WEBVTT

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but also please.

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and I like to have a presentation with the title, Return Migrant, Itp, or industry and the project formula-based workers in the frequencies under the COVID-19 pandemic.

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This presentation has 2 goals. The first one is to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the efforts for upward the mobility of aspiring female workers and their families from the low income class in Mandida. Now, Siban is to examine how the change in global's habits production caused by the pandemic affected

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families and the communities marginalized from the current economic growth.

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To achieve the course, I will focus on on my financing, which expanded after the outbreak of COVID-19, paying attention to the other 2 export sectors for Russia's employment and the Ipv. Or industry.

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Before the pandemic the economic rules had been supported by 2 economic peers, revidences from overshadow workers, and the ivpos, such as the course and the industry. The center of the economic activities is the Metrobuya Manina and its surrounding area.

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It is the hub of the Itb Us. Because it's young and educated workforce there has adopted foreign capital to the area as an auto-social destination. The percentage of neo-cross workers, such as monitors, professionals, Clarks, has increased since the are in 2,000. The expansion of such workers has been led by the increase of educated female workers.

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Now, because the workforce of the IP is is highly feminized.

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Let's look at the structural change in employment population in pre-pandemic days. Now, here has a service oriented environmental structure. It can be explained by overpopulation in the rural areas by the 1,900 ninetys, many ruler Abba migrants engaged in informal and unstable jobs. However, the character of service employment.

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the character of service employment.

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our sector changed the percentage of the middle class workers. This tendency is observed. Much career in the female employment of population. This has been led by the expansion of highly educated female workers.

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Secondly, not the percentage of a feedback in total numbers of alwaysws tended to write as well as actually as I referred to in the other articles. Default for our provided mobility of low income households in Manina are highly feminized.

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Whether they can move of the water. It depends on whether they have a 3 very educated members with several jobs and their contribution to their families.

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So how did the pandemic affect their effort for class of mobility.

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The next slide is about the affection of the pandemic on Ipv.

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The degree of harm was smaller than those in other industries. Even during the first lockdown, in 2,020 that was very stringent, the Itpo companies still operated. They introduced a work from form set up, except for some cases that deal with highly classified information. Like financial accounts.

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Those are signed with officers set up, but wanted to avoid the infection, and so forth, move to online financing and other jobs that all of them to work at home for the more. In 2,022 the Freebian Government promote a return to the office center for video establishments. Many workers didn't like such a policy and transferred to online free dancing, such as budget assistance.

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The pandemics seriously affected on the library efforts of all of W and their families. In 2020 the number of repatriation was across approximately 800,000, the number of debugged orfw's degrees from 2 million to 550,000 in 2

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2,020. It's so difficult for them to find other livelihoods in the Philippines they experience a recovery. Degrading of incomes, return is, are likely to belong to the larger households. So, therefore, it is a service that they fresher, since many of them have a responsibility for their families as the bread winners.

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Actually we be us and the labor exposed sector have interrupted each other in terms of the labor force. I'm not sure how many Ppo workers have an experience as working abroad, but, for example, in 2,020. There was a coverage that Government and the association of a Ppo establishment expected. Retardis expected to be Chinese, especially in

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those who are in it, and the medical sectors to work in the Itb Us. To fill up the demand. In that sector.

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however, I assume that there are many returns who prepare to work as online renters to a significant degree.

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Online free licensing is often considered adding to it and the overshoot's employment, since the demand is from the global north, due to low-range standards in the global South.

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All of the sectors relies on their English proficiency that is derived from a colonial coordial element. However, a potential units of Id, PP. As a third party, or the social companies or subsidiary of foreign based companies. So what goes into the Bpos employees of those establishments.

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On the other hand, online freelances are mediated by online label platforms, such as at work, they directly contact contact with individuals or companies in the global nose, the following pointer downsides and the upsides of online finance, you. But let me skip.

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This slide is about the studies on class mobility of workers in the export sectors. According to Salas, the majority of Core Center workers are from the low income class. The study considers working in whole centers as a part of a class of mobility projects by low-income class. The exponential for class mobility or middle-classness is also observed among the online free dances

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in my leader, in terms of occupation and education. Upward mobility can be observed in statistics, however, in terms of an income level, the increase of the percentage of the middle income cost is just slightly.

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It means that some middle-class workers and their families are authorized to save their living expenses like rent for housing costs. I think some of them

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authorized to live in a formal settlement, so meaning to say, they don't have tenure on a data hub, not the title. So

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are you saying

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they're in a really barrier situation.

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So, furthermore, in respect to the social prestige, many of the workers in the 3 export sectors in marginal middle class are not new, or all the middle classes

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originally manually middle-class means employees in clerical work, since the prestige of chronicle workers in and over the other occupations of middle classes. Color center agents can be categorized as a Mauser. Dilo, on the other hand, so Soiana and the Kabannis are prefered, the time and define marginal milklessness as working in occupations of a lower prestige in the global North

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the typical, even example are a call-center agent on security over the overshoot of employment, such as domestic helpers and the online dances.

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So as I referred to earlier, the uproar, the mobility of low income and households depends on the contribution of female members with stable jobs, do they? Again, I marry your email with the maximum middle of cross jobs. They are expected to contribute to the educational expenses of their younger siblings, and sometimes to buy a property or house for their families.

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In this presentation I tend to to verify with a requestness based on how you know characteristics.

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since highly educated workers from our low income class in Manida tend to try to obtain a house with a lot that is a rank, a call for the fiber being. And then I focus on massive middle class workers living in an informal settlement, and their attempt to purchase their own houses.

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Therefore I'd like to pursue these 2 questions. Firstly, how has the transition to all online relaxing during the pandemic affected the data, the efforts for cross-mobility of female marginalized workers from informal settlements. Secondary. How are inter-family dilations of eiformer cetera's functioning for global service? Production?

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Here's my research field in the nebotas the city's economic structure depends on the fishpot complex. A significant person of the local employment opportunities derives from the fisheries, food and the reactive industries.

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However, these employment. Opportunities have a benefited man. Economic opportunities for women are very scarce.

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This site is on laboratory operations in the community. Manufacturers intended to engage in jobs related to transportation, construction, fisheries, and so on. Women in southeast and above tend to engage in small businesses, and the undergraduate volunteers and the Canyon. The majority of workers here have a home. On the res of trade jobs.

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As for economic opportunities for younger women, there are very few in the city, so they needed to commute for long hours, or live separately from their primaries.

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According to my recent research, there are some, a younger female profession of clerical workers and the O of Aws!

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Here I pick up a case of family here. The eldest daughter of this family is F, one. She have had a responsibility to provide a family, since she worked abroad as a free school teacher. In December 2021,

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she resigned the job to apply another country. However, she could not update the job in that country. She, his convention among the abbreviate, becomes much harder. Due to the pandemic. Therefore she started working in Manida as a private teacher.

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Prior to that.

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How not 3 sorry, divided in comparison to the amount that she owned before, when I visited the family. In September 2022, they worked for a business woman in North America who had several online stores dealing with accessories.

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Some young private members worked as a budget assistant and engaged in customer service. And the order processing online.

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Actually a woman in her early 20 s. Managed the business. Several members worked on the sidelines while they had the mainline jobs they experienced. Job changes due to the direct or in direct affections caused by the pandemic.

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This temple suggests the characteristics of the budget. Assistance of Hamidi, A. The right reference of their parents about freakarias they apparent from the countryside. Now, so these 4 responders, the second generation of our migrants from the provinces.

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all of them finished college over 2 years. Vocational course, if one and the F. 2, they are sisters. Yeah, actually aside from them, they have many siblings. The eldest daughter was a one, and

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but this one suggests the relationship of respondent. If with F one Em. One and F. 3 are also their coding, and they are also siblings. Except for a 3, they had a mainline jobs, such as Dark Taylor teaching, and a pri of it-related company.

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Despite the pandemic they she really attempt to purchase their own houses. I interviewed everyone for the first time in 2,015 before she went abroad. How bore was to purchase her own house with a lot they experienced the in incomes due to the pandemic.

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If you are retired to the free business and started working as a private student. Everyone was uprising to transpose the other bank due to the project he worked for

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at 4 and 3 she became an online green, and she's her company was about to return to officers set up in 2,022. After that they started working as a border assistance on the F. 3. Most of them have a maintenance, and the incomes and the must suspended the time for them. Therefore they need to be creative. For example, a while, and from one in May 9

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she had other siblings, a life to to her sideline on behalf they are income from online financing as supplementary. However, if one plan to go back to the Gulf country to have enough income to pay for housing alone

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here I examine how the pandemic and the transition to online financing affect is the agenda that efforts for class-mobility in the case of Family A. They continued their their efforts by using all, like we dancing at the sidelines to supplement the price in their incomes.

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They rotate their sidelines over their shiverings.

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it ranked their reaction to how you say

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they located their sidelines about their shiblings so that they could gain additional working hours, and the income as a whole. Such mutual cooperation over research, sharing relationships have been observed in informal settlement, even in pandemic dates. Online free density might provide more economic opportunities to people in under privileged to sectors.

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Global service production have been in iterated into such marginalizer areas.

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Each, of course, converts their conventional family relations into organization for global production.

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All right.

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Thank you.

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We agreed that all the questions, clarification, and

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and, in fact, that you might have to

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it is

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now. It's my great pleasure to introduce about the second consensus.

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It's a form of international retirement vibration from Thailand to the League.

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Good morning, everyone. My name is Mitchell or no

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professor. Resign. Thank you so much for introducing me in an honor for me to be here today.

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And so today I'm going to present my working project, not published yet which is about international retirement migration in Thailand, international retirement. Migration in this presentation means international migrants who retired in their home country and then migrating to other countries to live, not work.

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In this sense international retirement migration is different from labor migration.

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and this Brothers presentation addresses a Japanese retirement migrant living in Thailand and tried to find find the characteristics of Japanese I. The tidies, retirement, migration, and also I tried to add, some some new perspectives of migration studies through the Japanese cases.

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Okay, so let me start the presentation.

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Okay, so let me start from the introduction. The frog of Trans National Migration has been increasing with the increase in globalization since the late 1,900 ninetys

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according to the word migration report, 2,022 by Iom. The number of international migrants has increased in all UN regions.

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In specifically it has increased to greater degree in Europe and Asia than in other regions.

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Asia experienced the most remarkable growth from 2,000 to 2,020 at 74% around 37 million people.

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 Reflecting to this migration flow. The research on international migration which focuses on migration flow to Asian country is growing, especially in recent years.

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The empirical research addressing on

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addressing no South. Migration is getting expanding, and these research sees such floats of people from north to south as the emerging global trend.

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No South migration is described by the Iom as migration to us countries. A lower Gdp, for example.

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So here is a citation related to the North South migration.

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Yes, so.

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and

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also in in such research. On no South migration it is common and dusting that one of the big reason of expanding North South migration has been generated by the migration flow of elderly people from Western countries, so-called international retirement migration.

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So this citation related related to

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international Redmond migration. And then this citation, addressing, addresses the the expanding, growing flow of international retirement migration.

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Okay? So through these reviews, review of global trends of international migration. this study focuses on international retirement migration. Irm, as it is one of the new migration put down in the emerging global trend of North South migration.

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And so

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so what is

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What is irm? It's a lovely time and migration

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on

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so.

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for example, Hoosa, 2,014, found that in American literature one generally found finds that town international retirement, migration as the main designation for migration across international borders at an advanced age.

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So I agree with this definition as it is proper expression, I think, of irm irm is countries.

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So each international migrant who retired in their country and migrate to other countries as a retirees

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so on this. project presentation foxes on. I rm, international government migration.

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Okay, so I would like to share the classification by Poosa 2,014 here on this table, showing that the differences between labor migration and I, Rm.

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On the condensation of forms of mobility often associated with labor, migration, and economic cushion and practice. Thus the labor migration can be described as production-led migration.

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On the other hand, migration of the elderly and retirement migration fall under the new forms of a mobility that arise less from economic necessity and more from personal leisure preferences, and preferred lifestyle.

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Migration of the elderly is therefore a particular form of so-called consumption-led migration as opposed to production-led types of spacer mobility.

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More recently, consumption-related moves have also been summalized under the broader category of amenity migration or lifestyle migration with humanity, migration being defined as the movement of people for pressure rather than economic reasons.

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or as the movements of people capture information and objects associated with the process of drowning permanently relocation to places that are perceived as providing and enhanced, or at the at least different lifestyle.

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Ok. So on this slide, showing that the previous little on Ilm I.

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Because on this relativity, mere field of migration, we said, no knowing no one in English-speaking countries as international retirement, migration, or irm has shown strong growth mainly in the last decade, and now has abroad, but yet but still modest basis.

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ari research interest on the topic in March to mainly from North America, and in particular the United States, which can mostly be attributed to migration from the north of the continent to the South.

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on

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and

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in Europe. Interest in the topic also initially limited to the national context.

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grow soon after

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compared to North American projects. European Irm research remained rather modern for a long time after that, in the beginning of 2,000, the research targeting Latin America, especially Mexico and Central America has grown.

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This target area are same preferred area by Irm from North America.

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Okay, so in Asia.

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 yeah, a lot.

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Comparatively little research has been done on the area relevant to this study, the the Asia region in specifically Southeast Asia.

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So As for the Japanese, I Rm.

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lastly, there are also a few studies focusing on the growing influx of Japanese retirees to Thailand.

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Particularly in the area of Chen. My.

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it's a northern part of Akai.

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This is related to the fact that the irm in Japan started in a recent years after 2,000

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in Japan, in 2,000 interest in living outside the country for medium to long-term periods after redirement, facilitating the movement of people mainly to Thailand, Maresia, and Osaria.

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you

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so on. Now

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I focus on the research in Southeast Asia and what they have done.

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So the population?

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So as for the preparation by sex ratio

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Majority of migrants are older men.

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And so that reason why some previous research

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I described Irm as male-dominated retirement migration.

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and about the family and household structures is mostly either living alone or with the Thai partner, and Western couples clearly constitute only a minority of migrants.

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and then

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reason for migration. Here is a major, common reasons.

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which is warm primate, and the high quality of life and lower cost of living that allows them to obtain a standard of living that they would never reach at home country.

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The easy and the last one is the easy availability of a new type. Partner plays a central role in the decision to relocate.

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So this is a kind of main findings of of previously intelligible on. I am in Southeast Asia.

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So in this project the interview data of Japanese retailers living in Thai is analyzed and compared in relation to these angles.

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So this right slides show that the overview of the method of of this, this this project.

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I took qualitative research. In course, field work, and the interview is set.

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and I conducted life history interview for 13 Japanese irm living in Thailand.

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which is consisted of 12, male and female, one female participant, aged from 62 to 80,

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83, and I observed the 3 now in care, home, and the conducted interview for the staff at the Naz in care home.

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As for the duration of the research, February and March to the beginning, February and March the twentieth, 23,

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and the method of selection and access to sample the participant is selected using using convenient sampling and the snowballing.

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Okay? So

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before going to the Results section. Let's have a quick view of the institutional State in time related to the I In 1990. In 1998, Highland introduced a special special long-stay visa named known immigrant OA

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non-immigrant, or a long stay visa for a retired person. That applicant must be at least 50 years of age, and deposit an amount equal to at least

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on

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8.

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So

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800. Sorry, 800,000 tiered.

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Sorry. Thank you for help.

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And at at the Thai Bank. Employment is strictly prohibited, and the visa must be renewed every year.

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Okay, so

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these graphs show that the top 10 nations applying long-state either 2,008 to 2,018.

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obtaining the statistics data of the actual number of Domesday visa holder granted by the Thai Immigration Department. It's kind of

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difficult task, but some Thai researchers refers, differ to this graph, which shows the top 10 nationals of rhyme belongs to be there.

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as you can see from this graph, in 2,018 top country is England at around 11,000 people, followed by us at about 9,000 people, then Germany, China, France, Switzerland, Austria, and Japan seems our most same number at around 4,000 people in Norway and Netherland.

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and I would like to share the result of the interview research here. This is an overview.

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This is an overview of the data related to family and household structures and reason for migration.

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 so a participant living alone is 2 people living with Japanese wife is 5 and with Taiwi to get 6.

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And as for the reason for migration. It's warm climate and the lower cost of living.

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and

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2 participants clearly mentioned about the easy availability of a Thai wife and households. Household structures, again, are mostly living on only pension, but 3 participants are doing their own business or having enough assent.

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These results are associated with the research of Western retirees. But when look at the more about living conditions over their needs

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and concerns.

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the differences was found from Western irm, so-called amenity, migration of lifestyle migration.

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Okay? So let's move on to the next slide to look at this point.

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So in Japanese Ilm. there were many data differences to saving money.

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so they are struggle in their lives, and always have a conscious of saving money. In particular. the topic of health care include the cost of

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medical care is a significant big concern for them.

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and most

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mostly do not take the private company's medical insurance. Only use the travel insurance included as a service on the credit card.

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on the credit card or Japanese Government health insurance.

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And here is a to actual interview data related to their concern, living cost and a medical cost. One Participant said, that living cost is cheaper here than in Bangkok, so we can eat out frequently a meal with everyone include water of beer, and the cost is

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200 to 300 birds per person. If it's in Bangkok, I can. I cannot live like here, and the other person said that if travel insurance on credit card was to to become unavailable in the future, this would be a very serious problem for Japanese red diaries. I think more and 150

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more people will have to return to Japan.

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So this is kind of

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interview data related to my discussion.

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Okay, so on.

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Okay.

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thank you. and this is a

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so I would like to. A little bit chair. a digital share of the nursing care. Home in Jemmai. And this is a website of the result provides nousing service in Gemma.

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And then this is a kind of picture of the result big entrance.

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and then that is dining, and this when you swimming, grow as well.

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and then so this is the cost for

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for that, for this result.

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So, for example, a standard room for amounts is 24,500 birds.

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and and and also they are just if you want to milk one. They they charge extra money, and then, if you need to have the assistance, they change other extra money as well.

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and then this is at the care now in care. Home. So Prince, take a look at the big stuff.

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Okay. so this.

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So these 2 care home is for the elderly foreigners

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in Thailand that the all residents are Western people, according to the interview for the stuff. Of course it opens for all people, but they haven't experienced to have Japanese Japanese as guests. So far.

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they said.

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Okay, so I.

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So here, this slide shows the discussion.

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Ilm today can not be observed with only an existing framework, amenity, migration, which means to obtain a standard of living

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standard. Of living that they would never be at home country. Most of Japanese retirees in this reset designs their lives on only pension, and they cannot access to the care resources, such as nousing home, which is provided to foreign, elderly people. While some participants want to continue continue living in Thailand until they die.

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Most of them must return to Japan when they need to care.

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The reality is that no matter how much social participation and integration they appear to have achieved in the Host society.

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they have not so secured through membership of the host, society in the, in the process of aging and dying. In other words, they are not guaranteed to aid and die in the host. Society

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in this sense, in transnational aging society. The focus on the the face of aging and dying of immigrant will be an important point when there research, addressing with migrants, social adaptation and participation.

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that's all for now. Thank you very much.

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Thank you very much indeed. On that was really interesting. We've we've heard a lot about cedication, microwave, but international, it's out of migration, and so on.

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And it was presented here, it said, be a topic, and it's such a great opportunity for us to.

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You know how it is, and that.

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as I said, that's our reason. Only that's the first presenter, I think last the last one. Yeah, because, you know, it's so meaning. So we need to check. So

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you have about 15Â min. So, and then I have 49 entrepreneurs buying by glass as interpreters.

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urban trunks for transnationalism is a movement in the urban space growing businesses in the digital space.

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Anna is 10Â min. Thank you.

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Good morning. Everyone. Thank you very much for attending this session, and thank you very much for the organizers

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to be organized for having organized this great panel, and I think my presentation in some way speaks to the previous presentations, as we will see. So this is a study, a very recent one, that is just work in progress

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on, start up foreign founders in Japan and in Singapore. So a very specific, high and knowledge intensive industry that is governed by the Japanese and the Singaporean Government, and is supposed to be internationalising, for which they attract foreign entrepreneurs from around the globe, and I would like to give you a very brief

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context discussion of the background of this research. So thinking about highly advanced societies that mostly all of them facing demographic aging population, decline low fertility rate, which is especially the case

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in Japan and in Singapore, and also the need to innovate the industries to get out of stagnating economic growth. And this idea of, how do we drive innovation? What do we need to invest in start ups? How do we fuel entrepreneurship?

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So these countries among them, the 2 that I'm looking at have come up with new migration policies with start up pieces to attract people who could help us.

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Their economies. So in the case of Singapore, on which Elwood is Kasabit Ferda, the so called volunteer and a foreign professional, has been an important figure, and increasingly one who is supposed to help fuel innovation and the starter world.

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And we have something very similar very recently in Japanese Valley, especially in Tokyo, within the Shibbi award, one of several municipalities in Japan that have focused on attracting foreign entrepreneurs from abroad, helping them get a visa, allowing them to come into the country without any investment money

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to participate in the growth of the entrepreneurial and startup system in Tokyo.

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So how is this connected, then? to our research here? What we know from duck plates in the world that everyone has been looking at. The Silicon Valley. Is that? Oh, sorry you can't see them. Half more than half actually of the founders in the Silicon valley have in a different background. So the question is, how do we help

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ecosystems to innovate, to come up with new ideas how to create a climate where business ideas can flourish. And this is the idea of the governments that I'm going to talk about to bring in people that could help creating such a climate

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one.

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All right. to think about those 2 countries that I've talked about. So the self identity of Japan has for very long been that one of the Mona Ethnic society, whereas in Singapore we have basically an immigrant country that calls itself being multi racial and multi ethnic, multi, religious, multilingual, and both country's history of openness to immigration, we can see within, the statistics are extremely dissimilar.

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So in Singapore, as you can see the dark green part, which are the Singaporean citizens.

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only account for 62% of the population. So more than one third actually of the populations of the country's population are the so called non-residents who are visa holders and Prs foreigners contributing to Singapore's business.

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and in Japan a very low rate of immigration until recently. But here, and the graph stops at 2,020, due to diversions during the pandemic. But just within the past 20 years, actually, the rise of the foreign population has been tremendously, especially in the past 10 years, increasing by 36%

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for the focus just to not go over. It is now on those people who have been attracted, and supposedly should contribute to a more sustainable economy and society for the future, how to retain them, and my interest in this is these people who are there? How do they grow their businesses? But what does that mean for them staying, or for growing more roots in these countries, and I just very briefly touch upon early literature, where it has been found for long, the Mig. And so called B locality.

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This notion of having experienced search in at least 2 contexts, a physical geographic context.

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help them identify unique business opportunities and research that found that migrant different new business models and networks are especially focused on metropolitan areas and especially global cities, and that we see the impact of such migrant entrepreneurship not only on the receiving country, but also the sending country.

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There has been a lot of ethnic entrepreneurship, but I think in my presentation, as far as what I can see in my data, I'm kind of moving away from that. What we know is, of course, that there is ethnic solidarity in receiving countries. We know of ethnic businesses and ethnic strategies to found found businesses.

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But we have also seen that migrant entrepreneurship is not only a way to find work in a labour market, where they are excluded as migrants, but also a way of seeing opportunities that they can leverage on because of their transnational networks. And I'm applying a super diversity lens here, which speaks to green growing and increasing diversity, especially in such metropolitan areas.

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Diversity in this mean, in the sense, not meaning that there is just more ethnicities in the country. It means there are not only more migrants coming in from ever increasing a range of countries with different ethnicities, more languages, and also emerging of different kinds of accents and dialects and new languages

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that emerge, but also religions coming together, interacting different languages, people of different migration channels and different legal contexts. So this kind of diversity

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not only means an accumulation of diversity, but that new forms of social living together are emerging in places that the ones that I'm looking at for this presentation I first of all want to characterise migrant entrepreneur networks in the 2 cities, Singapore and Tokyo, since the study began. During the covid pandemic, I found that

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there

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the building of companies is affected obviously by the pandemic and affect how localization and transnationalization of these businesses look like, and the larger goal which I won't be able to answer today. But which is the final kind of outcome I intend to look at is how these entrepreneurial networks shave migrant social and cooperation in their whole society methods and data. I just came from Singapore to here. I will fly to Japan tonight. So I'm really in the midst of it.

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which means the 60 interviews in the interviews I've done so far, and the ethnographic observations are absolutely work in progress. So a lot more to see and discuss. If you have more questions about the data we can discuss later. Some of it was online but recently, since last year. It offline in presence, ethnographic observations and interviews.

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So what I'm doing now is sharing with you by way of mapping these entrepreneurially migrant networks, which I found to be highly differentiated by certain categories. One of them is by alumni networks and accelerator programs through which these founders find their networks and actually start their businesses.

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these also networks being classed in in a sense of their professional and class social class background, differentiated by industry by gender, and also, but not predominantly, by ethnicity and language.

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Looking at these networks, they can be seen as both a transnational and local entrepreneurial. So those alumni networks that I'm talking about in the case of some either American or Asian descent, but American educated entrepreneurs in both cities

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we see a day coming, for example, from ivy colleges. They can leverage on these networks highly, because there is close ties. There is trust. It helps these people to find their Co. Founders to find their first clients to find

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someone who can mediate and help them access new markets.

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but also, for example, of Japanese founders in Singapore who can leverage on so called obese or old boys networks meaning alumni from their own university, who have close ties to other university grades, and through whom they find, for example, their staff, but also their Co. Founders, and a very interesting case in Singapore, where military service is obligatory for residents and Prs.

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And obviously these founders are foreign residents. But if they get access to one person who has their own very close network from the time in the military, this actually helps them to access very local networks to grow trust relationships within the more local Singaporean start up society

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networks. Then these accelerator programs that are supposedly supposed to help people

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build their startup communities find co-founders. There are private companies around the world, and some of the bigger ones have their subsidiaries in Tokyo and Singapore, for example, entrepreneur first, which has been in Singapore for several years, and which work together with the Singaporean government, and where really people from all across the world come together, find brainstorm business ideas.

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might find their Co. Founder come up with something, and are supported by this company, but also by the Singaporean government and getting a visa and even being financially supported. In the beginning

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we have something similar in Tokyo called Impact Tag, a company where people from all walks of life have found networks and their Co. Farmers

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also, because many of these founders have been in employment. First, they can draw on these networks they have built, sometimes in their current whole society, but sometimes also in a different country, where former colleagues, where former clients or professors with whom they work together, or who train them, help them building their firms. And the final one, which is quite interesting, are the more local the government initiatives, the industry driven events.

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and in larger initiatives and local incubation centres where people gain and spend hours and hours, weeks and months to embed and root themselves in the local entrepreneurial system.

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and there is one with the Cambridge innovation Centre, with several subsidiaries around the world, and quite recently one in Tokyo, where they hold these venture to fee events, and I will show you photos in a second, and in Japan, and important to know. For this Cambridge Innovation Centre is a private company, but within its huge facilities and spaces, where it is holding these free events that attract a lot of people interested in entrepreneurship among the many foreigners.

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the toy. Metropolitan government also has their office. So they were closely together, trying to drive the entrepreneurship in the city block. 71 in Singapore is an Us. National University of Singapore, based

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kind of facility, where again, there is an incubation center, foreign and local startup founders mingle and meet and are helped and supported by services from the university. So basically also attached very locally to the government. This is from outside of Block 71 in Singapore. Here we see a communal

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space within the Cambridge Innovation Center in Tokyo, where people hang out, play table tennis, but also brainstorm. They can see in the back and business ideas.

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I attended several of these events while I was there. This, again, is inside the block, 71, and you see quite a few of developers, entrepreneurs working on their project. It's kind of a shared office space I interviewed, for example, Japanese people warned me, and drone services in there. Here, again in Singapore this is more for consulting services. A very

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fancy in the midst of the city, located, shared Co. Working space, where I interviewed European entrepreneurs, and finally again in Shibui award in Tokyo, in the centre of entrepreneurship in Tokyo, a free event where I met Indian entrepreneurs and other people from around the world trying to find local networks, Japanese and people with whom they could start up together.

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So now about the network dynamics, first by industry. So there are certain industries and more dominant finance and consulting, as one could imagine, especially for these 2 cities where the more traditional networks kind of elite upper middle class networks are important social clubs, for example.

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expensive membership. So usually, people who have themselves in the finance industry for years and then venture into their own companies become membership of these clubs and find this access to more elite networks in the 2 cities, both local and foreign, very different it looks in the tech industry where we have AI networks like small companies starting to start up having ideas and by research finding out that actually around the globe there are similar companies doing similar things.

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So they network globally, they communicate over their ideas over their business, start ups, and are very transnationally online, networked. But also there are physical spaces where these people get them. And this is very interesting. So the so called heckle houses. I came across them both in Singapore and in Tokyo. In people's stories, not in these cities.

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Everyone told me about the attacker houses in Silicon Valley, and you see the quote of an American male, a software developer who said that Japanese family had this base, you know. Originally they called it Farmers Base, but a lot of people would come through there, and a lot of people would come through there from Japan, because it's kind of easy for them to communicate. I stayed there often on over the course of like 2 years. So a lot of my network came from there.

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He found a Japanese entrepreneur there, and at some point moved to Tokyo to build his own company. Of course it is more complex. This is a very short version of the story, and interestingly, in a very similar house, and Turkish interviewee told me that he found his Burmese wife and Co. Founder of his later company in a similar heck in the Silicon Valley.

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his wife having been in Japan. Having network. Speaking the language, he found. Actually, his business idea might be more valuable in a place like Japan. That is not as global yet. And we can he offer more services that are not there yet

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moving on to intersections of gender networks and migration. What was quite interesting when I talked to women highly successful women with their own businesses. I sometimes found out that in the end the reason to move to a certain country they moved to was because they were kind of training spouses, training spouses meaning their husband had a job in this country. They needed one to move and wanted to work and be independent.

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So for this a Chinese American founder of the first quote. She was in the finance industry, a very successful outboy there, but her Chilean and husband, interestingly, had wanted to move to Japan for long had moved to Japan, and she tried to find a way. How she could work meaningfully, as she thought, in Japan without speaking the language.

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So what she did is, she said she didn't want to be in final finance, but also she needed to find a career in which she has location, flexibility. So, still, being in the Us. She trained as a coder, and found someone who, who together she would open an

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of us American women who

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in Singapore opened a coaching company that it's basically attracting foreign women who are mostly experts who followed their husbands, who didn't have a job in Singapore, and who she trains in her courses, first of all, how to open businesses, how to be a business person, but also how to be coaches themselves. So kind of creating a new industry for

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expect women who otherwise wouldn't find a job. And finally, ethnicity and language, of course, helped people to network and also leverage on more ethnic networks

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existing, of course, in Singapore and Tokyo. Interestingly, what I found, for example, in Singapore is that there is a Japanese entrepreneurial community which works mostly in the Japanese language.

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It's large enough. It has people to hire. It has people as clients. It has client firms in Singapore, and the idea of these businesses to venture into Southeast Asia. They take Singapore as a base to open up new markets because of a shrinking Japanese market and a different way. A different twist to it. In the case of Tokyo, where Chinese networks are

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tremendously important, a lot of companies in every single sense. The staff is Chinese, the technology they can't find in Japan or elsewhere. They find it China. The market is Chinese, and they are even helping their client firms to

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a venture into the Chinese market. Often, of course, the founder being a Chinese person, so what we can see is a certain localisation of the private life. But the transnationalisation of the startups are founding, and of course this is also affected by the pandemic within which the people I looked at were physically immobile. They couldn't move. Both countries were closed.

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They have difficulties of hiring, so who they hire are mostly people from South East Asia, or from around the world. Speaking to the first presentation today, I guess here we see how the economy, the global economy is working, but also that people reinvented their business model or just left employment because of ideas that came up. We see this in this port of a Chinese American ux designer who was employed in Tokyo

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and lived in a shared house. But during the pandemic, when they were all quarantined, she found out that actually all these developers in her, in her share house, put together with her build a new product, and this is what they ventured into, whereas these people are kind of physically immobile. Their firms and their products are highly mobile.

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Market expansion into South East Asia is especially seen. They hire globally. A lot of people work remotely, and some of them entertain a normal lifestyle or dream of it, however, they embed more also in their local societies. And so to conclude.

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what we see is that in these super diverse global cities we see an increasing half of networks, information and new ideas.

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that helps start up communities to grow that are ethnically diverse, highly transnational, have an international outlook. But obviously, they also are context specific. And we can this. They can see this, especially in the case of the Chinese market for Japan. And also to, let's say, extend for Singapore, but also, for example, of the Japanese entrepreneurial community abroad that is more kind of

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entrepreneur. Japanese entrepreneur bubble in Singapore

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in Singapore we see the transients that the country is known for, of people coming and going, and often founding something in Singapore, but leaving with their firms soon after, where it's in Tokyo we see really a rapid catching up entrepreneurship and internationalisation.

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and in the end the reason why people stay in these cities. To some extent we can say it is because of digitalisation in AI and remote work, allowing them to live in a country where they feel they have a visa that is relatively secure, at least for the time being, where they have high quality of life and a lot of infrastructure to grow their businesses. But where actually the business itself or the product are much more global and are transnational. Thank you very much.

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Thank you.

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Thank you very much indeed.

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Thank you very much. So

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we have one in one present. And so the first

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 Good afternoon, everybody. My name is. I'm from Tajikistan. It's a very small country in Central Asia, or somewhere between China and or Russia.

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and I will present

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my new paper on Knit use and the migration in Tajikistan.

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So why need? And why migration, you use a need to which sense for not education, employment training

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is one of the biggest issue, I would say, in developing countries not just for, but also for other countries as well and anyway, annually to Jakistan has something like 1.500,000 of his. So who got a good idea from different level of education and about sort of them join labour. My labour migration sort

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part join local lab market and other sort part they will just go to need to use. So it's there's some data on

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on it as you see here Torickson has one of the let's say first top 3 places it had

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hi!

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A hiring place in term of Anit and Rwanda and Iran also have both higher places in terms of need. But what makes

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the Tajikistan difference is generalized. It means that

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about 85% of our needs interjects are female. And it's because of migration.

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any tip, actually, my topic of interest, it was need to. So when anything you start

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in my in country like mine, it it will lead you to migration and officially develop the level of unemployment. It is only 2%. And it's only people who go to a labor office and regist themselves. But when when you look at data on labor force labor force through way. It's about a 7 out to 10%

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and the migration also some, for example, in 2,017 and 14, a share of for a meetings from label migration. It was about half of the Gdp of the country which was, the first place in the world, and still it has very high impact. like the migration and maintenance nation is Russian Federation. And now, after

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this last conflicts and events for the last several years. So station is changing in this nation for labour markets from Tajikistan, changing from Russia to European countries. in some countries, for example, in England or Eastern European countries, they are replacing Ukrainian Lego migrants.

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So let me

302
01:06:32.920 --> 01:06:43.340
the I of the research. It was to, let's say, to investigate the influence of a migration on youth, segment, and all of the playmark. And in Tajikistan.

303
01:06:43.380 --> 01:06:48.320
And actually this topic was.

304
01:06:48.470 --> 01:06:58.559
it's been investigated for the last more than 20 years and first research scholars they absorb it

305
01:06:58.560 --> 01:07:25.230
Level migration from Tajikistan has negative effect on activity in a local labour market. And later they found that it has negative effect. Of course not. Just for let's say, Professional Level Migrants, but also for their family members, and later based on data from 2,019. It's called before Covid

306
01:07:25.330 --> 01:07:27.270
absorbed that

307
01:07:27.980 --> 01:07:45.230
it has also negative effect on a neighbor neighbor households, because if one person go out to another country and own more money Of course other other neighbors will. became less active.

308
01:07:45.540 --> 01:07:49.880
and but the station a little bit changed during the Covid

309
01:07:49.890 --> 01:07:53.220
during the code the

310
01:07:53.780 --> 01:08:25.870
so it was something like for half of the labor market they were able may members who stayed at home. They were able not to work. Just, let's say, wait for another chance to go abroad in terms of males, and for females it was income from labor. Migration was enough not to work, but during the covid, when a decrease at the remittances. Everybody had to go outside and to look for a job, even a female.

311
01:08:26.380 --> 01:08:45.620
So we have data from 2,017 we use the so-called transition from education to work or live history. methodology. We collect data retrospective data for use of 1,835 yards

312
01:08:45.730 --> 01:09:00.400
erez Agmoni as a war of 15, and break point when they left education, migration, history, family formation, and so on, and also last year in 2,002 in 101

313
01:09:00.710 --> 01:09:06.149
in June, July, the collected data again. It was after Covid, of course.

314
01:09:07.100 --> 01:09:10.050
and what we can observe.

315
01:09:10.260 --> 01:09:32.699
for data from 2,017. Of course, we we collected the data only in Tajikistan, a return we we had. We had also returned migrants in our data, and no migrants, people who Who had no migration history and compared Theyia. activity in local labor market.

316
01:09:37.320 --> 01:09:42.030
So let me just okay.

317
01:09:42.910 --> 01:09:54.700
I think it's more important before it. It was something like a migration had negative effect to return on migraine. The experience of having 150

318
01:09:55.770 --> 01:10:19.279
having this migration, experience had negative effect to their employment in Tajikistan, but after after the Covid it was it had positive effect it. It. The station is changing. It was changed, and of course they had go out and to look for a job. So it was something like the

319
01:10:19.350 --> 01:10:21.080
changing of station

320
01:10:22.120 --> 01:10:37.189
and the main sectors of availability for migrants. Of course, both in Tajikistan and Russia and other countries, are a construction transport

321
01:10:37.370 --> 01:10:40.990
and partly agriculture.

322
01:10:42.020 --> 01:10:53.660
and of course, people from education and health sector. They work in Tajikistan, or if they leave the country, go outside, they will not come back.

323
01:10:53.950 --> 01:11:06.800
Some very brief conclusions. Migration increased among the population in the country of the region, but as the Economy's members became more active, particularly due to

324
01:11:06.880 --> 01:11:08.940
4 factors coordinating

325
01:11:09.340 --> 01:11:18.679
one call date for something like a long holiday right and post-covid period activation off, or they migrate or in my migrants.

326
01:11:19.400 --> 01:11:36.020
construction and transport main areas, main sectors of availability. And also we had data on medical workers who left Tajikistan for the last 30 years.

327
01:11:36.170 --> 01:11:43.509
260,000 medical workers left Tajikistan, but they didn't come back.

328
01:11:44.600 --> 01:11:51.219
So that's very shortly. The second was a good one. Thank you very much indeed

329
01:11:55.300 --> 01:12:12.700
so.

330
01:12:12.720 --> 01:12:19.839
but that's very good and very interesting presenters and presentations and research

331
01:12:20.040 --> 01:12:26.260
build research, you know, on the way, you know, that's really good, you know. So we.

332
01:12:26.310 --> 01:12:42.909
the Dr. Dr. Huff, doing research also here in the presenting. we have proved for questions and discussions, and so maybe presenters, they have a chance to ask.

333
01:12:43.010 --> 01:13:01.279
They have questions first and then the audience. So then, me, I will have a couple of questions. So the process that you have a question to each other is to just let it require something. So you have the privilege to do this.

334
01:13:01.330 --> 01:13:02.900
the presenter.

335
01:13:03.900 --> 01:13:11.879
it looks like you're not in. Ok, so you're trying to find out definitely

336
01:13:12.570 --> 01:13:13.920
and

337
01:13:16.200 --> 01:13:23.789
right? Ok, so yeah, I see, I see over there. But for example, first, and then you wouldn't do that. Okay.

338
01:13:23.800 --> 01:13:35.470
okay, go ahead. Yeah. Do you need to my core just to face people. yeah, thanks everyone to the other presenters.

339
01:13:35.940 --> 01:13:38.469
A question to

340
01:13:38.640 --> 01:13:53.549
thanks for the presentation. Really interesting. I was wondering they are not allowed to work. If they go to a talent or a retirement visa, and you mentioned that 3 of them have a business. I was wondering how that is working. If that is something

341
01:13:53.760 --> 01:14:14.999
not locally registered, they seem to have a side business. So there was one question, another one that I had was you mentioned reasons why they go to Thailand? But still the people you talk to did they also talk about alternative options they had in mind and why they decided for Thailand and not for a different place.

342
01:14:15.070 --> 01:14:24.630
Okay, maybe we will stop it. Okay. So question number one was, if all the reason for it. The second one is the reason.

343
01:14:25.270 --> 01:14:45.959
the reason and the site business I have. Yeah, I, too. Yeah, to the last presenter. Just very brief question the medical workers and teachers who are not returning to Riki Tajikistan. Where are they working?

344
01:14:45.980 --> 01:14:47.000
That

345
01:14:52.060 --> 01:15:04.920
I really thank you for your question, and I ask for the side of business of ouritarian. Japanese retirees, as I said in the presentation, most of them are.

346
01:15:05.910 --> 01:15:16.779
Most of them do denot anything for any money, but some of them just some of it in their participant in

347
01:15:16.860 --> 01:15:18.030
a

348
01:15:18.210 --> 01:15:22.379
in the today's presentation. They.

349
01:15:23.180 --> 01:15:27.489
when of the participant.

350
01:15:27.520 --> 01:15:43.529
he has a land in Japan. Yeah. And he managed the his own apartment, so that the kind of side of business for him. And then another person is.

351
01:15:44.460 --> 01:16:01.450
I mean, he has a quite a rich. So I I. He has a lot of property and a lot of land in Japan. So yeah, that they kind of they are side business. And then reason for migration is

352
01:16:01.690 --> 01:16:07.039
As I said, one crime made in Thailand.

353
01:16:07.730 --> 01:16:10.590
Yeah. Economic lower

354
01:16:11.240 --> 01:16:15.310
cost of living compared to Japan.

355
01:16:15.340 --> 01:16:31.300
But currently, in Bangkok customer living is, it's quite high, because I'm a living in Bangkok right now, and I think if it's compared to Tokyo, I think Bangkok is kind of higher than Tokyo.

356
01:16:31.450 --> 01:16:36.099
but Today's I mean

357
01:16:36.300 --> 01:16:46.310
many Japanese diaries living in Thailand is in Chami. It's a nice part of our

358
01:16:46.570 --> 01:16:58.570
Thailand, and the cost of living in cheaper than Bangkok. So they think it's nice to live there. And one

359
01:16:59.250 --> 01:17:01.000
what can I say,

360
01:17:01.220 --> 01:17:12.610
I found the interesting things that some Japanese retirees mentioned about the they wanted escape.

361
01:17:13.270 --> 01:17:26.329
They they wanted escape social isolation in Japanese society. Some are just the retardes mentioned about this kind of things. Thank you very much.

362
01:17:27.750 --> 01:17:35.889
Thank you very much for your question. Of course, as I mentioned the main nation, not just for medical or education workers.

363
01:17:36.050 --> 01:17:44.309
It is still a Russian Federation, and about 85 up to 90% of them still work.

364
01:17:44.310 --> 01:17:59.429
working in Russia, I mean medical workers. But unfortunately, in case of teachers, it's mainly if in case of medical workers, it's something like brain drain. But in case of educational workers. It's something like very invest.

365
01:17:59.430 --> 01:18:14.469
Right? They will. They go there, and they do not work in the occasional sector mainly. And and of course. So another other destinations for medical workers, particularly in Germany. And even us.

366
01:18:14.560 --> 01:18:15.370
Thank you.

367
01:18:17.550 --> 01:18:27.239
Okay, yeah, thanks. So I saw the the the okay. Do you need a Mike? If you, if you

368
01:18:27.730 --> 01:18:28.650
the

369
01:18:33.930 --> 01:18:45.010
so well with regard to the migrants as you're starting my going to in Thailand. you know my purchasing mind is.

370
01:18:45.390 --> 01:18:47.959
are you claiming specific services, if possible?

371
01:18:58.070 --> 01:19:03.760
I think it's not the differences that we found for a bit. And my, but but

372
01:19:03.990 --> 01:19:06.110
he has to be my.

373
01:19:11.320 --> 01:19:13.380
It is not that I

374
01:19:20.480 --> 01:19:22.570
let me talk to you about the

375
01:19:25.160 --> 01:19:28.220
that's for sure.

376
01:19:28.300 --> 01:19:29.600
very nice for

377
01:19:31.940 --> 01:19:35.920
Syria. You don't like them that it seems such. And it

378
01:19:35.980 --> 01:19:37.040
this is.

379
01:19:37.400 --> 01:19:40.220
it seems like.

380
01:19:40.430 --> 01:19:42.450
there. that's where you look

381
01:19:42.620 --> 01:19:47.280
all top tears coming. Google started.

382
01:19:47.290 --> 01:19:53.120
whereas in 2 or it's a transient state. They start something up with a movie.

383
01:19:53.190 --> 01:19:55.449
in a sense.

384
01:19:56.780 --> 01:19:59.979
informing them is that they deal with the

385
01:20:01.720 --> 01:20:03.389
did. They still see

386
01:20:06.800 --> 01:20:08.100
also here

387
01:20:23.370 --> 01:20:24.300
and

388
01:20:24.460 --> 01:20:33.470
in Japan. It is

389
01:20:42.500 --> 01:20:43.330
following that

390
01:20:44.860 --> 01:20:45.900
that.

391
01:20:58.780 --> 01:21:02.149
but also the

392
01:21:11.440 --> 01:21:13.370
we had to. and

393
01:21:13.400 --> 01:21:18.030
it's no, it's it's a high chord.

394
01:21:22.620 --> 01:21:27.200
There's a lot of so working on this. So on the government and the state level

395
01:21:27.630 --> 01:21:29.180
from the

396
01:21:31.120 --> 01:21:33.969
there's not so much

397
01:21:33.990 --> 01:21:40.190
so. You can see why the transparency and the forward rate of change is in the end there

398
01:21:44.010 --> 01:21:44.719
for the

399
01:21:47.100 --> 01:21:47.880
yeah.

400
01:21:48.970 --> 01:21:53.819
Them they find in India, and they seem to be able to

401
01:21:55.930 --> 01:22:02.739
your your pocket company. But it's also come when you actually use all these networks, for example, by the

402
01:22:05.370 --> 01:22:10.100
they, they can kind of get sergeant. But then they're quite yeah

403
01:22:13.290 --> 01:22:15.890
on the

404
01:22:18.150 --> 01:22:28.949
Ok. Thank you. So that the mind, of course it is recorded. But you know Bronze says that everything is Ok, so it's fine. So we did not mean it.

405
01:22:41.230 --> 01:22:43.120
I wonder.

406
01:22:44.040 --> 01:22:51.960
these categories?

407
01:22:54.040 --> 01:23:01.519
 people who are we kind of in their mind. And to start up some

408
01:23:01.970 --> 01:23:04.970
and

409
01:23:11.320 --> 01:23:14.510
just highlighted

410
01:23:22.390 --> 01:23:27.110
the

411
01:23:27.740 --> 01:23:32.300
we'll see you that much more to

412
01:23:32.380 --> 01:23:34.970
some of the young generations.

413
01:23:35.040 --> 01:23:51.590
Not really.

414
01:23:52.810 --> 01:23:54.660
so

415
01:23:59.950 --> 01:24:01.590
yeah.

416
01:24:05.900 --> 01:24:13.359
thank you very much for that comment. And I absolutely agree with you. So just to point you to

417
01:24:18.390 --> 01:24:23.500
right

418
01:24:26.300 --> 01:24:29.080
in the

419
01:24:46.350 --> 01:24:48.830
anything. Nothing.

420
01:24:54.000 --> 01:24:54.730
Okay?

421
01:24:54.850 --> 01:25:02.229
Yeah. So it's actually also in

422
01:25:03.380 --> 01:25:08.620
each transfer off to a businessman to do that. And then it needs A,

423
01:25:09.270 --> 01:25:11.119
which is

424
01:25:11.290 --> 01:25:13.740
almost in my.

425
01:25:14.090 --> 01:25:14.840
okay.

426
01:25:15.390 --> 01:25:17.790
that kind of

427
01:25:19.750 --> 01:25:24.359
so we're actually the the

428
01:25:24.380 --> 01:25:26.890
I only.

429
01:25:26.940 --> 01:25:29.420
and which

430
01:25:32.220 --> 01:25:35.910
much

431
01:25:38.010 --> 01:25:44.730
so the question was about the definition

432
01:25:52.020 --> 01:25:58.159
you have to

433
01:25:58.350 --> 01:26:00.440
for the

434
01:26:00.850 --> 01:26:07.860
maybe maybe it could be, too. But the first question is so so so after scoring the you of the

435
01:26:09.950 --> 01:26:14.090
I don't know. So those kinds of things that I'm saying one each.

436
01:26:15.010 --> 01:26:18.160
they are, what individual influences they end up in.

437
01:26:18.220 --> 01:26:43.980
And so.

438
01:26:44.160 --> 01:26:47.609
And I'm just curious about how

439
01:26:47.860 --> 01:27:04.979
much a new kind of this life with a kind of new, very mobile process or interference. And they are kind of making information about what kind of.

440
01:27:05.040 --> 01:27:10.280
So that's actually Netflix, or the the of the

441
01:27:10.420 --> 01:27:12.990
probably start Mobile at the

442
01:28:07.060 --> 01:28:13.560
it took from the fifth. I had one to say there is a much more

443
01:28:13.730 --> 01:28:17.390
for to work.

444
01:28:19.210 --> 01:28:23.559
which also is related to

445
01:28:23.810 --> 01:28:27.759
the State and the migration policy.

446
01:28:28.710 --> 01:28:35.409
In Japan we mostly find people who are very much in their business and very much.

447
01:28:36.250 --> 01:28:48.680
and it's the one I think that's where you're coming from. There. I a few people like that very.

448
01:28:49.040 --> 01:28:52.390
And so forth and atomic.

449
01:28:52.440 --> 01:28:54.600
One of the.

450
01:29:12.590 --> 01:29:16.460
These are public people that one could say they are no longer

451
01:29:16.680 --> 01:29:17.510
as.

452
01:29:17.640 --> 01:29:30.240
but in my sample they they're they're a small variety, but they're hard to see. So I think for me it will be enough to see they are coming.

453
01:29:32.830 --> 01:29:34.920
Second question,

454
01:29:35.310 --> 01:29:41.000
what you've been saying is selection to the version of the yeah, what kind of a.

455
01:29:43.490 --> 01:29:45.270
at least.

456
01:29:53.270 --> 01:29:56.220
yeah. So what is interesting?

457
01:29:56.230 --> 01:30:09.469
Because I' to find a few Japanese on the Internet and Singapore. And they are very much related to to the best friend in the company or the Network Science companies, and exactly the portals of the

458
01:30:13.360 --> 01:30:16.619
it's a more working model, and especially

459
01:30:43.860 --> 01:30:53.069
probably the best solution for everyone. But this is how people we're all at that point and how they try to

460
01:30:56.270 --> 01:30:58.649
from the

461
01:31:01.570 --> 01:31:11.370
okay, thank you

462
01:31:12.070 --> 01:31:14.440
so for you.

463
01:31:16.379 --> 01:31:17.100
you know

464
01:31:25.280 --> 01:31:27.189
pessimistic about the future of

465
01:31:48.280 --> 01:31:51.069
thank you very much for the question.

466
01:31:51.080 --> 01:32:01.519
Yeah, actually, the answer is, yes and no, because yeah, actually, after the

467
01:32:04.280 --> 01:32:14.000
a serious moment of the pandemic, I went back to the Philippines and there How do you say?

468
01:32:14.280 --> 01:32:26.070
Many cases who succeeded in attaining their houses, especially in the suburb.

469
01:32:26.150 --> 01:32:35.209
And yeah, but at the same time they increase their walking hours to

470
01:32:35.590 --> 01:32:39.890
in comment to how they say.

471
01:32:42.129 --> 01:33:06.379
because because of the the growing of the income and due to the pandemic So maybe on a day need to get additional work. so it means that the increase of of the the burden of of the what they are on work. Load so

472
01:33:09.900 --> 01:33:11.730
how do you say it?

473
01:33:16.290 --> 01:33:26.639
Yeah, I need to examine a further. I need more research on this topic. So can I answer properly

474
01:33:28.010 --> 01:33:29.110
the future?

475
01:33:29.580 --> 01:33:44.560
Okay, thank you. Thank you. If if you if you might, I wanted to ask you one more question just to give a chance. Actually, I wanted to ask you. So yeah. And also this, that's the same question. That was very simple. You know.

476
01:33:44.719 --> 01:33:51.550
it's about field research. Ok, so different languages, different colleges.

477
01:33:52.320 --> 01:34:00.609
How are you? How are you answering? What are the techniques? If you want to enter into the field?

478
01:34:01.010 --> 01:34:08.159
Okay, 64 months you you got in the Philippines, how you get into the field, you know, if you if you just

479
01:34:10.420 --> 01:34:36.259
where I had a research in the Philippines. Yeah, actually, there is a no government that organization supporting my study. And yeah, actually, I'm not so good at it, both in English and the

480
01:34:36.260 --> 01:34:56.630
national language in the Philippines. But yeah, actually, during the field research, I have to rely on the interpreter interpreter between English and Tagaro. But I think we have

481
01:34:56.670 --> 01:35:03.509
a good relationship with that interpreter because

482
01:35:03.840 --> 01:35:18.879
they worked in that community for very long time. So yeah, it is really helpful. So how about you?

483
01:35:19.090 --> 01:35:19.890
And

484
01:35:22.230 --> 01:35:36.160
so I worked on both Japan and Singapore for migration projects before. So the networks are there. But of course there were no, there were no entrepreneur networks, so what I did is going.

485
01:35:36.290 --> 01:36:05.539
First of all, you can find a lot online. There is a lot of I started during the pandemic So in the beginning I couldn't go neither to Singapore nor to Tokyo. So I started attending all these online events that used to be offline beforehand. I had actually still been at one of these venture keys events in Tokyo in 2,019. But then everything moved online. So I was actually able from Europe to attend all these events. See how many participants, from what? What kind of questions are discussed. So this was the first kind of round of research.

486
01:36:05.650 --> 01:36:32.999
and last year Singapore opened up I was able to go to Singapore this year. Japan opened up. I was able to go there, and that was the second round, so I had identified a few people who I really emailed. I then observed all these networks, entrepreneur networks, events, what the governments are doing in order to know? What? Where are the incubation centers which accelerative programs are there? What are the not like like entrepreneur events that are happening? And I went to them

487
01:36:33.000 --> 01:36:44.999
many, many times. So it was like through participant observation and ethnographic observations, that I then found more people and yeah, address them, introduce myself, and so on, and yeah, speak to languages.

488
01:36:45.160 --> 01:36:51.480
The reason that I ask is questions. Second, part of our session.

489
01:36:51.490 --> 01:36:55.470
artificial intelligence, instrument of artificial intelligence.

490
01:36:55.750 --> 01:37:02.280
We are in the new life we are not entering, you know. It's already in. It's already here.

491
01:37:02.640 --> 01:37:21.609
like and Dr. Halves presentation was be or bilateral transnational stuff and talking about, for example, offshore zone. What? Exactly offshore zone to Damien. It's just a computer and a couple of lawyers. Okay, that's it.

492
01:37:21.940 --> 01:37:29.070
It's nothing else. You don't need really to be somewhere on a cypress or anywhere else, you know.

493
01:37:29.110 --> 01:37:46.219
Forget about it. And then with the lawyers it's also going to be transformed nowadays how to answer again, language models. And we know this qualitative techniques or qualitative stuff that we are doing sociologists. Okay. But at the sociological researchers

494
01:37:46.270 --> 01:37:56.170
that they are doing with words. You've got the language model. That might be the that can do. You know, you can sit there over there somewhere, right?

495
01:37:56.230 --> 01:38:06.500
Ok, giving to to a buffer zone. So there will be. And there is the buffer zone, you know, and specifically in migrant communities

496
01:38:06.620 --> 01:38:08.560
some migrants do not.

497
01:38:08.770 --> 01:38:27.800
He had in touch with locals, you know. So the buffer zones is over there, those who speak languages right? And now you've got more of those. So it's my, it's not. Only I'm sorry.

498
01:38:29.240 --> 01:38:39.579
This is that's the reality. We need to face the music. Okay, we still have the sociological techniques that when you owe it back in the nineteenth and the twentieth century.

499
01:38:39.850 --> 01:38:51.830
We're still trying to address the the real is that is transforming, that is, that it will be different.

500
01:38:52.290 --> 01:38:54.409
And what I I would say.

501
01:38:58.470 --> 01:39:03.670
That's the hardware. And this software that I hope that

502
01:39:03.740 --> 01:39:08.330
artificial intelligence instruments that will be completely different story.

503
01:39:09.010 --> 01:39:19.260
We cannot continue to do the same thing that has been done. Ok, even in terms of this quantitative and for sure quantity.

504
01:39:20.380 --> 01:39:41.450
Okay, so

505
01:39:41.850 --> 01:39:43.080
that one

506
01:39:43.700 --> 01:39:47.800
so and they need to put to

507
01:39:48.010 --> 01:39:49.900
what to look at.

508
01:39:50.090 --> 01:40:00.800
It's different, because online, it's it's it's online. Because already, you know in my friend that I say, you know, they might not have these documents, they might not have the pastor that they have.

509
01:40:02.330 --> 01:40:11.220
I'm all in favorites every day. You know what I don't know what I don't have. Specifically, that's what. When the vibration is going to

510
01:40:16.570 --> 01:40:24.079
right. And that's bad thing we have it. That's the different reality. And then it was Trump's national market.

511
01:40:24.130 --> 01:40:32.410
So it's from international means. You've got some relations in the country where you came from to the country where I you so one could.

512
01:40:32.490 --> 01:40:51.089
Here are from there, you know. So again, online, you might not be even in this country, your wet and some of that means. So this is the reality that. That's what we have to look at with what we need to to consider, to take a different situation.

513
01:40:51.340 --> 01:41:05.880
4Â min to conclude. But I see a lot of people what I mean for the next session. So maybe 1 30Â s, which presents them in your final work.

514
01:41:07.440 --> 01:41:09.899
If not, you're the kind of sensitive. Please.

515
01:41:10.520 --> 01:41:31.450
Okay, thank you for participating in this session that we have the this Congress coming together and lifted their own. The unprecedented experience we have together confronted from the Coronavirus pandemic. That's global deleter. But now sancts free face-to-face workshop.

516
01:41:31.450 --> 01:41:47.000
This kind of Congress are becoming impossible. But the development of online communication is now also a common tool for transnational network. Then we have confirmed the importance of sociological studies.

517
01:41:47.050 --> 01:41:55.849
as sociology has been focused on the changing society, and this kind of Congress is also based on the transnational network.

518
01:41:56.140 --> 01:42:15.310
I hope that our study contributes to sociological research and to develop further collaboration for research into Trans National Migration. Let us thank again for all the paper presenters for their stimulative paper. Thank you very much.

519
01:42:17.830 --> 01:42:42.830
Platform for correct counseling in Tajikistan to to minimize unemployment and to how to build bridges. And they are, I'm using data for the last 1015 years that I collected under sociological research

520
01:42:42.830 --> 01:43:04.509
sources. So in artificial intelligence. I'm in machine learning. I'm using a machine learning algorithm and sociological techniques and data and building something new. This is, I think, what's the and the word algorithm is the algorithm is also a Persians thing, you know.

521
01:43:04.510 --> 01:43:26.479
me, I'll follow me, you know. So definitely, I appreciate. So the the the last thing that I have to say I want to say in the authors, the presenters, and the definitely wish you the not only luck. But I wish you great future in your research, and you will get it because you have everything you've got.

522
01:43:26.600 --> 01:43:43.310
You've got already good papers, and I appreciate your time to, to get to to our session and to present such a wonderful thing definitely to the volunteers who help us this way. Nice so! And I want to please put out.

523
01:43:43.360 --> 01:43:59.429
I want to thank Mr. Thomas, and say for his support that we could organize this session, and that's that's really important and definitely to, I say, I will say long after I say, and to ask who are working with I say.

524
01:43:59.460 --> 01:44:16.140
Having said that I want to thank to the audience who already came for a new session, and to who who who were here, and I kindly ask the OS. To come here to the front, and to to to to have pictures with newscomers, and say, if you can.

525
01:44:16.580 --> 01:44:17.000
your horses please come here. Okay.