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Good afternoon everyone. And thank you for coming to this session. 107 linked lives in the generational relationships and well-being.

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I'm, sure who, a senior lecturer in sociology from Singapore University of Social Sciences.

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It's good to see you all here and to those who are joining us. Via Zoom. A warm welcome to our session.

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You

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On behalf of everyone gathered, I pay respect to the spirit of country here in Narm where we are meeting.

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I acknowledge the past and present cooling nation, Urujay. Or you will run as the sovereign people here.

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The cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the non Aboriginal law, customs and custodership responsibilities for country and the people that country can continue to sustain generation after generation.

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Into the future for all of us. I recognize the important contribution that First Nations thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all first nations delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline.

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I'm not sure if the first Paper authors are here. Let me just check.

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Any spam brick, are you here in the? Virtual session. If not, I think we'll move on to the second presentation first.

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So, okay, let me just check the yeah, okay in that case, I think we'll move on to the second presentation.

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And the second presentation will be on linked lives. Effects of aative meeting by HOCO and education on older parents subjective well-being in China.

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And this paper will be presented by Dr. Patreon Call from Monash University. Dr. Cole, please.

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Great. Hello everyone. So my name is Beijing Ko from Monash University, Australia. So we are presenting a paper titled Link Likes Effects of A Source-attective mating by Huko and education on older parents subjective well-being in China.

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This is collaboration work with Dr. Hushu from ISIS and the Jim move from National University of Singapore.

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So before I start everything, I want to do the accomplishment of the country. So we wish to acknowledge the coordination of one jury warning alone people on whose land we are gathered today.

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We acknowledge their sovereignty and pay our respects. To their elders and ancestors.

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So to start with our paper, let's talk about news. So this is a piece of news that you can see from the Chinese social media or newspaper.

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So this picture is in a park and it's a specific part in called mesh making corner. So that's where all the parents will bring a portfolio of their younger children or Just piece of flyers or some writings about their adult children and they will gather in the mesh making corner and trying to find out who might

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be the potential match for their younger children. So we have a piece of note here. So the translation is reasoned as the following.

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So basically this parent said that they have a daughter, a married. So basically this parent said that they have a daughter, a married, who's a Shanghai Houko. I'm married.

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Who's a Shanghai Houston Shanghai Houko. So it means that it's a urban, now Agriculture Hoocoo, which is a symbol of good status social, which is a symbol of good status social, which is a symbol of good status social class and this daughter works full-time and has a good job working for the

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government. So it says the condition kind of described the status of the daughter and the parent is seeking good bachelor, good education, certain height.

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And also have good integrity, good health and has the ability to purchase house. And just back to the description of the daughter, they also mentioned that the daughter has a poverty and without mortgage.

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Lists are also a symbol of such describing that this the family actually is in a way of situation. So this mesh making corner describes the situation that Chinese, other Chinese parents are eager and trying to find a good match for to help their younger children or children to find a suitable match.

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So it connects to our paper. So just imagine that those parents who who are be able to find a good match and their children marry.

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We let impact on their well-being. So this starts from this very simple idea. Just to think about if if there is presence of mesh-making corner.

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So the Zambian having a good match actually is so important to all the parents. So it connects to our theoretical perspectives, especially from the live course sociology.

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So it talks about that when people go through the different life's transitions or different events. It not only affect their own well-being and situations, it also affects other significant other situations and well-being.

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And also some research from, on Asian families already established the link. Where a doubt children's negative events actually come next to older parents, negative health situations.

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So there are some stories that already describe this phenomena if that if a children experience negative situations it would result in negative health outcomes.

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So if we are using the similar logic to for this for paper we are saying that if let our children have a good match to their marriage.

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Less success to their life transitions or life events. And it may affect other parents whobing. And it's the same place for other children who are not so successful.

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Maybe they still get married. However, the match is not what the parents expected. Then this marriage may not bring in like positive or protective effects to other parents health.

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And in it might be the case that it affected their health negatively. So we have this.

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We start to reveal research to review on a conservative meeting. This is will establishing demography that also about a couple's matches on important social priorities characteristics such as education, income, and other socioeconomic related indicators.

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And in the patriarchal society like China. So the practice of social had hypogamy, namely the tendency for women to marry men of higher social status lend themselves it's a more accepted form.

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It also means it's a more successful story. The marriage is not hypogamy. It's often perceived as non-normative and associated with strong world mobility and possibly is an indication of failure marriage to other parents.

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So we are also saying that it's not only the way the matchmaking, but also we need to look at the matchmaking but also we need to look at whether there are gender effects.

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Whether it sounds marriage, some smash making will trigger much more impacts than daughter's meshmaking.

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So this study has 2 questions. Research questions. So basically we are trying to ask are there link links between associative meeting by who call education because these 2 are 2 important factors that decise aative mating in China.

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Whether this sort of associative meeting is associated with older parents subjective working in China. And the second question is, whether a layer is a gender difference.

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So, let's share with you about the Chinese context a bit. Other parents in China are actively trying to help their adult children in finding a good match.

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And they will provide like provide an active arrangement. And also even involving decision making. These are all found in the studies.

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They also provide essential support in financing like prepare house, a place for the children to live in for the future and also provide financial support to the marriage.

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So a failed attempt to achieve associative mating for adult children may may result in this become the strong stressor not only to adult children but also to the older parents.

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So they are different mechanisms of associative meeting. The first one is education. So studies have found that it has been on the rise over years in China, particularly among people with tertiary education.

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And the second one is who. So basically it is found that by research that especially people with non agriculture who go they would have a strong attempts and intention trying to match making trying to marry someone with an intention trying to match making trying to marry someone with also advantage who cohesion with also other advantage who cocoa, which is not

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a to marry someone with also advantage who go, which is not agricultural hookhole. And it is a way to maintain their institutional advantages.

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And. Status exchange between education and cool code means that if like for mesh making in the in the case that if the hooker is not like ideal, not not agriculture.

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But that person that can dictate has good education. Maybe it's gonna compensate the disadvantage of not having an agricultural hook.

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So as you can see between just between the education and who call differences there are different marriage combinations there are different marriage combinations going on here So we are using for now we are using one wave of China family panel studies.

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And as you can see from this table, they are 12 different possibilities of mesh-making. We are basically kind of looking at wife and husbands education and who go.

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And so that in total we have 12 different combinations. So what we are going to do is that we Capture these tales combinations and then we serializing the subjective well-being that includes depressive symptoms.

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Satisfaction in life and competence in the future. And we try to estimate whether there are associations between different combinations and also other parents 3 health related outcomes.

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So, this is descriptive. Statistics to show you what the percentage of these 12 different marriage combinations.

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So as you can see the mainstream would be the the case where wife and husband are from the Girl, which means Agriculture Foucault, but they are equally able to exit.

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And also. The both are from not agricultural Houco and wife were were less less educated.

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But we also see that they are combinations of both urban and equally educated and also both urban and wife more more educated.

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So this is another descriptive statistics just to show you what are the health outcomes. When we. Have the when we cross step with 12 different marriage combinations.

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So the depressive symptoms is a scale from one to 5. And the satisfaction and confidence in the future is a scale from one to 4.

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So that's why we have 2 figures here. So these are just descriptive findings, but in here we can see that there are some combinations that with less this where the older parents have less depressive things, fewer depressive symptoms or the combinations where all the problems have better confidence towards future and also Okay, thank

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you. Better, live section. So we are using. We are trying to use the basic models to try and find the associations.

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So for now, what we want to present to you are the findings with the pink squares. So we want you attention to the 3 different combinations.

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The first one will be wife from the neural that means So why from rural area and husband from urban area equally educated waste and all the parents would would have less fewer depressive symptoms.

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And also when they had both the same HOOKO, OH and they are equally educated or a wife with more or more educated situation.

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And also it's the same case when we have Wi-Fi. Husband from urban area and also the different combinations.

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So as you can see from now, we kind of find certain associations where they the associative mating is associated with such objective well-being.

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So if we further to do get the gender differences. Whether we want, we want to share for now is that we find we found that when wife with Evan Houko and husband with role.

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Igricultural Foucault and they are equally, educated. For older parents.

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Daughter's parents will be less depressed but a husband's parents would be more depressed So that's a significant difference.

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So that's an interesting finding for for us and we want to share with you and we found similar situations when we talk about feel the confidence towards future.

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We found the same situation for this combination.

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So the key finding here is that we found the situation between associative mating and other parents subjective well-being.

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And Huku is a much more important factor in this association. Than in terms of gender differences. We have several points here, but the take-home message for this translation will be the intra-hooker marriage, especially wife with the the, the different, cocoa, wife-wife and husband with

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different hooko and the parents have apparently a different subjective well-being. So to conclude, we found the associational links.

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But for the future, we think we need to continue to get what's going on there. What are the positive mechanisms?

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So in need to look at the miracle quality of mechanism. So we need to look at the miracle quality of all this different marriage combinations.

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And also we want to, we also want to explore whether they are, we can use the idea of deviation from the gnome.

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No motive marriage socialistic art towards certain types of marriage combinations, whether that actually explain the negative outcome.

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On older Chinese parents, separated wellbeing. And we also think that this paper gives implications for living arrangement parental access to support and care by other children in the future.

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So that would be the end of our presentation. Thank you.

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Thank you for patreon for finishing your presentation on time. Before we move to the next presentation on time.

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Before we move to the next presentation, I would like to collect one question. Before we move to the next presentation, I would like to collect one question. I would like to collect one question for Dr.

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Cole. Do we have any questions from, the audience? Or let me check the chat message.

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And you, yes, please.

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Thank you for this fantastic research. I think it'll be really interesting to see how this researcher moved on.

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I think I'll be really interested to see how this researcher move on because I think one thing we I'm interesting is to disentangle on because I think one thing we I'm interesting is to disentangle this education of the wife, education of the husband and because if we have these 2 indicators then you sorts of mating patterns have

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been. Automatically indicated. So it's, it makes it very hard to single out this symbolic.

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A certain associative mating effect or the parents objective being. So I think maybe we can refer to some mobility research to see how their models handle that.

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See that would be an interesting question.

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Okay Patreon can I ask you to maybe come up here to speak into the mic so that you know, our participants on Zoom can hear you.

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Oh, okay. So thank you for your question. So that's a good point. I think when actually the. So that's a good point.

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So that's a good point. I think when, actually, the methodological part of this paper is that it's done by Dr. Kushu.

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So I've, I think when we were doing the associative meeting, you already consider this educational or schooling years, but you are doing matching.

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Am I right? Yeah, yeah. Actually, we discussed a lot about how to measure how to simultaneously consider the, meeting by education and HOOKO. And we tried, different combinations.

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And, so, the, current, the, current, measurement, for, education

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Okay, so at the end of all presentations we will open the floor for a for a session discussion to collect more questions and comments.

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So for

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The next presentation is

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So, not next presentation is by Karen Obiko, Okibo, Okibo from University of Chicago.

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Over to you, Karen.

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Good afternoon everyone. So my presentation is entitled The Immigrant Bargain and Marital Decision Making Among Nigerian Immigrants in the United States.

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And to begin, I'll start with a vignette from one of the cases from my qualitative study.

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So this describes Brandy, she's 39, she's female, she's from a Robot tribe Christian and she's currently single.

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Brandi was born in a large city in southern Nigeria. Her family is a robo, an ethnic group predominantly located near the Niger Delta region.

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When she was 6, her family immigrated to the US and settled in a Midwestern state that is majority white.

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Her father is a pharmacist with degrees in chemistry and physics and her mother is a nurse practitioner.

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Randy is the oldest of 4 children and has a brother and 2 sisters. Growing up in a predominantly white city, Brandi recalled several instances during her childhood when she became starkly aware of her race.

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After high school, Brandy moved to the south and matriculated in a selective private research university.

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Although she initially wanted to study law, she majored in biology because her father said you can either major in biology, chemistry or physics.

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That's what I'll pay for. In addition to her bachelors, Branti has 2 masters degrees one in computer science and the other in epidemiology.

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She currently lives on the East Coast and works as the Director of Development at an organization focused on global health systems.

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Although currently single, Brandi described her ideal partner as someone who's confident, supportive, cerebral, yet not pretentious.

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Able to engage in conversation and is not intimidated by black woman. As a member of a smaller Nigerian ethnic group, Randy explained that her parents had a clear preference for a Nigerian partner, but stressed that they should not be evil.

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As she explained when I was younger it was very clear now that I'm older and my eggs are struggling now that it's it's like any Nigerian will do when I was younger it was no Igbo's anybody but Ebos.

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They don't treat women right or something. I don't know. I feel like my parents either had bad relationships or friendships and they just tainted their perspective on evil people.

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Despite her parents preferences for an endogamous nature and partner. Brandi dated several people of different races over the years.

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Her most significant relationship was with Samson, a white man she dated while pursuing her master's degree.

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Brandy and Sanson dated for 4 years.

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Okay, sorry. Brandi and Samson dated for 4 years and she described him as being incredibly supportive throughout their relationship.

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But particularly through her grueling masters program and when she applied for postgraduate jobs. During her graduation dinner, Brandi introduced Sampson to her parents.

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She had previously told her father about Sansom and asked him to tell her mother that Samson would attend her graduation dinner.

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Brandi's father neither shared this information with her mother nor informed her that Samson would be in attendance.

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During the celebratory dinner, the night before her graduation in front of Brandi's 22 closest classmates, colleagues and friends.

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Her mother expressed disapproval of their interracial relationship. As Brandi explained, she refused to acknowledge him.

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She was like, oh no, no, no, I do not approve of this. I don't accept it.

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To refuse to sit at the table. I was so embarrassed because one of my close friends who was there is married to a black man and she's white but it was embarrassing it was embarrassing to the nth degree.

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My graduate adviser was also there. She was also a white woman married to a black man. And the next day, because I won this award for my school.

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They were all like these photographers and teachers wanting to talk to me, congratulate me, meet my parents, saying, oh, they must be so proud.

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Here's my boyfriend. Here's my family. Let's take pictures. Bring your family together.

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If my boyfriend was in the picture, my mother would physically leave and walk out of the frame. Made the whole day about her.

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To this day I try not to think about my masters in terms of the last few days of that degree and that award that I won, I just threw it away or buried it somewhere because I just didn't want to look at that thing and as a reminder of how awful the day ended up being.

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After graduation, Brandi relocated to the west coast. And moved in with Samsung.

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She did not speak to her parents for a year and only resumed communicating with them after her grandmother died.

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Despite distancing herself from her family, her relationship with Sanskrit, and they eventually broke up.

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As she explained it destroyed us he was never the same and there was so much guilt It's taken me years to process this with a therapist.

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I feel so guilty for exposing someone to that type of toxicity. And I finally know what the word was that I was feeling.

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It was shame. Shame in the pure sense. Like this is now what he thinks I am deep down inside because these are the people he raised me.

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Brandi mentioned that her relationship with her parents, primarily her mother, remained strained today. As she explained, it's permanently changed our dynamic and we have never gone back.

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And I stopped trying to figure out how to get back. Let's just say when all this happened, I was a really good daughter.

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I said nothing. Like literally no talking back, no arguing, nothing. And since then, I've definitely addressed things head on.

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I told them how I don't believe in what they did. I have expressed myself and they still say, well, that's what's that, it's whatever.

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So I've learned to accept the apologies I've never gotten and just to kind of move on.

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And I think about myself now. I'm single and no boyfriend, no prospects whatsoever. And I just think to myself, if this hadn't happened maybe I would have been married by now.

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And so I introduced the case of Brandy as a way of introducing this notion of the immigrant bargain.

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So for this presentation, I'll briefly describe the theoretical contribution of this paper, the research question of the project, why I chose to study Nigerians, a brief description of the mixed method inquiry, and then some key findings.

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So this project is based in the United States where one out of 10 individuals in the backpack population is a black immigrant.

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And when looking at the demographic profile of black immigrants in the US, that number has steadily increased over time.

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So in 1,980 there are approximately 800,000 black immigrants in the US and that number by 2,019 was 4.6 million.

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And this number is projected to increase to 9.5 million by 2,060. And so as you can see, this population is vastly growing.

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And so the theoretical contribution of this paper focuses on a simulation theory within the sociological immigration literature.

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And so assimilation theory argues that proximity to whiteness is a measure of assimilation in the US.

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However, my research actually extends this and showcases that there's heterogeneity within the black population and that we should move beyond the one drop rule of hyper descent.

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In addition, assimilation theory also assumes an increased likelihood to marry white partners. And my research shows that while that's also the case, it argues that intermarriage is not just about black and white and that we also need to start including other areas and other factors such as ethnicity, cast, and national origin.

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Assimilation theory also focuses on the outcome of second generation advantage versus disadvantage. And my research not only argues that that's important but also says that we need to focus on the processes.

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So highlighting what other important factors are actually playing a role in the outcomes that we're evidencing.

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And so the overarching research question for this study is how do second-generation Nigerian Americans decide whom to marry?

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This research highlights 4 primary factors. The first is intergenerational dynamics, which I'll go into.

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Second is race and ethnicity. Third is gender and the fourth is religion. But before I do that, I want to briefly explain why I chose to study Nigerians.

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So within the US, Nigeria is the number one source country for African immigrants moving to the US.

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So in 2,019 there were approximately 400,000 Nigerian immigrants living in the US. Second, Nigerians are an unique opportunity to study black immigrants because not only are they racially black, but they're African and their ethnicity is also incredibly important within this particular group.

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And lastly, Nigerians are a hyperselective group. So in the US, 63% of Nigerian immigrants or those with Nigerian ancestry have a bachelor's degree compared to 32% of the US national population.

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And so one of the key factors that I mentioned was ethnicity. And so to explain the significance effects in this city.

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I'm going to explain the Nigerian context a little bit. So in Nigeria there are more than 250 ethnic groups in the country.

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And in 1,967 through 1,970 there was a civil war that was fought along ethnic cleavages.

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So within the population in Nigeria, ethnicity is incredibly salient.

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Religion is also an important identity. So Nigeria is also a religiously diverse country. 50% of the population are Muslim, nearly 50% are Christian, and given the rise of the Boko Haram insurgency there is an increased significance for the religious identity.

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And so for those 2 reasons it's important to keep in mind why those factors would play a role for Nigerian immigrants in the US.

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And so the mixed method, the study that was conducted was mixed method. So I began with a demographic analysis and analyzing the Nigerian population within the US.

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But the majority of the answers that were asked from the study were derived from ethnographic field work.

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So just a quick overplay of the demographic analysis. I use census data from 1,000. 981,000. 994,010.

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And American Community Survey Data from 2,019. And all the findings were categorized by immigrant generations.

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So anyone who was in the first generation was classified as anyone born in Nigeria but emigrated after the age of 13, including 13.

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1.5 generation was anyone born in Nigeria but emigrated before the age of 13 and second generation was anyone born in the US.

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And so just a quick overview of the population in the US. So from the nearly 400,000, the majority are first generation, but when we're looking at the trends, the second generation is steadily increasing.

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I'm not sure what just happened there.

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It's no longer

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It's no longer moving.

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Just have to, no sorry.

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Okay.

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Okay, thank you. Sorry about that.

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Okay, but the findings I'll choose to focus on today are from the ethnographic field work that was conducted.

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So the ethnographic field work was conducted primarily in New York and Washington DC. And this included participant observations of church events, weddings, baby showers, family gatherings, book clubs, other events of cultural significance.

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I also conducted in-depth life history interviews with 60 participants and focus groups with 15 participants for the study.

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The interview sampling framework 37 out of the 60 participants were female 28 out of the 60 were Ibo with 23 also being Yoruba from the ethnic group.

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23 of the individuals I spoke to were single, 14 of them were dating. And 16 of them were married.

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And in terms of sexual orientation, the majority of them were heterosexual with 3 individuals.

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Representing LGBT participants. And so just a reminder, the overarching research question is how do second-generation Nigerian Americans decide whom to marry.

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So I'll be focusing on the intergenerational dynamics factor. And within that, there are different explanations, but I'll be focusing on immigrant bargain for today.

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So as I mentioned in the case of Brandy, her story really reflects the notion of the immigrant bargain.

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And according to notions of immigrant bargain, immigrant parents undertook and struggled through the demanding migration process and settled in a new land to give their children a better life.

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And so if the success of the second generation actually validates the sacrifices of their immigrant parents, then the inverse is also true.

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That means that the failures of the second generation may actually create a burden of shame for both the parents and the child.

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And so some of the interview quotations from my participants illustrate this bargain. So as one father explained he said Yeah, it was really scary and he's talking about their decision to move to the US.

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But we were so determined to move to the US. But we were so determined nothing could deter us. The only way to go, and nothing could deter us. The only way to go was for it.

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It was very difficult. Nothing could deter us. The only way to go was for it. It was very difficult.

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And I asked, so why don't you just leave and go back to Nigeria? And he said, because we knew we would succeed.

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Which I asked, how did you know? And he said, I just knew that we were not, they were not better than me.

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And I had no doubt at all I will excel. If I had any doubt we would have gone because we had enough money saved but I just knew this is the best place and the reason why we chose this place was because it was the best place to raise kids.

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So our kids the reason why we came. And so the framing of their immigration journey, their immigration decision around their children and providing the opportunity for them to have a future really reflects how the children end up making marital decisions in the end.

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And from the child's perspective, this was an interview with Jefferson who's a 39 year old evil man.

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He explained that his oldest sister is the dad's favorite and I said, why did you say that?

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And he said, She's the firstborn and she did everything like her firstborn. She went to Harvard.

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She was valedictorian. She became a doctor. She married another doctor. Who was also Nigerian.

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My parents were like, this is the storybook. And I asked, do you think she wanted all these things in life?

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And he explained the immigrant bargain in his own language. He said, well, you respect them, your parents, and you want them to be proud.

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So that's what my sister did. My second sister followed in my sister's footsteps.

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Who did everything. But this one is very driven. She graduated from Stanford. She got into Princeton transferred after 2 years.

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And so in a lot of ways the children are reflecting the experiences of their parents back to them. And this is something that I coin the internalized gaze.

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So it's when the immigrant children actually start using this bargain in their decision-making. And so Alma who's 26 female evil woman explained the 2 people I dated before my current boyfriend were white and I think my hesitation was always my parents because I dated them after my conversation with my dad.

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And in the conversation, he explicitly told her, marry an evil man. And so I think that was always at the back of my head.

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Like, could I possibly bring this person back home and what would be said and is it worth the fight if there is a fight and to me the answer was always no.

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So in a lot of ways, this research has 2 main implications. First, it forces us to rethink the notion of intermarriage and how we're measuring it.

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So we need to consider how different groups actually conceptualize andogamy. And second, it forces us to also rethink social boundaries.

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So in the US, race remains a salient identity. I'm not arguing against that. But among certain immigrant groups, ethnicity cast and religion are also equally important boundaries and that needs to also be included in future research.

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Thank you so much.

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Thank you Karen for the very interesting presentation. Any questions from the audience? To Karen?

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Yes, pigeon. Oh, sorry, the gentleman in the back. Please. Could you please come up to the mic and speak into the mic.

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Thank you.

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And I was wondering. If any differences with respect to ethnic groups, I mean you spoke about different ethnic groups.

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So, is there Nigerian essentialism or is there differences? Between groups in terms of attitudes towards intermarriage, etc.

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And the other part I just wanted to comment I can't remember the book very well but Mary Kana seems to reflect a lot of these issues.

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Thanks. Thank you for that question. So in my as evidenced by the case of brandy within her family, yes, there were there were particular choices and views against other groups.

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So her parents had very strong views about her marrying an evil man. Even though she was from a smaller minority group.

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But in the US the majority of enduring immigrants tend to be either Yoruba or Ibo.

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And so what I found from my my samples is that those groups tend to prefer to have endogamous partners from the same ethnic group.

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So for instance, an evil partner would prefer another evil individual. However, They're also geographical differences because they tend to be quite congregated in certain cities.

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So for those individuals who lived outside of those urban enclaves, they were more flexible and by flexible I mean they would say okay any Nigerian will do as opposed to someone from that particular ethnic group.

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Yeah, exactly. Okay, Patreon, please save your question for the big Q&A session later.

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Now we'll move on to the next presentation and it's a pretty recorded one. So I'm going to play it now.

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Good afternoon everybody. My name is Anji Ajibada and I'm a researcher and assistant professor at the faculty of social sciences, University of Pablo.

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It's a great privilege to be here and to be able to share with you the findings of our research.

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I will present today a contribution titled Growing Up in Military Families, Coping with Prolonged and repeated absence that was prepared by me and 2 of my colleagues, Alien Kashwa,

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Tanya was leading a big national project titled Military Specific Risk Factors for Health and Well-being of Military Families, we call it Milfam, which was funded by a civilian research agency.

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The project covered many aspects of military family and use quite the different quantitative methods. Our respondents were service members, their spouses, various experts at the military, national NGO level, psychologist, social service experts, civilian families, but today I represent only a very small small part of the project where we specifically interested in

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how it is to grow up in the military family from children's own perspective. For this purpose we conducted retrospective interviews with now adult children.

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Surely already growing up in a military family presents unique challenge for by itself but living in one where one or both parents are frequently absent for longer periods of time.

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Which we have defined as 6 months or longer at a specific time. A very particular living and everyday environment with specific psychology, psycho social changes for children and families.

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First, we must establish what a military family is in our research. For the purposes of this contribution, objective military designates a family where one or both parents are employed in a family where one or both parents are employed in the civil family where one or both parents are employed in the civilian army.

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Refer to a period of peace so absence of war when stuff Slovenian art forces. Service members are deployed to peacekeeping and not combat international operations and missions.

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It's called IOMs abroad. This is important. Destinations distinction as we are not exploring growing up in families living in more areas or in families where parents are engaged in war elsewhere in the world.

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We base our analyzes on the theoretical framework of the life course approach. Which is simultaneously individual psychological so it refers to changes in an individual biographical experience and identity as well as social integration over the life of course and it's also Microsoft Theological as it refers to social institutional structural changes in social and historical time that influence

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this life course. You illuminates the very powerful and interdependent relationships between individual lives and then it's historical, social, political and economic context within which these lives are lived.

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And this individual biography is a sequence of traditions between different life stages and situations. So this transition transitions are usually associated with significance uncertainties.

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Uncertainties that need to be managed as we move into a new stage of life. so life course perspective offers a tool for identifying and exploring these critical moments or turning points in life course.

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And when we use life, life was supposed to address these perceptions of growing up in military families.

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But will enable us to focus our attention on specific life events and transition and will be specifically interested in the parents prolonged and repeated absence and its influence on transitions and everyday life of children.

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So the concepts of everyday life and life course are both powerful tools to understand individual lives. Every day life presents this cyclic component horizontal of life, the typical ways of being acting, thinking and experiences that are expressed in everyday routes, habits and practices.

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Life course on the other hand, to this leader component of life or to the individual and social participation throughout different periods of life.

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So childhood but So already previous studies have shown that military deployments have various effects on children's lives, particularly under mental health and are significant risk factor for child's behavioral and emotional difficulties.

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During and after deployment. They also involve many disruptive routines and families are caught in these multiple cycles of separations and re-establishing family life and relations.

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The military absences also differ from other productive processes of parents do to work in other professions let's say in academia, diplomacy, in that they involve a high level of risk to life.

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Even though Iowa and Pennsylvania are not called but oriented. But are nevertheless always localized in conflict or or areas.

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So, the instrument we used a semi structured questionnaire that was developed within the last course theoretical approach based on which we have identified key research teams.

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These are family, childhood reflection, linked lives, life transitions, life events, turning points, satisfaction with family life and individual risk management strategies in everyday life.

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And these teams then served as a basis for constructing the instrument. And the main research question was what are the characteristics of the life course growing up and everyday life in military families, what are the characteristics of the life course growing up and everyday life in military families in Slovenia from children's perspective?

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And the life course, growing up and everyday life in military families in Slovenia from children's perspective.

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And we were specifically interested in, families in Slovenia from children's perspective. And we were specifically interested in how do children experience and live everyday life in a military how the absence of parent affects their everyday lives, life course and physician, what coping strategies they develop and use.

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Like to deal with this absences. And so we conducted retrospective semi-structured in-depth interviews with other children for military families in the period between December.

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The twentieth 21 and March, the 22, ready to cover restrictions at that time interviews were carried out online on the pet from Zoom.

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Interviews were the audio recorded and prescribed. They were coded following the genetic analyzes. And these codes were then merged into categories and out of this category, 6 teams were developed, which I will present later in the findings.

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The sampling was purposeive and conducted to personal acquaintances of the research team. There were 2 conditions for participation.

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The first condition was that while the respondent was growing up at least one of At least one parent was employed by the South and was deployed to at least one IOM for 6 months or longer or was away due to training exercises abroad or so for 6 months or longer or the entire family moved to a post abroad.

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And the second was that at the age of majority so all the children were actually now at are the regional sample consisted of 14 other children from 12 military families in Slovenia, aged between 21 and 38 years old at the time of the interviews.

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However, for the purposes of this paper, we will not consider one of the interviews because it was a single extended absence at a time when the respondent was less than a year old and She has no recollection of this period.

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So. Analyzes is based on interviews with 13 other children from 11 families. At the time of the survey majority was of the response was it was in their twentys most military parents were fathers Oh, in one case the boatwear, military personnel.

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6 of the interviews moved abroad to military job 5 reported separation between parents. From the table you can see the very basic demographic data which we needed to protect in order to maintain the anonymity of the participants.

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So, as I said, coins were then merged into 6 teams and these are You have to go again, frequency of absence matters.

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The second one is interrupted everyday life, how to find the balance. That are done is when the parent is not here, important for transitions and life events.

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The fourth emotional coping with absence, age emotions and fear. The fifth is communication technology a solution or a burden.

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And the last one, order and discipline, growing up in military family. I will now present each of these teams and you will be able to see.

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Some citations in each of these thematic, teams. So the first one. Of course, if you think about it, the long term parental emphasis just cannot go unnoticed as a family member parental emphasis just cannot go unnoticed as a family member sending lives while the family stays in the same environment and in

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such situation makes the absence present and visible at all times, especially in families every day returns and upbringing purposes.

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However, there strength to the influence on children's life trajectories depends strongly on the number and efficacy of absences.

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In case where we have only single or 2 times absence there is a shock of a sudden change that prevails and the whole family is actually oriented towards mobilization of strength and resources in terms of just surviving this limited period.

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In that situation, the family is dealing with the absence in short-term view. As the period which must be survived until everything gets back to normal again.

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However, when the absences become multiple, the families adapt and no longer just wait for the return of the absent member, they must find a way to sustain a family life in both situations.

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So in presence and in essence And then the absence becomes familiar. It is no longer an unusual period in the family life.

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Instead, it becomes ordinary every day. And when the absences intensify even more then suddenly there is no ordinary family life.

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It simply does not exist as this absence is are too frequent and too long. So the usual of the family life cannot even establish itself.

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It's influence, however, is not limited solely to the habits of everyday family life, but it spears over to the parent child relationship and family roles as well.

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So for the second team, in the families where parental long term effs are very frequent and especially where when both parents are in military interruptions to every day life or such the children cannot even depict.

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Every day family reduced. In this situation, children express confusion about everything connected to family life and to the role of family members.

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Also, Epsis is self families is according to children. Not limited only to times of deployments but can be affect in everyday life through long working hours, commuting and etc.

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In the families where this family life or teeth are established. Every time a family member leaves the family, the family is to adapt, needs to find a new balance and the role of the absent family members must be replaced by someone else.

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And the more the families resilient and the quicker it can reorganize itself the smaller or the more manageable is the burden of the absence.

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Next to changes in these daily routines. Children often spoke about refining a place, a role for the absent parent, a role for the absent parent, returning parents must re-establish or even renegotiate the parent, returning parents must re-establish or even renegotiate the position, parent must re-establish or even renegotiate the position and especially

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parenting role in the family. This process affects of course children the most as they suddenly have more edits at home to whom they have to submit whom they have to obey.

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Also, interestingly, a children often said that the return of the parent was more disruptive to their everyday lives than their departure to deployment.

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In some families or in some period in a given family the absence also causes greatest family imbalance sometimes even the strongly affect parenting practices and the parenting capabilities of the remaining parent.

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We could also clearly see that the absence does not cost only changes in established physical routines but can also considerably change the emotional stability and the relationships in the family.

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Such infringed emotional balance causes many disturbances in the family and makes children's well-being much more difficult to attain.

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Another related difficulty is also the parental burden which is suddenly completely or at least to great extent shifted on the parent remaining at home who must not facilitate all the physical, psychological, emotional needs of the children and responders have repeatedly described the remaining parent as overburdened with home and parenting tests.

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In many families the additional family burden was shared among all family members, not just their many parents. She children in these families are often soon forced to take on a greater role in the family.

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Such as more involvement house code course helping younger siblings take more responsibility for their own lives earlier, for example through independence in leisure activities, school commitment, etc.

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However, of course some children have faced even more radical interventions in their everyday life to recycle when the demands of the pitch of the work have led entire families to move to another country for a longer period of time.

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Sometimes several times. In this case, all of the family rebates together and is not burdened by the absence itself, the children face different, often psychologically extremely stressful physicians, mainly related to the sudden departure from their social and institutional environment, especially peers, friends, school.

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And equally or even more challenging integration into new institutional environment. And other language and other culture. In retrospect, individual changes saw such moving as an opportunity for personal development as an important factor in their identity development, an increase in their adaptability, also introduction to a different world which may effect lead to greater individual resilience in the course of

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their future biographies. Nevertheless. He any case such moving and a significant change in detail and the level of everyday life represent a unique cycle social challenge for children.

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Bad fabulous. So, Now we have the third team when parent is not here.

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This special life transition events with specific emotional and social contact for children and families such as celebrations, graduations, competition, special achievements are another another important aspect of living with absent parents in military families.

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If parents are not there for these events of special significance. This might bring about additional emotional and mental challenges for the children.

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Here, not only absences. The as such is important not being there to witness the activities and celebrate or the absence of printer support in important moments in child's app, but also comparison with peers is important as it provides a social frame as to how children and parents are connected and present in other children's

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lives. Which might trace feelings of lack, loneliness, etc. Nevertheless, many interviewed children reported that parents were able to fit work around most of their significant events and positions sometimes even by planning a head a special mission live.

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However, this was not the case for all children and parents were sometimes not always able to be present as you can also see in the quotation.

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So the fourth team, yeah, children must somehow deal with parents absence, which lives also an emotional footprint. And children have no other choice.

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They must deal with these emotions, successful or unsuccessfully. A and rate cognitive capabilities of a child are of course an important factor in ability to deal with these emotions.

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In the early childhood a child does not understand why suddenly a parent is not there. So lack of understanding of the situation and general missing of the parent prevails, negative emotions might spring up such as anger, fear.

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Sorry for the interruption. The recording is running quite long. We are way past 15 min. So I'm just going to fast forward a little bit.

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And then children manage and rationalize peer in their own ways which are all Oh no, no, it's okay because I know the work process.

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I know ability and form of communication with absent a family member. A particular essential innovation was the possibility of the video communication which enables family members to keep visual contact.

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The daily availability has also significantly changed the sense of support for the child and the involvement in the upbringing that the absent.

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The family member can provide even at the distance. All respondents reported that they had daily or at least very frequent communication with their parents, most of them usually in the evenings with conversations most involving around everyday casual events some even the report more intense even intimate contact with the absent parent than in person at home However, daily and frequent

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distant communication can also have its drawbacks and can negatively effect theities of everyday life since, for example, as well responded vividly illustrated.

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Such communication reminds you all the time that he is not here, a parent, while less frequent communication allows you to make up for the absence in your daily routine.

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Also some respondents highlight the different level of communication with the physical distance and lack of in-person communication.

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Also, some pointed out the certain awkwardness of everyday decent communication which through technological progress has actually become a norm of the necessary need to replace the presence.

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I mean they have felt that like a social or family pressure to be connected every day but in such communication there is no room for A silence has to be avoided at all costs, no rule for just being there together and this is quite different from a silent you know, in a family living room.

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Further, some respondents also talked about desert or deliberate communication. They had to the absent parent. Or which they agreed on with their family.

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They took this measures, they were agreed to protect the absent family member and not to burden the as the interruptions are too many.

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Sometimes whole families are in stress and try to cope the best of their abilities. After military demands over burden the state home parent Sometimes this absence is causing disagreement and conflict between parents leading also to poor relationships.

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Both between the parents and parent-child relationships. Another especially emotionally difficult challenge for children is the fear for their parent when they are very young, their parents simply disappears from their life, when they get older, the parent lives to high risk.

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IOMs and the moment they come back children, no parents will be gone again. Children manage their fear in many ways depending on their age, their cognitive ability, but mainly through tactics of reducing fear such as clinging to favor because conditions like convincing quasi said that Ioment IOBs are not the dangerous, believing that the parent actually

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works in the office,ing security procedures protocol. Always believing in parents ability to protect himself along with everybody else at in terms of communication with the absent parent we have seen there are some distinctive drops very like.

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Mainly into this respect shown to the parents, discipline, this is offering common social experience where they would be surrounded or in touch with other children experiencing greater emotional and psychological turbulence if it happens.

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So. I conclude here if you have any additional questions, ideas, suggestions, please contact me through my email.

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So Andrea. FDV uni slash layer picasis Thank you.

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Ok, my understanding is that the authors are not on zoom or or I think none of them are present here to receive feedback.

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And for this panel, we have 3 distributed papers and they all of them talk about men's role and well-being in families.

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So we would like to give the authors the opportunity to talk to you about their paper. So and first we have Magdalena.

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She will talk about the identity of men in the empty nest stage. So each of these authors will have 6 min to talk about their paper.

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Over to you, Magdalene. Yeah, I'll just click and it will, OK, Let me know if I should finish.

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Okay. Hello everyone, thank you for the opportunity to also share with some very small part of the study and project we are doing.

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I invite you also we have all the session about emptiness so I will also share more feedback from the study but this is about fathers in the emptiness and theters the first outer is Rodosov Kosakovsky who is not here but we cooperated also with the French team because we do in the project the comparison between Polish

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and French fathers. But today I just focused not to have too many. Not to have too many goals on this one and I will show you when you can also read about it more.

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So.

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It doesn't work. Okay, so we focus on some conceptions of manhood while analyzing fathers those more traditional and old ones about income provider towards the fathers and emotional and engaged and devoted to care practices.

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Although the parents from the study are around 50 plus, so when became fathers were not familiar with all the concepts and practices.

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The second perspective is the perspective of aging that we use as all of them are in the pre pensionary stage of their life.

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So it's also important to know that this is the specific, that this is the specific face to be the father and to be a man.

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And then the study was founded and the study was done knowing that there is not that much about the face of the emptyness from father's perspective and we decided to also give the fathers the floor.

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And the voice. So the methodological design is very complex. Just to let you know that this what I present is based on 43 couples interviews, both the addict and individuals, individual interviews were done one year after the Datic interviews and we both studied fathers and mothers in urban settings and non-OP settings into places in

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Poland. So these are the main outcomes of studying fathers. First is that the roles of fathers are not disappearing while children, children left home but in many cases they are transforming in particular way.

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Polish fathers do not generally express extreme emotional attitudes when their children leave their family homes. However, there are some cases of longing and loneliness.

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I will show you in some quotations in a minute. Rather than they try to continue to perform their roles and functions associated with traditional models of masculinity.

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May respondents contextualize their children are leaving the family home in terms of an awareness of the passing of time and the aging process.

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But they seem to be more content with a less restrained life, allowing themselves to express emotions of sadness.

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And emptiness linked to their children having left the nest.

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So we discuss in 2 papers, I will show you, we discuss first the perspective, perspective is it the end of the father role.

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We find that for sure this is the end of the full nest, fullness practices. At the end of the domestic tasks was the overload that they experienced my children were living with them and in a way at the end of the breadwinner a role.

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So this is what the fathers say. But there are some new roles for fathers that appear in the new in the emptiness and this is these are verses on-demand role the role of the father that can be called to come and do.

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Participate in other children's life. Then the flights rather role, so they are controlling what is going on with children, for example, when they travel for work and do different things.

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Then the handy manual just to help adults children with reconstructions in houses or small things to be repair.

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A particular advisor role coming to financial and other consulting and the parallel especially to sons to do different things together as part partners.

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And let's hear for 4 of them. So Tadeosh is the 53 years old father of 2 daughters that are 28 and 21 and this is what he says.

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It is the first moment when you start to realize that you are already old. And then somewhere around the birthdays, gosh, that's the worst.

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And the fact that the child moves out, I mean it is normal I guess but I think it is connected with the fact that you start to realize that you are old, that you are getting older, that it starts to add.

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They moved away. I'm 50 here and I think it is also, cumulative. And so with these separations that cause emotions somehow.

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It's just that when you put it all together, it even seems somehow. It's just that when you put it all together, it even seems to me that some of the emotions that are associated with getting older it even seems to me that some of the emotions that are associated with getting older can be pushed in that here my child has moved out

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it's

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Francis Shi, he is 59, father of 2 sons, 27 and 28. This is when that there was no one to open your mouth to.

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There were all sorts of strange feelings. And that's where this kind of sadness came from. That there was no one at home.

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When the kids were there, maybe it was also a bit different. And that's where the depression came from.

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I don't know if it was depression but such a mental gloom. And then via shake. He's 50.

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He has one son. 21 years old. It all comes down to the fact that we are getting older.

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Maybe I'm overstating it, but it's all damaged some of these problems dilemmas.

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It's all to do with the fact that people are beginning to realize that it's closer rather than further away.

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Well, because it's a bit like the biologically, we are animals, reproduction is finished and that's it.

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Okay, and the last one, Lashk. Who has one daughter, one son. 46 but I also see that I still have a lot of potential and a lot of possibilities and I also see people around me who are 20 years younger than me and don't have the energy and the drive to put it colloquially.

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I know I will still have to pull it off or I won't be able to do it anymore it depends but I know that in order to provide some kind of weather and to be able to pass the things on to my children, my grandchildren, I should work for another 15 years, then I think I will close.

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The things and then let them worry about it and we will have done our job. So you can read more about parents in emptiness in a book that is coming to be published this year and 2 chapters are focusing on fathers in emptiness.

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So there are also other publications are uploaded the handle handout with the presentation on the website.

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So thank you for your attention.

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Thank you. Magdalene Lena. Is Isabella here? Isabella okay.

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Then we'll move on to the last distributed paper and Dr. Takashi Hmano will speak to us about does divorce, deprived fathers from carrying after their child.

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Hi, good evening. Good afternoon everyone. My name is Takishamano today. So I briefly talking about the results of my survey about separated mystery fathers in Japan.

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Normally so in Japan the government has been doing research about single parent families with a child. But this time so I tried to figure out how the perception of shared parenting and its incapability among separated parents and some gender implications.

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But so I've given only a few minutes that's why so I quickly skip some rice and dots and while if you are more interesting about my research summaries.

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Please contact to me in person through a conference up. I'm happy to share this slide with you because so I failed to approach this PDF strike on time.

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That's why so I can do it in person. Yep. And the aim of a presentation is very easy.

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Simple and I direct to check out the results of a survey focused on separated parents in Japan. And the second point is I try to focus on experience of family buyer rents and and payment of a child to support those kind of points often in the fair and equal shared parenting after a divorce.

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Okay, and this research was carried out with one activist group acting for achieving joint custody law reform in Japan because in Japan by law sort of parental custody is still dominant after a divorce.

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Of course it's quite controversial and the government Ministry of Justice is talking about rural reform. But the activist group asked me to conduct a joint research about separated parents under their circumstances in Japan.

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And I did that survey online survey and the paper based the survey more than 500 participants in total I corrected 500 assemble 70 respondents and their kind of answers nationwidely.

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Yep. And this is our 6 chapter 6 sections of the surveys I set up. It's quite long, very full survey.

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And they are kind of activist groups and me and they are acting like that occasionally. Okay, let's have a look at a basic key findings.

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Mostly mayor among respondents. They are female. And 19% of respondents are male I mean fathers.

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And quick quick quick and no time yeah and let me look at some key findings about our research results. Okay.

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First, gender ratio of collaborators or respondents was meant 9 men to one women. This ratio is completely inverted opposite from the proportion of a poster divorce custody holders in Japan.

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It means after a divorce, 90% of mothers are given child custody, thorough custody grant while less than 10% of others are given like that.

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And with regard to sort of custody after a divorce, along the 60% of respondents stated their ex spouse retained the custody of their children.

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That's why so this also means most child custody is ultimately given to mothers, now fathers in Japan.

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And about 30% of respondents answered no agreement was made on child visitation with their spouses.

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6% of respondents just broadly agreed. It means there is no kind of regal kind of decision is made about a child of visitation or shared parenting even after I was.

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It's not compulsively by law, anything. This is a quite most radical program of some kind of share share a parenting program after a divorce in Japan.

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Okay. Okay, and let's move on to some discussion. And the first point is very role rate of frequent visitation among my respondents almost 500 or 70 respondents or almost 70% of respondents answered they never meet their children after a divorce.

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And second part. The sad point is conflicts among, among the, couples, to interfere with, the child of the station.

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Many conference because of their Explorer, XY, for X husband does not want a him or her to meet their husband and does not want him or her to meet their children.

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This is a most kind of largest reason why they no more meet their children. This is the most kind of largest reason why they no more meet their children.

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And Rover support of family problems by special risks. Most correspondence answers even though they have such kind of program over sharing shared parenting and child parenting are study boards.

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They have no one but their families. They rarely count on dependent on special risks. And they never meet a special risks in their neighborhood as well.

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And this is more a little bit complicated analysis about their experience of domestic violence or family virus by gender. There was no significance between male and female about their experience as kind of perpetrator.

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But regarding the experience of becoming a victim in the bottom of the table, there are significance about physical violence, sexual abuse and economic And I've used that's why as a experience of victim there is a Korea kind of gender differences even though kind of diverse topples in Japan.

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Yep. And this is a kind of final analysis about regression analysis of satisfaction with visitation via stepwise missiles.

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I put some variants and some kind of questions and to see how it affects about the satisfaction rate of the current visitation with children.

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After the analysis, I got only 3 significant variants. Foster wise can availability of the station.

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More they meet, happier, more happier they are. This is of course understandable. And second variant is an expectation to at this station.

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It depends on how much they expect. Their children to meet more or less. And the further point is the vision agreement.

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If they have a concrete career visit agreement with the spouse they will tend to get more frustrated even though they face some kind of failure of frequent visitation.

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But other other kind of variants like a gender differences or income or educational background or child support payment or experience experience of domestic violence are not significant.

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In my analysis. Yeah. This is a conclusion. First, custody, child custody after divorce is currently being discussed by the Ministry of Justice.

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Additionally, how can we expect to develop the regal or institutional support system, especially a lack of institutional support of shared parenting after divorce is quite problematic in Japan.

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And second point is this national support in Japan's current lack of organized support by the government. Yet energy or best the support groups are growing in various parts of the country.

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How can they more connect to the judiciary judiciary and government be achieved. Actually this is a lack of institutional support or national policy making about a sustainable aid support of shared parenting and programs related about that issue.

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And a second point is share the parenting among a devoted family is very important for the rights of the child and the interest of the child.

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At the same time, how can the regal and the social structure in Japan, guaranteed the safety of the ex couple and the parents and the children against the possible risk of a family virus.

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Now, Ministry of Justice talking about legal reform to join the custody from sorrow custody but this kind of risk of family violence is still kind of underdeveloped in its discussion.

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Okay, that's quite a quick brief presentation of my research about spirited family or security to fathers about the visitation.

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Thank you very much.

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So. Can I please ask the presenters to come up to the front and we'll open the front and we'll open the floor for questions and comments.

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Give your comments please identify yourself and speak into the mic so that those online can hear you.

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Mujong please and Mojang could you please speak into the mic?

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Hi, my name is Jim Mu from National University of Singapore. I have a question for carrying a kick pool.

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And so I thank you so much for this very interesting project. And so I actually have a question about social class.

427
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It seemed that in some of the quotations, like social class is also in the picture and for example some of the story book cases are about how the children are from a privileged backgrounds, having elite university education, we're holding a very prestige occupations and usually those narratives come.

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Before the like mentioning of antogamy and so as to what extent that those like social class or a socioeconomic status actually is sentimental to in dogma and to what extent they are dominant, meaning that sometimes they can actually compensate for like a intermarriage and in terms of the parents approval and satisfaction.

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Thank you.

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Thank you for that question. So from the demographic analysis, it was quite clear that there was a sort of mating going on based on class and status.

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So almost everyone had, and part of this is that I'd mentioned that Nigerians in the US are very hyper selective group.

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So most everyone had either a bachelor's or higher and so their partners tended to. But what was interesting is that in the qualitative discussions and the interviews that came up quite a bit.

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So for individuals who were failing to meet the expectations of the immigrant bargain by marrying an endogenous partner of the same ethnicity.

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They felt even more compelled to have someone who exceeded other measures. So for instance, if A participant was bringing home someone who wasn't from the same ethnic group.

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And the partner was from a different race altogether. The person would have to be even more qualified in all other areas.

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It gets really complicated because they themselves are quite qualified and selected so if they went to a really prestigious or selective university their partner would have to go to an equally or more so.

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Or and in the case for women they'd have to find a partner who's actually earning more than them as well or in an equally prestigious.

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Position. And this is something that came up in a lot of interviews is to be a good Nigerian son or daughter you have to excel at school you have to get into these really difficult competitive professions.

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And then on top of that is now marrying someone who's also done the same things. Just to make sure that your parents would be satisfied with your partner selection.

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Thank you.

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Yes, please.

442
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Thank you. First of all, thank you all again. Another session with very interesting papers.

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Now this is this question just comes out of curiosity right here and now because I'm thinking about the similarities between and the differences between the parents that are.

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Putting up ads for their for the children in the park and China and and the enormous pressure of IA matching status.

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In the Nigerian case in the US and I'm just thinking do they at all consider Other things than status?

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Like if they're a nice person or is there love going on you know aren't there any other ideals of I mean is that the only thing that is considered?

447
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Do you know, do you get this? So this is something that I explicitly asked and the qualitative interviews was I've asked people what are you looking for in a partner and they would list all these things and normally it was like I want someone who is educated and has gone to these schools or is working in this profession and this religion and

448
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they list a whole bunch of things. And normally I'd follow up with of all those things, how many of those criteria do you meet?

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And if you met someone who didn't meet those criteria, would you still be able to fall in love with them?

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And for the second generation that was very clear is yes above all I want those things because I know that it would make bringing that person so much easier when I bring them back home.

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But I do want someone who I genuinely love. But when I spoke to the parents, because I also interviewed a subset of parents.

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Parents were less. Sold on the idea of love? Mostly because their marriages were the result of introductions where when they were growing up in Nigeria, their parents, their family, introduced them to someone and said, based on these criteria we think you'll be a good match and most of their marriages tended to

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have lasted. I don't know if they're necessarily happy or fully loving what marriage is, but they were successful in their eyes and so they thought Love doesn't necessarily have to be the criteria when you're picking a partner, especially one that you think will last the test of time.

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I'll be curious to hear about the Chinese case as well because I mean at least there was a high criteria in that one.

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Yeah, so this paper we are doing is based on the population data to try to find out the pattern and the associations on the older parents subject well being.

456
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So I feel like your stories, your question is more, you want to know more about what parents are thinking when I contextualize it.

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So I would say based on the qualitative studies, like to investigate why Chinese parents are so eager trying to do meshmaking.

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The idea is really for the good of their children. So. They are studies that are trying to figure out whether parents like talk about ideal love.

459
01:29:11.000 --> 01:29:27.000
But through the quantity qualitative interviews, What is being revealed is more like they are thinking about when their children grow old, whether they have financial security, whether they have place to state, whether have enough to give to their younger generation.

460
01:29:27.000 --> 01:29:35.000
So that's why what parents are doing in the park or what the parents are thinking for their younger children.

461
01:29:35.000 --> 01:29:44.000
Is to try to prepare like a future or a marriage that this can make sure that their other children can leave.

462
01:29:44.000 --> 01:29:57.000
With quality of life. And so, getting a unit, prepare a unit for their adult children is an important thing for all the Chinese parents, especially in urban areas.

463
01:29:57.000 --> 01:30:15.000
Because the housing crisis or housing is an important issue in urban areas in China. I would also like to invite my collaborators to share if you have any questions.

464
01:30:15.000 --> 01:30:36.000
Okay. Have a plan to actually look at a motor satisfaction of the couple as a moderator.

465
01:30:36.000 --> 01:30:48.000
Their children are not well matched. So economically, but it's likely that when they see that they're, their adult children are actually happy with their partners.

466
01:30:48.000 --> 01:30:57.000
Right. And so that might actually, mitigate some of those negative feelings in the beginning. And so in a way, quantitatively hope that can reflect some of those subjective experiences.

467
01:30:57.000 --> 01:31:08.000
Because anyway, right, as neither children are happy, most likely the parents who are happy despite all those original.

468
01:31:08.000 --> 01:31:17.000
In the relationship. Thank you so much for this.

469
01:31:17.000 --> 01:31:27.000
Yeah, please. Sure. I don't have any I don't any any other Questions for now?

470
01:31:27.000 --> 01:31:37.000
Okay. Yeah, yeah, you go ahead first and then we'll come to, to you.

471
01:31:37.000 --> 01:31:46.000
Hello everyone, my name is Linksi Chan. I come from the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

472
01:31:46.000 --> 01:32:16.000
I'm a PhD student now. Professor Hamano, I think your research is really interesting but may I ask if you will include qualitative research matter in your future study because I because personally speaking I think qualitative research matters such as interview can help to get a deeper understand the standing of the interactive process between this father and their

473
01:32:21.000 --> 01:32:33.000
children and their wife. Thank you. Thank you for your question. Actually, so I got the kind of bark or kind of my respondents.

474
01:32:33.000 --> 01:32:41.000
Restorations and thements. And even kind of suddenness, through free answers. In the Tosabi.

475
01:32:41.000 --> 01:32:56.000
Yeah, they are so much kind of down knocked down by the fact that they haven't been in children for a long time and apart from that this year so I started a new research.

476
01:32:56.000 --> 01:33:23.000
And apart from that, this year, so I started a new research with a visitation support NGO about how the user of such station age service think about share the parenting and so far I finished a survey quantitative research about 75 respondents that's quite small but from this summer I'm going to have interviews with a voluntary participants and it's going to

477
01:33:23.000 --> 01:33:42.000
be about 25 or 6 participants hope free the problem is how can manage interview schedule with 26 people in coming few months but anyway so those kind of interview will be good supportive data to think about share the parenting and it's the disparity in Japan.

478
01:33:42.000 --> 01:33:52.000
Thank you very much.

479
01:33:52.000 --> 01:33:58.000
Hello, my name is Nita. I'm in Singapore. So I have a question for, the first.

480
01:33:58.000 --> 01:34:09.000
People. I'm thinking if the effects of a sorority meeting on odor parent Subjective meeting on older parent subject before being differed depending on the parents gender.

481
01:34:09.000 --> 01:34:18.000
They were being different depending on the parents gender. So for instance, the older men or older women show for instance the older men or older women show greater preference for for instance the older men or older women show a greater preference for their children to be matched a certain way.

482
01:34:18.000 --> 01:34:44.000
That's it. Order preference for their children to be matched a certain way. And so for the second of the, I know you had

483
01:34:44.000 --> 01:34:45.000
Thank you, A, Nathan. Okay. Thank you for your suggestion on parents gender.

484
01:34:45.000 --> 01:35:07.000
So for now we only focus on parents gender so for now we only focus on the gender of children but what you suggest actually has parents gender so for now we only focus on the gender of children but what's gender so for now we only focus on the gender of children but for now we only focus on the gender of children but what you suggest actually has a very rich theoretical explanation behind that

485
01:35:07.000 --> 01:35:15.000
because you suggest actually has a very rich theoretical explanation behind that because I mean assuming that we are seeing gender role plays important part in marriage life I think father, older father or older mother actually may have different professors.

486
01:35:15.000 --> 01:35:22.000
Possibly. So I think that's for our next step. Thank you.

487
01:35:22.000 --> 01:35:26.000
And thanks for your question, Nathan. So in terms of the different historical reasons why ethnicity is salient among Nigerians.

488
01:35:26.000 --> 01:35:44.000
So Nigeria is comprised of over 250 different ethnic groups and so that means that before British colonization, those groups all lived in the same region but they didn't have a unified identity as Nigerians.

489
01:35:44.000 --> 01:35:58.000
And so Nigeria gained independence in 1,960 by 1,967 they were already embroiled in a civil war along ethnic cleavages So issues of ethnic.

490
01:35:58.000 --> 01:36:05.000
Solidarity were not resolved with the colonization of and the amalgamation of all those groups into one country.

491
01:36:05.000 --> 01:36:15.000
In fact, I think in a lot of ways it was assassinated. By the the grouping of all of them as one nation.

492
01:36:15.000 --> 01:36:31.000
And so given the salience of ethnic of the the civil war and how that was spurred by ethnic cleavages and that wasn't really resolved even at the end of the war, it just kind of ended and then all those issues were swept under the rug acting as though it wouldn't rare up.

493
01:36:31.000 --> 01:36:45.000
It certainly has and it shows up in very interesting ways, like elections each 4 years whenever that happens. And in the case of Nigerian immigrants, it's shown up in endogamous preferences for parents.

494
01:36:45.000 --> 01:36:52.000
So the groups that have stronger preferences, as I briefly mentioned this, but. There are majority groups within Nigeria.

495
01:36:52.000 --> 01:37:03.000
One of the 3 largest groups are the Ibo and Yoruba. Those 2 groups tend to be the groups that migrate to the US.

496
01:37:03.000 --> 01:37:11.000
And part of that is immigration policy in the US. That tends to select migrants who are hyper selective.

497
01:37:11.000 --> 01:37:19.000
So if you have high educational attainment, you're more likely to move. And so the ones that we see leaving Nigeria tend to be the most educated and when they come to the US.

498
01:37:19.000 --> 01:37:35.000
That plays a role in it as well. And so the parents will. Have all those ethnic issues and tensions when they move and they still have those preferences or biases when they're making their choices and known to their kids.

499
01:37:35.000 --> 01:37:45.000
And I think you had a second. Point to your question that I rambled on so now. Oh, right, right.

500
01:37:45.000 --> 01:37:54.000
Thank you. So there are just because there are majority of the immigrants in the US tend to be Yorba and Evo doesn't mean that those are all-encompassing.

501
01:37:54.000 --> 01:38:10.000
So there are certain individuals who are from smaller groups and those tend to be the ones who are more flexible because it's really hard to say you must marry someone who's a robo when There are 200 of them in the entire country, right?

502
01:38:10.000 --> 01:38:16.000
And then on top of that, you're saying they have to be Christian and they have to have gone to Harvard and they have to be, right?

503
01:38:16.000 --> 01:38:22.000
It makes it really quite difficult. And so at the end of the day, it's about how do they prioritize those.

504
01:38:22.000 --> 01:38:27.000
Those preferences. Thank you.

505
01:38:27.000 --> 01:38:35.000
Any other questions?

506
01:38:35.000 --> 01:38:48.000
I have a question to, is it okay? Yeah, because so I heard a concept of carrying the masculine carrying masculine caring masculine caring masculinity in recent to carrying masculine caring masculinity in recent family studies.

507
01:38:48.000 --> 01:38:56.000
What do you think about carrying the masculine masculinity in recent family studies. What do you think about curing the masculine masculinity and its kind of conceptual efficiency in your research?

508
01:38:56.000 --> 01:39:08.000
Thank you for this question. We are now trying to discuss the carrying and hybrid and hegemonic masculinities and hybrid and hegemonic masculinities models towards the fathers.

509
01:39:08.000 --> 01:39:14.000
But what is interesting that is models towards the fathers. But what is interesting that if the generation that they are like over 50, the's models towards the fathers.

510
01:39:14.000 --> 01:39:18.000
But what is interesting that if the generation that they are like over 50, the majority of them, that if the generation that they are like over 50, the majority of them.

511
01:39:18.000 --> 01:39:29.000
So they were, when the children were born, only 50, the majority of them. So they were, when the children were born, only some of them now say that we are like engaged fathers. So they were, when the children were born, only some of them now say that we're like engaged fathers.

512
01:39:29.000 --> 01:39:30.000
So like parental leave, some of them now say that we're like engaged fathers. So like parental leave, there was nothing like that.

513
01:39:30.000 --> 01:39:37.000
So some of them shared some duties and some parental rules and now they say that it influences their feeling more or being closer to children.

514
01:39:37.000 --> 01:39:43.000
So there were some fathers that said, yes, what I see from this perspective is I was not present in my while my children were small.

515
01:39:43.000 --> 01:40:01.000
So I only see the time is passing and I regret that you cannot turn it back. So for example I was not involved I was not taking them for holidays so it's like lost.

516
01:40:01.000 --> 01:40:08.000
And those who already, even if they didn't call themselves caring or engaged because it was not like let's call it in discussion in media etc.

517
01:40:08.000 --> 01:40:33.000
Like now young fathers can choose between different patterns that are visible in mass culture. So they say that yes, we for years we constructed such a good relations that now they moved out but I can turn into the other walls so for example I can visit them without my wife or a female partner because I know I have the relation that is like

518
01:40:33.000 --> 01:40:59.000
father child relation and it was like constructed during a lot of years that has passed so for sure those who were involved yes they feel the house is empty so they pass through the Be of sadness or emptiness in a way, but of course the distance they play role of course of mobility of young adults but they still stay in context to those

519
01:40:59.000 --> 01:41:13.000
who were involved and the context doesn't have to be transmitted by the mother and in like more traditional relation it is that the parents are a couple that mothers transmit in a way the context.

520
01:41:13.000 --> 01:41:25.000
So some of them even during interviews said that now they feel this kind of regret. To what cannot be given back as the engaged father could, that now they see that maybe their sons will participate in.

521
01:41:25.000 --> 01:41:28.000
Thank you for the question.

522
01:41:28.000 --> 01:41:48.000
And just to add what you just shared, I initially I had a question about whether these fathers on previous accumulated level of engagement in their children's life make a difference in how they cope with the empty nest.

523
01:41:48.000 --> 01:42:00.000
But I think you already kind of answered my question and it seems there's a generational shift in terms of the level of father's involvement in children's life in Poland, right?

524
01:42:00.000 --> 01:42:18.000
Yes, but also what is interesting, I think that a lot of them feel that the breadwinner role that is still felt when you do the studies among even young men that they feel that they should participate at and contribute to the family even if the female partner or wife is contributing.

525
01:42:18.000 --> 01:42:32.000
It is that they feel that if the children are doing well, that was in a lot of cases that these couples also were recruited to the study because they wanted to share this story is that they feel now we are done.

526
01:42:32.000 --> 01:42:43.000
So yes, I was the breadwinner and even if because of it I was less engaged to children because for example I was doing a double shift to like earn the money in many cases.

527
01:42:43.000 --> 01:43:00.000
Yes I know now that I do not have to contribute financially to the family so I can rest but in a way even it was like not maybe that present as the mother was but we still have the relation that I felt that I was like contributing to the family.

528
01:43:00.000 --> 01:43:12.000
So there is the complexity but yes if they were more engaged the relations of course are like longing and more easy to be managed.

529
01:43:12.000 --> 01:43:18.000
Any further questions?

530
01:43:18.000 --> 01:43:48.000
Huh. Yes, yeah, we have time. Well, it's I think this is more of a comment really but I think Marga and The Kashmir, underlines or underscores something important here is that the life course perspective is necessary to understand all these entanglements and emotions and caring and everything and

531
01:43:49.000 --> 01:43:55.000
choice you know What do we know about this?

532
01:43:55.000 --> 01:44:17.000
What do you call embedded marriages or arranged marriages or I don't know what to call them but you know there are somehow arranged the Polish fathers We're married into a time where divorce was probably not even an option.

533
01:44:17.000 --> 01:44:25.000
While Your your fathers are not you know

534
01:44:25.000 --> 01:44:35.000
They're not in a position to make these connections. That will make them caring fathers in the future.

535
01:44:35.000 --> 01:44:49.000
So you know just the the laws and the entanglements of norms and you know possibilities for actually performing as caring fathers is is embedded in that life course perspective.

536
01:44:49.000 --> 01:45:01.000
We need to know how each generation. Sort of develop. So they're all really interesting in each and one, and I think they We need more to get a total knowledge of this.

537
01:45:01.000 --> 01:45:09.000
But thank you again.

538
01:45:09.000 --> 01:45:21.000
Yes, I think maybe in Poland the verse was an option because we have the like single mothers also that are in the study and also single fathers that are now in emptiness stage.

539
01:45:21.000 --> 01:45:31.000
But for sure there are other norms that change and the norm of being like involved, fathers for sure, is changing and during this 30 years for example has changed.

540
01:45:31.000 --> 01:45:42.000
Also I think they in relation to your presentations which were really really really nice also the expectation towards children has changed.

541
01:45:42.000 --> 01:45:54.000
So they do not expect that quickly to become grandparents. So they know that maybe what was lost that they didn't participate in their children's lives.

542
01:45:54.000 --> 01:45:59.000
Now they have to wait longer or maybe sometimes some sons and daughters won't have children because this is the demographical change that is happening in Poland.

543
01:45:59.000 --> 01:46:13.000
Right now. So they do have different expectations. For example, they do not expect that quickly that young adults will marry.

544
01:46:13.000 --> 01:46:34.000
So even if they say yes, we got married very quickly because there was 1 46 with like adult children so they married like 2122 but now they have like 2528 32 years old children and they know that maybe they cohabitate and this is like in all the classes and also known urban and river settings.

545
01:46:34.000 --> 01:46:54.000
It was like the kind of, OK, we know the life has changed and now they cohabitate and they do not marry and now we know maybe as we we won't have grandchildren or not every child will give us grandchildren so it also creates on them kind of reflecting how can I now in the stage of like the

546
01:46:54.000 --> 01:47:07.000
father in emptiness may be involved with the relations because I have more time, I have more money maybe so maybe I can even do something I haven't done because I was like working a lot.

547
01:47:07.000 --> 01:47:18.000
So yes, I think the yes life course perspective here is really, really important. Patreon, you have a question?

548
01:47:18.000 --> 01:47:27.000
So I just want to take a last minute as a station organizer. I want to thank everyone like to be here to contribute through this session.

549
01:47:27.000 --> 01:47:38.000
So just like why you reflect just now, actually this session is based on the idea of linked lives. And we want to add in inter-generational relationship and trying to find whether it's upward that children affect older parents or other parents affect younger children.

550
01:47:38.000 --> 01:47:54.000
So I want to include the spectrums of The positivity is a different intergenerational relationships, marriage, divorce, emptiness.

551
01:47:54.000 --> 01:48:00.000
This all part of the lick likes perspectives. And this is part of our CO 6 family research.

552
01:48:00.000 --> 01:48:08.000
That's why we also want to focus on that family context. And I think all the authors here did a great job in sharing your research.

553
01:48:08.000 --> 01:48:19.000
I want to thank you all for being here. Thank you.

554
01:48:19.000 --> 01:48:31.000
Oh, okay. Okay, thank you so much for your attendance and time. And that concludes this session.

555
01:48:31.000 --> 01:48:33.000
Thank you.