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Yeah. Okay, good morning. Everybody we are going to start our session. So we parised, we start the session.

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I'm going to read the acknowledgement of country. On behalf of everyone together I pray respect to the spirit of country.

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Here in Narm where we are with where we are meeting. I acknowledge the past and present. Colin Nessen, Dejrei O.

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And the Soviet people here. The cultural knowledge holder maintain and promote the norm aboriginal law.

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Customs and code shifts responsibilities. Per country and the people that go. Country continues to sustain generation after generation.

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Into the future for all of us. I recognize the important contribution that fastness and thinkers have made to sociology.

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Including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all Fash Nation delegates. In the room today for their contribution to knowledge in their dish in the discipline.

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So with this, we are going to start our presentation. I would like to invite first our online presentation.

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Then after trade completion of the online then we are going to have the presentation. For the delegates who are presenting here.

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So we pull. We start the session. I just want to say that This session on the human trafficking This very important as we all know the human trafficking which is also known as the modern form of human slavery.

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And it is a global problem. That affects all ages of people. It is estimated that Every year, around 10 million peoples traffic around the world.

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It is a highly structured and organized crime. Okay. And it is the third most lucrative business for the organized.

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Criminal networks after the drugs and the arms. And it produced around $32,000,000,000,000,000 every year.

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Most of the victims are come from the ASIA Africa. And the Eastern Europe.

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Looking into the importance of the problem We have we have selected the paper for the session from different countries around the world.

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Our this the the aim of this session is to understand the problem. And their prospects of the human trafficking in the lens of gender.

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Migration and the human rights perspectives. So myself, Professor Arunacherio and my colleagues Jennifer Bryson.

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Welcome you all to this session and I hope. We can have a very interesting and very interactive sessions.

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As I said, First, the online speakers, they are going to present their papers. And, a, each presenters have the 10 min so that rest 3 or 5 min we can discuss.

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The presentation. First we have the presentation then the after completion of the presentation we have the discussion sessions.

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So thank you very much. So with this I invite our friends from the Germany, Matias. To present his paper.

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Mathias?

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Sharing. Yeah.

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Yeah, thank you for your warm introduction. I would like to share my slides, please. You have to stop sharing your screen, I guess.

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I think that's good. I think you can share and

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Yes.

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Okay, greetings from balloon. It is a little bit after midnight here. My name is Mathias Schneider and the talk today is part of my PhD research which I finished in 2,022 at go to university in Frankfurt.

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It is about the next of male violence and masculinities of solidarity and smuggling and trafficking.

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For a dissertation I conducted a biographic narrative interviews with 30 men who falsely immigrated from a retire to Germany between 2,018 and 2,020.

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But first, let me let me give you a small introduction between Eritrea and Europe. Since legal departures from Eritrea are almost impossible, mobility usually takes place under documented.

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In most cases, just don't sell organized for smugglers or by driving the military border officials.

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And now passing from Eritrea to Ethiopia, refugees usually receive support from from our refugees, which Mangista also calls refugee protection from the goal.

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The Charlie Den to Saddam takes place along loose networks which many actors are moved. In this process, their repeated experience of exploitation and violence.

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In comparison, then the journey from Sudan through a desert to Libya to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Generally takes place for transnational hierarchy smuggling networks with a dominant market position.

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Refugees here usually have no choice in how they organize their mobility. In organizing mobility, smugglers and trafficker employ a whole arsenal of methods to regulate the risk of transport and maximized preference.

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Experience of violence while crossing the desert in the see almost On the forefront of human smugglers between Sudan and the Mediterranean, almost exclusively man.

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Smarting in this area can therefore be understood as a system of male violence.

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Marco Polito describes the journey for young man as the experience of being on their own and the only one responsible for the survival.

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Masquini for a young man is Derby performed through fitness and resistance to the violence they experienced according to Mark What becomes a parent of my own work is the traffic men also research violence themselves by being in traffic.

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For example, to secure a survival advantage, must be in food or life check issues or to pre emptively resist stimulation by offer traffic man.

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And at the same time, however, can can also be found in transit. These forms of care are embedded in complex relations of inequality as will be illustrated.

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For this, we look at the biographical experience of Tesla. He's in his mid 20 when he start is joining.

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Has crossing of the Sahara's organised by smugglers. We let some travelers who shut with 150 other people.

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On the way to Cripp's Kipnip and taking into a desert camp where they are waiting to be resolved.

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In you can test it under other experienced excess of physical violence, especially by the camp leader who holds a monopoly on violence.

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This monopoly can also be delegated to a subordinate. After almost everybody has been sold to following the situation occurs.

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We were without the campus for free weeks and our mist was a girl. One of them wanted to go and told her to stay behind.

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He says if she stays behind, we all stay behind. We couldn't just leave her behind and the leader was already gone.

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All his handsman wrestled there. We discussed with them and said we would not be her behind.

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Yes.

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They had weapons and we had nothing. They were ready to shoot us down. The Tref next one can be read as a mail plan to procession of the girls life in the context of extremely unequal, The claim of the traffic are leads to collectivization and solidification among the left behind, which Tesla and the

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Well, the traffic appears as a collective of action, the process for collectivation also occurs on the part of traffickers.

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On the one hand, the solidarity of the traffic is directed against general power to smuggle, but on the other hand is also directed to balance the tangent of power relation in general race.

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2 front emerges, the comfort preference to escalate.

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Just before they were about to start, there was such a wind on the approaching car. It looked at it didn't touch the ground then when he got out and he didn't talk to them.

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He was very tall and was armed. Get up, he said. What's the problem? I told him what was going on and now you are here but we are about to kill us.

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Then in front of us, he gave him one and 4. Did you kill him? Yes, get in, he said.

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So we did. It took us 4 days and 4 months under we get to our new smuggler.

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To return as a camp leader, which we send with the magical moment for Tesla. Changes the balance of power and environments.

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You can bleed up with a size and reverence appears as a dominant man who has the power to live and to make die.

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Yeah.

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It is unlikely to impute on the company that an attitude of solidarity. Much closest to reading it later helps the refugees because interpretation.

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Okay.

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The condition of his goods or his arthritis in question. Finally, the goal is not to stay in the group and the journey eventually continues.

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After leaving the Desert, Tesla and the group do not arrive in the coastal city of Tripoli.

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And step, yeah, take me to a person run by the Libyan unity government respectively local militias.

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The living condition and them are precarious malnutrition is rampant. 700 people are kept in prime quarters.

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Men and women are held separately. I'm under these circumstances in former groups along F. No national cultural affiliations.

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Form to cushionly precariousness. This can also be understood as an effect of a different hierarchyization of traffic people by traffickers.

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In this room. Foot and drinks are shared, discussions and coordinations take place on how to strategic manage supplies.

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Even though for the scarce heterosexual couples are given by the facility the opportunity to get together once a week and we save special food rations.

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Since Tesla's group didn't know any of the woman on the other side of the fence, they couldn't get additional food.

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However, Manchester spots a woman of perhaps the same ethnic background on the other side of the fence, there comes a turning point.

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Yes.

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The marketing met the partners. There were about 100 people. But many Eritrean women had no one.

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Bret and she was take up in abundance. Look as the son of pictures. They set us up.

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They get food without We then fought and fought. I then said, I have to meet with the woman somehow.

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Then I would get everybody apart and marry you guys off. It was also we could eat nothing else. When Tesla's own ethnogenic group, a supplies of solidarity, the other oferic ethnic male group is perceived as an opponent and competitor.

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The merit man's group is attributed to already using a trip to get extra food. They're perceived as a cycle.

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Through a trip then takes a minutes to make a contact with the Blaine and woman and forms a Purposeful alliance with her.

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Yeah.

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They add each exchange to names and the published port relationship. The relationship between a man and a woman group is structured around overcoming manual nutrition together.

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Yeah, Tesla finally managed to escape from. You make contract with Africa who hasn't taken to a nearby factory building.

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Besides the traffic out there are 2 other men waiting for forward transport. The trafficker, UP Dylax's name, offers to men food if they work for him and return.

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The men refuse because they're not hungry. Do not want to work for him. After full time, just following happens.

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Like the wind a tanker came through and then a number. What is this? It is supposed to supply us water.

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If enough water don't we? They brought the trucks into the factory and opened them for both. It turned out they were supporting people with them.

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They put mattress down. There were many metros and they threw people one by one on the mattress.

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Some were so exhausted you didn't know if they were live for that. They put everybody out of the truck.

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There were about 300 people. They put all 300 out, kids coming out there too. Oh, this is getting worse, you're just saying.

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What follows is a situation where a smuggler asked Tesla to cook food for the 300 smuggle people.

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Where he's first hesitant to work as soon as he realized the footage was smuggled.

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He maybe he starts preparing food. Not only does, but you get more people to hand and better resources to get the other refugees the best can possible.

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Well, Abdullah, can you assume to have a financial motive in caring for the traffic after all he deals with human beings and for that they must be alive.

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Yes.

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Tessa receive no compensation. Those tests are families also forced to negotiate with the traffic up dollar about a price for Chester's onward journey.

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So in conclusion. In the biographies of Refugee Man, situation like this can be found again and again.

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You

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Of the

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And the context of male dominance and violence. They show solidarity in order to ensure mutual survival and At the same time, however, there are always some moments when solidarity among Refugee Men is primarily directed in awards.

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Along ethanol natural cultural lines of affiliation, there's a competitive relationship with other groups for limited resources.

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Oh

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Of course, it must not be forgotten that this local struggle for survival, resulting solidarity and the competition is also the result of you PIN policies of isolation and reaching mobility of people's attempted to be prevented and globally the chances to meet a safe life are extremely unequally distributed.

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With this I came to the end of my presentation and I'm looking forward to your question. Thank you.

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Thank you, Marius, for your presentation. So as I said after completion of all presentation, we will have our discussions.

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So in the next I am going to invite our second presentation. From the Madrid. Allga Garcia Basquees and Carmen Menzies Falcon Aliya Okay, you can start your presentation.

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Yeah.

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You have 10 to 12 min, okay?

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Okay.

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Yeah, thank you.

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Okay, do you see the presentation?

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Nice.

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Okay, so, well, we are participants in researches of the World Congress of sociology.

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It is wonderful to have you all connected from all parts of the world. I am connected A from Made.

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So apologize in advance for the hours and my in my language skills at this hour. Well, first of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the for the opportunity to present our work and I will like to thank the organizing committee for their work and for their help.

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And I will also like to apologize on behalf of Carmen Menzies. And so who unfortunately cannot attend to this conference.

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We both working in, in Malade, Spain. And so I will be the one who will introduce our research together in this in these years.

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We have conducted our research regarding female victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. In a Spain mainly but also in Italy and Portugal during the time of the COVID pandemic.

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And we were wondering at the beginning of our research, why was important to research COVID? And among several reasons, a we conclude one of them was because The previous research in previous pandemic have have shown that a pandemics may increase the risk of trafficking, especially among certain vulnerable groups.

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Okay.

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Because of that in because of the information we were receiving from one specific NGO we Connect this research.

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So, we conducted interviews with a professionals working with victims and with the victims itself. And we were asking them out there in their housing conditions, the health.

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Yeah.

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The social circumstances, economic well-being and a lot of topics related to their well-being.

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And so where did we conduct this research as I have already mentioned? We collaborate with the, that were in Italy, in Portugal and in Spain.

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They were working with 200 women and one trans woman in prostitution and with victims of human trafficking.

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As

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But, we are gonna focus on the Spanish case for this, for this conference. So why research in Spain?

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There's little robust research on Spain. And it is also really confusing and many many people, yeah, confuse, prostitution, exploitation, smuggling and trafficking.

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And, there's a tendency to overestimate the prevalence of trafficking victims.

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What is more and the third reason was related to the lack of the little importance of other types of trafficking such as labor trafficking or other groups such as main or trans people.

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So unfortunately we did not have the chance to interview other groups, but we pointed out as a gap in the research.

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There was, divided in 4 topics, social related to social, legal, related to social, legal, economic and health.

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So regarding social impacts of the pandemic. Many services became available online, but there was a digital gap regarding technological skills and devices.

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So in order to access governmental emergency aids or documentation processes. Many victims did not have the chance to ask for them.

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Okay.

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The second, the second Eating was related to the increased risk of violence of violence either gender violence in in a domestic area or because of prostitution and six-war context.

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Okay.

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The third one is related to the lack of Save housing or access to save housing. So they were sharing their homes with other victims.

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So they were moving frequently in in the yeah between regions or between countries. So they've they face also really difficulties, er, in paying the rent.

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So they, yeah, they share, they share flats and flats with other with other victims. What is more the lack of social support was reported in Spain.

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So many victims were migrants and they had friends and family in the Orleans country. And finally, they, they've also reported the family boundaries and family.

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Pressure to give to send a money or to keep in touch, yeah, even despite the digital gap that I was mentioned previously.

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Regarding legal, concerns. It was found that, There were, yep.

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Excuse me, Olaya. Sorry. Are you able to minimize the zoom controls because it's blocking your presentation on the screen.

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This, this one.

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No.

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Yeah, that, yeah, there's there are some more as well. That's looking better already.

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There's still one at the top. If you go more you might be able to hide the controls.

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I think it's called hide floating controls in English.

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I have been controls.

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Yep.

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So if you go to the more with 3 dots and then then click hide floating controls.

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Oh, okay. Yeah. That's it. Yeah, I think so.

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Thank you so much.

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Hopefully. That's much better. Thanks a lot.

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Thank you. Yeah. So regarding legal aspects, yeah, the police and the inspection reduce their amount of work that they could do especially during the first look down in Spain that was a home lock that they could do especially during the first look down in Spain that was a home lockdown in nobody apart from the first look down in a Spain that was a

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home lockdown in Spain that was a home lockdown and nobody apart from the central walk down in Spain that was a home lockdown and nobody apart from the central work, could go out.

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So yeah, and that that impact on the number of victims detected in that year in 2,020.

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However, the NGO detected on unofficially additional woman who who showed at least 4 indicators of trafficking.

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In what is more the COVID stop the identification of 30 potential victims of trafficking who were under the investigation and the legal process in Spain.

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And that a let them in a situation of really insecurity.

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The

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Regarding economic economic concerns. Yeah, they were reported and reported challenges in accessing governmental aid as I mentioned because of the detail gap.

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So.

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Yeah.

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They they have 2 different situations. And some of them were forced to continue in this exploitative situations, whereas others lost their job and employment and they lost their monthly income.

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For them to support themselves and their families in their own country. And related also to economical concerns. They they express they pointed out food needs and they asked for money in the in this price you know their deaths were increase regarding the trip, the travel or for example the rent, different house in the rent.

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And yeah, they did not have enough income to buy a COVID protection measures. Either at home or at work.

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Regarding in relation to health. And difficulty of of medical care, especially when they did not have documentation. But this depend on the region in Spain because there are, yeah, the health is regional in Spain.

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So they have different, one countries are more universal than others regarding undocumented population. And the more the biggest concern of the victims were the breakdowns and the stoppage in the sexual and reproductive health services, the public ones.

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Some of them decided to pay for private ones even though it was a expensive. In, one of the most relevant, impact that they mentioned is the mental health, the psychological issues, er, related to anxiety, to sadness, to depression, to post traumatic stress disorders.

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In yeah remember the past situation the ones who were already in a secure situation. In a other aspect mentioned by few of the victims where that.

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They were appearance of dependencies already treated. Such as alcohol or drugs consumption. So in order to in order to conclude, more studies are needed in Spain.

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Regarding the impact on the COVID on men, victims, trans people or womb or other. Victims of trafficking for labor exploitation and other other purposes that are not the sexual exploitation even though it is also important to study all of them.

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In as other pandemic. Pointed out another other authors. This impact this pandemic has reinforced the vulnerability of this group.

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Of women, victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Spain. And it was difficult for them to escape this circle of socioeconomic vulnerability and prostitution and sex exploitation, sexual exploitation and human trafficking.

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So I don't know if I am okay with the time, but thank you so much for the attention and if you have any doubt please feel free to get in touch.

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Yes.

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Yeah.

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Thank you very much, Aliya. For your night's presentation and I think it's very important to note that how the vulnerability condition that suffered that victims of human trafficking in Spain and around the world.

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So as I said after the plane edition, we can all the play in person we have the discussion session.

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Next, I'm going to invite. Our colleagues from Mali Ibrahim Diaz?

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Are you there?

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The printers from Mali, are you there?

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Okay, so Maybe next we can invite my colleagues.

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Jennifer Bryson from the South Texas College.

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Okay, yeah, I'm here.

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Jennifer you can have your presentation

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Okay.

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So.

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And

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Hi and thank you for letting me present. I have a horrible habit of over creating way too many slides with way too much detail.

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So I'm probably going to try and summarize them as much as I can so I can keep within the 15 min.

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Days.

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So. My abstract I'm going to skip over because it's already uploaded and things.

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But my presentation basically is, looking at the how migration has become securitized.

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How?

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And how we're seeing. A corporate build up of militarization at the borders.

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And how borders have expanded the like how countries such as like australia the european union the United States Israel is very powerful in terms of extending its borders of how countries have extended their borders so, with that, I'm gonna go through some of the slides and

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so the 20 first century as I think we're all familiar with we've witnessed a rapid hardening of borders we're seeing a lot more security surveillance, militarization.

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Yeah.

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And most of that is sort of we have these gaps between the global north and the global south.

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Okay.

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And all these sort of mechanisms. To secure borders are basically to keep out people from the global south.

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We've seen migrants on overcrowded boats, in the Mediterranean.

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All right.

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We've seen caravans along the Us-mexico border, etc. and a lot of this has been framed within human trafficking and so a lot of politicians use, this increase in migration.

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They use human trafficking as an excuse to militarize their borders in the sense of that they argued that we need to sort of stop human trafficking.

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So. So migration is now framed as a secure security threat. It's a criminal offence.

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Previously migration used to be a civil offence and now in most countries it's criminal.

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And, and involves, the detention. And so nations in the past that had developed like a human rights based approach, a right sensitive approach, have sort of changed and shifted towards these sort of established barriers.

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Huge military industrial complexes that prevent migrants from entering and so human trafficking is now framed as a security threat to nations and it justifies the closing of borders.

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In our current society just to sort of illustrate, who we let in and who we let out.

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Oh who was kept, sorry. I go back to the Shenkun agreement in 1985 in Europe.

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Is a good example because the Schengen agreement kept people out of the European Union would open borders within the European Union.

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And so it's sort of developing this us and them. That just has in between halves and have nots.

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So we're, beginning to see this securitization. And just securitization sort of goes along with like hegemony of world systems.

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Because Okay.

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It operates a longer capital and social order. It ensures a smooth flow of capital but at the same time keeping out on desirable elements etc.

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So as I mentioned, human trafficking discourse have become part of this political trend. There are numerous examples that can be drawn from states, for example, the European Council in 2,015 expressed a commitment to strengthen its presence at sea to fight human traffickers to prevent migrant flows, etc.

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Other governments argue similar. For example, Salvini in Italy, Auburn, Trump, they justify border walls as to stop human traffickers.

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Here are just some examples. Urban in Hungary we need to crack down on trafficking and criminal networks that few migration crises etc.

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From the only way to stop drugs scans and human trafficking is to build drones etc.

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What drives this securitization? Is populist politicians. They're only legitimate because of crises.

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Yes.

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So for example, Donald Trump in the US, he needs migration to remain salient. And a problematic issue so he can gain votes and justify his securitization. So he can gain votes and justify his securitization.

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It's the same with, Orban in like I mentioned, we've been we're seeing an externalization of migration.

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I'm gonna skip over the slide because it's just like various scholars, justifying and explaining what externalization of migration is.

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But basically it's the spread that the extension of borders the European Union is a good example with, what it's been doing with how it keeps migrants out.

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Of European territories like Italy for example is to utilize Libya. As.

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And

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A place where migrants are kept. And I could go into many, many details about what's going on in Libya and how the situation that literally feels trafficking, people are sort of forced into like false labor.

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Get the military organizations that operate there, have bought, migrants that are detained there, etc.

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And so. It perpetuates trafficking basically. So I'm gonna skip over those and sort of look at the US Mexican borders, which is where I was sort of focusing the presentation on.

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So briefly, the what we're seeing along the US border is, a militarization.

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It's not something that really developed after 9 11 this has been happening since we created border patrol agents we've created, the US has created, various tactical units alongside Border Patrol agents.

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And the sort of trained in, sort of, military special operations forces. They have intelligence building skills, reconnaissance, surveillance, etc.

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And they go to other countries to teach other countries how to do the same as what they're doing in the United States.

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Military, border militarization budgets have risen from tremendously. Along the us Mexico border if you look at the very bottom of this slide they've risen from 350 million in 1,980 which went down to what was known as the IS the immigration National Naturalization Service.

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Oh

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To 1.2 billion in 1,999.1 billion to 2,003 so an astronomical 23.7 billion in 2,018.

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Which is all sort of on like this sort of surveillance. This is just a graphic of how it's grown.

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Yeah.

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Border Patrol CBP created a secretive tactical terrorist response team in 2,015 it's expanded display, it's scope beyond our border.

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To other countries, It got us in some in counter intelligence. Works with other countries in transnational crime.

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And

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And between 2,017 and 2,019 documents share with the unit detained and interrogated asylum seekers US citizens it included an artist whose only crime was art installations at the border and they've also harassed migrant attorneys who are working with migrants.

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So we're seeing this huge growth of this sort of military complex, at borders basically.

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The US provides a single largest market for border security corporations. It's sort of supported by both the democrats and republicans it's not really a partisan issue it's more of a corporate issue the sort of.

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Okay.

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Corporations that receive money from border security contracts. From 2,006 to 2,018, ISIS issued more than 3,000 5,000 contracts totalling 18.2 billion.

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Department of Homeland Security as a whole as a ward of more than 4,000 488,000 contracts.

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With a total 4.8 trillion and this is created as like a endless market for border security corporations.

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We've seen, global expo for us have developed since 1919. The US has been sort of.

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Expanding it's sort of use of surveillance. Since 2,005 they've had these annual border security expos.

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They bring in top industry officials. They bring leaders from various governments. And to discuss how to prevail and how to.

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Completely close the border off. These are just some pictures of ghost robotics. If you go to any of these expos.

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These agents they boast about the technology that they now have so at the same time as they've been building up this military complex, the US has expanded its board is way beyond its territory.

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It launched in 2,008 at launch what was known as the Marida Initiative, which is a bilateral security agreement between Mexico and Central American states in the US.

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Part of that, program was for Central American countries. To prevent the innocent flow of drugs and people from entering the United States.

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Yes.

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In 2,014. In response to the surge of unaccompanied Central Americans arriving at the US border.

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Homeland Security launched operation coyote which involved agents going to Central American countries in terms of like capacity building and sharing information on human smuggling and and trafficking.

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You guys.

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The US has continued approving all these funds from the Obama administration and into the Trump administration. The certain board of the comprehensive southern border plan that was initiated in response to the migrant crisis, the unaccompanied crisis.

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Basically involved giving money to Mexico to into the interict migrants create militarization along the southern border between Guatemala and the United States.

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Increased patrols along train routes and all of this had sort of devastating impact for migrants.

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Yes.

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I'm just gonna skip through some of these. So the current situation. So when President Trump, when Trump became president, He campaigned on this whole sort of.

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Sort of fear in people to develop a fear in people of. Send a sort of like xenophobic views etc.

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Amazing!

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A native native nativeism etc to sort of expand his militarization of the border and build his border war.

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Sort of demonizing migrants. Here are some of the like sort of tweets Mexico is ranked deadliest country etc.

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We must secure our border. Prevent massive criminals from mentoring etc And in 2,017 he implemented and 0 tolerance which is another sort of extension of the border because Through 0 tolerance he created what was known as the migrant protection protocols.

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Which commonly known as remain in Mexico. Basically migrants presenting at the border with legitimate asylum claims were pushed back to Mexico.

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To wait the hearing so rather than being allowed into the united states or incredible fear interviews conducted and investigations were conducted to verify asylum.

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Yes.

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They were pushed back into Mexico while all those proceedings took place. So in effect like the United States is using Mexico as a shield to prevent migrants entering the United States.

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Yeah.

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Npp has created a humanitarian crisis. I don't have time to go into all the details, etc.

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But these migrants are pushed back into the Mexican state of Tamiolipus and ironically, Tamiya Nepis is on the State Department's list.

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Of do not travel because it's too dangerous. And yet it's sort of push migrants back into this area.

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Okay.

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They're targeted by transnational criminal organizations. This case after case of people who have been abducted kidnapped extorted for and into compelled labor for criminal activity, etc.

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Here are just some pictures of what the council like. In Madame. That the fourth to live in.

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Okay.

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Another extension of the border was, under, under the Trump administration was they created asylum cooperation agreements which allowed the United States government to to deport migrants who were detained.

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Oh my goodness.

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So I'm mostly back to Guatemala as a third country. Guatemala is not a safe third country it's dangerous they don't have an infrastructure or mechanisms in terms of dealing with the migrants but the united states transferred 900 3,900 and and Salvadoran asylum

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seekers, women and children shackled on planes. It's sort of also spreading, and children shackled on planes.

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It's sort of also spread covert at the same time because this is during the beginning of the pandemic.

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And it ended when Guatemala would because Guatemala was one of the first countries to close this border because of the pandemic and so it ended the program.

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But it's another example of how the United States is sort of outsourcing and pushing migrants to sort of the global south.

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So I don't have much more time. I think I have like about 2 more minutes, but the United States during the COVID crisis was able to implement what was known as Title 42.

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Yeah.

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Title 42 is a health code. That allows governments to prevent people coming in based on like, communicable diseases, etc.

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So under the legal pretext of Title 40 to the Trump administration was able to close borders completely.

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Okay.

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The Biden administration kept the policy in place. Until recently. And so migrants the same as the remain in Mexico are expelled to the same situations in in Tami Lepas.

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Okay.

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They're not subjected to formal consequences and so they're not processed they just deported and so that's what we call an expedited removal.

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And so there's no record. And so that's just allowed for like migrants to come back again, be deported again, come back again and and sort of like the rest of the division rates of sort of sword and that's actually what's contributed to the huge surge of migrants at the border.

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It's not really a surge. It's more it's migrants coming back and back.

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Is

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The ends of Title 42, has been a, is sort of created a lot of fear.

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So in the media in the United States, it's on this fear of, oh, T 22 is ending, there's going to be a surge at the border.

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But we have this huge border. But we have this huge border industrial complex in place that I've already mentioned.

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So can hold the tide of people. Etc and the sort of ISIS agreed to just 440, 46, sorry, 4,465 contracts this year.

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In military contracts with corporations to prevent people coming into the United States. And surveillance programs, etc.

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And so Title 42 has just been replaced by this huge military complex. And it's not gonna end.

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They have campaign contributions. Lobbying the pushes it further, etc. And so at the same time they've reinstated Title 8 in the United States, which is basically, does go through proper procedure proceedings when somebody enters the United States without papers.

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And so the consequences are really stiff for a regular migration it includes a ban and it's a potential criminal prosecution.

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This is put fear in migrants. And so there hasn't been a search post, the ending of Title 42.

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Swiss.

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In addition by the Biden administration has plans to expand the border further to the Darian gap. And hit the working with the Colombian governments and the Panamanian government and there's a possible troops will be deployed there to prevent migrants from leaving both those countries and making the track to the United States.

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And so they have actually more restrictive policies. I'm just to conclude very quickly, sorry.

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So this tightening of borders is not going to go away. In fact, it's growing exponentially.

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But we as human traffic researchers know that, when we have these restrictive border measures.

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It just sort of places had the migrants. And into the hands of smugglers and traffickers, it makes them mobile to trafficking.

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We've moved completely away from the humanitarian approach to driving to a security approach where migrants are seen as threats.

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And so it poses a whole new array of problems for people who are trying to prevent. Trafficking at borders and so I'm sorry it was so quick but I think I just gonna leave it there because I know I'm on 16 min, sorry.

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And that.

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And I leave it there. Thank you.

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Thank you Jenny for your playing this Next we are going to have Our printer from India, Soussi.

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Yes.

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Yeah, very good morning to all of you. Thank you very much for given the opportunity to present the paper but today's topic is trafficking of, devil migrants and expos to interpersonal violence, evidence from India.

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Human trafficking is a, global phenomenon. Recognise human rights violation and made a global public health program.

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The Palermo or protocol identified 4 forms for human trafficking like the trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for forced labor for, our brand remover and other forms, the port within.

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Yes.

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The. How do you do issue a estimate of the number of people in post level around the world is the 27.6 million.

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Thank you. The nation, office on drugs and, crime reported that, in, 28 in 4 slower account rate for 38% of the total trafficking cases detected globally.

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In the context of India, the National Crime Report Bureau in CRB deported 41.3% of the total trafficking cases for the post level and 31.3 fixed cases for the exploitation prosecution in India.

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The recent data shows that the global scale was at a global scale. 71% of the victims reported facing violence during or after.

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Oh, Oh. We just studies have, soon that, the victims of, labor trafficking are subjected to various physical sexual economic and emotional violence.

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The WHO report. On, violence, divided the, violence into 3 broad categories like, who, commit the violent act.

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Like self directed violence, interpersonal violence and, corrective violence. Then the, interpersonal violence is also divided into 2 sub categories like, first with our family and intimate partner violence and, which largely between, the family members and intimate partner.

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And the second one is a community violence finance between the individual who are unrelated and who may or may not know each other generally taking place outside the home.

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According to the US Department of State, 2021 trafficking in person report, the internet, internal post level in India, largest, other trafficking program.

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Oh, traffic or to use the, DEM, Deptivist, caution to compel men, women and children to walk in agriculture, Brooklyn, rice meal and lottery and textile.

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I, the, interpersonal, violence among the migrant level shows that the migrant level shows that the violence is more commonly experienced by the migrant than the that the violence is more commonly experienced by the migrant than the is more commonly experienced by the migrant than, the natives and, it links the phenomenon to poor living condition, irregular payments and clouding and a

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lack

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Yeah.

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The Odyssey is among the poorest in, Oissa with the official, poverty rate of 32.6% compared to the 21.9% across India, the trafficking of labor migrant foreigners and major cities, a, visible and a common phenomenon in many districts

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The

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of especially in Western Orissa and every year 1,000 people from these every year, of, especially in Western Orissa and, every year, 1,000 of people from this, district, migrate to the Navering states through an organized migration and, trafficking

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networks. The study conducted in 2 states like firstly we identified key informant perma migrant and then we discuss the project with him and, and asked him to contact other trafficking, my in a bit team subtracting migrants and using a Snowball sampling we conducted 25

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migrants and using snowball sampling we conducted 25 migrant and using a snowball sampling we conducted 25 and conducted the study with a semi-structured intervigial and in-depth interview.

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There are, videos, trafficking network but the common common mechanism at like the first leader employer can contact them Muni or the management is a local done and with promising better salty and commission for each migrant and they'll tell him to contact

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a worker for the company or the effectory. Then the moon fuel manager, manager contacted the broker or the middle men or in local room we call them the I know, with the same Promise the commission for migrants and the broker use video strategies to attract the worker to work in the effectively like

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with the fake promises or better employment better regular salary, maybe social security, transportation overtime payment, quality of life bonus.

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Extra payment and and then the Also to the broker directly contact the the migrants also. He used the family members and relatives also the village ahead to contact the Oh my.

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Yeah, the study, So that. Or Majority that is the 30, 3, 3 ports of the, responder reported they they have been exploited in the big clean sector and, 6 number in the construction sector and, the one in the agriculture

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sector.

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They also, want to, like, the common, the common, Occupation of Hajja is like, forced to live to a heavy object long hours under this zone without any day, no personal protective equipment like

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your blokes and a cap. Etcetera and 21 reported that they they are they they work near the fire without any protection.

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And 16, reported that the operating week and every machinery without any protection.

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On asking of how how many working hours or day maximum reported they work 10 to 15 h per day which is not good for their health.

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And, on asking on, how, long they have been exploited, maximum reported they have been exploited to 6 months to one year.

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The common form. Of interpersonal violence, they, reported, the verbal offense, threat, moving, socking, discrimination as all the 25, respondent has reported that along with that, physical, violence, and threats with weapon, sexual violence and neglect

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are also reported.

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The most common provider of the violence are the employer and that transferred more over the who worker also exploit the traffic migrants And it, there are, the, SCID effectors like the longer, the traffic, the big things of traffic migrants reported that

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the They are, they work a longer period in the, under this one without, or any, you know, cold condition or in a rainy region or also they they are cheated with the irregular wages like they have promised a highways, but they, they got only.

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low wage when they reached to the destination. They got a in they live in a poor living condition.

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They feel sick and they do not get freedom to live there. And, they got, distributed and exported on because we're not speaking their local language.

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They also. Oh, congregation for types of injuries like head injuries, screen damage, I, injury, air damage neck, injury, deep caught, in, not neck, very bad born and broken one on asking on their, access to

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health care, the maximum reported they, they are not access to any health care services in the destination.

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Oh.

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And, in a conclusion the finding, indicate that a traffic, migrants experience different patterns of, violence that cause many serious fidicile and psychological injury and, the study of flow suggests that the, trafficking of migrants labor for exploitation is a wide regime and a far reaching crime that urgently require responses

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to build our comprehensive regulation framework to protect human and liver rights at the national and international levels.

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Okay.

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Thank you.

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Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much for for your presentation. And explaining how the trafficking victim suffers a different kind of events.

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So later on we can have the discussion and the question. The next I'm going to invite Okay, I'm going to be invited to is going to present this paper.

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Yes.

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Good morning all of you. My son Tusha Dakar and Officer Kassidas, my Yes the resource guide so We have done this paper is human trafficking stress problem in India who were and how.

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So first of all, I would like to say in India every 8 min A culture went missing. This is a newspaper report.

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And the content of my presentation is starting from introduction to. Also majors and your fences.

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So on textualizing the human profiting it starts from Act means purpose and ultimately went to tough fitting process.

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This means by force question deception eruption and for the purpose of exploitation.

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So introduction as Sri already discussed. The data so I will not go through this is the first first one is like lower data reference 6.3 million people alright were traffic and in Asian region around 30 million and India the Ministry of Omen and Child Development.

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They reported 2.8 million people experienced commercial sexual exploitation. So, object tape. Fast objective and Dales with the policies.

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The second one, the causes strength and regional pattern and third one is to come up with the vulnerable regions.

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Existing policies says that global action plan it has been taken by United Nations, then Palmado Protocol, Agiment and Gutlands for Ber and Trafficking Victims Protection at anti-trafficking directive and global perspective to end violence against children.

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So Indian government key ports are like Act to prevent immoral traffic which was just taken in Netanyahu 56 for penalties for college politics and criminals all forms of human trafficking.

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And Ujala scheme it came in 2,007 attempts to help and revelate the victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation while preventing and combating practice.

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The integrated child protection is in 2,009 attempts to a horse safety net for young people who are danger of being exploited and trafficked.

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Then NIFO a fund. That was followed by an event happened in Dili. So it does it to keep funding for projects focused at improving the SIP and security of Omen including the counter trafficking activities.

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Then the child nation plan action 2,016 it deals with attempt to stop and deal with all types of soil devices including trafficking.

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The left one is the trafficking of persons prevention protection and rehabilitation which came recently in 2,021 intends to make it the legal framework for converting human trafficking and offering take things protection and support.

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Stronger. There is also a state government ski efforts taken by Maras, West Wingul, Andrapa Dishkanataka and Tamil Nadu.

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So for this second objective and third objective, the causes and trend and vulnerable regions we have used and the primary sources of data collected during my field work and the secondary data from Indiastate.

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Com under the Ministry of Child Development. So, mythology deals with a pier padding of the quantile maps using RSS software, then quantum now for burden of trafficking and this.

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Figured this talking about the But enough trafficking. One hand the victims are trafficking and divided by the anti-tarking units.

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It's contractualized from economics of human trafficking paper. So results. Trents of victim trafficking in India, 2,006 to 20 we found that after 2,013 and 2,013 the trends has a increasing trend.

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There is a there is a policy which came that in those cases should be reported as trafficking. As I discussed earlier, so after 2,013 that policy the numbers are increasing rapidly.

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So gender differences of trafficking, we found that females are being tough it more compared to males. And in recent decades, the numbers has been like decreasing order.

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A state wise prevalence of trafficking in India will founded rather than West Bengal, Master, those are the most trafficking trafficking steps and starting from 6,000 to 12,000.

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Followed by Andrea this in Delhi Odisha Tallanga, etc. And the least trafficking states are like Punjab, Hamatal Badesh.

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And Megalaya and other northern states. So Regional Trafing, original turned up trafficking, we found that a RED one that is, DAY, or not on Nigerian, but the eastern region which consist of West Bangalore, Oisha and Hirkon, these states are having the highest trend

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of human trafficking. So, degenerative people rescued from trafficking. So we found that most of the top Turkicas are being discovered from a northern and eastern and southern region because in these regions the entity picking units are more in number and they are very active to rescue the people from trafficking.

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So what do we found from trafficking and just cute? So, so the Peak TIM versus the rescue data shows that 2,016 to 20, maximum people were traffic from Eastern region of India.

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But if we see this good data, 2,016 to 70, most of the people rescued from the Northern Asian and whereas in 2,018 most rescued people are from southern region and 2,019 and 20 people are mostly rescued from again Eastern region of India.

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They are the anomaly, cam, can be understood by changing the destination, trafficking and activities of intercepting units and to conduct this rescue operation.

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So, anti-tarking presence of this anti-tarking units, we see that with UP and Madhapadesh and Bihar having the most number of anti-tarking units and the states like Maharashtra, get a lot about this.

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These states are having least number of anti-tarking units. So the burden of tracking as I said earlier, it is the victims of trafficking divided by the presence of anti-trapping units and we found that Andrea Badesh Urasha Padesh and Maharashtra, these are the highly important

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states.

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So, We found that forced labor and sexual exploitation are the most purposes of the trafficking in India. So we have conducted an in-depth interval based on my fieldwork and we found that isn't as a responded one he said that I'm from Bihar my parents sent me to Mumbai with help popular

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dates. I worked in a bar and I sent earnings back to my home. So the be biased are being topic with the help of their relatives and they work in different sectors like And then there's one and 2 and he said that I came from Bangladesh.

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So it's like an international type of event tracking which is present in the Indian subcontinent region.

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So he said that I come from Bangladesh in absence of pastor of parents and relative sold me to a pimp.

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So I closed the border with the PM and came to Shawn Agassi and she's the female.

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She will work for the sexual purposes. Dreadlight Rigas, then they sent me to Mumbai and I was forced to perform unpaid commercial success for at least 14 to 18 h.

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Then respondent tree, she is also female, she reported it a person vulnerability to being traffic is mostly influenced by poverty and high employment rates.

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My parents in less and my siblings education forced me to choose this business. Like those those girls are mainly engaged in the burdens or activities.

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In the pops. So the last one is the case study which was conducted in Mumbai, Dharabi, eighteen-year-old, a girl named Shanah, her name was changed internationally.

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So our family from Kolkata and her and his father was a Delaware's labor, her relatives lived with the assurance of more being a mortal because she was beautiful so he was being lived as a model in Mumbai.

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In the beginning she did to agree and to the sex works and however after 2 months she did not get any job and all her serving ends.

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So she had to engage in the sexual activities to run her family. Then she was being rescued by anti-tarking units with the help of Mumbai police.

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And they handed over a hard to NGO and like that she is now living her life. So what policy perspective should I suggest?

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Like we strength the law enforcement in India, increase public awareness through education, protection and support of victims and then strengthened the international cooperation like that case of Bangladesh then targeted initiatives for vulnerable groups like child and omen.

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Those are the vulnerable groups and strengthen the legal framework. So the entered trafficking in its can work they're full with their full right and then strengthen the victim witness protection and then corporate responsibility.

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It So, conclusion and limitation for the government's legislative,ative and judicial institutions to effectively combat trafficking in Omen and children, they must now defend to support this culture of human rights.

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Even angels, charity, organization, lawyers, people, civil society and social workers need to play a big part in India and its neighbor.

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So given that female employment is receiving more attention in India and across the globe, it is crucial to speak out for women who are engaged in or at this club international prostitution because India is a hub of this international type of constitution.

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So, yes, and let less entered everything you need a edition in those. Ied and the states are significantly affected by tapping in those sisters which are having less number of interrupting units, these are the most palatable estates as the underwear dish and Ernest Hl Pradesh were mentioned.

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So at the last, the limitation is like this study is based on data provided second data is from the Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India where limited information was available.

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Only the numbers are available in the Ministry of Home Affairs data and while conducting primary qualitative data collection we send people reports victim and rescued may not contribute.

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Like those who are victim at that time they are made not present in Mumbai. That it is good people, they might in other victims.

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So there is a mismatch of the victims under skewers and may not enter boot for. What are the study participants?

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So feature researcher researchers should focus on the other issues to come up with extensions and rigorous findings.

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So this is the acknowledgement to ISA and IAPS.

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Thank you.

436
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Thank you very much. The next present we are going to have Sorry.

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Yes.

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Hello everyone. I am going to present the Legal aspect of India. Most of the researchers have already explained about how the problem is.

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Now I am going to address some of the solutions level solution side of the problem. Trafficking in person in India that is very much understood that it is a victim country and when we look into the data It speaks in volume that all the data are although we don't collect in India there is a lack of collection of data by the government agencies.

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There is various agencies who are working, but there are ample evidence which has been produced and published by international agencies like the United Nations, you know, DC.

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And then government of India's under Ministry of Home Affairs and Child Development. When it's your woman and child development which is the Nodal agency which make the law in India.

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Ministry of Omen and Child Development. So it is a victim country despite being a victim country if you see the data.

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That speaks that 17% of the populations, world population they leave and India is the top destinations of human trafficking in South Asia.

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There are. But the country is guided by an colonial era archaic law that the immoral trafficking Prevention Act of 1,956.

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Quizzes and archaic act which has been amended twice. In 1,978 and 1,986 mostly more than 30 years before it has been last amended.

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So in the last 30 years it has not been amended. And therefore there have been many attempts in 2,006.

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2,016 and 2,018 as well as 2,021 they tried to amend it Now in this paper, I am trying to know that.

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The prevalent problem, what is the prevalent problem than the legal inadequacies and legal infrastructure?

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There is a lack of legal infrastructure. And then how the IPTA act, which is the immoral in trafficking Prevention Act, is inadequate.

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These are the aspects which I am going to discuss in. In the next 8 to 10 min. Now, the trafficking in common parlance That means the purpose of forced level, sexual slavery and commercial exploitation.

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Of the traffickers or others. There are the deception then there is the abuse, then coercion, forced abductions.

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And then the allurement into the better life. These are the some of the motivations and idea behind what is in anti-trafficking, what is trafficking in person.

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And those all are applicable in Indians. Scenario if we see that what it is is basically a global problem and India is since it it houses mostly 20% of the global population so but we won't more than a kind of 50% of the global problem.

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There are the gravity of problem in India. That it is a victim as well as a kind of transiting countries like people from Nepal, Bangladesh who are coming to India.

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And they are the India is a transit country where these people they came to India and then they migrated to other parts of the world.

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So there is a general acceptance in India there was a huge and long history. Of acceptance towards this prostitutions that is in olden days it is known as the Vdasi system.

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And there are, yeah, in Michaquatica and Arthrasa, these were the classical canonical text in India which extensively deals how the early days prostitutions were being dealt in legal parlance.

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And there is canonical acceptance in India. But in modern time it has been gone to such an extent that we are not able to grasp the entire issue.

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In a holistic manner and then we are not able to provide solutions. Now the There are the problem is There are the India there is the demand as well as supplier both are huge in numbers when we see that there are demand for skinned omen that is that is where people from mostly the female Yeah, trafficking happened from Japan, Russia.

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Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Thailand and Afghanistan. They go to work in India as a normal worker, but eventually they turn up into.

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Into the procedures and Okay and there is then For 40 years I have done in turmoil and there are people who are coming to India.

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They are forced into the trafficking industry. Now, there is a It is estimated that the one lack and 50,000 people trafficked into India.

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From international border. 76 are percents are women so it is basically a sexual and prostitution-related problem.

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Rather than post-level new little problem. For example, India is not a great country to migrate for in such a greener pasture.

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People don't come here to have a better life from Afghanistan from Miyamar or from bordering countries.

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But in their own country, the condition is so bad that they like to go. India. It is a comparative like Turkey doesn't accept Saudi Arabia don't accept Europe is a bar and then they don't go to those far and that is where they come to India and that is where they They work in manual labor, domestic lever

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and So on then ultimately they land in procedures on industry. Now, these are the problem side. Now, what is the legal side?

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There is a shocking and Surprising lack we don't have a robust law in India. There are various types of you can say rhetoric and misinformation is going on in the social media.

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Even in Wikipedia, one can write that prostitution is going on in the social media.

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Even in Wikipedia one can write that prostitution is legal in India. That is a misnomer and that is the misleading information that the outsider they normally go into the constitution brothel most of the time and they land in problem because they read in Wikipedia.

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Even its sites, the Yuki video sites IPTA Act. And just trying to see that these are the prostitutions is allowed in India.

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They normally all the social media and there are various discussions which happens. But this is entirely untrue.

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There are various quotes orders also. These are all confusing courts orders. The court Basically, they are there is libertarian and you can say that humanitarian outlook of the court, they gives that even if somebody is doing prostitutions in India, they are looks into a different way.

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The law, they apply, the high court has a higher rate, wider read, and they say that no it is not even a prostitutes has a life to live in India.

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So that is that is more of a singular case and single case. Today all the cases cannot go to the high court and that is where the court Orders are also misleading.

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There are various courts orders if you leak that Wherever there is a raid on any brothel since voluntary sex work is not illegal look at this line that voluntary sex work is not illegal that is what code is saying which is not true.

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And only running brothel is unlawful. That means you cannot run a growth hall. Blotel is unlawful but doing prostitution is lawful.

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This is confusing. And then the worker concern should not be arrested and penalized or harassed or victimized.

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This is the court is saying so people take it as a face value. But there are 3 structure of legal infrastructure in India.

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Off to your son, which is the mother of all law, where the law is being made and then the Indian Penal Code which is an archetypal I mean colonial era law that that has been also applied and the third is the, Parliament.

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So the Indian Pinel code basically which is applied the IPC which is called Indian Pinel Code.

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Which is 1833 era law, it criminalizes every aspect of prostitution or immoral trafficking.

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It is it criminalizes so even if you are doing a small act you might be normalized and who will arrest you the police and there is no court there present.

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So by the time you get a coat order it might be years or months you might be languishing in jail.

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So if you look into the provisions of IPC, it criminalizes every single aspect. So in India, whatever is social media saying, irrespective of the court order, all aspect of in this trafficking is illegal And then the legal infrastructure also speaks in different voices.

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Like for example the 371 it criminalizes exploitation of a traffic person. There are various other aspects that the constitutions this speaks in humanitarian voices.

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So that is where there is a continuous quest for robust law which is not happening there have been tried it has been tried thrice in 2,006 that was the first attempt they met And after it was after a good 20 years they tried to amend it.

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An ominous child development ministry which is the notal ministry. It tried to introduce a bill. It continued for many days and years and then it has been.

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After that it takes another. 10 years, a decade after 2,016 then there was another bill was introduced that also didn't get the scrutiny of the parliament and they didn't get the approval.

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Finally, in 2,018 there was another attempt and in 2,021 2 years before they drafted and it is also involved.

491
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It is not unbeaten past. So in short there have been 2 amendments and 4 attempts to get a new law since the 1,900 fiftys.

492
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It is more than 75 years of independence that we are not able to do it. So that is all for my presentations.

493
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Thank you very much.

494
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Thank you very much. For your paid person and Before we conclude the system

495
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Don't say. Just I would like to see. Other presentations who are online.

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From the Mali.

497
01:22:14.000 --> 01:22:28.000
Okay, so as There you know other frame Just, you know, some writers. Say so and, as you all see the Very many good.

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From a different countries. In the war. So in the beginning.

499
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The Marius, paper on the human traffic and smuggling from every pick up to Europe and he spoke about the caring masculine thing.

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And I think this is very much important that in the role of other men in the process of You know, protect the and to the woman.

501
01:22:57.000 --> 01:23:04.000
It is the process of, you know. During the process of human trafficking. This is very interesting paper.

502
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I'm the And then we had the printers from the Olaya and the Karmen from the Spain who spoke about the You know, in OPCIENCe, so see a socioeconomic support.

503
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Have the traffic in victims in the Spain And, and she also spoke about, during the COVID times.

504
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And other than the big teams are trafficking, they are lack of access to the health care facilities. And it leads to many trafficking victims of all the mental jihadists and the streets.

505
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And then we had a paper from the Jennifer and Jennifer spoke about the border security. This is very interesting that we can also have that.

506
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We can we must think about that how the you know the drama administration or the the spend a lot of you know the resources to control the border between the US and the Mexico.

507
01:24:08.000 --> 01:24:17.000
But you know the amount that spans on the to to construct the world.

508
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Okay.

509
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Sorry.

510
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So,

511
01:24:43.000 --> 01:24:59.000
We have completed all the papers and just I was summarizing. The sessions and as you all see. That first the Mathews presentative papers on human trafficking in Germany.

512
01:24:59.000 --> 01:25:20.000
He spoke about the the trafficking from the Africa to Europe and this is really a quite interesting paper they spoke about the carrying masculinity how the man protects the you know the women trafficking victims in Africa and in the process of trafficking network.

513
01:25:20.000 --> 01:25:35.000
Then we had the Prendition from the Allaya, from Spain. She spoke on and are related to the trafficking victims that inefficient supports socioeconomic support the recepts in the Spain.

514
01:25:35.000 --> 01:25:53.000
And you know the during the COVID times how the trafficking victims suffered the health care, lack of health care, health care access and how it leads to the mental disorders, depressions, and the substances abuses among them.

515
01:25:53.000 --> 01:26:17.000
Then we had the presentation from the Jennifer from United States. And She spoke about the The border security and the high amount of them the resources spent by the government of United States to construct the world and to militarization of the border between United States and the Mexico.

516
01:26:17.000 --> 01:26:31.000
And this as I understand from the presentation the tightening of border has not resulted any positive aspects to control the human trafficking and the smuggling from the Central America to United States.

517
01:26:31.000 --> 01:26:42.000
So this is also one of the important that, a, you know, instead of spending. The main, the, instead of spending the resources.

518
01:26:42.000 --> 01:26:55.000
How we can control the trafficking. The process they are spending the in the resources on just to control to construct the world or the militarization of the border.

519
01:26:55.000 --> 01:27:02.000
Then we had the presentation from the Soussi from India. She spoke about the interpersonal violence supported by the migrants victims.

520
01:27:02.000 --> 01:27:09.000
And this is, you know, this book, How the Physical Violence, Sexual Violence, by the migrants in.

521
01:27:09.000 --> 01:27:17.000
In India. Then we are the predecessor from the tusar. And as he spoke about the border not trafficking, this is very interesting thing.

522
01:27:17.000 --> 01:27:33.000
So you spoke about the bottom of traffickings. And you know the traffic problems CJ is a highly basically engage a hotspot of the human trafficking not only for the you know the origin is also destination country IGO presenter.

523
01:27:33.000 --> 01:27:44.000
And I understand the importance of the trafficking units, but you know sometimes also we need to discuss more about that or the antiquity picking units are not functioning properly in India.

524
01:27:44.000 --> 01:27:55.000
Basically they have settled in the certain states like Maharashtra and the northern India. But the anti-trafficking units, their function is very minimal, the where the trafficking originated like the state like Odyssey or the West Bengal or the northeast.

525
01:27:55.000 --> 01:28:05.000
No, so that can be the we can debate about that one. And the last we had the presentation from the Soros Rath.

526
01:28:05.000 --> 01:28:16.000
He spoke about the legal aspects. And I can understand that is a lot when I was just analyzing the legal aspects of India, there's a lot of confusion between the human trapping and the prostitution.

527
01:28:16.000 --> 01:28:25.000
You cannot say all the the other prosecution victims. All the prostige for women who are in the prosecution, they are the trafficking victims.

528
01:28:25.000 --> 01:28:33.000
And if you see the Indian legal aspects, they treated as all the prostitutes and they are the victims of the human trafficking.

529
01:28:33.000 --> 01:28:47.000
So you know that that must be the clear distinction between the prostitution and the human trafficking victims. And the came the last one which is you know they did not only the problem of India there are also problems in many countries that the criminalization of victims.

530
01:28:47.000 --> 01:29:00.000
If you see the column Palermo protocol that clearly written that the you should not criminalize the victims, but in many countries like them India and Mexico even the many European countries.

531
01:29:00.000 --> 01:29:04.000
Still there criminalize the big teams. So, you know, these are the summarize. I just I would like I would like to summarize the sessions the important aspects.

532
01:29:04.000 --> 01:29:19.000
By our the participants or presenters. So now with this I open the session for the. Any comments.

533
01:29:19.000 --> 01:29:26.000
Or if you want to put your any inputs to our presenters, if you want to ask any questions or presenters.

534
01:29:26.000 --> 01:29:34.000
So. Assessment is open for.

535
01:29:34.000 --> 01:29:48.000
Anybody from online also they can ask yes

536
01:29:48.000 --> 01:29:56.000
Good morning participants. Good morning, participants online. My name is Lori Kotijo.

537
01:29:56.000 --> 01:30:07.000
Or buffet me, hello investing in Nigeria. I want to congratulate and appreciate the presenters for the very beautiful presentations.

538
01:30:07.000 --> 01:30:19.000
About online and on-site. Particularly I want to, talk to The last presentation by So, very interesting, very inspiring.

539
01:30:19.000 --> 01:30:31.000
Presentation. On the legal aspects. Of human trafficking, very apt. I just have 3 responses and observation.

540
01:30:31.000 --> 01:30:41.000
To the presentation at first. Is what he said about and of course also to emphasize about the distinction between human trafficking and prostitution.

541
01:30:41.000 --> 01:30:51.000
And of course, when it started saying that over 13 years, there has not been any amendments, human trafficking as any of the crime.

542
01:30:51.000 --> 01:31:02.000
He said, living that one, the one that changes with time. Changes with perspectives because when a dynamic war therefore a very good understanding of this changes.

543
01:31:02.000 --> 01:31:14.000
Within influence we laws we have to it. So that's why I think. That participant stakeholders key stakeholders in that society have a lot of work to do.

544
01:31:14.000 --> 01:31:19.000
To mobilize and sensitize. Moral entrepreneurs that is those who are tired of policy making because they can't do more than they understand.

545
01:31:19.000 --> 01:31:37.000
So I think to this end, those who are in their academia, those who are civil society organizations, non-government organizations can come together.

546
01:31:37.000 --> 01:31:46.000
Kind of lobbying kind of sensitization to the assembly, to the police, to let them know because they can't do better than they understand.

547
01:31:46.000 --> 01:31:56.000
So I think it's very important. That they understand how to lobby and ensure that they are in tandem with developments.

548
01:31:56.000 --> 01:32:05.000
About human trafficking. Also the political wheel is very essential. Very important that we run around those who are in form.

549
01:32:05.000 --> 01:32:22.000
Policies because We can't get better than they know. So we need to, therefore, what I'm saying in essence is that there's need for the academia and all that stakeholders to rally around those who are in charge of laws to ensure because it can be better than our laws.

550
01:32:22.000 --> 01:32:29.000
I mean we are governed by laws and laws say the final thing. In a session like that, we are reducing even trafficking too.

551
01:32:29.000 --> 01:32:37.000
Position then a lot of gap there's a lot of lakuna We all know the trends, we don't have in some societies.

552
01:32:37.000 --> 01:32:44.000
We went to 15 for the purpose of organizing you know child slavery which of course some of the any presenters are alluded to.

553
01:32:44.000 --> 01:32:49.000
So all this will be left. Oh, and I want to again congratulate everybody. I was presented.

554
01:32:49.000 --> 01:32:53.000
I want to say thank you very much for this thing. Thank you.

555
01:32:53.000 --> 01:33:00.000
Thank you very much. As long as you want to respond.

556
01:33:00.000 --> 01:33:07.000
I don't think he'd need a response because he has spoken very well. In fact, he has elaborated.

557
01:33:07.000 --> 01:33:27.000
But, I just like to add something that what he has suggested is basically that is the purpose of this conference also that this gap that the academia, the researcher and the police that need justice system and in the legislature, the lobbying.

558
01:33:27.000 --> 01:33:35.000
These are all very, all are in hydra-headed and they are contrasting. They are not assimilating with each other.

559
01:33:35.000 --> 01:33:49.000
That problem we are facing and that required lots of energy combining synchronizing energy. The thing is what I'd like to tell you is I haven't referred 2 books from canonical texts the Mucca Tika and Arthur Sasser.

560
01:33:49.000 --> 01:33:54.000
These were all. 2,300 years old book. Arthur Sassera is a canonical text.

561
01:33:54.000 --> 01:34:04.000
It is on statecraft. It defined exact remedy and how a prostitution prostitutes should be dealt, how to tax a prostitute.

562
01:34:04.000 --> 01:34:16.000
Not to criminalize her and the entire system is well defined so our law our ancient text are very much available The other thing is then the Buddhism in Buddha.

563
01:34:16.000 --> 01:34:36.000
He had 2 options in one day to attend other a civilisation or a prostitutes invite. And he preferred to go to the prostitute and that is how the society has acceptance to these types of philosophical and humanitarian acceptance of this what we today see is a problem.

564
01:34:36.000 --> 01:34:52.000
No coming back to the equity Suggested there is a clear lack of understanding that what we actually want that the police are not trained the people on the ground who are the enforcers they don't know what to do and the law is very much confusing.

565
01:34:52.000 --> 01:35:00.000
So these are some of the aspects and thank you very much for suggesting that this is what we want. There is a synchronized effort by all.

566
01:35:00.000 --> 01:35:19.000
Thank you. Yeah, just to add the last things about your what you explained about the efforts of your what you explained about the efforts I used to say there is you know 4 pillars we need to have to combat the human trafficking and that is I used to say the map M APP the first M is M stand for media A for

567
01:35:19.000 --> 01:35:29.000
academia and the P for you know the people and last one is the politics. This 4 needs to collaborate together when you talk about the human trafficking.

568
01:35:29.000 --> 01:35:36.000
If you see the only academia or the you know the the media they cannot combat the humor. This poor needs to work together.

569
01:35:36.000 --> 01:35:45.000
You know, to have the good rangers or the human trapping and most of the countries this 4 are not collaborating or they don't have the interactions.

570
01:35:45.000 --> 01:35:50.000
So I think that is very much important. That we should keep in mind. Thank you very much for your question.

571
01:35:50.000 --> 01:35:53.000
Yeah. Thank you so much. So any next please? Any next?

572
01:35:53.000 --> 01:36:01.000
Yeah, please.

573
01:36:01.000 --> 01:36:06.000
Yes. Good morning. Thank you very much for the very interesting. An important presentation.

574
01:36:06.000 --> 01:36:15.000
I'm Rayko Gava from Manchiba University in Japan. And

575
01:36:15.000 --> 01:36:28.000
I also looked into this issue and What was confusing to me in the case of Japan was that the definition of trafficking has not been shared among the stakeholders.

576
01:36:28.000 --> 01:36:40.000
So like for example if you have like the case of labor exploitation or the bad working condition. That does not necessarily correlate to the trafficking.

577
01:36:40.000 --> 01:36:48.000
And for example, if you have like a case of I'm documented migrants during prostitution.

578
01:36:48.000 --> 01:36:59.000
Then the people will pick up on this undocumented status. Or the illegal prostitution rather than being a victim of the human trafficking.

579
01:36:59.000 --> 01:37:18.000
So these definition of trafficking was. Confusing to me when I was working and In the case of Japan, only the police and the immigration officer can recognize or identify who the trafficker is.

580
01:37:18.000 --> 01:37:31.000
So I'm just wondering how you are tackling with this problem. That's the first question and my second question is about the ethics in doing research.

581
01:37:31.000 --> 01:37:46.000
To those victims or the survivors of human trafficking and whether you have any kind of like ethical consideration or guidelines in doing research I would love to learn from that.

582
01:37:46.000 --> 01:37:56.000
Thank you. So the question can be to anybody. Yeah, yeah. Anybody want to respond?

583
01:37:56.000 --> 01:38:04.000
Yeah, okay.

584
01:38:04.000 --> 01:38:14.000
See the this is very Although there are some definitions internationally and locally also. But we don't agree, but UN has a definition.

585
01:38:14.000 --> 01:38:26.000
It has been recently added. In fact, in 2,018 only. There is a university agreement.

586
01:38:26.000 --> 01:38:42.000
And the definition is concerns of a definition. In India we have 2 set of rules one is below 16 years those are considered as a foxo act that means they are a child production app and the other is adult for the adult.

587
01:38:42.000 --> 01:38:57.000
Most 16 years. So legally the definition is given by 2 sets that one is our constitution gives definitions and we are a signatory of a moral trafficking actor that is signed in New York in 1,948.

588
01:38:57.000 --> 01:39:03.000
So India is a signatory and based on that we have defined. That what is, trafficking?

589
01:39:03.000 --> 01:39:23.000
And that has been defined in 2,000 I mean in 1948 itself But we participated in 1956 only we got this law passed in 1,956 we defined it You might be disagreeing there is lack of law as I said in 78 and 86 we have twice amended and for the 4 attempts we

590
01:39:23.000 --> 01:39:34.000
have made to again humanize it and modernize it which is not had been able to do it because people like you and me and all the legislators are not agreeing.

591
01:39:34.000 --> 01:39:46.000
So legally we have definitions for that. But as I said the court has a different interpretation they can say that no it is not they have a wide read and they have their own interpretation.

592
01:39:46.000 --> 01:39:58.000
As you were saying. That it is a funny thing to understand that the I think police and immigration officials, they can explain that whether they are the gospel, who can spell.

593
01:39:58.000 --> 01:40:06.000
In India also a constable who is the last layer of the system who is in forse, they don't know what is law.

594
01:40:06.000 --> 01:40:13.000
In fact, they are supposed to be trained but they are defining. So we have this problem and that is where most of the people are languages in jail.

595
01:40:13.000 --> 01:40:27.000
And that is where the law is. Now very I mean, although we have clear definition. So far as the ethical aspect is concerned, we are very much adaptive and acceptabilities high.

596
01:40:27.000 --> 01:40:36.000
Even if somebody is a victim. We don't, I mean society doesn't criminalize them, although there is societal taboo, there is 2 things.

597
01:40:36.000 --> 01:40:49.000
One is taboo and one is acceptance. People are mostly whoever is coming okay he has how she has come now we have to accept it society accept them and that is where although How did this policy sense?

598
01:40:49.000 --> 01:41:01.000
Like Hkey Piki, we have a community they have gone to Sudan. And we have Nigerian, we have African, we have Yeah, police, genocide victim, all types of people we accept.

599
01:41:01.000 --> 01:41:06.000
Recently the Indian court also accepted Miyamaris, although there is a bar on their immigration to India.

600
01:41:06.000 --> 01:41:21.000
But we have been, ethically we are very much acceptable and there is no I mean bar on there is no criminalization so far as it takes his concern and society is concerned.

601
01:41:21.000 --> 01:41:39.000
Yeah. Just to add one thing. And anybody I think you know that is as I said the definition of human trafficking given by the that we followed the parallel protocols and that all the countries they adopted that that definition.

602
01:41:39.000 --> 01:41:47.000
If you see the 3 aspects of that. Difference awareness and or the why the personage get trapped.

603
01:41:47.000 --> 01:42:11.000
And the more you know the power the how that get traffic and the purpose and the purpose always got the exploitation no and you know how in what way that got that the traffic that is the code sun at etc the transportation or every big teams through the cohesion but the proposal of export on saying the simple way the the definition of humans are

604
01:42:11.000 --> 01:42:33.000
taking. But you know that in many countries, you know, it is very difficult to explain. Yeah, you know about the whether that person get the coast or adopted and you know that is also you know many countries face the problem that's you know in that delay in in that particular point there is an issue to define the human.

605
01:42:33.000 --> 01:42:42.000
If you see the many countries that definition they do not include the coercion. Just there see the transportation and the exploitation.

606
01:42:42.000 --> 01:42:51.000
Okay, these 2 things they include That's why many times the country like Japan on the audio, I have seen in Latin American countries also.

607
01:42:51.000 --> 01:43:05.000
The definition is very much confusing. But you know, it is very most important that all the policy makers or the persons who are dealing with the trafficking, they should understand the part the Palermo Protocol is saying about the tippiness on a human trafficking.

608
01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:22.000
That is very most important to keep in mind. And especially in the prostitution age I said though in the sexual exploitation you know the home the big teams they are in the sex, they in prostitution and there are also no trafficking victims there are no prostitution so it is very much confusing how you are going to distribute as your friend

609
01:43:22.000 --> 01:43:43.000
from from Nigeria also explained about that one that you know very much difficult to distinguish the trafficking victims in the prostitution and the not trafficking victims in the posterior zone and that is you know one of the big challenge for the policy maker and the person who is giving the justice and arcana and Are regarding the you know

610
01:43:43.000 --> 01:43:51.000
ethnic aspect definitely all the researchers who are doing who doing the research on the human trafficking basically we follow the WHO guidelines.

611
01:43:51.000 --> 01:43:59.000
There is an ethical guideline and sometimes also you know when there is who are doing the and research on the trafficking and the health aspect, the Pol of the Helensky, you know, ethical guidelines.

612
01:43:59.000 --> 01:44:17.000
Definitely is very most important to you know you have to follow some. A guide ethical guidelines otherwise you know you are going to violates or the rebictive sometimes you also in the research as many research also when they do not follow the ethical granted they revive the process.

613
01:44:17.000 --> 01:44:24.000
Thank you very much for your questions. Any other questions? Because you only have the 2 min. Yes, good.

614
01:44:24.000 --> 01:44:31.000
See you. Yeah, please. Then last one.

615
01:44:31.000 --> 01:44:42.000
Yeah, thank you very much. My question is quite straightforward. It's Professor Das. So you mentioned earlier about the majority of those who are traffic are actually from the eastern region, but when you talk about those who were rescued, it's mainly from the northern areas.

616
01:44:42.000 --> 01:44:58.000
I wonder on what were your findings in terms of the differences in that. Thank you.

617
01:44:58.000 --> 01:45:13.000
Thank you for your question. The difference in like victims of trafficking being mostly reported in victims of trafficking being mostly reported in the eastern region of trafficking being mostly reported in the eastern region and the number of dispute people they are mostly from the northern region.

618
01:45:13.000 --> 01:45:16.000
This anomaly is mostly reported in the eastern region and the number of dispute people they are mostly from the northern region.

619
01:45:16.000 --> 01:45:23.000
This anomaly is due to the presence of and tapping units and the reporting of the trafficking victims like as are told.

620
01:45:23.000 --> 01:45:39.000
That trafficking is dependent on 3 factors like Act means and purpose. In purpose I could explain like for post-clover sexual exploitation and domestic servitude.

621
01:45:39.000 --> 01:46:00.000
So like those who are being tough for domestic servitude, they may not be reported in the data. So the victims may be higher in the Eastern region and the dispute people, they are mostly rescued from the sexual sexual exploitation and the pastitation type of things.

622
01:46:00.000 --> 01:46:11.000
So the it rescue data is not Once considering all the victims. So there is an animal in victims of trafficking and a dispute people.

623
01:46:11.000 --> 01:46:21.000
So data data gap is there as I said in my primary survey I have not able to consider the victim and rescued.

624
01:46:21.000 --> 01:46:30.000
In long term like one people there have been victims and they are being rescued I can't able to interview that type of people.

625
01:46:30.000 --> 01:46:40.000
Hello.

626
01:46:40.000 --> 01:46:48.000
Yeah, less of the pollution. Yes, they are doing this good term place of destination. Not some origin.

627
01:46:48.000 --> 01:46:57.000
Yeah. Okay. OK, the last questions, then we have to. Will summarize the system.

628
01:46:57.000 --> 01:47:07.000
Good morning. It was a wonderful presentation. My question is from Professor Das. In your presentation you had a lot of data from home affairs.

629
01:47:07.000 --> 01:47:15.000
So I just wonder about the data like the number of trafficking, the people who were traffic, it was the number.

630
01:47:15.000 --> 01:47:23.000
You had a ratio of male and female. So basically I could see that in 2,016 and 17 there was a peak.

631
01:47:23.000 --> 01:47:37.000
And then it declined. So is there a particular reason for the peak in 16 and 17?

632
01:47:37.000 --> 01:47:41.000
I think there's a

633
01:47:41.000 --> 01:48:02.000
I think that this is a aggregate level data so I think that it may various regions who don't know exactly regions but one reason made the reporting that the reporting done cases maybe better some of the states in northern India the reporting is better because some of these tests are improved so I think it is very difficult to say why what happened during that period

634
01:48:02.000 --> 01:48:10.000
is 1617. Because but probability period I think that data is there, the reporting is there is flattened down, cut and down.

635
01:48:10.000 --> 01:48:19.000
But exactly it was not very difficult to say you. What was the specific reason? Maybe better reporting some of the cases that are at the arbitrary community very stronger so there are better reporting.

636
01:48:19.000 --> 01:48:30.000
So maybe some of the regions but very difficult aggregate level data very difficult to pinpoint or what are the specific region they happen during the 16 or 17 due to that they pick suddenly.

637
01:48:30.000 --> 01:48:40.000
So again, that are relevant is there. Some other factors may be possible. Thank you. Okay, I think we are running sort of time.

638
01:48:40.000 --> 01:48:51.000
So just we put a conclusion I just I want to As a give the opportunity to my colleague Jennifer Bryson to summarize the session and then you closes.

639
01:48:51.000 --> 01:48:52.000
Jenny.

640
01:48:52.000 --> 01:48:55.000
Yeah, hi. Can you hear me?

641
01:48:55.000 --> 01:48:56.000
Yeah.

642
01:48:56.000 --> 01:49:07.000
Okay. What I would like to say in conclusion is, well, we've see we listen to presentations of, case studies, particularly in India.

643
01:49:07.000 --> 01:49:21.000
We listen to Professor Ross talking about the need for more legislation or that we have confusion in legislation. What I would like to say is We need to address the systemic factors.

644
01:49:21.000 --> 01:49:41.000
So we can sort of like dispute discuss of what the definition of human trafficking is. That we need more enforcement etc but we need to address the systemic factors that the government's create if we're ever going to combat any trafficking go make a dent in in the phenomenon So for example, we need to address

645
01:49:41.000 --> 01:49:42.000
A

646
01:49:42.000 --> 01:49:59.000
poverty. We need to address, legal status. Like undocumented status we need to address systemic racism We need to address the securitization of borders because all these factors are what are contributing to human trafficking.

647
01:49:59.000 --> 01:50:08.000
Like taking the case of India, for example, that the study, that talked about brick and workers and in construction.

648
01:50:08.000 --> 01:50:16.000
We have a cast system in India. And until we address these forms of discrimination people will always be exploited.

649
01:50:16.000 --> 01:50:22.000
They'll always be vulnerable and if they're going to be if they're vulnerable they're going to be vulnerable to be trafficked.

650
01:50:22.000 --> 01:50:30.000
And so for me, until we address these systemic factors. We're not gonna make any difference.

651
01:50:30.000 --> 01:50:31.000
And that's what I would like to say.

652
01:50:31.000 --> 01:50:37.000
Okay, yeah Okay, yeah, thank you Jenny.

653
01:50:37.000 --> 01:50:54.000
Thank you, Jenny. And I most thanks all our participants. Have this wonderful session. And just, I'd like to conclude that this says and all, I request all our presenter to, they would like to submit their paper to us.

654
01:50:54.000 --> 01:51:13.000
Kind of we were thinking to bring a book. Okay, in every the world Congress of the ISA we have we have brought a book so this time also we are going to have this idea and please submit your paper maybe you can take time 4 to 5 months and to submit the paper to us and definitely we are going to bring the book myself and

655
01:51:13.000 --> 01:51:23.000
the Geneva we have that idea. So 1 s thank you very much all our participants and the person presence here making this session very wonderful and reliable.

656
01:51:23.000 --> 01:51:26.000
Thank you. See you later.

657
01:51:26.000 --> 01:51:27.000
Thank you, Jenny. Thank you, Allaya. Thank you, Thank you, Sisteri.