice in in this center's everyday operation

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allowed me to get some insight insights in the practice and phenomena of guiding through from both practical, theoretical, and educational perspective.

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So as I'm navigating this in between space of practice and theory, there are some tensions up here. and then here I'm wondering. Are they contradictory, or are they eventually paradoxes?

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So the first one is planned and spontaneous? And I'm sure we are all familiar with this dynamic of

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guides need to be very planned. They need to have almost a manuscript, or they need to have a structure of how the situation will unfold, and they want to ensure a certain kind of experiences. Even it's outside of a tourism.

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situation.

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 but then there's also

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a certain type of space left for spontaneous interaction and encountering and

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and and emotions. How do you balance those? And and

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in different situations? I've observed that

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I can. It can be conflicting with each other, because

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it's not always too easy to both have a control failing, but also letting go

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and I will discuss later on what this is related to.

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but it's 1 one of the tension

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and the other one is related about transmission and interaction.

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and it's really interesting, because my colleagues, and also they are within their networks. There is a really strong discussion or debate about what is important, for what is a definition of the decisive factor for a good guide.

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either you have, especially in terms of nature interpretation, which is, I should emphasize. It's it's both natural and cultural landscape. So it's not really separate in that dualistic way, but

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in the context of Sweden you often perform the guiding of natural environment. So that means that you need to

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embody quite

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expertise in in certain knowledge area, for example, environmental or ecological knowledge.

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 and then you want to transfer or transmit your knowledge to the guided members in the audience. And that's one way communication. And there's another school which is so. The

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discussion is going on around, whether that skill is important or actually, it's more than entertaining or into ensuring, interacting and allowing inputs from the audience. That is more important. So whether you should be a a knowledgeable guide or a a caring guide, or considering guide

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listening guide.

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So that leads to the So so these are.

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These are real kind of like discourses going on in the community. That, I I think, is really interesting, but it also leads to real consequences of certification, for example,

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that the guides who apply for certificates they would need to go for an almost like driving license that would guide up what they call it.

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to show their skills, and so how to measure. And

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what are the examiners are looking at is not always clear.

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and the third one is education and deliberation. So one, again, one is ensuring a certain kind of environmental awareness, and the other is to open up discussion to allow different opinions.

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Sometimes it's even not aligned with sustainable or environmental protective ideology.

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How do you deal with this quite sensitive, environmental-related or culture-related debates in the guiding situation.

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So that is something also ongoing and even

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related to the democratic wider climate in Sweden. That is also shifting.

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So I'm trying to figure out how to understand these tensions, and also remember that I'm not not yet relating these 2

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all 3. So tension contradictions and part of doctors to each other. They are not equalized yet.

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So I'm trying to figure out how to understand these tensions. And I take the paradox as a conceptual lens as

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adding, adding, and and ha! So addressed in the last session.

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important to think about paradox, not as a problem to solve, but a lens, through which a few approaches

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or more approaches might be available.

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So paradox derives from ancient Greek terms, for against or beyond which is para and expectation or opinion which which is doxa.

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So this emphasized the counter in 2 in 2 in it's so super. But with this word counter and intuitive nature of

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paradoxes.

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which also means that it's related to our intuition. Intuition.

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So as kwon so points out.

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paradoxes, force us to question whether our our intuitive understanding of the world is actually accurate, because good reasoning from true premises should lead to a true conclusion, and paradoxes make us question these promises, from which we derive our conclusions.

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So the issue of paradox has been typically treated as something need something needs solution even within the philosophy and logic field

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and from denying the validity of reasoning, to arguing that all the parts of the paradox are fine.

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So it's like called all good solution.

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And then that would leaks, including this counterintuitive conclusion.

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but I think it's not the point of actually go deep into philosophy. But if we treat this above mentioned this 3 pair of tensions.

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Okay, sorry.

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as paradoxes. it sort of exposes us to

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a possibility that our concepts are flawed. So I take from this

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approach and this manifold solutions and philosophers and logic. logic scholars what they call them

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so philosophers. I think they propose

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that they are

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even, or even when there are alternative solutions or alternative concepts or promises being introduced, and these concepts may prevent some of the negative consequences that were implied by the original paradox. But there are no straightforward solution in the sense of pointing to fallacies in the paradox.

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So maybe we should look at how nature interpretation concept has been imported and implemented in Sweden. In this case, through my center.

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and where my work of linking theory and practice is situated.

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So the center is as

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it's it's established in in collaboration between Asleu, my university, and not to watch back at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

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which, under

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in the past environmental ministry. But right now business ministry, or what we call an industry ministry

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since the the turn of the Government since last election, and it continues to work on missions for the agency in the past 15 years. So the Center's aim is to help visitors develop a personal relationship

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with nature and the cultural landscape.

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and the role of an interpreter is to facilitate such development of personal relationship to nature and the cultural landscape.

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So nature interpreter should be either guide, curator, outdoor educator, but they are overall called interpreter.

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So they are embedded also in the wider infrastructure of nature interpreter, but also environmental and cultural communication in Sweden. So there are dispute. Really, beautiful architect, designed visitor centers, cognitive.

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which is not so different from, I guess, business and testing in Australia, if you and other countries. So there are this infrastructure that is often also forgotten in connection with these people.

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 so the concept of nature interpretation largely came from North America.

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strongly connected with nature and conservation, but when it was imported to Sweden it was coincide with Scandinavian context.

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There are several concepts that are related to this one is a free of sleep, which is translated to outdoor recreation.

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but also outdoor pedagogy. They're at NATO school. nature school, and then final and nature-based tourism. So there are already these different concepts, and how to translate nature, a notation interpretation from

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from the Us. Or North American context to Swedish context when they entered.

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So I think this is interesting to think about.

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And and there's there was this really interesting paper published by 2 Australian scholars, uplet and Dyer Dyer. It's called Towards a broader interpretation of interpretation, and they pointed out the modern approach in heritage interpretation, and also nature importation

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and Is that the neglect of Hermann Munich in the funding of interpretation in the Us. In the early twentieth century, has a dominant role in leading to this cognitive psychology, framework, and understanding. The practice is a phenomenon of interpretation. So this leads to what David also would saying that interpretation is dark in the root, where the how has become more important than the why

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and the hermeneutic Munich refers variously to the expressing and explaining and translating of meaning to making the the unfamiliar into familiar.

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If there are so many different concepts, as I said in the previous slides at play already in the local location of a geographic area, and they are already similarly.

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coherently, they already had maybe a a so a stable ecosystem between these concepts. And when another concept entered this ecosystem. What would happen?

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How that process look like? Does it become a cont content, intuitively intuitive?

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So this is repair of tensions and and and contradictions. Is it actually about adapt adaptation and translation of a new concept into a local context, about interpretation.

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And then here comes to the intention of talks of intention which was in the title.

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because in the beginning I was really wondering about if it's because of the intention of a guide, a particular individual, if what they want are multi-plural or multi-faceted, and that leads to

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contradictions and tensions and paradoxes.

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But then I realized, looking at the broader context, the intention also, a paradox of intention also lies in these bigger social processes.

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When you

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try to introduce a concept.

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So maybe it's not really about

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hosting the terms against each other. But the processes interpretation necessarily take  as it goes into or internalized by by the local context.

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And then so for me, it's really important and interesting to think about practice. And and and and I really like practice theory in the sociological

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context, because it really disrupt the the binary or the dichotomy of agent and structure, and the reminds of reminds us of

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the the social interactions, and and between social actors are embedded in within certain networks and structure of wider society.

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So, going back to Cohen and these 2 of spares he described

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for the figure of guide, leadership and and mediator. A mediatory role has found her and mentor.

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They are essentially cultural brokers, as Cohen would have point out.

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and both including selection, providing information and sometimes fabrication, but also representation and organization.

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And those things are not necessarily posing against each other.

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and also want to point out when we look at experience and knowledge as practice-based products, then you stop really looking for

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 the tensions or contradictions. But you start to question if we

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if it, if it's actually about, for example, educating

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and interacting, or

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it's actually about our concepts of experience and knowledge of flawed.

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So I think there are space to look even deeper and interrogate this paradoxes.

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Yep, thank you. That was made.

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So here

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is

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maybe a nice start first. Yeah.

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I think that the the the paradoxical issue I was just thinking for the the guides. somehow, they are creating this intangible cultural capital. So that's the interpretation of to the natures. And and they do it as actually, informally. They put their own, you know, explanation, interpretation, how nature is, and how it can be even consume. Yeah. And

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in a way that I mean that you, you, you, you you very well explained that They are somehow created by the the, you know, formal structure, because that they have to the follow. you know, and and that sort of from education, or or just get some license, and then, accordingly, you know, they they get to the position. They become an authority, or, you know, comment on over the natures.

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I mean, where is actually intention in this? Between, I mean, where do you see? Actually, I think so. Yeah.

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yeah, I also realized, maybe the intention I could have emphasized it even more, because

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and I would have a really good example actually to answer that question. But I didn't really want to put too much time into a particular case.

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But so I really agree about this cultural capital or this legitimacy. legitimacy, maybe you would call it of of the guide, and that they not only represent themselves as a type of expertise expert.

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but also how you would like a certain type of relationship with nature. So in, in, in this kind of like idea of people would get close to nature, or they would appreciate nature and protecting nature, conservation and all that. It's a one type of relationship between human nature and that in this particular case it's it's it was really like a package that was

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supposed to be performed by the guides. But then I think the intention of the paradox intention lies that

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you always have the individual interpretation of that model of that package?

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and then the my example is, there is something called nature, based integration in Sweden, that being run in the past few years, but it was sort of like put down now because of lack of funding. But but it's really interesting, but potentially problematic in terms of cultural capital, because

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the intention is to welcome the newcomers, immigrants to Sweden through getting them out to forests and and and potentially trend them into nature interpreters so that they would get used to this way of behaving as a Swede, and and that can be potentially seen as a simulation instead of integration.

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because it's if you only inact or perform this one-way communication. Then you don't. You don't actually integrate you just

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 try to transform or change this person, and then you ignore the home environment or the home relationship of that person. How that would be like adapt to to the Swedish environment. So that is one particular case. But I think.

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even in that example there are guides who

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who have multicultural background, and then they would be more aware of this complex complexity, and they would be more aware of this intention or official intention of integrating or simulating, and they would perform it with the intention of including including even more. And so I guess maybe there's some kind of authoritarian and individual conflict there.

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Yeah, maybe that's what to one to 2.

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Thanks. Gentlemen really enjoyed that. I was just. I don't know. Maybe I missed it because you took just talking about it being performative.

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Surely this it's contingent as well in each

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each time there are. You know, you're doing, guiding and grouping. Then it's contingent on

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what's coming back from the people that yeah

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of talking with. Yeah. And you know, intentionality, then can can be contingent on on the feedback that you're getting from within the group and the type of things that they want to learn, all their yeah, orientation to yeah, to learning. But I don't. I don't know. Maybe you is that part of the paradox, then, that the intentionality is then sometimes contingent on

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the context in which the phenomenological context in which each one is being performed. Yeah, absolutely. And I think that's being reflected on from the researcher's side. So there has been paper written

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trying to bring in this more symbolic, interactive interactionist. perspective into the guiding.

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But then it's not really

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my observation is it's been discussed. So it's really important to to ask, for example, what the visitors want to learn, and then therefore adapt. But it's it's it. My my observation is that it's difficult to for the guides to actually

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doing it and reflecting on it at the same time. And they normally So we had a really interesting session with my colleagues on reflective practice. And that's a central concept that we want to develop. And then and so everyone got to say something about reflection. And then their conclusion is, we're being reflecting all the time. But afterwards.

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So it's like evaluation. It's not spontaneous reflective practice. But then I haven't really figured out how to communicate that with them, because it becomes really abstract when you talk in the researcher's language. And

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and I think that's also super interesting when you. So that's why I go to the practice theory. Can I break it down somehow to make them? And why? It's not really about making them understand either. It's like we. How do we have a dialogue that That would tear it open a little bit, because I I would imagine, would be difficult, even if I I be the person who's guiding.

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I'm

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that you you would have the intention of listening, but then you would still have all these other stress factors

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being around. And yeah. I'm feeling like the failure of not being able to saying the things you you probably want to say, yeah.

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according to Bger, nothing is prohibited unless it is rigorous. So just go ahead.

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Thank you very much. Jasmine. I'm just looking at your and your level of analysis, you decide to look at the individuals and the guides. I think it might also be possible to just accept that societies are never meant to be coherent, and that any social project that we are working on. If you use the dialogic imagination that is necessary and meet you.

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And there are multiple social contexts. It's just that people who wants to lose it wants to lose it by eating more.

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which is quite common. And what you have pointed that out very clearly. And that's because it's not really the individual that we're struggling. But we have indoors structures to make us

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behave in a certain way. And so I thought it might be interesting to actually consider the institutional and the structural forces as well. Yeah, cool. Yeah, I'm really glad to have this feedback, so I can

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bring back to my thinking and doing with my colleagues. Yeah, cool thanks.

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Thank you for this excellent dialogue of paradoxes. Just please give a hand to.

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So

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okay, our second presentation

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from North Carolina State University, and

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and and he is going to talk about colonial pedagogy and Turing empires. I'm quite curious about this, please. Why.

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hope I can pick your curiosity

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first, just acknowledged. I I'm familiar with Keith's work as well, even though I'm specifically, not necessarily a tourism researcher. but also speaking from

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just somebody who is appreciate the similar work in terms of transformational terrorism, you know, I think, is really important to sort of

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keep that legacy going

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colleges for not being in this particular section. My work is

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in a lot of different areas. I've virtually been in every single room and all buildings. So bear with me. So

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yes, I want you to think through with me

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the idea of pedagogy, of empire. And how does an empire, or how does it impart imperial power, teach its subjects

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to accept the allocation of resources that would and should go to the improvement of everyday life in the Imperium.

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Better roads, building of schools, expansion of hospitals, quality housing, and the lessening of labor and the factory, fact factory, mill and plantation.

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How does an empire socialize its population

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to accept and eventually desire colonialism for the expansion thereof?

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If we think through this question we can arrive in our understanding of how the language of race was instrumental in accomplishing this aim.

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As I highlight in my book, I know this is a shameless plug

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that it that it's like a magic trick

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through a slight. A hand land turns into territory.

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It then converts further into private property.

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and as a result turns natives into subjects. The empire was. This was thus expanded in both territory for extraction, and subjects for dispossession.

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In this way map for vital instruments to turn lands into territory, but also race as a socio-political construct was a useful, vital illusion. Resource, because it kept populations looking at phenotypic features, instead of looking at spatiality, at how new expanded sites of labor were erected.

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instead of looking spatially at how mobility was restricted through new expanded enclosures. because what was happening all along was extraction and dispossession.

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and this process is firmly an aspect created in home through colonialism. Daniel Nimson's work in the infrastructure of race is a source that I owe a great deal of

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time to think long and old for these questions and their possible answers in this particular book Nemtra identifies, through several correspondences of colonial administrators and their imperial interlocutaries.

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this concept, called reducer.

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taking an inkin or kakuyu or various other indigenous populations, and converting them into an Indian native slave or black redoucier, was a process of reduction that did not remain as words on a page. It was relocating the native from some troubling periphery into the colonial sediment, turn City's interior.

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The specific was now the arbitrary, as Reduccia converted the colonized into arbitrary names of Indios and negroes, among others, and narratives of savagery, violent.

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criminal, backwards and dim with it, were then applied through 4 forms of population concentration, one of which was enclosures the native and the interior of the city was disciplined through the prison or the school to be proper subjects.

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Max then became smoking guns, perhaps for more. So as articulations of official practices, of isolating these populations, and designated housing sites

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throughout the world across various empires of the Spanish, the French, the British and American

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race as a language then worked through the map to Orient. Who was who?

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Where was that? Who in the concert world.

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as Benedict Anderson noted the census, the map, and the museum worked together to shape the way that the peoples of the colonial state, the Empire imagined itself and its dominion.

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My manufacturing imagination, consent, and complicity was also manufactured that aided in producing the emptiness of nationalism. Nationalism is merely an imagined political community, making the janitor think that they have some stake in the sovereignty that the crown actually benefits from.

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and this imagination requires constant fiction to continue, and still does.

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which then brings me to the specific work that's presented here, and was published in Analysts of Tourism last year, where the Thomas Cook and Sons Agency and Ames's ABC. For Baby Patrick was using exemplars of how the fictional narratives were constructed and published for adults and children to grow into adults.

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to become properly instructed sub colonizers.

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the Master, as some of the Thomas Cook and Sons Agency granted more than what more than the wealthy genealogy of the world. and the mass publication of ABC's for baby patriots taught children across school types to develop a desire to see the world and rule it.

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I is for India just

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one of the many rural territories

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that was now. It was a continental playground for hunting and adventure. The images from the Thomas Cook's Son's Tours either confirmed that adventure, or became the expression of the achievement of that adventure.

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But in reality, while longing for the venture was manufactured, India was really mined for its resources and its people

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chaos for kings, now in chains brought to their knees, figuratively as well as literally

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with human zoos. As proof positive of that power move

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kings on display, instructed people to on display, instructed people with proof of dominion, but also confirmed the narratives of the native rather than the than the narrative of a khan or various other groups.

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be it for battles, see it for colonies

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that could then be listed on monuments scattered throughout the cities of the Imperium. The colonizer was now a construct, and they imagined mine complete with being shielded from the sun by the kindly native who held the umbrella for you.

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Once again maps consistently discarded these childish ideas for the actual business of occupation.

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but nonetheless, the umbrella was held for those who ruled by law, and not actually for those who thought they could be ruled by skin nationalism.

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After all.

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W is for the word. while Q is for the clean.

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who we have to thank for, quote our our rule according to the imagined community.

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the charade was aided by events and celebrations.

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This is where we must return to the thoughts of Anderson as community being built upon fiction

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in order to create deep bonds, so that a Populist was willing to die for this imagination.

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and die they did by the 1,000 as a is for the army, it dies for the queen

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again, the census, the map, and the museum, but also the tour profoundly shaped, and shapes the way in which the colonial subjects imagine them having some type of role and benefit from dominion.

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No new road, no new school hospital, etc., just the pride of being a part of the Empire.

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Jane's baby baby patriots has been dismissed as some type of satire.

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but this is not accurate, as nothing in any historical record has shown this text to be anything noted to be cheekiness.

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historic evidence of reviews and promotions, so that it was widely read, used, and heralded.

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What else would someone choose the subject matter to teach? ABC's as plenty of other children's books at the time use other concepts for the overall book as well as for each letter.

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and Ames, baby Patrice in turn inspired other books that just extended the same subject matter.

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While Cook's Tours inspired deeper and deeper tours into the interior of concrete lands. The tourist was then used as explorers that the Empire no longer needed to pay

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tickets could be bought anywhere and by anyone

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to see the world as the Empire wanted you to see it.

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This curiosity that was cultivated of yesterday

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has even continued to inform the curiosity of today.

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For the language of race through these fictions are the meaning making mechanisms for doing the work of classification.

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relations were established, modified, and renegotiated. One tour, one fiction after another is just part of the constant process of maintaining or maintain defining and appropriations.

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all meanings turn into new meetings that may revert to old meanings, or become even newer meanings.

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So with that.

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thank you, and take some questions.

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Accidents were so. So it's the first time we met, and I really love that to see the new faces in our third, let's say conferences. So thank you. I appreciate it.

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yes.

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thank you. I'm requires more. Nyu. Thank you for that presentation. I learned a lot, and I was wondering.

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have have you seen evidence of these kinds of lessons for children at older ages and going into adulthood? Or is this a phenomenon that wants to see the song that carries it so forth.

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Yeah, from a period of about 1,800 forty-ish to about 1,800 ninetys, you'll see a rapid increase of

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youth and team based sort of

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narrative work. So while this was the children's book, there are board games that are created similar to like monopoly, and so on like there's a German Board game where you go tour of the entire colonies of Germany.

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And then there's a French board game that teaches you like monopoly how to manage different colonies, and so based upon the suggested age range of those games.

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You know the case, that there was

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some progression in terms of the instruction, if that makes sense.

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But of course it's not, you know, complete. It's not to say that I know what what's happening between 16 and 18. But you know, for right now there's enough games and coloring books and stuff like that. They sort of suggest at least something that was present for a 6 year old up to about 12.

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Yeah.

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Hi, thank you very much, for sure. I was curious.

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and given that

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background in geography, but mostly this kind of tourism is Empire lens. But I also was wondering if you

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thought about applying also a heritage lens

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into some of this and

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the current debates in the field of heritage, around the relationship between both heritage and conflict, heritage and peace, building

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and

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sort of acts of reconstructive learning, and what one might

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draw from a heritage lens on some of this. No, I appreciate that.

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Tourism isn't

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any unlike any other particular field right now. There's a lot of sort of attention work. I know you didn't necessarily say specifically decolonization. But of course that's been a widely used term.

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appropriately or in different aspects.

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at least as far as I'm concerned, this helps to sort of

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deep in our understanding of what was happening during colonialism. And more so, what was the mentality that was sort of cultivated coloniality. We don't really understand the coloniality. And so we just jumped to

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this notion of decolonization without really understanding what was even the colony. Right?

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Yeah, yeah, right? And so, if we have a deeper understanding of what was the colonial experience both

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in the colony, but also in the imperium.

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then that that may inform heritage work? In different ways, such as do we have a replacement statue, or should we not have a replacement statue?

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Should we just wipe away a particular name or sort of location, or do something else

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without that deeper knowledge, at least in terms of my opinion.

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you may end up moving into a direction in which you're erecting the wrong thing or constructing the wrong thing or something to affect. But I appreciate the question.

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yeah, absolutely. Yeah.

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It's a sort of

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things, really about how you know whether there is something that we can learn from

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what's happening now around decolonization. So I know that in the latest holding in the panels as a little research note.

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my manual, I do anything about slavery tools in Amsterdam, how he is.

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I wrote. I read it obviously a couple of weeks ago, but it's

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you know.

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what's the connection that we can make between your work? Looking back and

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this whole sense of being able to redefine basically

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the way in which we construct tours and tourism

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the

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tries to

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overcome some of the tensions. I think that? Yeah, so.

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and you know just 2 examples. It it still sort of touches on the question even before you.

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in 2,011 there was another particular analysts article that was able to be a part of that was basically my own work of looking at the Slave Coast Kick Coast castle.

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and one of the stark things that happened there was the Ghanaian Government, you know, put erected A concession sand souvenir shop inside the actual

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 or slave Castle, so not somewhere in the city right there, because in most other cases, and most other sites, that's where you would have a souvenir shop on the site.

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But if we think about the such matter

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of that is that the appropriate place for that and so many of the people of the diaspora pretty much protested that, and so that had to be removed.

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So in one case, that's an example of how, if we do, don't really have a sort of

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a historical context to understand certain things. We just sort of come up with stuff, because the sooner shop was clearly selling

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things of heritage. It wasn't like a T-shirt saying, like.

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you know, I hard slave Coast Castle. It was something, you know, it was of trying to intentionally do something of value while also creating revenue for the Ghanaian Government

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a completely the wrong thing to do.

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But there's also these other notions, especially when I again why, Daniel nymphs is so important. He looks at, you know, in terms of Mexico City something like in the 15 hundreds and 16 hundreds you have, you know, again, 4 forms of concentration, but one of which is this.

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a thing of enclosure? It's like bringing in people in. But also there's this other form of concentration called congregation, where the Spanish Empire wants to do not get into a war with this indigenous population.

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but try to encourage them to come in, come to the markets sell their stuff.

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and maybe by coming into the markets they may eventually want to settle. will live within the city.

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And so, if we think about

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more so on the present day. How indigenous populations are brought in to the cities to perform.

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I mean, we all have experiences. We are seeing experiences coming off the airport, and there's a performance in certain contexts, or some

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space in the middle of a city is used as a performance site as if that is,

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recognizing

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properly an indigenous population, recognizing an indigenous culture. But in in many ways we're just repeating

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the colonial activity of

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bringing in the indigenous into, you know, and and in front of periphery into the center.

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But yeah, I appreciate the question. But there was at least 2 initial ways that I can think of on answering.

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Yeah. yeah.

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And thank you for that. presentation. This more like comments around the question. So based on what we've kind of been talking today. early this morning we talked a bit about human rights and tourism and the relationship between those 2. And this session is all about paradoxes, and I guess one interesting paradox I was thinking about is that there's someone who researches Tourism's relation to Peace Building, and scholars have pointed out that

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Thomas Cook's Tours were in some ways considered as almost the beginning of that movement in some way, ironically, after your first day today. Because

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and you know they were running these tours well, not only about the temperance movement in the Uk, but also political support tours to France to go and support causes on the Continent. And so this is kind of this cognitive distance, perhaps, that we mentioned this morning about all the tourists

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concerned about their own rights alone

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interests, but the other is, you know, the completely different rules of fly when, let's say, Thomas Cook goes to the colonies than what it does on its own territory.

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So I found that very interesting. And secondly, you know, Dan and I have done work on on occupations, the relationship between military occupations and tourism. And so, even though a lot of these questions were all around, looking back and what we can learn, I think it's also like these things are still going on today. But people might not. You know, some people uncomfortable, using the word colonization in the in the context of you know where we've done my research in Israel Palestine, for example, a lot of people do use that term. People don't. But you know the same use of tourism as a kind of.

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you know. The idea that the land is prostrate and there, for the tourist to consume is still occurring in multiple scenarios. So I think that's

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it's important for us to. Yeah. Bear in mind the contemporary

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the value of what you're saying as well. Yeah, no, I appreciate that. But just also to react to the common, too. I know it's dismal to think about we as tourists being like intelligence for

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an empire. But I mean, that's technically oftentimes what it is. And people take

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just like we take. So selfies today, people were taking

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the pictures

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for the Thomas cook. And we're giving these photos. So there's like 2 archives of

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Thomas Cook and Sons agency photos from tourists who went to various countries. And now that's part of the package.

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But what's also important about when we understand about Thomas Cook and Sons Agency when we get into World War Ii. And thereafter they they they're hired by the Crown to aid in the travel of troops

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to yeah, to to the Middle East, because they already have a proper track record of logistics and transport. And so

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they are basically, you know, paid

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to then

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organize, you know, troop movement from Britain to these particular locations. And when I saw that I was like, Oh, my goodness, you know. But but to go along with, you know the whole idea that there is then this other narrative of Thomas Cook and Sons Agency being a part of like peace

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work while also being a part of war work. You know.

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That's fascinating. I'm Michael Longgo from Purdue. So first, I guess my question is.

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did you find American examples of that? Say, from the period of theater, Roosevelt? for one. So comment on that. I look more recently at us occupations and and and tourism. So I'll be presenting on Iraq tomorrow, for example, and then.

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I guess.

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speaking more again about decolonialization or American understanding, like from North Carolina. The Museum opens in South Carolina this week in Charleston about

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enslavement history. So I guess.

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Yeah, reflecting both on that, what did we have from this time period.

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probably a little bit later, because it's more closer to World War one. And then.

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yeah, what are we learning now from this? Yeah. Great questions. So one

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you know, the

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American exploration into, you know, colonialism really doesn't kick in until the Spanish American war, you know, because, of course, you know, it's prior to that. It's all about slave power, right? So slavery is sort of ruling this sort of mentality or idea, insulting, and notions of of people, and so with the sort of acquisition of all of these former Spanish colonies. Now, you know, as now, us territories and so forth. That's when you start seeing

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some similar work, but not necessarily to the degree of this, because these are clearly older empires that have been added for quite some time as opposed to just quickly over a few years. So you don't. They don't jump to necessarily right away.

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 coming up with these techniques and tools. But you do have TV shows, and you have other things that begin to emerge and sort of provide narratives. So you think about Chiquita banana and these other types of things. They work in the same way as the as the board game, or whatever else, but maybe not to the same depth as that.

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but possibly.

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but also to both points in terms of the modern day.

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So the work that I'm doing in geography, especially within my famous plug book. You know I talk about how this is not old, and so the Spanish Empire, along with the Dutch. But really the Spanish Empire perfected the grid structure of a city.

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because the laws of the Indie, specifically the laws of the Andes were just a combination of several ordinances that were put together, and they clearly articulate.

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and the size of the road, the number of roads, the angles of the roads, and designing a settlement.

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and this is in 1,520, I mean, this is how you know.

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detailed and precise, constructing a city the Spanish Empire was regardless of, you know. And so

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when I, when you see that you begin to understand that in city planning processes that we still have today

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are that owed because the grid is still one of the most fundamental structures of most cities.

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And if we understand that, you know, yeah, mayors are constantly meeting every year across countries to share sort of techniques and tools. So this is why we then see Mega event construction being very similar, regardless of the sort of country

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or the city that is being

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the host for the World Cup, Olympics, because they are sharing techniques.

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But also there's a legacy of the city planners, you know, throughout this, you know, sort of history. So while we sort of know infamy like people like Robert Moses, who's an unofficial city planner.

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But Harlan bought the Alamo, but he's being taught by somebody who was taught by housemen

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who is in France. And so there is an explicit way in which

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these colonial techniques are really are in the present, not just as hyperbole, but actually our practice. And so they passed on.

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Yeah.

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where do you place a space like a colonial?

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There is a tourist and educational

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space. Right?

404
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Yeah, I think that's helpful. I mean, I haven't, you know, gone into an explo. But I think that you know, maybe in the present day. These types of interpretation of these historical sites

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work as a continued way of not necessarily.

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I'm looking forward because things like ABC's is full to look forward. They're not looking backwards. They're trying to inform the next generation to accept colonialism.

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But things like Williamsburg, or any other particular thing, is sort of allowing people to look back.

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but in a sort of revised way, you know. So you have people clearly walking away with this sort of very summarized understanding now of history, but from a lens of interpreter so depending upon the interpreter that you have, you could walk away with.

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you know, some really particular precise view, or very superficial view, or a critical view. It just depends on the interpret. Yeah. And we see that work that you know, even though you. I know you mentioned Williamsburg. You see, it really more so manifest itself through the plantations. Right? And so the plantation tours really cultivate, and completely different sort of idea and notion. So now I mean, over the past

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30 years plantations have become nostalgic. I mean, even though prior to that there was some level of nostalgia, but it wasn't widely accepted. But now they are everyday people. Anybody across any particular type of class wants to go there or hold their wedding there.

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It's not just for a certain sort of class of population, and it's also not limited even to

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certain sort of racialized categories.

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Yes, I think that it is also very much related that yesterday what we discussed together it's got to be for many other countries.

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It was in the horrible age. So the discussion is actually that whether it is an assault and the interpretation, or in the discourse.

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I think there's this. This is not particularly that, being a a colonist discourse. But it is more than yeah, like in a marketing term, or what people wants to divide. Actually.

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So, our intention was not grilling you so in that sense, with all these questions, and so on. But you are any face. But my colleagues are really very curious. Thank you very much. So

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so you can take rests and our church presenters. So from Italy.

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And

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she is going to do it.

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Denise Contessa: Okay?

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Denise Contessa: good afternoon, everyone. if I can, I

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can. I?

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Okay.

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Hello, thank you. Thank you very much. I do not hear you from.

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I I just introduce you to to the audiences, and

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they are very along with people. So it is I just to give you all the the guarantee, and but they are asking lots of questions. Just prepare yourself. And so ladies and gentlemen, Dennis Kontessa, she is a Phd. Student at University of Pisa, Italy, you know the Towers, the Pizza Tower. She is there now, and now she is going to the talk about

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the filtered identities, and it's contradictions in the tourist city, and evidences from Bologna, Italy and Bologna is a very interesting place. It has actually the oldest university in the world. And yes, that is the floor is yours. You are under the big screen. Please go ahead.

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Denise Contessa: Okay. if I can, I will share my slides if it is possible.

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Yeah, absolutely.

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Denise Contessa: Just a second is, it is, of course. a little bit more difficult from a remote okay. Good morning. Everyone. Are you able to see the slides and to hear me? well.

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yeah.

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Denise Contessa: okay, perfect and good afternoon. Although it is actually morning here in Italy. I wanted to thank the organizers of this session as well as the other presenters, as I learn very, very much in this few hours. I've been connected

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl, and and I'm very grateful to be here today to share with you part of my ongoing research project on the tourist city. Before I start, I want you to express my most genuine sympathy for the law that you of your colleagues, 250

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Denise Contessa: and and I wanted also to excuse to make excuses for my English, as it is not my mother phone, so I will try my best.

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Denise Contessa: The aim of this presentation is to analyze the contradictions that arises in the representation of the city's identity in belong in city branding campaigns. I will start by briefly introducing the social, economical, and political changes of the last decades, and then, I will introduce these to understand. To better understand the creation of branding urban policies.

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Denise Contessa: I will then focus on defining what city brand is and its relevance as a policy of representation.

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Denise Contessa: I will present research questions that are connected to the case study of the city of Bologna in Italy, as a mentioned before, and finally, the empirical analysis of pull on a city branding campaign in order to understand its coherence with other forms of representation of urban identity that are present in the city, especially from a an analysis of a lot of local newspapers

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in the

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Denise Contessa: A. Cities are competing more and more to attract, to risk flows investment and also new residents the literature around the tourist in the last decades has been focusing mostly on on the transformation that occurred in the cities due to the impact of mass tourism

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Denise Contessa: concept, such as gentrification and to justification. I've been widely used and properly used to describe the the concept of tourism.

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Denise Contessa: Nevertheless, it is possible to underline a partial lack of research concerning the political and cricket implication of cities, identity, representation, especially for for tourist attraction. So according to this idea, that of lacking in the sociological literature of the this investigation, I that is why I wanted to to further, more investigate the

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Denise Contessa: especially the decision making processes that are surrounding city branding policies.

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Denise Contessa: The rise of city branding policies has been possible, due to specific changes that occurred in a advanced capitalist societies that can be traced back to the 19 seventies and 19 eighties

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl. And firstly, as the rise by Daniel Bell, we can find an economical shift from an industrial society which it was based, of course, on the production of goods and on the industrialization and the product to a post-industrial society that is more focused on the service economy 2.

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Denise Contessa: As part of the same set of societal changes reinforced by the globalization process. we find, David Harvey, that amongst others, highlights the emergence of a different approach to your bang governance, especially in the night from the 19 eighties.

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Denise Contessa: He argues that From the 19 eighties. Many municipalities in in the Western world are abandoning their role as a managers of the city. That consisted of providing public services, and are starting from the eighties to pursue a more active role in the economic market.

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Denise Contessa: This shift from managerial is to entrepreneur release. In your bungalow learners

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Denise Contessa: can be seen also as a response to the fiscal crisis of cities that are, of course, still in a, especially in the Western world. During the 19 seventies and 19 eighties. This led to an increase in the interior one competition as a cities where they founded by the governments, and so on, and also because of process of the industrializations. So

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Denise Contessa: the

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Denise Contessa: So in this sense, a city started to compete more and more. There was a need for make the city recognizable, and in order to attract tourism, to attract investment, and so on, and as noted by whole comb. The need for marketing the city consists of a redesign and reimagination of the city as a place of play to attract, to risk flows.

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Denise Contessa: In the last 20 years the marketing of cities has evolved into more refined and all encompassing strategies, such as city branding city branding can be seen as a strategy to manage the whole image of the city. according to Van Allo and

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Denise Contessa: and also city branding as a public policy. it is often a most is. It is mostly a public policy, aims at constructing and communicating to outer audiences a distinctive and optimistic narration of urban identity

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Denise Contessa: as the goal of city branding is that of defining the whole city's identity in order to analyze it with a critical lens. I suggest that it has to be understood as a policy of representation. concerning on the one end the democraticity of the construction process of city branding campaign and on the other end

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Denise Contessa: close attention has to be paid also to the inclusivity of the emerging urban identity narrative. So it is not an issue that concerns only the construction process of of the identity, but also the outcome of the construction process has to be analyzed with a critical lens.

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Denise Contessa: Following this approach, 3 research question. I propose here to three-free research questions that were elaborated to be applied to the case. Study of Bologna.

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Denise Contessa: the first one being what urban identity is actually constructed in the Bologna City branding initiative and those city branding urban identity

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Denise Contessa: represents in our becomes in the wider public debate, and finally, are there any contradictions between the the image created by city branding and other narratives that are already that are already present around the city.

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Denise Contessa: In this sense I chose the city of Bologna due to its average, the your funding dimension, and you also, and especially to its fairly recent entrance in the tourist markets.

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Denise Contessa: Bologna is, in fact, a medium size Northern Italian region. Until a decade ago it was mostly known for his university, as I already mentioned before, and for its an industrial and for for being an industrial hub.

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Denise Contessa: But in 2,012. The municipality of the city promoted the the Bologna City branding project.

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Denise Contessa: and it can be considered a successful project in attracting to risk flows, in fact, between 2,012 and 2,022. The city had weaknesses

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Denise Contessa: erez agmoni, an increase of 49% in tourist arrivals, and these numbers could be even higher, as it, as everyone knows here. the tourism had a huge stall in 2,021 and 2,022 due to the COVID-19. Restrictions, 101

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Denise Contessa: just a second.

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Denise Contessa: The empirical part of this research that I'm presenting is wants to first of all define the urban identity constructed by the Bologna City branding initiative, and then wants to define the European identity that emerges from public debate. For this. In this sense I will use a newspaper analysis in order to make a proxy of the public debate, although I can see the

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Denise Contessa: the limits of this approach. And finally, I I want to determine the coherence between the municipalities, narrative, and the newspapers. Narratives around the city's identity

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Denise Contessa: in order to achieve such results, a data collection that was comprehensive. But long as city branding project documents such as the research reports and official proceedings work, it was conducted. The collective data refers to the time period between October 2,012, when the city branding project was started to 2,002 2,014 when the construction of the city brand was concluded.

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Denise Contessa: After that. I collected 102 online articles from local newspaper that were also written in the same time period. You cannot see articles from 2,012. As I did not find any useful article for this research, but the time period is the same as the city branding period.

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Denise Contessa: and I used I selected the articles, using 7 key words that concern Brand City brand food, city of food, European identity, redevelopment and regeneration. I choose these keywords after the analysis of Bologna City branding campaign in order to understand how newspapers, how local newspapers

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Denise Contessa: interpreted and reacted to the branding campaign

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl, and after this I wanted to highlight that. I considered a mixed method approach a best fit for my research. First of all, 150

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Denise Contessa: mit. Ctl. And a quantitative content. Analysis was conducted on newspaper articles to highlight word frequencies, and therefore construct individual newspapers. Word clouds. This process was considered to be useful in order to better identify any recurring teams around the city's identity presented in newspapers 150

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Denise Contessa: mit. Ctl. And after that before that. But after that, in these slides a qualitative Thematic analysis was conducted both on newspaper articles and on molong, a city branding project, documents 250.

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Denise Contessa: The results of the research is of the research highlights that the belonging system branding campaign constructs an identity that can be considered twofold on the one end. The construction process, one

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Denise Contessa: of official branding campaign comprehended multiple interviews and focus group held by the project promoters, We, which were the municipality and a foundation a public foundation called the Urban center of Bologna.

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Denise Contessa: The the participants in interviews and focus group were mostly in our buttons of the city, and foreign tourists that already visited the city of Bologna. From their bre, from their viewpoint emerges what I here Co. Tried to call an unfiltered urban identity, and I will show you just nextly what what I mean by that.

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Denise Contessa: On the other end, the promoting institutions later created and urban identity by a generalization and a reformulation of the outcomes of a focus group and interviews. And these identities what I call the filter, the identity as many items proposed by interview with and focus group people where left out

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Denise Contessa: in the unfilter urban identity, he now becomes identified. The city with Culture University. He's 3 port, he goes and other, a positive characteristics, such as a friendly atmosphere and local cuisine. On the other hand, they I like to also negative aspects of the city such as high prices and dirtiness in public places.

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Denise Contessa: On the contrary, for On the other hand, foreign tourist, it identified the city with a less

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Denise Contessa: with less characteristics. but are mostly matching because there are a food particles from the atmosphere, and the only addition is this attention from to wrist? To music.

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Denise Contessa: on the contrary, the what I call the filter, the identity which is the institutional communication of the city's identity constructed is composed by a more abstract definition of cities of the city, such as city of cities and open city, and it does not define a specific characteristics except for the city of food initiative.

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Denise Contessa: It it in fact, because it constructs a flexible on the mount notion of the urban identity through the concept of the city. Lakarte City. La Carte is a Co. A culinary term that indicates the practice of ordering the individual dishes from a a menu in a restaurant as opposed to a fixed manual

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl. And this concept is used directly by by the promoters of the brand, and, according to my analysis, if it's farther under, underlines the will to depict the city's identity as a place where everything can be consumed according to each individuals desire 2.

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Denise Contessa: After defining the results of a Bologna City branding project campaign, I will now focus on the on the results of the newspaper analysis

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Denise Contessa: we will start from the analysis of a Venia Bologna set, which is a weekly Catholic Oriented newspaper, as we can see from the work Cloud, the most frequently used terms in these articles are concerned with a worship, sites such as sanctuary, some Luca, and other things like that. And so ecclesiastical heritage is A is a an important part of their view of the city

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl. And according to this newspaper, the city's identity is rooted in fate, and worships and worship, sites, heritage and tourism, and touristy, interested in the ecclesiastical heritage, is seen as a way of reaffirming the Church's relevance in the in Bologna urban culture, one

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Denise Contessa: E. C.

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Denise Contessa: Mit. Ctl. And many terms, in fact, refers to the administration process and to your by renewal projects we can see Municipality project, council, member, construction site major, and so on. Also the Redevelop redevelopment 150.

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Denise Contessa: That Republic of Bologna is known to be a center left oriented newspaper, and through the thematic analysis I conducted

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl. And It is possible to understand that this newspaper, the peaks, a human, an urban, imaginary and urban identity that consists of a well-managed and municipality led redeveloping city 250

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Denise Contessa: in addition. Also food and the cultural sectors are seen as a an important part of the city's identity

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Denise Contessa: moving on to the last newspaper analyze which is Bologna today, it is possible to find some similarities, but also some differences from the previous newspaper. In fact, there is a prevalence prevalence in the usage of terms connected to the administration process. Just as the former newspaper, we can see municipality. We can see projects.

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Denise Contessa: a space area, public and so on. we can find So how much I have frequencies of term such as neighborhood and such as a territory, and so social, and so on, and also citizen school and safety that they pick some more complex idea of the city.

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Denise Contessa: The new speaker, the newspaper Bologna today does not have an explicit cultural or political orientation. And it has been, the most challenging item of analysis in this research. As a, as there was a higher number of subjects that emerged through the qualitative thematic analysis.

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Denise Contessa: The city's identity depicted by Bologna today is, in fact, more complex and contradictory. And, firstly, we can find a focus on the decay and danger of public spaces and urban renewal, whether led by municipality or by grassroots, movements, is seen as a solution to these problems.

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Denise Contessa: Secondly, we can see in here. also, an attention to the food tradition that is seen as a unique and recognizable urban identities. Feature

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other than that. we can see, Lastly, how the the the newspaper belonging today focuses also on the territoriality of the city especially on 2 new neighborhoods. There are seen as new urban centralities, which are, namely, San Diego and Nadhila

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Denise Contessa: mit Ctl. And After analyzing both city branding and newspaper representation of Bologna identity. We will try to answer the earlier proposed questions. 250.

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Denise Contessa: First of all, are these urban narratives coherent with each other?

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Denise Contessa: to recap. we have seen that Bolognia City branding project proposed a an officially field thread, flexible and on demand urban identity. On the other hand, we can see that this narrative is only partially coherent with the narrative of the Interviewees. of the belongs to branding project as they are.

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Denise Contessa: They are a more complex and unfilter the I concept of of the identity of the city. They present a positive acts, aspects, but also concerns around the liability of the city. But these are concerns such such as affordability in a hygiene, are completely left out by the institutional. narrative

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Denise Contessa: A similar thing up and up, and so to Avenue a Bologna set which can be said to be completely incoherent with the Bologna City branding narrative as the the catolic newspaper sees the city as embedded in religious faith and worship sites heritage. But in the official narrative, the spirituality is completely left out.

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Denise Contessa: On the contrary, the official branding narrative is a coherent with that of Larry Publica Bologna, of the city, as a well managed and institution led renovating city. Regarding the last newspaper, a Bologna today. we can see that it can be considered partially coherent with the representative. The official representation of the city

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as a Bologna today, on the one hand, I'll describe the city as a renovating city, but it also describes some specific urban issues like decay and security. But those issues are one

504
01:22:39.700 --> 01:23:05.780
Denise Contessa: also again left out from the official branding campaign. In conclusion. I want to answer the question that I said to that, I said, for this research, and for the first question it is possible to answer that the Bologna City branding campaign of presents a filtered on the month. You're an identity that is constructed specifically to attract foreign tourists

505
01:23:05.780 --> 01:23:21.799
mit Ctl, and for the second questions we can see how inhabitants are represented in the official narrative around the city only when they express positive characteristics of the city, otherwise those are filtered and 150

506
01:23:21.880 --> 01:23:29.719
Denise Contessa: pacified in order to be to build an attractive an attractive image of the city.

507
01:23:30.250 --> 01:23:52.090
Denise Contessa: In the same sense, the branding campaign does not include the public debate multiple and the multiple representation of the cities. And in conclusion, there are many contradictions that arises between the optimistic and attractive Bologna City branding campaign that construct this identity of a flexible.

508
01:23:52.090 --> 01:24:03.890
Denise Contessa: we'll see it. And so on, and the more complex and well rounded representations that arises both from newspapers and from in a bit and focus group.

509
01:24:04.390 --> 01:24:23.679
Denise Contessa: I'm thank you very much for the time given me. And any suggestions and remarks. All questions are very welcomed. As I'm I'm stealing my Phd. Second year, so I will. I would be very grateful to to have further insights. Thank you very much.

510
01:24:28.600 --> 01:24:40.879
Thank you. This for this wonderful presentation. for that. This. Is it possible? Maybe you can come here, consent, and so on. Dennis can see you as well if you don't mind.

511
01:24:41.760 --> 01:24:46.180
This is my colleague from Saint Koi. He is worried to that after first question.

512
01:24:46.910 --> 01:25:11.870
Hi, Dennis. thank you very much for your presentation. I mean what? What a lovely example to to place! And and you have managed to answer your research questions! And I'm just and what I'm going to say. I just suggestions that that may be helpful for you, because I think what what you have addressed at the tension in the context of this banner. We are talking about tourism paradoxes.

513
01:25:11.880 --> 01:25:28.660
and I think you can actually consider using a paradox. Framework to to deal with it. While the paradoxes I think you have pointed out is between the locals and the visit and the outsiders, I Communicating to both parties

514
01:25:28.660 --> 01:25:37.810
necessary and those different agendas. And when the place brand of the city brain comes together as one, it creates a lot of contradictions

515
01:25:37.810 --> 01:25:59.089
and paradoxes right. What do this one? And what Lucas? One are quite different. I think another paradox is whether the city brand should be descriptive, as you say that is unfiltered, or whether it should be aspirational where it is to be presented a positive way.

516
01:25:59.090 --> 01:26:11.560
So there will always be that tension, and I think. The third paradox, I think that can be considered is that a city brand project needs to be consultative and democratic.

517
01:26:11.720 --> 01:26:33.030
You have to consult all the stakeholders. I'm sure they in Boron they say the same thing. But the the truth is that when you're democratic you're not going to get a solution you cannot get a single brand I saw. If I think it might be helpful for you to consider these different agendas and bring them together. As a result, you can address the politics and the politics of city branding.

518
01:26:33.030 --> 01:26:44.070
Denise Contessa: and thank you very much for a wonderful presentation. Thank you very much, and thank you very, very much for the useful suggestions, and

519
01:26:44.070 --> 01:27:09.430
Denise Contessa: I think that it is really important. as a you mentioned that. of course you know a democratic municipality and and a democratic state. It is very, very difficult to find compromise between everything. So the compromise around the identity represent. It is a really difficult to find on the other end. I think that.

520
01:27:09.430 --> 01:27:31.780
Denise Contessa: I still, I'm still not at that stage of the research. But I I'm glad that that you pointed out to these these issues as a I'm just started to approach to this idea proposed by a vet of an allo, which is a professor in a tourina in Italy. that proposes a a kind of provocative. let's say.

521
01:27:31.780 --> 01:27:48.909
Denise Contessa: idea around the city brand, which is the the right to the city brand, so the right to participate in the construction process of the brand. And I think that that can be a really interesting direction to further investigate. And I thank you very much for 150

522
01:27:48.930 --> 01:27:50.970
Denise Contessa: for the question and

523
01:27:51.070 --> 01:27:54.800
Denise Contessa: suggestions we have time for one question

524
01:27:54.860 --> 01:27:56.930
yesterday, so could you please come?

525
01:28:00.960 --> 01:28:08.169
A wonderful presentation? I just wanted to ask real quick. Did you see any evidence of pacification.

526
01:28:08.480 --> 01:28:15.110
terminology and in the newspapers pacification, as it relates to the use of police to

527
01:28:15.330 --> 01:28:20.660
clear an area preparing it for these sort of changes.

528
01:28:21.410 --> 01:28:45.940
Denise Contessa: Well, I thank you very much. And I I must say that in literature around the city branding it is very difficult to find this kind of critical analysis. there is a there is a lack of of that especially in sociological and and geographical approaches, so that the the team is not very well still well started.

529
01:28:45.940 --> 01:29:00.970
or maybe I cannot find still a good on a lens of analysis. But for sure, in in the in the empirical research I can find what is what you call the pacification process, especially as a the

530
01:29:01.000 --> 01:29:27.389
Denise Contessa: in the in the part where the municipality held the this construction process of city branding by by also involving in, now becomes an involving 2 risks in molding's involving stakeholders of the city, but their voice are is basically not left on our but but filtered. And I think that I'm not sure if I'm answering your question.

531
01:29:27.390 --> 01:29:53.120
Denise Contessa: but I I think that this can be described, in a sense, as a way of pacificating that conflict around the city's identity. As it is, it is obvious that if you exclude any negative aspects of the city you are not leaving a room for the conversation on the solution of these problems there are felt as a real issues by inhabitants or tourists, or any city users.

532
01:29:53.240 --> 01:29:59.490
Denise Contessa: For that matter. I I'm not sure if I'm answering your question. Please tell me more if you there's time

533
01:29:59.820 --> 01:30:11.879
we don't have that much time. So it is all right. The same clock. Thank you very much, Dennis. So, and please give in a warm up class for for us.

534
01:30:12.490 --> 01:30:13.539
Thank you

535
01:30:15.470 --> 01:30:29.499
so good. The the room is full, so it is, and they they? They really also like your presentation. Thank you very much. Please stay with us so that I will share my screen and thank you.

536
01:30:30.630 --> 01:30:31.950
Okay.

537
01:30:32.940 --> 01:30:36.470
I know how this works, how this gentleman has left us.

538
01:30:37.730 --> 01:30:41.170
and maybe I can try to do this.

539
01:30:41.570 --> 01:30:42.690
Yes.

540
01:30:45.470 --> 01:30:50.459
 Oh, yeah, there's one.

541
01:30:56.190 --> 01:30:57.170
It goes

542
01:31:02.650 --> 01:31:05.340
close.

543
01:31:09.510 --> 01:31:10.539
and I'm a she.

544
01:31:11.390 --> 01:31:18.550
because he told me that I shoots. I only share the screen and then it will work.

545
01:31:25.610 --> 01:31:26.940
Okay.

546
01:31:35.250 --> 01:31:36.860
just give me a second.

547
01:32:01.350 --> 01:32:05.909
So you have heard 3 very strong presentations.

548
01:32:06.030 --> 01:32:23.090
and I think killed! will to love it! And after this very trees from presentations it is a whole actually of a challenge. So it is. You are going to listen to my mediocre. Let's say a speech. Oh, yeah, hello!

549
01:32:23.100 --> 01:32:30.000
The gentleman who said that. So I need to actually only share the screen, but it didn't work out. So it is.

550
01:32:30.001 --> 01:32:35.469
to

551
01:32:36.740 --> 01:32:39.430
get you.

552
01:32:40.870 --> 01:32:44.049
I know only you

553
01:32:49.059 --> 01:32:51.760
I

554
01:32:56.809 --> 01:32:57.870
you.

555
01:33:00.200 --> 01:33:02.790
the boy you

556
01:33:08.530 --> 01:33:10.510
I mean

557
01:33:14.100 --> 01:33:16.470
how to lose. I need

558
01:33:21.719 --> 01:33:26.360
got nothing to do to. It's not

559
01:33:32.870 --> 01:33:33.990
little boy.

560
01:33:42.480 --> 01:33:46.400
the of there

561
01:33:59.910 --> 01:34:00.860
I,

562
01:34:24.799 --> 01:34:25.480
the

563
01:34:27.459 --> 01:34:28.600
the

564
01:34:30.990 --> 01:34:31.750
playing.

565
01:34:41.340 --> 01:34:42.010
the

566
01:34:43.240 --> 01:34:46.659
your own as des shine

567
01:34:48.280 --> 01:34:51.150
the like a

568
01:34:54.310 --> 01:34:55.070
in the

569
01:34:58.540 --> 01:35:00.610
the only

570
01:35:32.600 --> 01:35:33.330
my.

571
01:36:14.000 --> 01:36:14.750
a

572
01:36:27.010 --> 01:36:30.950
blue sky smiling at me.

573
01:36:32.240 --> 01:36:38.150
nothing but blue skies.

574
01:36:39.190 --> 01:36:43.300
blueberry earth singing a song.

575
01:36:44.370 --> 01:36:49.670
nothing but blue Bird all day long

576
01:36:51.280 --> 01:37:07.580
never saw the sun shining so bright, never saw things go. It's all right noticing the days when you're in love. My, how they live! Your days, all of them gone.

577
01:37:08.600 --> 01:37:13.410
Nothing but blue skies from now on.

578
01:37:21.790 --> 01:37:31.670
Da da da da da da da you do.

579
01:37:32.830 --> 01:37:34.470
and the

580
01:38:02.080 --> 01:38:03.520
that you

581
01:38:15.920 --> 01:38:16.910
in

582
01:38:24.030 --> 01:38:27.970
daddy from

583
01:38:31.060 --> 01:38:39.930
in it. But I needed it. and and and and and and and and and and and

584
01:38:47.930 --> 01:38:51.280
and and

585
01:39:03.750 --> 01:39:06.710
not by a

586
01:39:10.130 --> 01:39:16.690
the a and so

587
01:39:17.780 --> 01:39:26.640
the sunshine so bad never saw things going on so right notice in the days

588
01:39:38.220 --> 01:39:41.350
a. And