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Okay, so, I'll behave on anyone gathered. I pay, respect to the spirit of country here in N where we are meeting.

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I acknowledge the past and the present of cooling nation. Pulu, as the 7 people here, the culture and acknowledge, the culture.

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Okay. I think that's okay. Okay.

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Maybe should continue. I don't know.

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Oh, so I need to. Invaded again or

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You can continue, I think.

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Yeah, the cultural knowledge holder who maintain and promote the NARRAM, a broadenant law.

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Awesome and Custodian shape responsibilities for country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future for all of us.

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I recognize to sustain generation after generation into the future for all of us. I recognize the important contribution after generation into the future for all of us.

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I recognize the important contribution that First Nation thinker have made to sociology including challenges to our dominant contribution that First Nation thinker have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking about First Nation thinker have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all First Nation thinker have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking.

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We thank all First Nations, delegates in the room today for their contributions to knowledge in the discipline.

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If he thinks of that one. And so I'm going to stop screen sharing here on site and if I could invite the first presenter to start screen sharing.

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Thank you.

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Can you see that?

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Yeah.

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Yeah, we can see very well.

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Yep.

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It's all black. On my side.

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For you.

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You can. You can see it.

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Yeah, we can see the PowerPoint.

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Yes, we can say we just your cameras off.

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Okay.

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Just one seconds.

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Oh.

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Okay. Is that?

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Yes, when you are ready, thank you.

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Thank you. So good morning or good evening and good afternoon. Depending on where you are located.

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So my name is Cynthia. I'm a PhD in Geography and Planning at the University of Paris, One Penton Sultan.

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Before starting my presentation, I would like to thank the organizers of this session for giving me the opportunity to take part to this thought programming conference.

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So my presentation titled Building Well through a stratify and high-hand inclusion the new social ladder of internal migrants in Europe and China the case of Jihad.

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We'll do the function is internal migrants European integration into high at Perfectual level CD in Guangdong province in southern China.

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So, my talks, talks stems from my PhD thesis I defended last year at Paris One University.

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And which I carried out in the framework of the new China Median project named Pathways for Sustainable Year and Development in China's meeting size.

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Standing at the crossroads of during geography and political sociology, my thesis investigate the residential hankering thesis investigate the residential hankering of the Chinese internal migrants.

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Are you going to cut you off Cynthia? Would you be able to load your screen in presentation mode?

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It's just a little bit small for the room to view.

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I don't know how to do that.

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There should be a button on your screen that will say sharing presentation mode.

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Yeah, you can see it better.

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Yes, that's much better. Thank you so much. Continue.

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Yes, better than.

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I cannot use so well soon after 2 years. So, my pieces investigate the residential hankering of the Chinese internal migrants as part of the European integration process.

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Most of my work as revolver revolved around both formal and informal modalities of European residential integration processes.

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Insisting simultaneously on top-down as well as on bottom-up narratives and on the meso level between them.

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So for today, for the sake of today's presentation, I will mainly focus on top down narratives displaying out the role played by internal migrants in urban development has been changing in the last decade, drawing on 2 examples.

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On the one hand, I amized the most recent treatments of the household registration system, namely the who call system and on the other hand I develop on migrants access to new social housing.

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In China, the transition from a planned economy to a market economy which started in a planned economy to a market economy which started in 1,978.

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Take the wait for unprecedented special mobility within the country with the rate of urbanisation going from around 19% in 1,980 to only 60 65% today.

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However, the share of the European population officially recorded is of around 45%. This discrepancy is largely due to the who call as the main defining criteria.

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To characterize and dragon internal migrants. For the sake of clarity, the whole call can be compared to an internal passport that relates all this all the social benefits an individual is entitled to to its place of origin.

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So based on the transfer of these documents, 2 sub-categories are officially distinguished.

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The official internal migrants change and call those who transfer their their who call registration from the place of origin to the destination city and get access to local benefits.

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And the floating population. The order run code that designates individual moving temporary within China's national borders without moving their Hong Kong to the city of arrival.

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Today's presentation will focus on the floating population who has been growing from 6.6 million people in 1,982 to 376 million people in 2,020.

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Throughout this presentation, I will use interchangeably the expression internal migrants and floating population.

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A very extensive literature as being devoted to the internal migrants integration or exclusion in Chinese cities. However, most of these research a study internal migrants as a homogeneous social economic category on the basis of their HOOCO status.

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Therefore, internal migrants are believed to be in competition exclusively with local HOOCO holders.

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Because of this dualistic approach, internal migrants inclusion in urban areas is studied and conceived as a uniform process that treat all migrants deprived of the Hu-kol of the city to which they migrated in the same way.

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Far more top-down inclusion narratives, namely the institutional inclusion process, are rarely studied in combination with bottom pathways of urban integration.

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So in order to overcome these shortcomings of previous research and apprehending the way in which the role of internal migrants has been changing in the last decade.

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My presentation aims to reveal the mechanism of categorization and social certification to which migrant population have been subjected.

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In an unprecedented way. Over the last decade or so. So my research is centered upon the understanding that internal migrants are a diversified social group in competition with each other.

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Internal migrants categorization mounted from above give price to different levels and degree of urban inclusion mode that pushed me to slide from the right to the CT approach to the living in the CD approach in order to consider internal migration urban inclusion as an integrated process that embraces both top-down and bottom-up inclusion

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patterns. So my theoretical approach, draws on a threefold notion of informality.

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Haming had emphasizing the link between migrants formal and informal presence within Cdis. And that demonstrating how urban informality is a product of a state-led categorization process as well as a tool to produce general but and even benefits for individuals according to the role to their role to urban growth.

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So while until the beginning of 2,000 the Chinese floating population as exclusively being treated by urban administrators.

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As an unbearable garden for Cdis. A major shift in internal migrants policies occurred in the beginning of 2,000.

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Ever since number of reforms have been introduced to is the delivery of urban who call to internal migrants.

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In the aftermath of the 2,008 global financial crisis, migrants started to be perceived as potential candidates for an expanded Chinese middle class in order to support the transition for from an expert led growth model to one powered by realistic consumption.

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The socioeconomic shift has been formalized yet the first urbanization plan of China into 2,014.

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This new innovation based urbanization model is conceived to be people oriented, inclusive with regards to migrant and qualitative.

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It called for a readjustment between the land-based organization and the demographic urbanization meaning to strictly control the production of built up Paris.

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For example, depending on while improving the mechanism to integrate migrants in urban areas of less than 10 million people.

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So in other words, the call for a new type urbanization image balancing economic development with a commitment to social inclusion and urban integration.

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In the rest of my presentation, I will show how these objectives are pursued by taking through high a fast growing prefecture-level city located on the west side of the Per River Delta as a case study.

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Despite its smaller population size, according to Chinese standards, the to high strategic job geographical location, its status of special economic zones is the eighties it's I leading standard and its new developmental aspiration is the key city in innovation have been key reason to attract internal migrants is the Haiti.

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So during my stage you had for floating population was at at 608,000 people accounting for one third of the CD total, accounting for one third of the CD total population.

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Of however, the 2,020 census people accounting for one third of the CD total population of however the 2,020 census revealed the significant growth in maternal migrants which reached 1.2 million people or half of the city total population in 2,020.

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So that's an astonishing development considering that Juhai has been struck to be inclusive with regards to migrants.

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So my research is based on a 2, 2 here field work carried out in too high between 2,016 and 2,018.

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The methodology relies on participant participant observation, ethnographic field work, semi structured interviews and public policy analysis.

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I conduct in depth and semi structure interviews with more than 150 people, including migrants, local official, parasetal organization, public developers, and local landlords.

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So I will now move on the second part of my presentation showing the way in which the point based HOOCO system and the second part of my presentation showing the way in which the point of my presentation showing the way in which the point based HOOKO system and this social housing provision system in Jihad are a clear manifestation of a

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greater but deeply stratified integration strategy. I will first focus on the most recent 3 form of the Hooton, namely the point based HOOKO system, Chief and Rouhou.

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Juhai was one of the first city to adapt the point based HOOKO system in 2,011.

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The new strategy leans on a fixed quota and only 3 level indicators that allow to collect a number of points.

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Whose minimum, minimum score, sorry, is set locally. First level indicator correspond to general qualification migrants must demonstrate in order to take part in the selection process such as age that is about labor contract status participation in Social Security etc.

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Second level indicators are related to their education and professional skills qualification and the words. Third level indicators that consisting bonus point can be heard according to one's own economic status, participation to social and voluntary service and abidance of provincial family planning regulation.

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In 2,016 based on a floating population of around 510,000 people too high's quota of available who call for migrants was set to 3,200 even though the minimum score set to participate in the program was of 80 points the lowest score for that year was 125 points showing a high degree

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of competitiveness among migrants. That here among the 3,200 accepted applicants, 90% ranged in age from 18 to 39 year old.

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Almost 70% did at least a union college degree and 30% were senior technician. Those figure explain the way in which the new point based policy hand picks the youngest, the best educated and the most more qualified migrants.

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Those who constitute a valuable resource for an high tech and high-hand local development. Apparently more inclusive the points quota system clearly contributes to deeply stratified internal migrants while generating a highly competitive environment between them.

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The same logic of, a greater but more stratified and fragmented access to urban services can be observed when analyzing social passing provision system.

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The study of this addressing regime enforcing jihad alights the social housing supply has since 2,014 open up to a certain portion of the floating population previously completely excluded from benefiting from it.

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Since then, high qualified offsite personal ETO program that designates those who have been under contract for at least one year who lack a local who, from a professional school as well as one of the certificate of assessment of the qualified talent, they can get access to different type of work unit storage.

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However, most of the social housing supply for migrants target talents. The term talents of Confucian origin reappeared in the political arena in the early 2,000 to refer to highly qualified contractual personal who had arrived in the city without changing their original HOOKO, who contributed to the local social security scheme and who had a

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high hand academic and professional profile. In official documents in speech, the word talent is often accompanied by laudatory epidets such as exceptional high-level performance, Ihand talents, etc.

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And as has Mr. John from the Department of Social Housing in Juhai, particularly we are talking about the quintessence of talent.

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All talented migrants are entitled to housing support and can benefit from rental oriented talent apartment or in.

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And far more in too high and a bunch of other cities since 2,015 exceptional talents have also been the target group.

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Even though the social housing provision system has been improved. Becoming more inclusive, the access to social housing is very competitive and confined to the most high skilled and highly educated migrants.

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Both the points based who call policy and the social housing supply system for internal migrants suggests the emergence of a new social ladder of internal migrants in urban areas.

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On top of which stand new human migrants, those that after proving to be talented or highly qualified can become new citizens getting the local hook hole and sliding into the new urban middle class.

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These migrants are often called both by Yoto, which is the high hand population. Those who do not meet the required criteria of excellence continue to find themselves toward the bottom of the ladder being designated in some official document as well as in press article with the expression of low hand population because they can be employed in the informal industrial

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sector, also known as the low hand sector Titon Tangier. However, while local authorities implement exclusion policies for those population, describing the low hand sector as having had nothing to do with local state and authorities.

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You're been development does not only need high qualified migrants. As the Chinese narratives on high handy development is making everybody believe.

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Urban growth still needs to lean on other groups of flexible internal migrants working in construction, factories and services.

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Many examples from my field field work prove these assumption. Migrants such as Mr. Ferk who contributed for example for the construction of this social housing complex in July will never never be able to benefit from these type of housing.

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Although Mr. Ho has been living in too high for more than 20 years and has contributed, contributed to Juha's development for here.

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For his his status, his level of education is economic and social capital do not allow him to benefit from any real European integration policy.

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That's why he preferred like many other migrants in urban areas. Areas to never register with the local administration and to find an accommodation in the private rental market in the cities European villages.

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This rural urban every settlement in which in formal form of ownership have been emerging represents a guarantee of European integration for main internal migrants.

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Where relieving the Chinese state of its role of provider of essential goods. In conclusion, first, first by exploring the point based who co system and the social housing supply regime, I could show the way to Chinese local government switch to a greater but stratified inclusion of internal migrants.

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Proving the internal migrants integration in urban area is not an homogeneous process. Second, our research in Juhai has proven that by deconstructing internal migrants in a array of legitimate and legitimate categories.

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The local state and picks talents and highly skilled migrants. As valuable resource for any innovative high hand development.

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Keeps leaning on the land based urbanization regime by producing social housing for these talented migrants. While deliberately maintaining grace areas for informal settlement of unregistered migrants.

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He's great grace area helps mitigate the worsening housing access problem in cities like Juhai while securing social stability.

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But at the same time, these stratified modes of urban integration increase the social special differentiation and segmentation of urban space.

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Thank you for your attention.

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Thank you.

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So maybe I'm gonna.

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Yeah, I thank you for. Thank you for this very interesting, presentation. Well, I think, I hope we will have enough time for.

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Everyone. So, probably we will just, go on. It's probably better and to have a discussion session at the end.

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Is that okay for you?

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Perfect. Yeah, yeah, it's perfect.

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Yes.

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Okay, so now we will, invite our second speaker, June, I'm not sure if I pronounce right.

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I suppose the

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John, how is it? Are you here?

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Are you?

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Just trying to show first line.

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Okay, great. Thank you.

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Hello everyone.

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15 min, okay.

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In and excuse me I will just to remind since like we for everyone we will have about 15 min so we'll try to respect time for everyone to have the time to talk and to discuss at the end.

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Okay.

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Okay, let's try. Okay, hello, I'm Tawa. I am representing, I'm from Southern University in South Korea.

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So today I would like to present my research on gender gap in meritocratic belief, examining South Korea's 2,020 s presidential election.

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Okay.

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So let's have a brief overview of Korean political landscape. Unfortunately in Korea, presidential election have traditionally been dominated by 2 major parties always the Democratic Party and the Conservative Party.

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This may resemble the political dynamics observed in American politics. So the previous presidential election in Korea often referred as to as the election of persona known Greta was marked by controversies surrounding the candidates.

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Lee, the blue one from the Democratic Party was a leading progressive politician but faced criticism for defending D.

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Bioli, domestic violation. Nephews and you from the conservative party he had his whole career as a prosecutor but faced personal issues around his family.

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Surprisingly, you only emerged as a narrow winner. Resulting in the smallest margin of victory in the history of Korean presidential election.

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And because of this.

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The exit poll revealed on even more astonishing finding among young people in their twentys and thirtys voting preferences differed based on gender So this was widely perceived as the evidence of a political cleavage among our youth related to gender.

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However, it begs the question of whether we can categorize it as a gender gap and understand the underlying reasons for this result.

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So what is a substance of political gender gap among young people? That is my research question.

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Okay. According to one of the canonical theories of voting behavior, the social cleavage theory from the Colombian school.

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The key determinants of voting in Korea have traditionally been region ideology and generation from its division history of division.

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So gender was not a main voting determinant in South Korea. And also you are a family with Ingle Heart maybe.

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The Ingle Heart and Norris the gender gap as a voting determinant is divided into 2 categories traditional one and modern gender gap So while women were traditionally more conservative in Foreign development nations almost water turnout has increased compared to men and they tend to vote for vote more for progressive candidates.

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However, in the case of Korea, the data used in a studies produced varying results. From this kind of I will briefly explain the context of South Korea.

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So returning to the recent context in Korea, there are serious controversies surrounding young voters. So as feminism gained momentum in Korea around 2,016 it was met with a backlash of course so due to the low support among young men for the government who declined to be of feminist president.

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A phenomenon referred to as Edenham meaning men in their twentys in Korea. Issues around surrounding feminism in an attempt to appeal to angry young men.

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These tendencies led Yun, the conservative candidate to pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, making anti-feminist promises to attract young men.

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And Lee from the Democratic Party also sought to win over young men but as Yun's anti-feminist rhetoric escalated.

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The shifted to his focus to young men, young women. I'm sorry. So given this context, we sent studies in Korea have examined the political preferences of young people.

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Raising several questions like this.

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In my opinion, these studies overlook an essential aspect the changing context of the gender conflict.

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Or recent history of gender conflict in South Korea is was in brief the core of gender complete before the feminism we in Korea was that man and woman cannot be for.

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But around the 2,015 or 2,016 the core has changed to men and women are equal and there is no more gender discrimination.

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So reverse that discrimination towards men back leisure against gender equality cause gender conflict was the core of the gender conflict.

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Then the gender conflict now stems from the perception gap regarding on any quarter society fairness and discrimination.

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So in case of United Kingdom analyzing the Brexit referendum in UK for example, gender itself did not have a direct effect on voting leave, but instead the perception of discrimination against men increase the likelihood of holding leave.

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Consequently, talk discourse surrounding gender issues can differ based on gender. For young women, It revolves around misogyny and sexual crime and to young men.

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It concerns about fairness.

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So as young people in Korea face economy recession and and unemployment crisis, married democracy has become a social mechanism that operates on the principle of fairness in Korea.

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For some young men, gender quota systems are seen as an unfair system that violates democratic principles. Conversely, for some young one, meritocracy is viewed as a means to overcome gender inequality in the labor market.

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So this is my hypothesis. A young man voted for conservative candidates not only due to the backlash against feminism but whether because they desire to restore a meritocratic society.

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So they perceive the society is only equal when policies that favor women and unfair policies are discarded.

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So I argue it. That it is the essence of the gender gap observing the last presidential election.

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Oh, I utilized panel survey data, quality before and after the election. So I and I conducted logistic regression analysis to examine The factories influencing voting for either Yun and or Lee.

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Total sample size was 1,000 in a hundred 800 but the final respondent was 600.

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Before contacting Dr. Roger's state regression, I compared gender and age groups regarding their perception.

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As Joan for here.

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Only about meritocratic belief and perception of inequality. There had been statistical significance just among the age 20 to 39.

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Older ages there was there's show no any significance

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And this is the result of the logistic regression on determinants of candidate support.

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So I conducted motor one to motor 7. Votage for Y was assigned a value of one and the for Lee is 0.

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In Motor One, gender and age.

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Were significant in all in crediting for a vote for you. So the probability of voting for you in union union decreased for young women compared to a reference group young man.

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And from border 2 to motor 6.

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I gradually introduced each model with perceptions for specific issues. So in Model Street, a higher belief in motor curacy increased the odds ratio for of voting for you.

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And in model 3. Perceptions of inipoly also showed significance. When 2 dependent variables were included in the Model 4, Medal accuracy and perception of inequality.

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All variables remain statistically significant. However, in model I introduces perception on foreign affairs and security which followed theory of Columbia's pool.

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In age group or age group of 40 to 55 women the significance disappeared. And in Model 6 when the issue of gender discrimination was in introduced, we no longer found I was statistically significant difference between young men and young women.

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And finally in the full model, both gender and age variables lost their significance.

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This is control variables and I will skip this one. So therefore we can conclude that the Gendar Gabin, meritocratic belief and perception of inequality.

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Influenced voting preferences in the twentieth presidential election, representing the substance of the political gender gap among the young generation.

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So in conclusion, I argue that a strong belief in meritocracy and insensitivity to inequality and strong consent to male discrimination reflect young men's sense of aggrieved entitlement.

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Which significantly influenced their choice of gender-based presidential candidates. While gender may represent a new axis of political cleavage.

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Among young people, it is important to note that dividing young people into single gender-based political tribes is overly simply simplistic.

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But there is also have limitation in my research. So for my future research, I aim to explore why there is a gender gap between young people by gender.

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So and why there are some perception gap in perception of inequality. Thank you for your attention. Thank you.

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Thank you for this. Refreshing, presentation. It's very interesting. It's very interesting, especially for me, like from China.

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Interesting to compare a bit with. South Korea. So, we will directly, invite, as now to present

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Yes. Yes, may I share my slides from here from

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Yes, you may.

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Okay, thank you.

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Can you see it well?

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I just hit screen sharing down the bottom.

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Do you see the slides?

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Not yet.

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No.

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Not yet.

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No.

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No.

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Now.

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Yes. That's perfect.

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Yes.

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Yeah, it's working out.

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Okay.

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Perfect when you're ready and just if you could switch to presentation mode

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Yes.

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Yes, perfect. Thank you.

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Now. Okay, thank you very much. Well, good morning for you. Good evening for me.

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The title of my presentation is self-centering process. Meritocratic conceptions and political identity in working class in Argentina in the 20 first century.

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No doubt the current the fashion of meritocracy is instrumental to justify the growing class inequality. Adverse living conditions experienced by working class in our societies.

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How, our exploratory and comparative research in different groups of workers with sacrifice and secular custom visions.

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Carried out from 2010 to 2015. Shows that the incidence of meritocracy in workers political behavior.

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Needs a multi-dimensional analysis. Okay. It's linked to a more complex process. That involves epistemic Ideological and moral dimensions.

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Based on our data, we formulate this following hypotheses.

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We should focus. On the pre-existing epistemic and a and moral identity on which this type of conception necessarily operates.

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We have found that meritocracy impacts

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And only if It's suits the individuals, available logical and moral schemas. Used to describe Explain and judge the social facts.

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That affect living conditions. Without them, a meritocratic discuss doesn't impact. Mediterranean.

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Only contributes to rainforcing what jumpia sheds genetic epistemology names as self centered identities.

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In self center identities A retributive conception of justice prevails. The individual is made the only unexclusive responsible for the situation and circumstances personally experienced.

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Neither social restrictions to the individuals action and decisions are recognized. Nor intra-class and inter-class relationships are observed.

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In other words, in self-centered identities. Social inequality is not observed.

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Our research data could help to understand for example The vote for Mauritio Macri's as president in 2,015 election especially the support by great part of the working class.

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For his regressive and undemocratic political project.

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Macri's government consolidates a new period of neoliberal policies. Interrupting the pro-worker redistributive trend in past by the previous kitcheners administration.

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With industrial policies. And the favor of internal market.

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International and national data sources showed important reduction of workers wages during Macri's administration. According to the increasing of poverty, unemployment.

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Inflation National External Left and capital flight.

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In our opinion, this data shows a paradox.

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How big the decision a great part of working class in 2015. Not to vote the political force that has objectively promoted an improvement in their social living conditions.

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And instead support That hour, that other one that represented the interests of the privileged classes.

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The paradox ceases to be such when the analysis is not restricted to the evolution of the material conditions.

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And we incorporate the incidence of a set of equally relevant dimensions. Dose of knowledge. Morality and emotional identity.

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We think that it's not possibly to firmly understand political processes. Without introducing the symbolic production.

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From our perspective. These contradictions shows the difference between the action carried in practice And the level of knowledge of its causes and implications.

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This discord dance a traditional plus consciousness problem. Or in terms of a problem of construction of knowledge about social order.

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Shows that we need to research the factors that promote or on the contrary. Inhibiting working class the knowledge of the mint for through which their social situation.

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Is affected.

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That's why we study in different groups of workers. So social and psych genetic factors. That set up the diversity of logics.

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And M moral judgements implied in descriptions. Explanations and evaluations of the facts that affect the own social living conditions.

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We have found valuable clues to understand some of the preconditions of the electoral success of Macri Even though his political project affected the tension of rights achieved by working class in the previous decade.

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We have identified some of the factors that provide part of the model justification. And acceptance of its policies.

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Despite they let worsen workers social situation.

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In our field work, we made the following questions to collect moral judgments.

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In general, are you satisfied with your life situation? Do you believe your life situation is deserved? Why do you consider it deserved or not deserved?

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Almost. 3. Third of respondents. Say that they are satisfied.

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And judge the own situation as deserved.

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But what's the meaning of this served or not deserved? Which have the criteria of just this implied?

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With found that the Mor diversity is linked to the type of identity made responsible. For the own situation.

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I'll show you a graphic.

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We have found 3 principal stages in the development of a conception of social justice. The first stage prevails.

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It expressed a retributive and meritocratic conception of justice of individual responsibility. Welfare or misfortune in life.

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Access as an imminent expression of reward or punishment. To the good or bad personal behavior. To the individual marriage and false.

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Independently of social restrictions. The typical action assumes an instrumental nature. In a proportional exchange of equivalence, the virtual behavior is a moralon condition to have something good in return.

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And a wrong behaviour to obtain something bad. It can also be linked to a divine justice that rewards individual merits.

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Or punish it's fault. Sooner or later.

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This conception of justice in place. An image of society that can be divided into fragmentary units and actions.

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And to each other. The social relations between action as well as the social dimensions of behavior are not observed.

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However, one third of the workers interviewed. Are in the second and third stage. In both stages. The meritocratic conception is questioned.

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In the second stage, people remark the lack of equivalence between good behavior and the quantity or quality of retribution.

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The adversity of the own situation itself. Is conceived as an undeserved punishment. As it doesn't agree with the personal effort made.

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This conception.

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Sorry.

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In the, only in the third stage. Sorry. People make social factors responsible for the personal restrictions and lacks in every day life.

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But in this group, the social order If you describe and explain differently. Depending on the degree of knowledge involved.

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The majority. Express a primary representation. Presenting the society as a total rarefied entity. Face with individual.

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The economy, the politicians, the government, etc.

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On the contrary, in very few cases. And more complex representation of society is empirically found.

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Relations are not restricted to Interpersonal relations. But rather relations between actions of social groups. These groups can be potentially or effectively conceptualized as social classes.

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Then new fax observed. Hello to evaluate the own situation within the framework of restrictions imposed on individual action by the membership class.

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And the membership class thought As limited by the actions and practices of the other social classes. The recognition of this new fax is And this necessary precondition for the development of a distributive conception of social justice.

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Tending towards equity.

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A moral conception of equity. Is the most complex stage in the development of knowledge about society. Configure with Intergroupal and transgroupal relations.

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This stage is these 3 stages. Don't all express qualitatively bled diverse notion, but also they are different evolutionary faces.

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Of a conception of social justice. And the representation of social order. They progress from a primary meritocratic retributive notion of justice.

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Towards a complex distributive notion. In strict correspondence with evolution of a self centred representation towards a dissenter representation of social order.

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In.

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We could infer that great part of working class voted for Mauricio Macri in my country in 2015.

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Because of the self-centering epistemic process. They attributed the improvement objectively experienced during the previous Kirsten's governments.

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Exclusively to their individual effort and responsibility. If they had conceived it as the logical consequence of social facts of the social redistributed policies promoted by these governments.

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They would have supported the political force. In the presidential election. But most of them didn't.

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Come questions. First one. A meritocratic moral. Is effective.

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Only in certain types of pre-existing identities in self-centered identities. Second. Self-sartered self-sarteredness involved in the primary forms.

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Of knowledge and moral judgment about social facts. Affects the political support of considerable groups of workers to regressive and equal and non democratic projects.

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By fixing them on primary conceptions of social justice. And the ignorance of the social order of which they necessarily form part.

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The comparative and confrontational interrelation into class and between social classes is not observed in the description, explanation and evaluation of the situation experienced personally and in the family history.

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Third, the process of this entering assumes a relevant role in the development of a conception of social equity.

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Necessary to change the political behavior.

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The conception of social equity. It's more only in a dissenter practice. Based on equal social ties of reciprocity and autonomous cooperation.

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A social-cultural older that favors the predominance of asymmetric and hierarchical social relations interpersonal intergroups.

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Into classes affects and highers its construction. Thank you very much.

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Thank you.

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Excellent for this. Interesting presentation. I just noticed we travel from one discipline to another and every.

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Yes.

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Presentation at last to different disciplines. So I'm pretty curious about the last one and we are waiting for a credit to present your research.

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Okay, thank you very much.

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If you could just end screen sharing, please.

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Yes.

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And Good morning. My name is Kayakadovska. I work at the Eulanian University in Krakow.

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In Poland. Let me set my alarm clock not to exceed the time. And my today's presentation is concentrated on practices for starting public service positions in Poland.

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My thesis is that nowadays we observe resurgence of a new nomenclature system, the system that we know from the previous comingist times.

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No how to change the

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Here. Okay. So my research aims were to examine the actual practices for studying public positions in Poland after the systemic transformation of 1,989 because this this is the year when the communist system in Poland and in our region collapsed and in fact Poland was the first country in

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which the changes occurred after the protests long-dotes of solidarity movement that I will address later on.

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So in times of real socialism like many of you may know in the countries of Eastern Bloc, not only in Poland, but all the countries that were dominated by Soviet Union, the system for filling key positions in administration in the economy, in very many other realms of social life was based on the recommendation of the Communist

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Party, not on meritocratic criteria, but the recommendations. So it resulted in an meritocratic and extra legal monopolizations of the public sector in our countries.

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And one of the foundations of the new democratic state was to become the principle of filling public positions on the basis of meritocratic criteria.

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There is something wrong with that.

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Hold on. Maybe this way. So my presentation is based on the results of research that I gave it out for over 10 years I analyze source materials like reports of supreme chamber of controlling Poland reports of the head of civil service and many other reports created by different bodies of the state and by independent institutions.

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I also analyzed press content of daily newspapers and weeklies in Poland and I carried out me and my students, my research group, interviews with politicians with representatives of state-owned companies.

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With civil servants and so on and it was all together almost 300 in-depth semi-structured institutes.

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So my thesis is that after 30 years of liberal democracy there has been in fact restoration of the patterns of starting public positions used in the period of real socialism.

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The term Norman Clatura was first coined by Milwaukee. It was a Yugoslav communist dissident.

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And he argued that, Yeah, coming is in Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was not egalitarian that it established a new class of privileged party bureaucracy who enjoyed material benefits party bureaucracy who enjoyed material benefits party bureaucracy who enjoyed material benefits from their positions.

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And the very term Nomenclatura was introduced to social science by Mi Hayu Wozniaki, he was Russian dissident.

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And this is a category of people nomenclature within the Soviet Union and other countries of Eastern Bloc who had values key positions in administration in bureaucracy and they were finding all the spheres of our country's activity not only government but industrial legislative judiciary economy education culture and so on And in Poland after the

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second World War after 1,945 our system was modeled on the system of Soviet Union on the study this period of Soviet Union so the ideological assumption was the leading role of the partyological assumption was the leading role of the party in society was the leading role of the party in society and the state. No.

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And after, 1,989. And we had run table sessions and it paved the way to a free and democratic Poland and it paved the way to a free and democratic Poland and it led to a free and democratic Poland and it led to the way to a free and democratic Poland and it led to the final abolition of

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communism and the core idea of the new democratic system was the selection to any public position based on meritocratic criteria.

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And we even have those principles in our Constitution. So my area of analysis and there are 3 in fact government administrations to be service, economy, public sector and also judiciary system.

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The first system is civil sepis. This is government administration and in the constitution of Poland of 1,997 it is written that the idea underlying establishing of civil service is that servants carry out state policies in a professional competent objective and politically impartial manner.

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The reality however was quite different from the very beginning because each political party tried to introduce their own alleys into into administration into government administration and civil service.

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However, we had 4 consecutive civil service act, Acts, Data, Regulated. The principles on which those So supreme positions in civil service should be filled and it was a competition.

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The the main point was that the persons who hold this high positions of directors, generals, or ministries, of directors of departments and so on in ministries in central offices of the state in regional offices that those people were.

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Merry talk. They had, the idea was that they have certain experience that they are best in their field.

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However, when the now ruling party in Poland, this is a conservative party, law and justice. So they first came to power in 2,005 and the very first thing that they introduced was abolition of this criteria and they introduced instead an appointment.

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As as a way of feeling the supreme positions in civil service, which means that such a person is not a single servant.

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And the this person, once can one day can get disposition and the other day when he or she does not fulfill.

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The request of the political patron, they will just get rid of such person. There are no long-term work guarantees.

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So this introduces some kind of risk for those persons and they are not independent anymore. So this is quite quite tricky.

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When they learned justice lost in elections and there was a civic platform and party again in power. They reintroduce those new criteria based on on meritocratic issues.

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However, when law and justice gained power again in 2,015 and they are still in power for the second term.

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And again, their first step was to abolish those those rules and introduce political appointments to civil service to government administration.

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The politician of senior positions entails the risk that the manipulation of staff is replaced at lower levels of administration and decision decisions made by civil servants may serve not the public good.

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But the interest of the ruling political party. So it leads to a breakdown of social trust for for public institutions and statistic data of the post carried out.

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Those polls are carried out every year in fact by CBOS serving institution in Poland it shows that that's the the trust in public administration is really really low and there are several areas of dysfunctions, and there are several ideas of dysfunctions, a lawmaking process or a lawmaking process or legislative decisions

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by tax administration and legislative decisions by tax administration and public document and legislative decisions by tax administration and public document and we can easily imagine by tax administration and public document and we can easily imagine that those decisions are made in favour of the ruling party and we can easily imagine that those decisions are made in favor of the ruling party and not in favor of the ruling party and not in favor of the public

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good. The second area of analysis is economy. And, we kept it out network.

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To some extent, I based my research on the outcomes of research on the outcomes of research carried out previously by.

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First of all, government, local government counselors This was one group and the other group of comparison was management and supervisory board members of state-owned companies and what they discovered is that those are the same people in fact.

352
01:07:02.000 --> 01:07:21.000
So over in the time of civic platforms, so it was previously before the law and justice government came to power over 400 positions in management and supervisory boards.

353
01:07:21.000 --> 01:07:22.000
Over 400 positions in management and supervisory boards were staffed by self government councillors, supporters of the governing party.

354
01:07:22.000 --> 01:07:39.000
It was staffed by self government councillors, supporters of the governing party. It was staffed by self government councillors, supporters of the governing party.

355
01:07:39.000 --> 01:07:51.000
And nowadays it is much, much more supervisory boards, not only them, but also members of their families.

356
01:07:51.000 --> 01:08:01.000
So they constitute quite a big group interested in holding their positions so they are not interested in change of the government because the current government guarantees them financial means, right?

357
01:08:01.000 --> 01:08:17.000
So now we have elections in this fall in Poland and we have serious doubts that the outcome of the election is uncertain.

358
01:08:17.000 --> 01:08:29.000
Also the government is very conservative and recently they introduce ban on abortion. So abortion in Poland is practically illegal nowadays.

359
01:08:29.000 --> 01:08:41.000
And we had a huge social protests during COVID after the issuing of the judgment of a constitutional tribunal in Poland on that.

360
01:08:41.000 --> 01:09:04.000
It was an interpretation of the law by constitutional tribunal. But the constitutional tribunal in Poland of which I will I will tell you later is dominated by the running party so they issued such an interpretation that abortion is illegal people were protesting and well there were thousands of people on the streets.

361
01:09:04.000 --> 01:09:06.000
It didn't help because this is not. So, so we have, we have very many instances of very bad consequences of this law.

362
01:09:06.000 --> 01:09:36.000
So we have very many instances of bad consequences of this law being in force, unfortunately. And there is a huge group of young people, mainly women, who are very, very much against the current ruling government, the traditional government, Christian religion-oriented government.

363
01:09:37.000 --> 01:09:52.000
Nonetheless, On the other hand, we have this huge group of people who are very, very much interested in keeping their positions because they have material benefits from the governing party.

364
01:09:52.000 --> 01:10:04.000
So the situation is really, really tricky. And, I skipped that but the third area is to distribute a system that I have actually already mentioned.

365
01:10:04.000 --> 01:10:31.000
So from 2,015 when the governing party came to power. They took many measures to make the judiciary and prosecution dependent on them, they managed to capture constitutional tribunal by appointing so-called Dublin for positions legally appointed by the previous parliament.

366
01:10:31.000 --> 01:10:40.000
They elected 3 judges for the Constitutional Tribunal in the place of judges elected as I said by the previews.

367
01:10:40.000 --> 01:11:10.000
By the previous same, they combined the function of an independent prosecutor general with the political function of Minister of Justice, which makes the control over people, over citizens over political oppositions because it is aimed at political opposition control so so it makes it much more easier to manipulate.

368
01:11:11.000 --> 01:11:24.000
They, also introduced changes in the National Council of Judiciary. And,

369
01:11:24.000 --> 01:11:54.000
And they quite successfully made the Supreme Court dependent on the ruling party by imposing the first president of the Supreme Court who obtained fewer votes in the election of Supreme Court judges than the counter countercanty date but but the consequence is that judicial system is dominated by by the by the ruling party.

370
01:11:56.000 --> 01:12:07.000
They create a new structure of disciplinary procedure to discipline in independent judges, attorneys and prosecutor in Poland.

371
01:12:07.000 --> 01:12:23.000
Of course the European Union was very much against of that and it was a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union dated on July, the twentieth 21 European Union.

372
01:12:23.000 --> 01:12:50.000
So that we have this political problem and ask for stepping back our government superficially stepped back from some solutions but in fact not so so many changes were were introduced and our judicial system is still dominated by by the governing by the governing party.

373
01:12:50.000 --> 01:13:10.000
The consequence is that quite a big number of judges have already faced direct political pressure and almost 100% over 90% believe that the rule of law is under threat nowadays, in Poland.

374
01:13:10.000 --> 01:13:35.000
So as I said at the beginning, my conclusion is that personally changes affected nearly all levels and behaviors of state structure not only national and local administration not only civil service, national agencies, publicly heard companies, but also mass media outlets, police, military prosecutor and justice.

375
01:13:35.000 --> 01:13:53.000
And this turnover of personnel went significantly deeper and it is rooted in the aggressive good change ideology because this is the slogan that they coined a couple of years ago at the beginning of their role.

376
01:13:53.000 --> 01:14:16.000
And so it undercuts. A quarter century even more than a quarter of a century of work on constructing a state of law in in Poland and what we observed is a restoration of patterns of stuffing public positions used in the period of real socialism.

377
01:14:16.000 --> 01:14:37.000
However, the communist ideology was replaced by party cynicism. The result of democratic elections as I have already mentioned may be at risk as the governing party is supported by Nomenclature as the governing party is supported by Nomenclature is supported by Nomenclaturea, this huge group of people who depends on the

378
01:14:37.000 --> 01:14:44.000
ruling party, this huge group of people who depends on the huge group of people who depends on the ruling party and for whom the change of power depends on the ruling party and for whom the change of power is a matter to be or not to be.

379
01:14:44.000 --> 01:14:49.000
So thank you for your attention.

380
01:14:49.000 --> 01:15:01.000
Thank you, Kara, for this. Presentation that is very interesting as well. And we can see that our 4 presentation comes from 4 different country and from 4 different, discipline.

381
01:15:01.000 --> 01:15:15.000
And I think this is, well, very interesting because we can see that the term of, well, very interesting because we can see that the term of authoritarian instrument and a meritocracy can relate to the term of authoritarian instrument and a meritocracy can relate to, different, different disciplines and a meritocracy can relate to, different,

382
01:15:15.000 --> 01:15:25.000
different disciplines and a meritocracy can relate to, different, meritocracy can relate to, different, different discipline and we can, discuss this question with like conceptive, different discipline and we can, discuss this question with like, discuss this question with like conceptive from geography or psychology.

383
01:15:25.000 --> 01:15:31.000
And I think that's really I, opening, discuss this question with like conceptive from geography or psychology and I think that's really I opening.

384
01:15:31.000 --> 01:15:35.000
So, now we will, from geography or psychology and I think that's really, I, opening.

385
01:15:35.000 --> 01:15:37.000
So, now we will, invite Han

386
01:15:37.000 --> 01:16:00.000
Alright, thank you so much Sue and thank you everyone for your wonderful presentations I really learned so much from each of your your research and as so you just said you know it is very diverse in terms of like the geographical spans and also sort of the issues that Each, paper kind of, doves in.

387
01:16:00.000 --> 01:16:15.000
So I'm only here trying to attempt to summarize some of the main points as I have sort of hurt them and and then I will probably maybe bring a few not really main points.

388
01:16:15.000 --> 01:16:25.000
I mean these points are still being formed after you know 4 wonderful presentations but some of the general themes that I that I have identified in the presentation.

389
01:16:25.000 --> 01:16:47.000
So hopefully that will be helpful to a facilitate our discussion going forward. So. The first presentation talks about the, internal migration in China and how, you know, this quote unquote, new mode of, inclusion, which, you know, sort of webinar centers on like individuals.

390
01:16:47.000 --> 01:16:59.000
have, form like a new new way of, inclusion, but which is also very selective at the same time, which I find to be very interesting.

391
01:16:59.000 --> 01:17:20.000
And then the second paper, and that while the thing I was saying about the first paper is that it kind of investigates how the narrative of or how the practice of Maryocracy kind of mediates the relationship between the regime on the one hand right if we think about the government and also the society on the other hand, you know, people who are

392
01:17:20.000 --> 01:17:43.000
trying to sort of integrate themselves. Into a local society. And then we move on to the second paper, which, you know, sort of pivot's, the perspective to talk about how, the belief of meritocracy kind of influence voting choices in South Korea, which I find to be absolutely

393
01:17:43.000 --> 01:17:54.000
fascinating. And, my takeaway is that, male voters in, in Korea, it seems to me that, tends to vote.

394
01:17:54.000 --> 01:18:10.000
More conservative because they seem to have this meritocratic belief and they don't think, and especially given that a woman in South Korea, V say, seem to be given some kind of favorable treatment or at least perceived to be doing so.

395
01:18:10.000 --> 01:18:22.000
And what I find to be very interesting in this paper is that this is so now we've moved from practice of meritocracy in some kind of a selection process to meritocracy being a belief.

396
01:18:22.000 --> 01:18:32.000
Right? Like do you individuals actually believe, you know, they live in the society where, you know, meritocracy is being practiced.

397
01:18:32.000 --> 01:18:42.000
And one thing that I that I keeps wondering is whether mere thought the belief of meritocracy is being used here as to justify some kind of self-interested choice.

398
01:18:42.000 --> 01:18:48.000
You know. Or it is, being seen as an objective evaluation. Criteria.

399
01:18:48.000 --> 01:19:12.000
Because we can very easily imagine that, you know, proponents or advocates of of feminist a causes would say that actually they are also for meritocracy right it is it used to be that women and men were not given the same kind of access or not the same kind of sitting to get into power.

400
01:19:12.000 --> 01:19:23.000
And now that that order has been kind of disrupted and now that men are using the language of meritocracy to protect the kind of privileges that they used to have, but now that are being threatened.

401
01:19:23.000 --> 01:19:43.000
So this I find to be absolutely fascinating. And then we, you know, travel all across the world to, South America and we look at the case of Argentina where again based on my understanding of the paper, the authors see, try attempts to explain.

402
01:19:43.000 --> 01:19:54.000
Or you know, just a very deep investigation of why workers or workers in labor unions even are actually voting kind of against their interest, right?

403
01:19:54.000 --> 01:20:21.000
They are voting for a political party or a leader who actually do not practice or advocate for policies that you know will benefit them and the again here we are seeing that meritocracy is being this is another perspective, another way to approach meritocracy, which is to say that this is kind of a emotional identity that one has one can latch to latch

404
01:20:21.000 --> 01:20:34.000
onto, in order to, sort of interpret or perceive, you know, one's experience and, in order to, sort of interpret or perceive, you know, one's experience and whether, you know, one can attribute one success to, their own quote

405
01:20:34.000 --> 01:20:54.000
unquote married or it could be or the success could come more from their group identity. And this I find to be very fascinating because you know, here I am in the United States and, there has been this long line of literature that, that kind of tried to study why, urban, excuse me, rural

406
01:20:54.000 --> 01:21:09.000
white voters kept voting conservative parties even though the conservative policies absolutely hurt their interest right so here I do see a very obvious parallel and I learned so much from the study as well.

407
01:21:09.000 --> 01:21:34.000
And the last but not least we go again to Poland and I really find this paper to be so fascinating and rich that delves into, you know, sort of the transformative justice after the fall of the communist regime and how you know in the aftermath staffing of the government has been practiced you know

408
01:21:34.000 --> 01:21:40.000
under different iterations of law. And here I see meritocracy being used or being perceived again as an objective practice in a selection process.

409
01:21:40.000 --> 01:22:07.000
Right? Whether, and this is to, especially in relation to political patronage and connections here meritocracy seems to be a way of evaluating a person more objectively rather than to say you know who do they know or which party that they come from and because I personally city political selection and meritocracy so

410
01:22:07.000 --> 01:22:13.000
I find this paper to be very reliable, relatable to what I do and hopefully later on I can you know ask some good questions.

411
01:22:13.000 --> 01:22:27.000
So all these 4 papers again to me from my perspective you know tackle the notion of meritocracy from very different. The notion of meritocracy from very different perspectives.

412
01:22:27.000 --> 01:22:29.000
And, seems to me that, The, I, well, I'm trying to summarize a few angles that I see.

413
01:22:29.000 --> 01:22:53.000
So one of them is, and kind of objective set of criteria. That is usually a political, that is being used in the process of either selection such as in the last paper or in the process of inclusion.

414
01:22:53.000 --> 01:23:04.000
Such as in the first paper and but there's also another way of looking at that meritocracy is being tackled here which is to say that it is a narrative that justifies one's deservingness.

415
01:23:04.000 --> 01:23:15.000
Right? So I think in both the second paper and the third paper. Especially if we look at voting behavior, right?

416
01:23:15.000 --> 01:23:20.000
The belief of Mayor Tracy seems to, lend itself for voters to decide. You know, who deserves to, you know, beware or even be elected into offices.

417
01:23:20.000 --> 01:23:45.000
So that is. Another way to look at it. And, so I find this, Just a position very interesting that Mertocracy could be viewed as a practice on the one hand, but it could also be viewed as a practice on the one hand, but it could also be viewed as a belief on the other hand.

418
01:23:45.000 --> 01:23:53.000
And it could also be viewed as a belief on the other hand. And I think we could have a lot of interesting conversation sort of, you know, in the intersection of these 2 interpretations of meritocracy.

419
01:23:53.000 --> 01:24:11.000
And lastly, I have one sort of general question that I am not I'm just throwing it out there because I think it is very interesting is that I see from these papers 2 ways that meritocracy are being used either by political power or by individuals.

420
01:24:11.000 --> 01:24:22.000
And one way to look at it is that meritocracy is a way of creating some kind of mobility and breaking down barriers.

421
01:24:22.000 --> 01:24:37.000
Right, so in the last paper, particularly I think, you know, one meritocracy is being practiced in civil service selection, you know, more people could be, could have a chance to get in civil service selection, you know, more people could be, could have a chance to get in, regardless of, you know, who

422
01:24:37.000 --> 01:24:49.000
they know or what parties that they come from. But on the other hand, we also see meritocracy being used actually as a tool of perpetuating existing classes and groups. Right?

423
01:24:49.000 --> 01:25:10.000
So, you know, in the Korean case, when male voters tend to vote more for conservative, candidates and claiming that they believe, they, they believe in the meritocratic belief, it is more to kind of perpetuate.

424
01:25:10.000 --> 01:25:25.000
The more advantaged position that men have. In a more traditional society and And I can also see, you know, a slight parallel in the Argentina case as well.

425
01:25:25.000 --> 01:25:33.000
So, it really is very fascinating to me that meritocracy can serve. Can be used to serve these 2.

426
01:25:33.000 --> 01:25:50.000
DATE metrically opposed, purposes, right? One is to break down barriers and the other is to, keeping barriers up and I would be, you know, I would invite everyone to maybe chime in and thank you again for all these wonderful presentations.

427
01:25:50.000 --> 01:25:55.000
I look forward to our discussion.

428
01:25:55.000 --> 01:26:01.000
Thanks a hand down for this very rich conclusion and, summarizing, each, presentation.

429
01:26:01.000 --> 01:26:21.000
So I think now we can open to, questions. I don't know how many people in the room and if there any question, but anyways, If, any, presenter want to ask questions first.

430
01:26:21.000 --> 01:26:31.000
So you will come.

431
01:26:31.000 --> 01:26:45.000
Yes.

432
01:26:45.000 --> 01:26:53.000
We now experience in Poland. First of all, there is a very similar, very similar differences we have.

433
01:26:53.000 --> 01:27:09.000
Taking into consideration the age, older generations are obviously more concerned and especially women who are connected to Catholic Church.

434
01:27:09.000 --> 01:27:26.000
They are very conservative in the interviews. On the other hand, after this issuing of judgment by constitutional tribunal in Poland on abortion.

435
01:27:26.000 --> 01:27:45.000
There was a huge support for young women and it was a huge movement against this this very traditional interpretation of law against human rights in fact.

436
01:27:45.000 --> 01:27:49.000
So my question is how is it in Korea? Because your data shows that also younger generation is much more open.

437
01:27:49.000 --> 01:28:09.000
Left oriented I would I would say but how it is in pace of younger men and young women for obvious reasons young men may use this meritocratic argument.

438
01:28:09.000 --> 01:28:39.000
Saying that introducing quota is against meritocracy in countries of post-communist tradition coining this argument is even easier because during Communist time the people from rural areas and those from I would say lower class workers and so on they often gained additional points and they were privileged by the previous system.

439
01:28:42.000 --> 01:28:57.000
So this idea is to some extent compromised right because because of the past. So it is very easy to repeat the same arguments.

440
01:28:57.000 --> 01:29:27.000
That a favoring woman is against meritocratic criteria. We had these discussions during previous elections. Quatas were introduced for women in politics, the idea, the line or argument was that it is anti meritocratic that everyone was that it is anti meritocratic that everyone should have, it is anti meritocratic that everyone should have equal rights to access to politics and so

441
01:29:27.000 --> 01:29:38.000
on.

442
01:29:38.000 --> 01:29:45.000
Okay.

443
01:29:45.000 --> 01:30:01.000
Okay, hi. Thanks for the question and comments and it was really interesting to. And it was really interesting to listening to your question, but I'm not sure I can answer all of them.

444
01:30:01.000 --> 01:30:28.000
Unless this kind of feminism backlash is not going down. It is carp. So I think the arguing for Mayor Christi among young men, especially among young men, especially young men, will continue in Korea because of because as I told you in my limitation in limitation of research I have to figure out why then there is

445
01:30:28.000 --> 01:30:44.000
some meritocratic belief gap between young men and young women. I guess that lies on their economy status because of the high unemployment.

446
01:30:44.000 --> 01:30:54.000
High unemployment rate. And also it's really hard to find a decent job for both young men and young women.

447
01:30:54.000 --> 01:31:09.000
So maybe the maybe economy recession does not end. Do will continue I think. I'm sorry what was the second question?

448
01:31:09.000 --> 01:31:13.000
And.

449
01:31:13.000 --> 01:31:19.000
He was trying to see the future relations between

450
01:31:19.000 --> 01:31:25.000
Sexes that I could use for my medical trustee.

451
01:31:25.000 --> 01:31:39.000
And I also have presented that. For a man and young man and woman in among youth. They conceive metricacy as a different mechanism.

452
01:31:39.000 --> 01:31:54.000
For men, it is a very fair, fair, fair mechanism to of society to make man go back to past and to restore their status before and for a moment.

453
01:31:54.000 --> 01:32:11.000
If they for them, Meritocracy is a tool to going up. I am talented and I have such abilities so I can do my best and I can go up like men can do.

454
01:32:11.000 --> 01:32:32.000
So there that is the gap between 2 gender but I think I have to look also the quest of these people like high-class woman and low-class woman they will think of meritocracy in different ways.

455
01:32:32.000 --> 01:32:44.000
As I did research about this metropolitan belief, but I have to dig more and to classify all those kind of.

456
01:32:44.000 --> 01:32:54.000
Correct. Groups, I think. I'll continue. Thank you.

457
01:32:54.000 --> 01:33:03.000
Thank you for this question and for this answer. If there are other questions.

458
01:33:03.000 --> 01:33:11.000
Yeah, Edna.

459
01:33:11.000 --> 01:33:12.000
Yes.

460
01:33:12.000 --> 01:33:25.000
Okay, thank you. First of all, I listen to all presenters with very interest. The presentations are very interesting, all of them.

461
01:33:25.000 --> 01:33:39.000
I agree with sorry for my pronunciation. That, I'm, I am listening to 2.

462
01:33:39.000 --> 01:33:52.000
Beience of the same. Process. Not only from the point of view of conscious representation process or a practice.

463
01:33:52.000 --> 01:34:01.000
No, I exteriorize actions, behaviors. But also the meaning of Mary to Christy.

464
01:34:01.000 --> 01:34:27.000
And I want to ask a question to the last presenter. From Poland. Because I understand the the she describes how this last government the actual government and

465
01:34:27.000 --> 01:34:43.000
Seems to to be a government of, nepotism. Opportunism, total terrorism.

466
01:34:43.000 --> 01:34:57.000
And I understand the position to criticize. This. Type of poly dish. Or this type of policies.

467
01:34:57.000 --> 01:35:13.000
But I don't understand why. You assimilate meritocracy to democracy. I disagree. I disagree with this conception.

468
01:35:13.000 --> 01:35:30.000
Because The point of, the start point for all subjects is not the same. So the model of equal opportunities.

469
01:35:30.000 --> 01:35:36.000
Is, a model of justice.

470
01:35:36.000 --> 01:35:48.000
In case and only in case the started point is the same for everybody. But when we

471
01:35:48.000 --> 01:36:00.000
Have different social positions because of social order because of S structure because of differences between classes.

472
01:36:00.000 --> 01:36:06.000
Meritocracy doesn't resolve the problem.

473
01:36:06.000 --> 01:36:16.000
So II understand. Her criticism to opportunism and nepotism. I agree with that.

474
01:36:16.000 --> 01:36:28.000
But I don't understand the assimilation. Of meritocracy to democracy. I don't agree with that conception.

475
01:36:28.000 --> 01:36:31.000
Okay.

476
01:36:31.000 --> 01:36:32.000
Sure.

477
01:36:32.000 --> 01:36:36.000
I don't know if you want to

478
01:36:36.000 --> 01:36:37.000
To polymize, to polymize.

479
01:36:37.000 --> 01:36:43.000
Oh, thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much for for this question. With pleasure.

480
01:36:43.000 --> 01:36:53.000
I will explain and then I give a floor to another participant of our meeting, I will explain and then I give a floor to another participant of our meeting who is keen to ask questions.

481
01:36:53.000 --> 01:37:07.000
I give a floor to another participant of our meeting who is keen to ask questions. First of all, I would like to thank all the participants of our meeting who is keen to ask questions.

482
01:37:07.000 --> 01:37:20.000
First of all, I would like to thank all the participants because this session is really interesting. First of all, I would like to thank all the participants because this session is really interesting and it shows how the term meritocracy can be used to thank all the participants because this session is really interesting and it shows how the term meritocracy can be used and understood.

483
01:37:20.000 --> 01:37:35.000
My understanding is, this session is really interesting and it shows how the term, the very term meritocracy can be used and understood.

484
01:37:35.000 --> 01:37:52.000
My understanding is not that meritocracy, and it shows how the term meritocracy can be used and understood. My understanding is not that meritocracy equals democracy. Not at all.

485
01:37:52.000 --> 01:38:06.000
Perhaps. And now what we experience is as you aptly observed clienteleism and crimeism.

486
01:38:06.000 --> 01:38:17.000
So people are not selected on the basis of their knowledge and cronyism. So people are not selected on the basis of their knowledge, so people are not selected on the basis of their knowledge, experience and so on, but on the basis of their knowledge, experience and so on the basis of their knowledge, experience and so on, but on the basis of personal

487
01:38:17.000 --> 01:38:47.000
connections and so on, but on the basis of personal connections with members of the ruling of the running party.

488
01:39:06.000 --> 01:39:33.000
I would say rely on experience on knowledge in certain fields and so on. This is the more important factor right that the people who are selected for those state I would say public positions are selected on that basis and I fully agree with you the data for different reasons are selected on that basis and I fully agree with you that for different reasons.

489
01:39:33.000 --> 01:39:49.000
I fully agree with you that for different reasons people, people hold or occupy different positions. I fully agree with you that for different reasons people, people hold or occupy different positions in social structure.

490
01:39:49.000 --> 01:39:56.000
In this respect, people hold or occupy different positions in social structure. In this respect, I have to admit, for different reasons, people hold or occupy different positions in social structure.

491
01:39:56.000 --> 01:40:13.000
In this respect, I have to admit sadly that introducing even worsen the situation in some areas because if there are people who are not wealthy enough.

492
01:40:13.000 --> 01:40:25.000
They cannot achieve certain positions because they cannot pay for for completing good studies at good private universities and so on.

493
01:40:25.000 --> 01:40:55.000
They cannot send children abroad even if they get the scholarship because it is not enough right so so this system of free market also has its dropbacks, but at the very moment equal access to positions in public sector can only be based on meritocratic sector can only be based on meritocratic criteria because otherwise you have only those

494
01:40:57.000 --> 01:41:05.000
clientele, to be based on meritocratic criteria because otherwise you have only those clienteleistic and cronyism mechanisms.

495
01:41:05.000 --> 01:41:16.000
Let me stop at that and I introduce another person who would like to ask the question. Hello.

496
01:41:16.000 --> 01:41:17.000
Oh.

497
01:41:17.000 --> 01:41:23.000
And then I can see that's India. I have a question as well. So we will, yeah, license later to ask the question.

498
01:41:23.000 --> 01:41:24.000
Yep.

499
01:41:24.000 --> 01:41:30.000
Yeah, okay, thank you. So I'll keep it quite short and I'm aware we are running out of time now.

500
01:41:30.000 --> 01:41:42.000
So my question is to the first speaker. Since yeah, so it's quite simple. So do you have any comments from the aspect of gender?

501
01:41:42.000 --> 01:41:48.000
Like in terms of this internal migration in China. If you have, yeah.

502
01:41:48.000 --> 01:42:06.000
Thank you for the question. I don't have like, in the I interviewed 128 migrants actually and I had a bit more men.

503
01:42:06.000 --> 01:42:21.000
In my public but I have to say that in regards with talents, for example, maybe there is, but I don't know because like my study cannot be.

504
01:42:21.000 --> 01:42:48.000
Complete because like with huge populations like Chinese population in the city where I was that like in Johai there were 2 million people more or less I cannot say that one under 20 people are the majority of the population but I can I could see that men were privileged on women but I don't have like precise.

505
01:42:48.000 --> 01:42:53.000
Data on that. If I'm

506
01:42:53.000 --> 01:43:03.000
Thank you. So your, the the work environment you talk to like the interview the people you interview.

507
01:43:03.000 --> 01:43:14.000
Are they? Did they come to jihad for the work? Like are they like so-called like gougeer inside or more like a worker's laborers.

508
01:43:14.000 --> 01:43:29.000
Yeah. Like I interviewed all of them, different categories. So yeah, they were they came to too high for, work, for working there.

509
01:43:29.000 --> 01:43:37.000
So it depends. Like there were manufacturers, I interviewed people that were working in I-tech industries but also on construction side.

510
01:43:37.000 --> 01:44:02.000
So I had a very different. Population on my study and I choose them because I choose I selected an area of July so like the selection criteria was not based on gender or profession but on the place where they were living at that time.

511
01:44:02.000 --> 01:44:07.000
If that answer your question

512
01:44:07.000 --> 01:44:10.000
Thank you. Yeah. Thank you, Pete.

513
01:44:10.000 --> 01:44:11.000
And since there you have a question for us.

514
01:44:11.000 --> 01:44:17.000
Thank you. And if I can have just. It's more, maybe a conclusion words, to had something on what, Han just said.

515
01:44:17.000 --> 01:44:39.000
And I think it was a really interesting critics and also like way to link all of our presentation critics and also like way to link all of our presentation to say that, way to link all of our presentation to say that, meritocracy is a practice and I believe.

516
01:44:39.000 --> 01:44:49.000
And then we can say that it's also because what I could see that is in the fourth presentation, it was also a tool, a tool that can give the impression that to change things actually.

517
01:44:49.000 --> 01:45:09.000
And that had to what you just said about like perpetrating existing barriers or keeping barriers for example and it it we can say that is a tool that can be used in different contexts and in different ways.

518
01:45:09.000 --> 01:45:33.000
And. That maybe like in in a way could be a really. In importance and effective tool but in reality it is not So just to say that thank you to all of you for this really interesting and self-provoking session.

519
01:45:33.000 --> 01:45:44.000
Thank you, Cynthia. Just a word to control this. Excellent session. In fact, I think we, make a real discussion and real like think together about this question and we have some like point.

520
01:45:44.000 --> 01:46:06.000
That's, like the takeaway that is. Really emerged from each presentation like, Jetta, the, I think that's very important because, the, I think that's very important because, the, I think that's very important because,

521
01:46:06.000 --> 01:46:10.000
the discussion in sociology is quite often about Mitel Young and what is talented discussion in about Mary To.

522
01:46:10.000 --> 01:46:12.000
Fresy in sociology is quite often about Mitel Young and what is talent and what is effort and sociology is quite often about Michael Young and what is talent and what is effort.

523
01:46:12.000 --> 01:46:16.000
And today we can see that there is a lot of thing to do around Mitel Young and what is talent and what it's effort.

524
01:46:16.000 --> 01:46:18.000
And today we can see that there is a lot of thing to do around MERRITOCK.

525
01:46:18.000 --> 01:46:31.000
I see especially in the context that memory talk is something that's already outdated and we talk a lot too too much about it but we can see there's still a lot of thing to think about this concept and to especially when it's related to inequality or to a different political regime.

526
01:46:31.000 --> 01:47:01.000
And I think we as in exploring different objects in research that we can continue to study on and especially about like how MERRITY can be used as a tool for different social groups for different people and for different objectives, just like, June Han said, for women, it could be a tool to.

527
01:47:01.000 --> 01:47:08.000
go up in a social hierarchy and for men it could be a tool to protect their position.

528
01:47:08.000 --> 01:47:35.000
I think we can change social group in this sentence and that could be valid for other groups just like I study on the college entrance examination in China and I can see for different students in different high school like for those in top high schools meritocracy for them is something important to to protect their position like to stay in good high school and go into good

529
01:47:35.000 --> 01:47:43.000
university and for other from like less good high school is a tool to go to better school go to a better position.

530
01:47:43.000 --> 01:47:54.000
So I think this kind of. Way to think about miracle presses is that it could be valid in different area and about different researching subjects.

531
01:47:54.000 --> 01:48:19.000
And about the priorities and the belief of marital crisis i think that's very interesting as well because we talk about the meritocracy as an objective evaluation or is used as a belief like just at this course and I think that's a way let's give our believe like just at this course and I think that's a way, let's give our more insight about how

532
01:48:19.000 --> 01:48:28.000
we can study miracle class as a tool like there is different way to different measurement just like since they are shows for, migrants in China in Jihad.

533
01:48:28.000 --> 01:48:52.000
They are scored according to their social position and according to their behavior. So we can perhaps like to go further to say that meritocracy could be steady, as, well, separate in 2 ways, like study, as, well, it could be steady, as, well, separate in 2 ways, like study as a measurement, like

534
01:48:52.000 --> 01:49:06.000
what kind of measurement is, is, one is a measurement, concept in a meritocratic way and what kind of discourse could be considered as a miracle way and what kind of discourse could be considered as a miracle, meritocratic, discourse and how it is used.

535
01:49:06.000 --> 01:49:25.000
So I really thank for everyone that keep our all this inside and reflection and especially, you know, available for me to think about like my research and how I can more relate, relates on meritocracy to, authoritarians, me, especially considering the situation in China.

536
01:49:25.000 --> 01:49:37.000
And I'm really glad that we have. Whole female session. To have a great discussion with all your girls and the special I really thanks to.

537
01:49:37.000 --> 01:49:48.000
Since I think since there you are in Paris, so it's already. 2 and half, after midnight.

538
01:49:48.000 --> 01:49:49.000
Thank you. Very interesting.

539
01:49:49.000 --> 01:50:03.000
So it's really late. Thanks for stay up late for us. Yeah, and I just. Yeah, yeah, I think this session is like I really enjoyed this talk this time and perhaps because I don't present either.

540
01:50:03.000 --> 01:50:04.000
Oh

541
01:50:04.000 --> 01:50:05.000
Yes.

542
01:50:05.000 --> 01:50:06.000
So it's very good to listen to you. Just to think with you. Yeah, exactly. Yeah.

543
01:50:06.000 --> 01:50:10.000
Less dressed.

544
01:50:10.000 --> 01:50:19.000
And thanks again for this. Great discussion. And anyways, we, everyone have, has the email for, all, other presenters.

545
01:50:19.000 --> 01:50:31.000
So I hope we can keep in touch and thanks again for this all this excellent presentation and 6 Hanjong for the conclusion, the summarize for this session.

546
01:50:31.000 --> 01:50:38.000
Thank you. Thanks a lot and have a good, I don't know, morning or evening nights.

547
01:50:38.000 --> 01:50:39.000
Yeah.

548
01:50:39.000 --> 01:50:40.000
Yes. All day. Thank you very much.

549
01:50:40.000 --> 01:50:42.000
Thank you for organizing.

550
01:50:42.000 --> 01:50:43.000
Yes, thank you very much.

551
01:50:43.000 --> 01:50:44.000
Thank you. Thank you. Just great to meet you all.

552
01:50:44.000 --> 01:50:45.000
Thank you. Yeah.

553
01:50:45.000 --> 01:50:46.000
Thank you.