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okay. Welcome everybody. Thanks for coming to this morning's. So our C, 34 session on young people's experiences and relationships in the global pandemic pandemic

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in or in a post perspective.

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Maybe also so welcome to the covid session we have where we're supposed to have, for we were, we're supposed to have 4 speakers. Unfortunately, Binod had to go home and some institutional emergency, and I think he left this morning, and so, unfortunately, he's not able to give his presentation. So we have 3 presentations. A good thing about it is that we have more time for discussion.

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and The 4 presenters are. Elma Laguna! And she's oh, I have. I don't She will talk about. The struggle is real cool work like, and life in lockdown. Then we don't, have we not Chandra? But And the next speaker will be Sophia Lane

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from Finland, and she will talk about young people's leisure time in urban environments during the covid pandemic. And finally, we will have Anita Harris, and she will talk about youth, transnational IM or mobility transitions to adulthood and pandemic time. I'm very excited to chair this session. Happy to be here with you and We also have to make an announcement, as you know.

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acknowledgment announcement. Scene

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on behalf of everyone gathered. I pay respect to the spirit of country here in Nam, where we're meeting, I acknowledged the past and present colonation. We're on dairy. We're wrong as the sour and people here. The cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the aboriginal law customs and custodianships, responsibilities for country and the people. That country continues to sustain

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generation after generation into the future. For us all. I recognize the important contribution that first nations thinker have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all first nations delegates in the room today for the contribution to knowledge in the discipline.

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We will have some

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questions for individual questions and answers right after right after each presentation. And since Venod is not here giving the presentation today. We will also have some time for the discussion later. So now I want to ask Elmo, please

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to a start.

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Okay, all right.

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Thank you.

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You know what I think. It's this one, this one, you know that. Yeah, I hope.

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But I hope you can see me. So. Yeah, so good morning. Everyone.

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I am Elma Laguna, from the University of the Philippines, and together with Mr. Sani of Fabl, who is not here. Unfortunately, I am pleased to present our work on Filipino youth.

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their life during the pandemic.

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Before I start, I acknowledge the sovereign of the first nation, and pay respect to their elders and ancestors.

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It's this one. Okay?

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So the transition from childhood to adulthood is, we call it a dense period with overlapping transitions that could have lasting effects in later life. It is important to examine young people's status to help identify key areas to ensure health and well-being.

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So in this presentation.

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we focus on social institutions, particularly school work and community.

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as they have important role in shaping young people's transition to adulthood.

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To contextualize the Filipino youths experience, it is important to point out that in recent years 2 major factors have reconfigured these institutions.

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The introduction of the catatog program in 2,012, which extends compulsory basic education by 2 years.

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with the introduction of senior high school, and of course, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. So a discussion on how this affect Young people's young Filipinos is in order, in light of various discussions on the notion and the promise of the demographic dividend in the Philippines.

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So I would like to start again with just an introduction of how big the field be. The youth

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is in terms of the population. So official population projections show that

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by mid year 2021, the youth population would have been around 20 million.

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So our presentation is based on the results of the 2021 young adult fertility and sexuality study. We conducted this in around August of 2021,

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and we call it the apps, the apps, as we call it. It's the largest in the series of cross-sectional surveys in the Philippines. On the Age Group 15 to 24.

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We started doing this survey in 1,982, and we have another one in 1,994 in 2,002 and 2,013. And finally, we're able to do it in 2,021.

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Very briefly, I will just give an idea and an explanation on how the apps design. The research design of the outs is

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the Fs. 5. As in with earlier series employed a two-stage sampling design. The first stage is the random selection of 974 sample barangis, the the lowest level of administration in the Philippines, and the second stage is the random selection of the target 15 household in every sample by that guys.

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So here is the coverage of the apps. 5. So in total, we're able to interview 10,149 youth

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from 14,296 households were able to cover the 17 regions of the country

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since we conducted

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the survey at the height of the pandemic in 2,021 we included important questions on COVID-19,

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and even in sections that were regular features of the survey, we added questions that specifically explored young people's experience during the period, and fortunately I would be able to present all, but only as type of of these results.

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So here it goes.

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Now let us turn to where. sorry

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they lost me script.

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Okay?

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First, if you look at the basic education schooling. One of the effect is really on drop out now, 12% of those of yet now, when when the pandemic started in March 2020. It's a few weeks before the end of the school year.

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and because of the pandemic we shifted to remote learning and resume the school year around October of 2,020. So it's already quite late, because we usually open September, August of depending on on the school schools.

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But we started in October of 2,020. It's still remote learning, and we already found out that of those who have yet to complete high school, not about 12% of them decided or did not enroll. In that school year 2,000, 22,021,

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as I've mentioned, we have. We started the K to 12 program. So the first senior high students, they enrolled in school year 2,016, 2,02148% of Filipino youth were either enrolled in senior high school or had, or had the completed in your high school.

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so majority of them were in academic tracts about 68%, only 31% in livelihood, education or technical vocational livelihood.

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Okay, as I mentioned, majority were remote learning. So these are the challenges that they reported among high school students.

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They were under modular distance, learning during the pandemic, and what are the common problems they mentioned every day, or almost every day their problems with Internet connection

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about 26%

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problems with access to devices, 14% finding a quiet place to study at home. You know 14%. And of course, understanding their lessons. Obviously, our students were not used to self learning.

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What about tertiary education? It's no better. I mean the same way with high School one in 10 of those who completed a high school in 2020 before the pandemic, where we're not able to proceed to University

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in school, year 2020 21, and we found that it's highest in regions. Another person and da Vaux color person is the region close to the Metometra Manila.

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same with high school majority, were also under synchronous online learning during the pandemic. And they also mentioned the same problem. Internet

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finding a quiet place to study access to device and motivating motivating oneself to do school work.

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So because of this, it's no surprise not compared to students in 2,013

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for the earlier years. They assessed themselves poorly. Their school performance.

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for example, in 2,013,

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about 55.8% said that they fairly. They have a good no school performance in 2,013, only 44% said so

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now let's look at work. And the effect of Covid. 9. Sorry

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of a Keto 12 program. So, as I mentioned earlier, the Ketotal program somehow reconfigures the youth's schooling and work trajectories. We see here an increase in the percentage of youth who were mainly studying in 2,021 compared to 2,013. Similarly they were also more used doing both

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schooling and studying

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and complementarity. There was a lower percentage of youth who mainly work work because of that additional 2 years of schooling and a lower percentage of youth were neither working nor studying.

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Among those who reported to have started working. Majority of them were found in 2 major work groups. And what are this elementary occupations and service and sales?

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So the Philippine statistics, authority defines elementary occupations as jobs that involve simple and routine tasks.

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and may require hand-held tools and considerable physical effort.

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 service and sales work include a broad range of activities such as travel, housekeeping, catering, personal care as well as online selling.

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A striking finding is that we have about 13% of young Filipinos or college graduates, but reported to have never worked.

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This is more common among the the males and those from lower socioeconomic status.

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There were several reasons for this among those who are not looking for work or not able to look for work. They cited their household and family duties

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or child rearing obligations predominantly among the females, lack of interest or not being allowed, not by their parents to look for work or because of the pandemic.

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Among those who did not enroll the main reason is, of course, financial and the need to help the family.

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Okay, now let's look at community participation. So during the pandemic.

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only 14% of youth reported to have participated in community activities and the most popular activity that they cited were related to the environment and followed by sports.

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This is more common among the males

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than the female used.

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Okay. Now, in my conclusion, so much hope is placed on the country's youth.

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There are more than 20 million strong, the largest in the country's history, and in the next few years an even larger youth population is expected to join the labor force. The quality of this future labor force, however, depends to a large extent on the quality of their education, employment, trajectories as well as sense of civic duties.

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Okay. But while we see so much promise, the pandemic also. showed no some limitations. First, while there is a greater share of youth in school in 2,021 than in 2,013, because of the K to 12 program. There was an increase in the share of students who had to juggle both, no work and studying at the same time.

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So, and although the pandemic has opened opportunities to explore other modes of learning, there are various challenges that pose concern, serious concern about the state of our learners, most of whom were under modular distance. Instruction

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work. Prospects are no brighter for young Filipinos. Unfortunately, so, most youth workers are either in often insecure and low-paying elementary occupations which do not seem to correspond to their K to 12 trap and strand preferences. So they are also the house of responsibilities which disproportionately burden the female youth that hinder a substantial number of them from looking for employment.

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So young people's participation in community activities declined in 2,021, and the pandemic may have played no small role in this. So the findings of somewhat painted a gloomy picture of young people work school and community life. But these areas are also where formal and informal intervention can be more easily or being so. Thank you very much

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for more information about the yeah. Adult fertility and sexuality survey. So we have some pure code here. And yeah, that's it.

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Thank you very much for your presentations, giving you some insights about the situation. Hold on situation, pandemic situation for young people in the Philippines. Do you have any questions?

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Please?

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Thank you. For your great speech. It was not your main topic, this community work. But there was 1 one slide on that. And yeah, as you were explaining before the session started that the lockdown was very tight and long lasting in Philippines. So

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I will be very curious to hear a little bit more about this community work, how it was even possible to do anything in the community if you were really restricted to stay at home inside the

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walls got yeah. So, as I mentioned, we have one of the longest L. Down we only started opening school in 2,022. No, that's 2 years of really not allowing old and young all the older population, the young population to get out of their houses.

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So about community activities.

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When we did the survey, it was 2,021 and 2,022 is actually election year.

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So I did not include it as a presentation. But a lot of this, no activities community activities that young people were involved in. It's related to election. Although they mentioned environmental activities. Maybe 3 planting they use were a cleaning or or doing volunteer work for, related to

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not only

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or helping health workers going around. So these are the kind of activities that they were involved in. And mostly it's the older youth

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because we cover 15 to 24.

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So those who are above 18 are allowed to get out somehow.

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Yeah.

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Hello, Douglas. Trophy from Kamagoa University in Tokyo. Thank you for a very interesting presentation. I was wondering if you had some additional information about the students. online behavior during

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time they spent online. We found in Japan that our students were spending considerable time consuming

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mostly Netflix. And I was on playing video, etc., Youtube videos. Tik tok. Yes, as I've mentioned, we have quite a number of questions on their activities, Nope, common activities, pre pandemic and during the pandemic. And there's an increase in activities that are that does not really require moving around. So it's about surfing online shopping.

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And really, the way they meet people. Also, it's true online. So there's an increase in this kind of activity. So

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yeah, even really forming relationship sexual activities.

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I mean, governments were quite. They were quite happy when they found out that based on the yeah, there's a decrease in in each pregnancy and experience of premarital sex among young people, but mainly because a lot of them shifted online.

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Yeah.

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thank you. Yeah. thank you for sharing the results from your survey. It's really interesting to hear about Filipino youth experiences. I'm just wondering, did the young people in your surveys report any positive or experiences as a result of the pandemic or any benefits? Yes.

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family relationship.

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So they have. They say that they have a closer relationship for their family now, because they have to stay at home all the time, so I think that's one of well, the positive outcome of being

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stock at all.

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Yes, there, there is some positive

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thank you for your great presentation. I come from Taiwan. I'm curious about one of your online. You mentioned that they are more urban use than the on rural use who finish the high school didn't go to the college. I wonder if you can provide more contest information? Thank you. I think it's more because of there's stricter restrictions for

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big cities during the lockdown

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during the pandemic. But at the same time

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a lot of this youth have to work, decided to work instead of

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studying or continuing with college education, and maybe to some extent, as I mentioned, maybe they did not go to college, but they went to vocational the TV

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courses, because there's already this another track in senior high school after senior high school.

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So that's one thing that we need to explore more where they went or what they did when they decided not to go to university or college.

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If there is no other question in the audience, I have maybe a final question is here, I mean 2 years lockdown. This must have been a terrible effect on young people's well-being. Exactly.

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There was an increase in thought of suicidal thought as well as actual. So mental health was really among young people was

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but because of the pandemic.

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Okay, thank you. Thank you so much. Stephen.

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And we can continue with Sophia, please.

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I set this up. Oh.

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it is

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yes.

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their colleagues, their audience, their listeners. I called the Oliver to thank these panel organizers for this great opportunity to talk to you today.

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and I also respect the first nation people, their history

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ancestors, and and present

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life, and their

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great knowledge and wisdom as well. I hope I learn more. During my stay here in Australia

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I work as a research professor in a globally unique and and independent youth research institution. That is, first research organization. Second, academic publisher entered social influencer.

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This year we have Populist, 2 open access publications in English on youth and Covid. You can freely download from our institutions websites.

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The first publication focuses on young people's participation in education and lesser during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nordic countries.

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The second publication analyses, measures and strategies of Nordic countries to safeguard the rights of children and young people in school, lesser and civil society. During the COVID-19 pandemic.

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We have key 6 key research teams in our institution today. My speech sets light to youthwork, lesser and well-being of young people. During the COVID-19

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this week, Friday. Here in Melbourne, you are the most welcome to our session on planetary youth research. Another topic I work with not to discuss today

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to give a more general picture. The how the Covid affected in Finland.

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Young People's Life satisfaction decreased statistically, significantly. From the beginning of the 2020 to the beginning of summer 21

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such rabbit change are not usual, and such a large change has not been observed in the youth parameters since the monitoring of life. Satisfaction started in 1,997

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females, life satisfaction dropped more dramatically than men.

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What is more, the life satisfaction of those young people whose mother tongue is not Finnish or Swedish. The national languages of our country has fallen particularly sharply.

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Turning to our team. Ethnography. objectives of our study was to understand the situation and concerns of young people in different places, in cities, during the COVID-19 pandemic

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to make visible where and how young people move in the pandemic era, in the urban environment, and to find out the mental images and experiences young people associate with different places

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as well. The objective was to build an understanding of how how youth work can respond to the new obstacles and life situations of young people caused by the Corona Pandemic

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funding came from 5 Finnish cities and from the famous Ministry of Education and Culture Youth unit.

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The book came out and the project project ended this year. March

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here you see, our book cover.

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The cover picture is from one of the young people who took part on the competition. We organized part of the research project for 15 to 20 year old young people asking them to draw, paint, record, or write.

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What would you want adults to understand about young people's life in the cities. During the COVID-19 pandemic era.

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This young person, called Raven, titled the photo as my life in a collapsing point.

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Raven describes the picture in a following way. If I should describe COVID-19 pandemic years, I think abundant buildings tell about it. Well.

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no one takes care of the abandoned buildings, and finally, they are at a collapsing point

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in remote school. No one helped. There were a lack of support. You didn't see your friends. All the events were cancelled. It was very difficult to get any help to health problems.

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Anxiety and uncertainty grew.

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Finally, you can't take it anymore. And then everything collapses.

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gas masks, symbolizes here uncertainty and fear of the future caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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We also interviewed young people and walked with them in their lesser surroundings.

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Young people documented their lesser time and wrote assignments. We also used extensively media materials.

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What increased the real reality of our study is the teamwork

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also in the analyzes and writing phases of the book. We organize thematic groups for researchers to do the analyzes and reporting together

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here we invited widely researchers and youthwork professionals outside our our institution to collaborate with the core group of the project.

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Around, 10 researchers were following detached youth workers work on the urban areas.

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This way detached youth workers were very important informants with whom the researchers discussed a lot during our ethnographic field work.

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We have also done collaboration with journalists and artists. Your journalists, and of the biggest newspaper in Finland, did the same Bamas researchers. They followed detached youthwork for several several nights, and made a wide report charge out of that.

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Our National Theatre made last fall a theatre play called Gang Guided City Tour. This theater play is also part of our data. We gave the first version of our book manuscript for this theatre group of young people.

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and they had free hands to use it when building their play in the way they wanted. The play made it possible to perform some of our findings

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that resonated with young actors experiences their own experiences.

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but also the play provided us researchers with new additional and emotional information that we could not have creed through ethnographic observations or interviews.

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It is very challenging to describe such an extensive study and 440 pages book in 15 min, and therefore I listed all the different teams for you, and I would be very happy to explain any of these topics in detail to you. After the system as well.

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The teams include analyzes on the COVID-19 restrictions in Finland and their effects on young people's lesser

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the new functions of home. What what it had during the covid lockdown periods. analyzes on the special importance of the detached to at work during the pandemic restrictions, when schools, less of activities and youth houses were closed.

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We also analyzed discrimination, racism and sexual harassment the young people face in the public and semi-public spaces.

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so-called roadman phenomena in Finland.

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young people's interaction with guards and security personal in semi-public environments as well as use of drugs and heavy use of alcohol among young people.

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even though we were studying the corona era.

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perspectives and results emerged about the youth of the 2,020 S. In general, too.

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in the book we provide 17 recommendations in relation to young people's lesser time in the urban environments, and today I present some of them.

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Youth groups in public space sparked quite much public discussion, even disapproval, during the corona restrictions from the other hand, gathering with peers is an essential part of the youth.

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This generated a strong tension. What our study underlines is that young people have the right and need to have their own space, for example, for hanging out.

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hanging out. Idleness and inactivity are important dimensions of sustainable well-being of young people. but may appear to adults as an unnecessary waste of time or or rambling can be very valuable for young people

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also in terms of their personal and social development.

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The varied use of public and semi-public space should be seen as a richness, and young peoples hanging out as a necessary necessary activity for that Aid age group.

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Here is one concrete example from one of the interviews.

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another young person got the transcription and made the illustration to our book

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in the research interview. The research, sir, asked

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if you could decide

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what kind of city would be the best for its young people. and fifteen-year-old female answers. There should be enough space for young people to be

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some places where young people could hang out

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that they wouldn't need to do that so much in sopping centers.

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These kind of wishes were very popular among our young informants.

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They wanted a space or a place for themselves. They didn't want any adults to interrupt, not even the youth workers.

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From the other hand, the young people wished that if there would be some kind of disturbance or threat or violence against youth. then there should be a nurturing and helpful adult to support the youth.

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COVID-19 pandemic, changed the operating conditions of you at work

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on spring 2,020. There were active food work and online youth work. Corona forced youth work to become more widespread. It opened the framework of you at work in a new way.

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The establishment seems to have been an efficient way to organize services and reach young people.

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Food work was a new form of work for most of the youth workers, but it was mainly found to be good.

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Another topic from our extensive study I want to serve with you today is discrimination and harassment faced by young people in urban space of the corona era.

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Unfortunately, our studies show that that discrimination and harassment are common experiences for young people spending their freed time in urban space.

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We found out that racism as affects the use of urban space for some of the young people.

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What is more, the young people said

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that sexual harassment against girls has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic

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young people emphasized places related to public

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transport, and at the preparatory

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in our book we are involved in planning their own places, and they?

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They see young people with a tent, and as security persons trying to move the tent out from the market square, symbolising the question, Who owns the city space. Can young people use the public space in their own creative way or not?

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The COVID-19. Pandemic and other crises have created piles of anxiety and lack of joy, especially for young people and young adults. The climate, emergency, and the state of war in Europe. When Russia attacks Ukraine do not help the situation.

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This lack of joy and piles of anxiety should be actively dismantled by encouraging young people, listening to them, allowing joy, young people's voices, art, and different forms of self expression in urban space.

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In this shot from the Finnish National Theater play you see young people in their own space.

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That is where the tour and the play ends. This is the space where the audience can listen. Young people, their stories, lyrics, and singing without disturbance in a safe environment.

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Finally, young people are lifted to the podium.

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In the coroner, recovery encounters must be especially taken into account.

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both highly yeah. High-quality encounters between young people and professionals and mutual encounters between young people, interaction and peering.

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Everyday life after the end of the restrictions should be built on a more multi-dimensional understanding of young people's need than before me. And before

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my closing remark is love.

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Detached youth workers are the caring and loving professionals, adults in the urban public and semi-public spaces, listening, helping, supporting, and standing for youth and their rights to the city.

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When listening and exploring this scene from the Finnish National Theatre play. I truly understood the challenge to love and to learn to love in new ways during one's adolescence, on this, historically, on exceptional times, where unsolved, intertwined crises are so forcefully present

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how it is to love during these times! Where is the lab. as the young people in the theatre play put it. love in the time of pandemic love in a time of war.

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Blob grips. In these circumstances, too.

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in narrow corridors, a look exchanged in a crowd.

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unnoticed by cameras, in a touch, and as droplets in the air.

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love in the time of echo, disaster, love in a time of economic crisis.

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How many we have already had! Thank you for your attention.

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Thank you so much, Sophia. to give us some insight about the finished situation.

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Please your questions.

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Morris.

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Thank you, Sophia. That was very interesting. Firstly, just a factual.

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a straightforward question. Did detached work continue

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face to face, because in Ireland youth work

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had to go online, and there were no center-based or street services for most of the

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pandemic.

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I just wondered if that was different in front of them, but then I was fascinated by the well, everything you said. But the play, I wondered, was, were these young people an existing drama? Youth, drama group, were invited to become involved.

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or were they selected in some other way? Were they already proficient in these types of creative approaches, or did they develop them through the project. and was there a gender dimension. I could see more young women than men, and I wondered about that throughout the research.

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Thank you very much for for all the questions.

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Yes, it was Quite exceptional. I think, in Finland that it was only

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one or 2 weeks after the lockdown, when the detached youth work went to the streets with the risk. And they really wanted to go there when when young people couldn't physically meet adults caring adults outside the home. So they really they really went there, and later on the researchers went there together with the detached youth workers. So it was. It was.

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I think, really brave from the detached Stewart work and very needed very much needed. I I can really say when I and I, yeah, have been listening and talking with them and and with the kids, young people, and and

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and being there observing as well

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about the theatre play. Yes, our. It's a finished national theatre. They have this special section for young people's drama, and and they have open calls for everybody who is interested about coming to be involved in their second play, and we had this negotiation with the National Theatre, that if they would like to do a play

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in relation to the

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COVID-19 era, and how it was to have free time in the urban space, and we had this collaboration, but it was very independent. The theater play. The only way we affected was that we gave the manuscript and said that you can use it if you want. You don't have to use it.

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And and then they used some, some of it as an inspiration, and and in artistic way. So it was very, very great. I really encouraged to try, similar in in our different. But but this kind of collaboration. And and yeah, in the the theater play. Yes, there were

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less Mental females. young females participating. But in general, in our research, in those those young people who spend a lot of time in urban space. They are mainly young young men or boys, but also yeah, also females. So there we we yeah. Met. Met both, maybe more young men than than females

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during our ethnographic research.

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Thank you.

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Hello, Ivan Shak from Krakow University. And thank you. That was really fantastic. And I really like this emotion part also in the presentation. But my question concern controlling mechanisms in pandemic, because I remember I noticed that it struck me like when in Poland. They introduced this a lot that the teenagers

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would only go out with parents, and there was just like what struck me was like. There was no objection to it from no one like nor young people, so it really limited the movement of young people very strictly, and forcing them to be like the online education and not transmitting the virus. And I remember also the sorry from Greece. In Greece also, the controlling was very strong.

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And so did you. Do you think that that was also the case in Finland that there were introduced kind of more stronger mechanisms for control over young people. I know movement the way they perform. And it was it gendered also? That is also a question.

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Yes, thank you. I think we should write an global. a youth research article on this love during the pandemic Young People's life. I think that will be a very fascinating piece of a piece of article after listening it

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A colleague from Philippines that also describes how difficult it was

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these these times. But yes, family family showed a control mechanism towards their young people. Some people were not allowed to go outside, but but in in general we didn't have any like restrictions from the Government not to go. It was discussed, but but they didn't put in in action. Luckily, so so it was 150.

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okay after the very first face to meet also in a groups. But but there was much more disrespect from from the general public, because people were thinking that the virus will spread when you have 1010 young people

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having their little time together.

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But yeah, it was a big, big discussion.

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But yeah, the the family is very, very different setting this control

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mechanisms. And and it was not really in our research, but inside our institution we were also studying national wide the situation. So you could also see. But you pointed out that in in in rural areas it was more open and liberal how you could use the space, and and and you had more

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opportunities around you. But the restrictions were much more heavy

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in the cities, and of course.

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looking everything down. So that's a part of the control mechanisms that there was no libraries. No, you youth houses to to go or no, no hobbies. And and then they started to open the hobby for the younger younger kids first, and then the second. Young is done. So it it. They try to support the young people's

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well-being first, and and the seniors first. So so

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those were maybe the yeah, the most active

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control mechanisms in fit. Then Finland.

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Hi, I'm mayor. I'm a pante from Babash by university remain, and I would like to congratulate Sophia for such a wonderful and eye-opening and creative

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research that comes from payment. I have a question related rather to the policy arena. And I come to.

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So yeah, in in in a way thinking of. Because what I find is that this research opens up a big question on one people's right to the city, something that goes beyond. People need physical participation. And I find this as a statement in favor of this, and, on the other hand, what we witness in Europe, at least, is a strong policy call for digital participation, and sometimes I find it

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part of a conspicuous political project of keeping young people online and not in the public arena. And I wonder what extent? I because I found these recommendations in the end. Did you find the fully enough policy recipient

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erez agmoni sensitivity in Finland? And I'm thinking of someone as a more progressive country. In this respect you find that there is enough for political policy awareness at young people's need for physical spaces in

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you have this sort of dialogue in a more proactive and meaningful way, with decision. Maker. So it's just a suggestion that you might be able to consider thinking.

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Thank you very much. And I, I totally agree that that this

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should be something, that we we should all push also a stronger emphasis on that, that the cities should be planned also for the younger generations. And and of course there is play crowds. But how about when they are young adults? Where do they? And they're playing is like skating or hanging out in the corners and

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mit Ctl. And and and the public doesn't really see it as playing as in a playground. And many times. It's it's the cities point different sports activities many times it costs something. And if it costs more than €1, it's too much for many of those young people who are you just spending their less time on the on the urban environment? So so that's already 1 point that we have been discussed in in the city of Helsing, 250

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erez agmoni. But actually, right now they are going to have take out from one very famous skate park, but that was built by the skaters themselves. It's like a this kind of a subcultural, a arena for also music and art and and different kind of activities, not only for young people, people in different ages come for there. And now they want to build on this kind of one

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a

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expensive array enough, and for also hotels and some shopping center there. So so it's really like

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politics that points that young people's own creativity doesn't value as much as as this kind of cultural business, or or more. Yeah. So I think we very not heard that. But that fights goes on. And and and we have a good connections, luckily, to the CD. And and but there's a lot of we need to do still. Yeah.

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Kara's face from both our New York City, Barcelona. Hi, Sophia congrats. I think it's original approach to Covid that we had a lot of studies, but the focus on leisure and the hanging out question is very important.

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and I don't know if Finland and Spain in this case, in our case.

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this need to hang out, create a what called Youthphobia, because you young people were considered by mass media and even by policy makers, a guilty of the covid extension, even without without proof, because

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they were in public space. For instance, in Spain it was called the Big Bottle was a big meetings with young people drinking alcohol and dancing a kind of rapes, because after they locked down, it was a neat, but nothing were prepared in public space, and my interpretation was that it?

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This was a kind of prevention of mental health problems, because they, if they had not the right to go. That's right. So what happened and how we

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we can compare these across different countries the directions against this euphoria.

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Thank you, Carlos. A very, very good comment again from you. I'm so happy, and we we really should try to come to a round table and really look.

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because very similar reactions was in the media. And and that was the reason we very much followed the media reactions and also analyzed that. So I I really feel this youth phobia discussion, or this guiltiness. And luckily young people were also interviewed for the main media

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about this, how how do they feel? And and many times they've very stressed that they will cause some infections to their grandparents, for example. And and and they were. They had a very heavy burden with with this kind of stigmatizing without

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reason many times.

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But yeah, this this should be very important to

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record and and document and write write collectively, because it was very unique time and and very stigmatizing, and for for young people in in many, many ways, and taking a lot of out from their adolescents

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that I will switch.

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Thank you so much. Thank you.

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Nita. You will be next

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just this one here.

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Thanks, Natalia. Thank you. Everybody.

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so I'm talking on behalf of my colleagues, Julia Marquetti and Loretta Boulders are. We've been involved in a project for quite a while now on young people who are transnationally mobile. So thinking about maybe a slightly different population in the context of lockdowns and the pandemic young people, I guess, for whom, being in the home space, it it meant something a little bit different because they were away from home.

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So the paper emerges from this larger project

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called Wymap Youth, my abilities, aspirations, and pathways, and it. It's a mixed method, longitudinal study of the transnational mobilities and transition experiences of young people who are moving to and from Australia.

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And our paper today explores the impact of the pandemic on these young people's relationship to time, and in particular, how experiences of lost, suspended, and accelerated, or or decelerated time were expressed and reflected through re-figured staging of milestones and imaginaries.

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of a dull food

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did that move.

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We got the new one good. So the one that project. It's an Australian multi-methered, longitudinal research study. We're following 2 cohorts of transnationally mobile youth. So one outbound from Australia and one inbound to Australia. And we're looking at the relationship between transnational mobility and transitions to adulthood across space

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and over time. So we've got 826 young people in our our study, and we've done 2 waves of surveys and interviews with a qualitative focus on 4 key heritage groups of young people coming to and from Australia.

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Our interest is in what we see as an under-researched experience of young people who may not follow linear

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trajectories of permanent settlement, and who cross migration categories in order to understand how what sh the Robertson has called their mobility courses intersect with their transition pathways. And we're looking at 3 domains of their experiences of adulthood, social, civic, and economic.

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I'm not going to talk so much about that today.

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and, needless to say, the project was unexpectedly and very significantly impacted by the pandemic.

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And so, in addition to our original research agenda. It became this quite extraordinary opportunity

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to examine the effects of immobility on young people's mobile transitions, and aspirations for adulthood

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in particular, through challenging, but also sometimes enabling experiences of being stuck in place, but also in time.

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So in this paper, we're really looking at how mobile young people's experiences during the pandemic, both disruptively and in some cases productively reconfigured the temporal so staging of their transitions and our imaginaries of adulthood.

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So just briefly, the data that we're presenting today is from the 45 interviews with the 2 samples of both outgoing and incoming. this is a bit of information about those groups.

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the cohort, and I'm sorry some of the maths doesn't actually add up. We had some

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changes in the ways that we were categorizing people, but you kind of get the picture. All but 3 of the research participants experience the pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns in their host countries. So being away from home.

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And so this is where they were when they were experiencing the pandemic.

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It's a time to try this, so it all right.

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The

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sorry for this I try to make, as you can see. Yeah.

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 So now I can't seem to go back.

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The

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hmm.

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Sorry. No, that's all good. I just imagine Natalia's magic touch.

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Okay,

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So where am I? So wave one. Interviews started in April 2020. So about a month after the pandemic pandemic was declared. So we interviewed lots of people at home. Obviously, during lockdowns, working and studying online some cases they'd lost their jobs. Some of them had just very recently changed their mobility plans. So they were prolonging their stay, or they had returned home earlier. But it was very, very few who had actually returned home. And it's relevant to just briefly mention,

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that their countries, both receiving and sending countries in our study, had responded to the pandemic in very different ways. And we've already heard you know about the case of the Philippines and and Finland. Our young people are in many different places. It's particularly important to talk about Australia as as the host country for our incoming participants. So, as you probably know, Australia closed its international borders. there were quite restrictive lockdowns, and following the international travel bans

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permanent residents and citizens could continue to enter after quarantining, but flights were really expensive, were very limited. There was a lack of support to try to arrange that return. So it was really hard for tens of thousands of Australians and and young people aboard to come home easily. At the same time all temporary migrants in Australia were told by the Prime Minister basically to go home to make arrangements to go back to their home countries, and no provisions were made to support temporary migrants. So it was really

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quite an extraordinary and unethical response by the Australian Government.

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 with ongoing

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impacts.

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So conducting our study during pandemic times was very challenging. Obviously, as it disrupted our original research questions which are really built around the transnational mobility experience. but it did prove to be an especially informative event, because it allowed tosses, allowed us to observe in real time what happens when a forced mobility is introduced into mobile young people's lives.

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and how their ideas about transitions during mobility need to be rethought. So as with all forms of crisis in the anthropological sense, it made evident the critical dimension of time

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and young people's relationship to time in the context of mobile transitions. So in our analysis, we focus on the impact of the pandemic

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on these young movers perceptions of time, and how stuckness, both physical and existential in place, shape, new temporal ways of understanding transitions, and movement through the life course. So, as I mentioned, we're looking at these 3 experiences of time lost, suspended, and accelerated, or decelerated.

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So other pandemic researchers have argued that the temporal frame is one of the key ways of seeing the everyday impact of that crisis, and especially the disruption to the temporal mapping of our lives.

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So Velasco and colleagues have argued that a very common experience was temporal disorientation, so temporal orientation involves the dynamic mapping of events in terms of their boundaries, their order and their relative distance from each other and from oneself. And when that process deteriorates, as during the pandemic temporal disorientation emerges.

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So here we consider how mobile young people face these changes in their temporal processes, but exploring also the productive and unexpected elements of new orientations.

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We'd also note that most research on the impact of the pandemic on young people's lives has looked at young people as non-mobile, so, considering their existential stuckness, And the halt to their transitions to adulthood in that context.

334
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And when they're mobile, pandemic research is mainly focused on their migrant experiences or their physical stuckness. So we're trying to put those 2 things together and think about the existential and the physical stuckness when both of them disrupt possibilities and assumptions about mobile transitions.

335
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So for many participants.

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time was felt to be irredeemably lost or stolen in that they couldn't do the things that they had intended to advance their lives through mobility, and they were losing precious years.

337
01:01:39.850 --> 01:02:06.210
and although this sense of having lost time is a common finding from a lot of pandemic research with young people in general for those experiencing the pandemic whilst transnationally mobile. That feeling was heightened by the inability to pursue aspirations and imperatives really at the nexus of mobility and transition, so they not only experienced the pandemic as denying them progress in their life course, but as stealing the time that they had reserved for expanding their horizons.

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So in this respect the lost time wasn't only experienced linearly, but understood almost spatially as time for and time 2.

339
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So we have some quotes here from Manny, Tim and Maria, who felt that this time just couldn't ever really be recovered.

340
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So it's a year of potential good times just just lost. Tim talks about Covid having stolen a year and and, you know, has implications and consequences, for where his action is life stage.

341
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Maria thinks it's been a waste, and she was in Melbourne, where you know some of you know, it was locked down so extreme. 263 days, sometimes known as the most locked down city in the world.

342
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It's open to debate.

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And then we have Sam, who says something a little different.

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a more flexible view of stolen time is something that you could potentially gain back later. So the 2 years it was stolen. I'll get those back later. But you've lost what you can't do in in your twenties that stuff that you can't do

345
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so, while in these cases time appears to be irredumably lost. In other cases pandemic time was actually generative of new opportunities.

346
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So the second analytical category we're interested in is suspended time.

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And we know from other research that young people have been found to have shifted their temporal focus during the pandemic.

348
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So an increase in the cognitive time and attention spent focusing on the future rather than the past or the present. And that was certainly evident among some of our participants. So the time that was stolen by covert wasn't lost, but what we might call productively suspended, and they used it to sort of pause the momentum of their lives and reflect on their ambitions and their aspirations for the future.

349
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So we have this quote from Siena.

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So for her this imposed mobility meant coming to terms with settling down in one place, which was something she'd always tried to escape in her life, but it actually turned out to be quite a pleasant experience, and she said, it's a possibility she never would have imagined or created. But she's actually enjoying settling in Dublin.

351
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Others didn't focus so much on changing ideas of the future, but the experience of productive suspension allowed them to construct the present a little bit differently. It was a time of stasis, but it still allowed growth. So in Samarra's words it was this positive reinforcement cycle

352
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for Jessica. We see here the suspended time generated by the pandemic as well as she was waiting for her permanent residency, visa

353
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became a time for her to feel not obliged to take decisions and to fully embrace her youth.

354
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So she had all these goals, and she's just kind of had to let go of them one after the other. That girl's gone that God's gone. She's happy for these things to be a later on.

355
01:05:01.840 --> 01:05:27.479
So again, Velasco and colleagues describe suspended time as time out of time, which can be experienced as either a negative void leading to feeling, indecisive and directionless, or more positively noting that if conditions are propitious, being unable to go on also means a release from an obligation to go on, which we see in Jessica's case, as the pandemic gives her the obligation, but also the opportunity and permission to relinquish these taken for granted goals.

356
01:05:27.720 --> 01:05:44.989
Now we should say this was much more feasible for those who were in less precarious situations. So if your financial and legal situation was more assured. For example, if you were a dual citizen or a permanent resident, or you had families who could support them. If you lost your job. You know this, all became more possible.

357
01:05:46.720 --> 01:05:58.890
So we see, in addition to these kinds of formulations of suspended time in our research. Those on temporary visas, such as working holiday makers in Australia, were much more likely to see suspended time as highly stressful.

358
01:05:58.900 --> 01:06:15.769
It wasn't contemplative or avoid or a release. It wasn't this lovely time out opportunity to slowly and carefully reconsider their priorities? It was more a very unwelcome and kind of frenzied experience of having to make quick and quite consequential decisions, as their plans just unraveled.

359
01:06:15.960 --> 01:06:20.399
so suspended, Tom could be differentially experienced as either slow or fast.

360
01:06:20.660 --> 01:06:37.489
so in some cases participants really left with an open mind about the length of their stay. They were going to just go with the flow, see how things unfolded. But the pandemic really disrupted that sense of flow, and you had to make very quick decisions about staying or returning. So I have this long quote here from Nick.

361
01:06:37.890 --> 01:06:49.799
he postponed the date of his planned return home, and took this kind of massive gamble, and hoped that it paid off, and this was really out of step with a lot of the people that he was surrounded by, who just

362
01:06:50.120 --> 01:07:03.509
panicked, he felt and and raced home. And he, you know, took a chance and said, I'm going to ignore everybody's advice and just try and stick it out. And it it turned out to be as he said, the best decision he's ever made. It was a very stressful experience.

363
01:07:06.270 --> 01:07:14.369
Finally, we show here how the pandemic provoked a change of expected temporal order in imagined staging of transitions to adulthood.

364
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leading us to observe how an imposed immobility saw unexpected milestones delayed or sped up. So here we have

365
01:07:23.400 --> 01:07:27.520
examples of decelerated or accelerated transitions that

366
01:07:27.600 --> 01:07:49.879
came about because of the pandemic. So our first examples of of decelerated transitions. So Rebecca had to delay her independent living. She was an Australian of Italian heritage. She went to Italy to attend university, and she was going to be very briefly hosted by her relatives with the intention of living independently, fairly soon after, but she had to prolong her stay with them.

367
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She wanted to move out, but she was forced to stay with her aunt, an Uncle

368
01:07:56.090 --> 01:08:16.549
Trixie, who was in coming to Australia, decided to postpone her plan to get pregnant, and she thought she would wait for the Australian boards to reopen so her mom could come and help her with the new baby, and it caused a lot of stress in the family where, you know, biological time is sort of out of step with pandemic time.

369
01:08:16.840 --> 01:08:19.160
But she wanted to wait for her mum to come.

370
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On the other hand, some found transitions to be sped up owing to the pandemic conditions.

371
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So for Amy.

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01:08:28.510 --> 01:08:52.010
she, had to bring forward her plans to live with her Dutch boyfriend. So when the pandemic started they were actually back in Australia, she they were living in the Netherlands. came back to Australia to visit her family very briefly. It was meant to be 3 weeks. It turned into 3 months, and her boyfriend had to move into the family home, and They kind of got stuck there, and it was extremely stressful in the beginning, but it turned into this, you know.

373
01:08:52.010 --> 01:09:00.400
pleasant experience. In some ways they got to know him. He got to know them. And it. It made it actually much easier to manage some of the

374
01:09:00.400 --> 01:09:11.160
relationships. And once they got back to the Netherlands, they decided to to move in together. And so this was a kind of an acceleration of that cohabitation.

375
01:09:15.160 --> 01:09:43.569
And then we have the example of Silvio, who was an Italian in Australia, and he went ahead with his plans to marry in Australia, even though his family couldn't attend because of the border closures, and his mom was really sad about it, and he was just saying, I can't wait because of all the things that start to bank up behind, you know. If we delay the wedding, then we delay having a child potentially. I can't wait. It might be 4 years. We don't know. I don't want to be 34 and and be having my first child at that age.

376
01:09:46.480 --> 01:09:58.640
So the the pandemic highlight, if we argue the temporal dimensions of mobile transitions, making evident the critical dimension of time and young people's relationship to time in the context of their mobile transitions

377
01:09:59.120 --> 01:10:10.420
throughout. Wave one interview analysis. We've looked at these experiences of loss, suspended and accelerated or decelerated time. Of course there are other ways to to categorize these experiences.

378
01:10:10.570 --> 01:10:27.620
but we're interested particularly in how they both disruptively and sometimes productively, reconfigure the temporal staging of transitions and imaginaries of adulthood and life pathways. And we do know that we did the interviews at a time that was characterized by very deep uncertainty and and fear.

379
01:10:27.620 --> 01:10:45.350
We didn't know a lot about the virus, and nobody knew how long it was going to take. There were no vaccines. So we're really interested to see. We haven't, you know, turned to the analysis yet. The results from our wave 2 interviews when people started to move again to see what might have changed, and how reflections might have changed as well. Thank you.

380
01:10:53.500 --> 01:11:01.699
Thank you so much, Anita, for providing the transnational perspective. This was also a great learning about this.

381
01:11:02.010 --> 01:11:09.430
Before we start with the general discussion, let's first have some questions or comments for this presentation.

382
01:11:12.290 --> 01:11:23.349
Hi, Paula pasuka as wps. So I have. Yeah. 2 questions, comments. We run a very similar study on young people's transitioning in Poland, not migrants.

383
01:11:23.670 --> 01:11:48.939
and as someone who comes from mobility and migration studies, I was wondering if you can come in because I don't think this was my, I I didn't see much that was actually mobility related in the sense that I understand that the example of the woman whose mom cannot come when she has a baby. It was very similar for people who had babies and couldn't benefit from their mothers and mothers in law helping, even though they were, you know, 2 2 houses down the road

384
01:11:48.940 --> 01:12:02.109
so potentially. If you could comment a little bit more because I found the the entire presentation fascinating like what is so mobility related about it, because I feel that this was potentially less explored. And then

385
01:12:02.110 --> 01:12:23.030
the second question, I really enjoyed the general framework of, you know mobile transitions, and those things being very different and non-traditional. But in the end the findings kind of point to the quite traditional markers of leaving home, getting married, having children and stability. So I was wondering if this is something that you see that the crisis potentially

386
01:12:23.030 --> 01:12:37.420
shift young people towards reflecting more about. Not this. I am suspended and exploring and experimenting, but instead seeking some sort of stability and reaching the markers, perhaps. Yeah, thank you.

387
01:12:40.030 --> 01:12:44.469
Thank you. They are great questions. And I think, starting with the

388
01:12:44.590 --> 01:12:48.990
the second point, I think that's right. And

389
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that's where, as I said, kind of biological time starts to intersect with different sorts of

390
01:12:58.880 --> 01:13:16.949
staging imaginaries. I guess so, and partly mobility opens up other ways of thinking about it. But then, you know, something starts to to bite, and I think particularly it's interesting that it was a young man who talked about this. But for the young women.

391
01:13:16.950 --> 01:13:29.519
I'm thinking. You know. What does it mean if I'm kind of stuck and stuck in time, if I want to have a family, if I want to settle down with a partner. So I think you're right. That The pandemic somehow

392
01:13:29.570 --> 01:13:35.760
brought back into focus some of those traditional ways of thinking about life stages, and

393
01:13:36.490 --> 01:14:05.229
I mean we would say, yes, there are all these other ways that that young people might imagine how they put their lives together, but they haven't replaced those more traditional, conventional, and and often, you know. policy shaped and informed ways of thinking about pathways to adulthood. So these things all kind of intersect. It's not like one is now. replacing another in relation to the question about what does this sort of have to do with

394
01:14:05.350 --> 01:14:14.680
my ability, I think I mean again, you know you're right in that. A lot of these circumstances were faced by

395
01:14:14.780 --> 01:14:26.730
many young people who weren't mobile. But I would say there really was, and you know, maybe these quotes didn't significantly highlight. But Nick's example was there.

396
01:14:27.280 --> 01:14:32.039
The the extra layer of the

397
01:14:32.060 --> 01:15:00.460
the legal, and you know physical possibilities around movement that heightened some of these experiences. So yes, you know, you might want to have your mother's help if you're you've got a newborn. If they're down the road, it's very different from if they're in another country, and you actually cannot. And there is no way you can get to them, and they can get to you, and certainly for temporary migrants in Australia. The situation was really

398
01:15:01.440 --> 01:15:11.100
quite extraordinary. They were abandoned by the State, and often by their workplaces, their educational institutions.

399
01:15:11.360 --> 01:15:38.139
they they were reliant on charities and self-organisation. I mean, it was really, you know, that the to suddenly be immobile in a place where you had no support, was very, very different, I think, from living in in. You know the the pandemic conditions in your own home with some sense of stability and continuity and connection. You know the the experiences of isolation and lack of support were absolutely extreme for young people who were who are mobile.

400
01:15:41.410 --> 01:15:46.269
Hi! My name is Trevor, from the University of the Western Cape in South Africa.

401
01:15:46.280 --> 01:16:12.849
thank you so much for your presentation. I really enjoyed it. I just wanted to find out from you. you you did not mention it explicitly, but if you could possibly you know. Just reflect a little bit more if you found any correlations between race and and even gender, and as far as the question route about moving, you know, across space or questions related to mobility, because

402
01:16:12.850 --> 01:16:35.310
what we found in South Africa was that how white middle class people experience lockdowns was very different to how the you know, the majority of of of of our population who were black, experienced it. So I just wanted to to find out. You know, did you find any differences? And in? If so, what? What? What were they? yeah, thank you so much.

403
01:16:35.610 --> 01:16:38.489
Yeah, that's a really good question. And

404
01:16:39.090 --> 01:16:50.619
The other dimension that we have in our research is visa status, so that can really smooth out and and make more possible.

405
01:16:50.630 --> 01:17:02.320
More comfortable experience of lockdown, as I mentioned. If you, if your legal status is much clearer or more assured, that's going to make life easier for you.

406
01:17:02.800 --> 01:17:13.239
and we also found family support and which is sometimes a kind of proxy for class

407
01:17:13.310 --> 01:17:27.280
 made a difference. And so if your family was able to provide you with an income after you lost your job because of the lockdowns, you know. Obviously your circumstances were

408
01:17:27.350 --> 01:17:30.300
were much easier.

409
01:17:31.070 --> 01:17:51.809
and and the other thing that really emerged was racism. And so I think this came up as well in Severe's presentation, just the extraordinary rise in racism towards anybody who was visibly different in Australia, and particularly young people,

410
01:17:51.930 --> 01:18:06.679
of Asian background. And so this had a disproportionate impact on some of the mobile young people from Asia, and particularly our cohort Chinese background and from India.

411
01:18:06.940 --> 01:18:20.509
and so that also shaped their experiences. but what we find with a mobile group, I mean already they're a middling group in that. They're they're not the most disenfranchised. They're not on the move because of, you know.

412
01:18:20.520 --> 01:18:32.979
it's not a forced migration, but they're not the global elite, are they? They're they're a really, actually big group in the middle. middling doesn't necessarily mean middle class. But you know, there, anyway, that's separate

413
01:18:33.200 --> 01:18:34.010
topic.

414
01:18:34.120 --> 01:18:38.220
 but it gets very complicated. And

415
01:18:38.500 --> 01:18:50.320
but a crisis situation, I think, brings to the fore unfortunately, some of those more ossified forms of of stratification. And certainly racism was one of the key things that

416
01:18:50.330 --> 01:18:51.460
it

417
01:18:51.740 --> 01:18:54.340
as a features and other experiences.

418
01:18:57.660 --> 01:18:58.590
And

419
01:18:59.140 --> 01:19:05.349
and thank you. I'm Helen. I have him from Finland. Thank you very much for your interesting.

420
01:19:05.990 --> 01:19:10.130
but I I'm starting to asking about.

421
01:19:10.290 --> 01:19:21.720
and this time was lost and stolen time for some young adults. But what about the positive things? I think that

422
01:19:22.040 --> 01:19:34.649
in my research, young adults also thought that now, in abnormal times they had time to think about really their values, but they want

423
01:19:35.040 --> 01:19:36.410
from the life.

424
01:19:36.580 --> 01:19:40.959
did you find anything like this?

425
01:19:41.100 --> 01:19:53.010
And then I'm asking about the meaning of social media when they were outside their homes, home, cities and and countries, even

426
01:19:53.050 --> 01:19:56.910
what it mean for for them.

427
01:19:57.890 --> 01:20:02.310
Thank you. Thank you. Yeah. So there were positive

428
01:20:02.330 --> 01:20:04.699
dimensions.

429
01:20:04.750 --> 01:20:11.070
And that time for thinking things through. I think again, you know.

430
01:20:11.080 --> 01:20:32.249
it's not being just the case for all young people, static or mobile. But I think that the mobile experience in particular, because you have all of these investments, and the idea of what my ability is going to do for you and your future, and that's all put on hold. So a lot of time to think that through whether or not that cash is out is a different question and

431
01:20:32.410 --> 01:20:41.600
and sometimes the period of mobility was perceived as something, you know, short and important. And then, if you couldn't do it, then then the time was going to be lost. So

432
01:20:41.750 --> 01:20:49.809
 that also was an issue. But I think what we're really curious about is, yes, they definitely had

433
01:20:49.840 --> 01:20:59.329
new thoughts about what they were planning in their lives. But did that cash out? And that's, I guess, the value of longitudinal research, you know. Find out what happened next?

434
01:20:59.630 --> 01:21:14.489
You know where you were. You really able to then change your life pathway? Did something else happen that allowed you to pursue those other things that you started to contemplate. And I think again, that's where you know imaginary is kind of

435
01:21:15.500 --> 01:21:41.250
come up against visa regimes, and you know, if the infrastructure doesn't support those other possibilities. If your youth mobility program cuts out at the age of 35 or whatever it might be. Well, that's the end of that. You might have all of the hopes and wishes that you know you do, but you can't do anything with them. So so you know, in short, we'll see what happens. and you know, if this actually translated into different kinds of outcomes.

436
01:21:41.580 --> 01:21:53.979
you know the great resignation, and so on. Did this occur in some respects for young people as well.  I know I've forgotten your other question. What was it? Thank you.

437
01:21:54.190 --> 01:21:57.179
So yeah, so social media, I mean

438
01:21:57.300 --> 01:22:15.779
digital media and the Internet, incredibly important when you're mobile, when you're translation and mobile, of course. But you also don't want to fetishize that. It's it's a bit like having, you know, focus on social media or digital media for young people like, what does that mean? It's part of people's lives. So. But I think in the case of mobile young people

439
01:22:15.780 --> 01:22:29.199
it did become particularly important, and in ways that you know, we hadn't necessarily thought about through the pandemic, even though their hopes might be to connect a lot with local people. Digital media became important.

440
01:22:29.300 --> 01:22:43.550
you know, to to maintain links back home, for example, but also to build relationships in place in different ways. And so I think we have to be a bit careful to not have, you know, a big separation between the on and offline. Because,

441
01:22:43.680 --> 01:22:49.439
you know, that didn't necessarily emerge in our research. It was very interconnected.

442
01:22:49.490 --> 01:22:55.919
And and you know it was about being connected in place where you were locally as well as

443
01:22:56.120 --> 01:23:23.870
being connected back home as well, maybe using different platforms, or talking a bit more with family or friends back home, but in some cases actually, Young people reported that they were using it less. They were less connected. and so I think again, you know, not having a an assumption that one steps in where the other retreats, you know. Sometimes, if they were really suffering from loneliness and isolation. It was absolute, and they would, you know, hop off platforms and so on as well.

444
01:23:26.850 --> 01:23:47.220
Is it not easy to move from transnational mobility into international in mobility. but I was shocked about this hard rules of the Australian Government. Again, regarding the temporary migrants.

445
01:23:47.460 --> 01:24:00.789
My question is, if you have found difference between economic migrants and student migrants, especially university students, that we have had also the same problem in our universities, students.

446
01:24:00.800 --> 01:24:09.750
Chinese or Latin American students that were forced to stay during more than one year in Barcelona.

447
01:24:10.780 --> 01:24:24.600
Yeah, that's that's a good question. And I think we deliberately focused on a whole range of visa categories. We didn't want to just look at international students or working holidaymakers. and actually, what we found is that people

448
01:24:25.090 --> 01:24:32.470
hopped from one visa to another. It things got very mixed up. Everybody

449
01:24:32.940 --> 01:24:39.540
seem to have ideas about, you know. What could be the next vis or something could then turn into, or so it wasn't a static.

450
01:24:39.780 --> 01:24:53.739
classification, but you know we did know what visas are on at any given time. Most of them have been on more than one, and they'll fairly, evenly spread. So around a quarter of each

451
01:24:53.860 --> 01:24:57.779
the groups could be divided into 4 quarters of students

452
01:24:58.020 --> 01:25:08.970
working holiday working, you know, school migrants and then partner and other related family type visas. So it was a nice spread, anyway.

453
01:25:08.970 --> 01:25:32.709
that being said, you know, there are differences in those experiences, and I think something we would know. There's a perception that international students are a more privileged group. And again, because we've got our whole big category of the middle just very big and we certainly saw through the pandemic the experiences and treatment of international students. In spite of the enormous revenue that they generate, you know, and in Australia it's massive.

454
01:25:32.960 --> 01:25:50.249
it was. It was really just quite shocking. And so I think some of those ideas about who these different mobile young people are starting to collapse a bit when people could see Australians who had perception of international students, as you know, being wealthy and

455
01:25:50.440 --> 01:26:06.590
And short term. Actually, they had very deep connections to the cities that they lived in, and They were very embedded in networks, and so on, and they were just abandoned. So I think, that started to shift some perceptions around who these mobile young people are

456
01:26:06.650 --> 01:26:11.550
But, as I said, I think it goes back to that, that combination of

457
01:26:11.900 --> 01:26:35.499
class gender race visa status, and the murkier things around how you define. you know, kind of family support, and a lot of people were relying on partner savings. There's a whole story about young people's relationships from one another. So their partners as well as you know, friends, supporting one another. you know, financially as well as emotionally. So.

458
01:26:36.110 --> 01:26:43.549
yeah, I guess what I'm saying is, the categories don't necessarily stay in their distinct bundles. There's a lot of complexity.

459
01:26:45.830 --> 01:26:47.870
Good, thank you very much.