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Okay, it's time to start. OK, let's start the session. So thank you very much for attending this session.

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So unfortunately, so there are a few people, so because this is the last day of the ISA.

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So my name is Hide Hero Yamamoto in Masterbutt Suba Japa.

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I am a session organizer. I'm a sister organizer. So the decision focuses the state and society relationship in Asia and the society relationship in Asia and the kovat.

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19 pandemic. So coming to 19 has significantly impacted state society relationship because it made governments take on new roads to counter the pandemic such as restriction of individual freedoms, student economic security.

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Walk Jim Mandation, our vaccination and and so on. So it's expanding at all the state temporary or continue after the corona.

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. 90 may have brought the law of state back in from the visitor of the state by near rebuilder Therefore, we direct the focus on East Asia and examine the registration empirically.

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The East Asian countries are similar and comparable in that they have relatively low rates of Covid-nineteen infection and compared to the other regions.

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What was behind these results? We directly discussed this from the past of the inter relationship between state and society.

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So this system has presentation part so one presentator is not here so maybe so there are 4 presentations so so and so Professor Okura we represent in online and other as here on site.

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So each presented has had 15 to 20 min and 5 min cue underway. Okay, yeah, now so the rates begin so fast so for Mr. Shim please.

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Okay.

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Thank you for having me here. I would like to present some paper written with Professor Jian Lim, so he is not here.

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So I will present some primary findings from our joint research.

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Are we address the issue of how COVID-19 a pandemic transformed the relationship between the state and economy.

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And you know there are worse. So you would like to understand the changing relationship between a state and economy as state and society.

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So pandemic invoked the development or state again. And also, a pandemic extended the relative autonomy of the state.

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And some interesting feature of the development of Copy at night in pandemic was some kind of a strengthening some organization within the state, within the government.

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Here we focus on the ministry of economy and finance. Mr. Key agency in the process of intersecting power network in the state.

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So we would like to argue that. So we observed the formation of the new development or state. In the past, in East Asia, the developmental state was considered as a typical forms of the state.

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After the financial crisis, so Korean state has been transformed into a little bit neoliberal state.

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But after the COVID-19 Pandemic that nature of the state has been Transformed. So we call it new developmental state and the S.

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So the Ministry of Economy and Finance exercised ceremony power imposing on austerity policy dominating the emergency relief policies and overriding other ministries.

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During the pandemic period.

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So we'll talk about some conceptual issue, the development of state and new development or state. The developmental state is the interventionist state in the economy by allocating economy resources and planning long-term economic development.

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You can order. Mostly ignoring redistribution and social welfare. So typically, so economic development in East Asia.

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Has the same story, Japan, Korea, Taiwan. No, there's China. The new development of state is a little bit different from the forms of development or state.

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So many theories would like to understand the seed from a sociological perspective. So structural approach by Carl Sophie and state-centered approach.

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By Asida Skashpal. And but just so you utilize some kind of strategic relational approach to understand the changing features of contemporary Kepler's state.

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The new developmental state has all kind of characteristic. So suggested and theorized by those theories.

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And reproduction of economy, capitalist economy has been replaced by the economic growth instead of economic reproduction.

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And also the state has a relative autonomy from the society. From economic groups and also a civil society.

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And also Korean state maintain the minimalist welfare state welfare policies.

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And one thing peculiar is his Germany of state guided new liberalism. Usually nearer liberalism is is an opposite side of the state.

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But in East Asia, state guided Neither liberalism is a very unique combination of the state and the market principle.

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Usually, those, based on Physical austerity. And tax reduction.

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So it is a quite unique feature. Of the station. New development or state. So we can see the rise of Ministry of economy and finance again.

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So last part. While the Ministry of Economy and Finance exercised his money power over the economy and society it has subordinate to the imperatives of economic growth.

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So it is a key features. It kind of is a fundamental principle of economic policies. And it has forged the economic growth block.

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And when the first Korean state experienced Covid-nineteen pandemic, there are lots of changes.

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But the main feature is that the state responses to the pandemic were characterized by temporary reef and assistance.

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Rather than structural reform in tax, health care, labor market and welfare system. So it is a typical feature of the Korean new development or state.

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There's the pandemic has reorganized a state structure and rollout of state by renewing the developmental state and reinforcing the power of the ministry of Can and finance

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When there is a dispute between the ruling party and the minister of economy and finance Usually, the Ministry of Economy and Finance could exert its power over the ruling party.

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Because the Minister of Economy and Finance became the Germany organization within the state. So most powerful agency within the state.

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So it is a major policy measures against the COVID-19 pandemic between 2,020. And 2,022.

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And when the Korean government state tried to respond to the COPET. 19 there was some dilemma.

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Elected politicians do not have enough information and knowledge about the economy society. So it tends to strengthen the bureaucratic power in policymaking.

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The shift of decision-making power from the elected politicians to the bureaucrats. In fact, in dangers political democracy as the ministry of economy and finance continue to exercise so many power in making state policies.

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Here I would like to briefly talk about some concept of new development or state. This is usually a capitalist state.

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But it focuses on economic growth at the expense of some interest of social groups. Especially through the poor welfare policies, welfare programs.

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So a new developmental state keeps a supremacy of economic growth over popular demand of social welfare and distribution.

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In fact, social demand for social welfare and distribution has been elevated by democratic transition and the rise of social movement.

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The COVID-19 pandemic.

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10 to increase the centrality of the state in governing economy. And also, Competing.

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Transformation, we call it D globalization, has reinforced the power of nation state. I was disruption of global value chains and revival of territorial control by nation state.

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So the new development or state became a new country configuration of socioeconomic and political relations.

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So I would like to talk about some specific case. The Korean New Deal proposed by the Mongolian New Deal proposed by the Mongolian government As a response to the Copies, 19 pandemic.

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It was a state project. To deal with the pandemic, it consists of 2 Part one is the digitalisation of the nation.

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And another one, the development of green industry. So basically, it, it also sees with the development of strategy.

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Initiate by the state.

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So, President announced that the Korean New Deal is a kind of shift from catch up industrialization to leading industrialization.

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So, response to the Covid-nineteen pandemic is another types of You become a gross policy.

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Gross project.

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Even though one year later, Human New Dear was added to the first project still is related with education and Childcare or support?

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And some part caregiving system changes. But it's minimal changes. So during the formation of the policies, we observed some conflict within the state.

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There has been a diverging interest between the ruling party and the ministry of economy and finance. And the conflict over scope of emergency relief prolonged for one month.

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Because there's a conflicting interest and debate. The relief policy measures has been delayed for a one month.

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So this is an outcome of policies changes. And you can see the amount Final amount given by the state is one third of that in Japan on average and one force that of The United States.

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And almost 70% of that in Singapore. So lowest amount of relief, emergency relief has been given to the people by the government.

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So it is an outcome of the some physical austerity policy. Emphasized by the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

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So that ministry sticks to the very St. Prisper of austerity policy. And there was a large demanding from the civil society and some social groups.

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And even the ruling party tried to extend and expand the benefit to the people but Ministry of Economy and Finance reject Death to man.

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So,

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We can see the outcome.

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We can find some kind of economic resilience or little bit successful. Reproduction of economic system. Based on reasonable economic growth rate here at 1.5% compared to other countries.

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Korea shows the relatively good economic performance. However, There is a very serious problem in social reproduction.

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I called it social disruption. Lowering those rates due to lowering marriage. It's a sharp decrease and now it's our lowest possible rate in the world.

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Point 7 8 last year and massive career disruption of a working woman with children More than 40% of working women experienced career disruption in the last 3 years.

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It's a very big size and also highest elderly poverty rate among visiting countries.

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Yeah, we can see the, so very low level of public social spending by the government.

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So, so the lowest. Among OCD members. And even it's lower than that of Columbia and Costa Rica, some Latin American countries.

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So it's very low spending. And if we see the trend of social expenditure from 2,000 to 2,022.

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Sir, Korea shows the very low level of social expanding. Compared to other Latin American countries here, Columbia and Chile.

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So. Social welfare system. After the financial crisis And even after the COVID-19 pandemic, still Korean Matthew system is really poor and although they developed And here is some symbolic graph, the lowest fertility rate in the world.

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It's almost half of that in Japan. So it's an extremely low level of fertility rate.

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So I would like to conclude. The COVID-19 pandemic revived the development of state as the state became the sole agency responsible for social economic reproduction.

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The Ministry of Economy and Finance could exercise its ceremony in shaping and implementing policy measures for the Covid-nineteen pandemic within the state.

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So, Ministry of Economy and Finance is the most powerful state organization.

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The revival of the Department of State contribute to the state's role in economy production. However, the New development of state policy measures.

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Have failed to mitigate the tendency of social disruption to worsen since the 1980 s and exacerbated during the COVID.

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19 pandemic. So, new, new or developmental state also disclosed the dilemma of new democracy in which elected politicians could not control economic bureaucracy.

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In policy making. So we observed some kind of dilemma. Discussed by Max Weber.

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Jamalocracy versus bureaucracy. Themail process means the rule by the people.

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Bureaucracy means the rule by the bureaucrat. So we see some inherent dilemma of the modern.

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Democratic system. Theoretically, the new development state in South Korea provide a case for,ing the role of the state with regard to the Ukrainian society with regard to the Ukrainian society in the newly democratizing countries.

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Thank you very much for your listening.

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Thank you very much for for the scene. So, okay, so any any questions? That's a 5 min, time.

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Okay Okay, please.

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Thank you so much and I learned a lot and a very interesting presentation and honestly speaking I'm not familiar with the Korean sociology in politics so let me please allow me to ask the stupid question I have 2 questions.

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I have 2 questions. One is Yes, history of economy and finance is More powerful even than President you said.

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But I'm wondering why. Because the president and also in Colia Clinton cannot do not have qualification for re-election.

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So it seems that president can choose what they. Should the poison what he wants? This is the first question and second question is, I wonder if that you said a state guided neoliberalism and this aspect of state land changed because you said the state land changed because you said for instance poor welfare policy is opposed by the civil society.

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civil organization you said.

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No, no. Oh, the I'm beside the third, but yeah, okay. Then, okay, we told my second question. Thanks.

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Okay, thank you very much for your question. First one is about some kind of a weight of the Ministry of Human Rights.

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And because it has a monopolized information. And knowledge about economic situation. So usually politicians do not have that kind of knowledge and they don't have access to that information.

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So monopoly of information and knowledge is a power of the base of the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

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So even, usually the present Do not know what's going on in the economy and even in international relations.

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They need some support. From a bureaucrat. So pure credit spent 20 years or 30 years in the same organization.

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Managing and dealing with economic statistics. And informations. So they are very skilful bureaucrats.

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But they don't have new ideas, they don't have some kind of new vision for changing social system economic system.

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So basically, politicians had some visions.

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It might be very good, but they don't know what's going on in the economy. So actually they tried to talk about policy issues.

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Usually they cannot beat a corporate because they don't know the reality So that's the answer for the first question.

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Second is a very strong demand for welfare expansion. Because maybe poor welfare system even developed after the financial crisis in the 1,997.

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But it's very minimal level of welfare provision. So. Many civil society organizations. And welfare movement groups, strongly demand and also At the time, a ruling party also promised So radical change in welfare system.

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But it was rejected and it is not realized. Hi, the government. So there is a conflict between the party Green Party and the government.

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Thank you.

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Okay, so Sorry, some time. So thank you very much for Professor Singh. Thank you. Okay.

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And so, okay, so are there, so Professor Donato? Okay, so he's he's not here so so we will skip his presentation and the next the professor Oakura so that she's participate via Zoom.

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Okay.

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No, if possible I would like to

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So, yes, is it noble? This is right. Let's represent. No, no, all my present.

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If we could invite the next presenter to start screen sharing please.

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Okay.

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Can you see my screen?

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Yes.

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Okay.

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Oh, thank you. Hey, and the thank you for your introduction. I am so. May I start?

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Okay, so please start.

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Oh, okay, thank you. Thank you for the introduction. And it's a great honor to be part of your part of decision and this presentation is coalesced by Meijing Kim and.

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And I'm going to make presentation on behalf of this team.

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And today I would like to talk about women's organization in Japan. Especially the activities of women's organisations during the Covid-nineteen pandemic.

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I also like to highlight how to Covid-nineteen pandemic has affected women's organization in Japan.

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And as you know, the COVID-19 started to split at the end of 2,019. The COVID.

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19 pandemic has had a significant impact not only on Japanese society overall. But also on women's lives.

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For example, women in unstable jobs were more likely to get laid off. And face financial difficulties.

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Also, it will be that the case of domestic violence against women and unexpected pregnancies has been increased.

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D to issues related to women has obviously increased the demand for the activities of women's organization. But unfortunately at the same time, however, women's organization faced a lot of lot of obstacles in their effort to plow by the services and advocate for women's interests.

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For instance, state of emergency which were declared in order to restrict going out. Dwelling, 2,020 to 2,021 was a big obstacle in the organization who liked to.

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Provide any sort of services and other bucket for women's interests. So my question is that in such difficult circumstances what kind of activities did women's organization engage in?

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Or how did the pandemic affect these organizations? Today I would like to answer these sort of questions in my presentation.

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First. Let me briefly explain about the overview of the characteristic of which I need to be society as well as Japanese women's organizations.

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And it's why do we know that the Japanese CPU society organizations are relatively smaller, especially compared to other countries CSOs.

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For instance, and it means limited budgets, membership. Number of professional staff and geographic scores. And also there are only a few large advocacy organizations.

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While there are so many smaller organizations like neighborhood associations. Neighborhood associations in Japan are responsible for policy implementation.

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That unfortunately they are not responsible for

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And welcome to women or women's organization, they have been marginalized even in the smaller and weaker Japanese city society.

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Marginalized here has 2 different meanings at the first. Mean that there is a gender inequality in the leadership positions.

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While many women have been involved in community activities, The percentage of women in leadership positions in Shia source is quite limited.

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Second, it mean that women's organization have relatively weaker political influences. And according to the and interest group in Japan.

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It has been reviewed that women's organizations are considered as weaker but louder organization by political elites as well as interest groups in Japan.

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And also flooded studies on women's movements have rebuilt that Women's organisations have less budgets compared to other Shiva society organizations.

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And making it difficult to hire stuff stablely.

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And these are the best registration of Japanese Shibu society organization and women's organisation in Japan.

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So, oh, here is our such questions. Nice on the applied studies, we would like to deal with these 2 differently such questions.

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The customer is that what types of activities to women's organization engaged in during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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And second one is that how did the COVID-19 pandemic affect women's organizations and when comes to this such question our main focus is on the service as well as the advocacy.

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Who owns these questions? We conducted the survey and interview for women's organization. From 2,022 to 2,023.

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So let me briefly explain about the survey. And when it comes to the women's organization, Many people may imagine something like Me Too movements.

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Which is relatively smaller and horizontal. Social movements. However, even before the survey, we expected that women's organization were more diverse in terms of scale.

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Or in terms of idea ideology as well. So we expected that there might be a smaller organizations, for example, land by paid volunteers.

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As well as large scale umbrella organizations that have planted in each prefecture. So, basically our goal was to include a diverse larger organization from small ones to big ones.

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In our sub as comprehensively as possible. We, you, 8 different sources and had at least more than 2,000 organizations to be surveyed.

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And, SABE was contacted via Internet. It was online, We sent out the link to access the questionnaire by May.

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And the contact us or email. And obtained responses to the internet. The number of responses with more than 300 organizations and the response late was about 10%.

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And when it comes to interview, where we conducted the We ask the organizations if we they are willing to be interviewed or not at the very end of the and fortunately about A 100 organizations had in intention to join us.

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Interview. And so far we finish interviewing 23 organizations so I would like to use this data for this presentation today.

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No, I would like to move on to the The table here shows what women's organizations are focusing on in 2,022.

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We asked them about the specific topic or specific areas they are involving under COVID-19. The main areas covered by women's organizations are obviously, child support.

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Preventing violence against women. And women's lights. General employment of a women's status. I am support for women's careers.

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And especially for organizations located outside of Tokyo. More than half of their attention is dedicated to childcare support.

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Or preventing domestic violence.

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And these organizations outside of Tokyo have established any sort of facilities like child care centers. Or a day care centers or something like They often listed a government contract to help fund their operations.

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We also asked about our specific services provided by the women's organization in Japan. The most common services they offer are giving out information.

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Organizing education and training programs and often hauling the considering sessions.

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This is a difficult answer by the women's organizations. And also more than 50% of the organizations offered these 3 different services all at once.

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Basically, it work like For example, women in, in needlech out for guidance to do comprehensive counseling services for women.

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And after that they get information to include their situation, for example, such as connection with municipalities or government agencies or information about the shelters or something like that and after that they take advantage of educational or training opportunities.

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So this was the basic situation of women's organization under COVID-19 in Japan.

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No, I would like to move on to how COVID-19 has affected women's organization.

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Based on our survey as well as interview. And this slide is, Oh, of the and when come to the 7 organizations answered that they had to scale down their subsidies because of the COVID.

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19. When come to civil organizations there may focus it on their own project. And due to the Covid-nineteen they could not keep up with their project.

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And unfortunately experienced a decline in revenue. Most commonly. Sounds like we couldn't keep pace with our populations.

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And our income took a heat. This is a typical example of this sort of 7 organizations. And on the other hand what is interesting here is that Tribe organizations answered that There's happy seats or their budget actually increased due to the pandemic.

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Actually, they tend to receive a budget from the government and typical answer often sounds like our income increase, but it was very challenging for us to handle the increased workload.

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And let me briefly explain about the situation. So, 2,021, the cabinet office was in place subsidies giving to the local governments to support nonprofits and other sorts of organizations.

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That of our cancelling services for women in need. This includes connection support projects, connections about project. Where nonprofits use the expertise to help women combat loneliness and isolation.

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By the building their social connections. And here are the example or posters of the project in Osaka and

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Specifically the nonprofit which Leslie these subsidies provide consultation service. Or self place to stay like shelters or training for women in need.

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Also, sanitary supplies were also distributed in 2,021 to 2,022 by nonprofits using this sort of subsidies.

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And because of this sort of subsidy from the cabinet office some women's organizations experienced rapid income increase.

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Laurel's, COVID-19.

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At the same time, however, some organizations withdraw from this sort of government project. Because they feel like they felt that this sort of project prevented them from focusing on their own project.

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For instance, an organization in Kamamoto Prefecture answers like this. My motor City accepted the women connection support project and my organization achieved 4 million year.

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This was good. It was good because I would no longer have to worry about budget. But we did not apply for the project this year to focus on our one project.

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Because we lost time to focus on our own project. And we lost motivation to help the government project.

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Use cases indicate that organization that had greater workload due to the COVID-19 may have lost their motivations to help the government because of them some sort of mission direct was occurred.

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This was the situation about the,

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And I would like to move on to the effect to the advocacy by women's organizations. And Liza was inuitably clear.

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And she's 7 organizations answered that they experienced Negative impact via only 2 organizations. I'll set that they had a positive impact.

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Because of the COVID-19. And negative impact is. Obviously clear and they answered like it was no longer possible.

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To visit the Lillipant Ministry. Or it was difficult to lobby the national agencies and administrative agency directory.

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This was the example of negative impact. Here is a positive impact.

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These examples indicate that if organizations or governments were able to digitize early on like after the right out to the like of COVID.

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Became evident that there could be a positive impact on advocacy as well. The typical example. Shown here.

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It sounds like face to face meeting with a cabinet office. And Ministry of Foreign Affairs want enough On the other hand, online participation in governmental committees and other meetings became possible and which made it easier for members living in Luland area except for Tokyo to get in This is one typical example of the for the impact of

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Covid-nineteen to the advocacy of women's organization.

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And, this is the main findings of our research.

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And even dwelling the COVID-19 pandemic. Sabise it offered by the women's organization didn't necessarily stop completely.

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Fortunately, they made use of financial aid from the cabinet office or other agencies. To assist women in difficult situations.

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On the other hand, many women's organization experienced a stagnation in advocacy due to the pandemic.

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This could potentially lead to stagnation in women's policies while women plan to take places in the long run in Japan.

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So that's all for my presentation. Thank you for listening.

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Thank you very much for, so let's move on the Q&A time. Any question?

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Oh, is it, is it the same to Mike?

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Thank you very much. That's very informative representation. I just wonder whether there was some opportunity for women's NGO movement leaders.

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To discuss about what they can do, what they must do. For the own purposes of providing information as well as service to.

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Those people victimized. So you said some of your organization decided withdrawal from government supported a program. What's there any?

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Kind of intensive discussion. What was the main problem in Bobby and that frustration? How does happen is in your woman's organization should move forward to promote their own interest.

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Just for the shake of the information, I would like to ask that question. Thank you.

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Thank you for your question. When you come to the peak organization or Well, but the most we get the organization.

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In Japan? Yes, they had a opportunity to share the the experience or the information which they have at the very beginning of the pandemic.

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But when you come to the smaller one at For example, the women's organization which their main focus is at the local level.

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Unfortunately, unfortunately, they didn't have opportunity to connect other sort of women's organizations or women related to organizations.

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So as mentioned in the presentation. The sort of smaller organizations at the local level or unfortunately decided to. Withdraw or the project which can help.

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Women in need so

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In near future, yeah, there should be some sort of the project. Which can connect women's organization.

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At the especially at the local level.

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Thank you for your question.

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Okay So we have our literal title to Oasimis. So any other question?

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Okay, Thank you, Professor Klein, for your presentation. I have just one question. If I understand correctly your presentation, you said that some organizations have positive impact.

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What determinations have positive impact through the COVID-19.

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Thank you for your question. I think your question is really really important. As I mentioned in my presentation, same organization also that they have the positively impact while the other organization had answered that they had a negative impact.

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And as far as I know, the organisation which answered that they had a positive impact is notably bigger organization which have enough budget to, deal with their own project as well as the government project as well.

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So they don't have to choose which is their main focus. They can deal with their own projects as well as the government project.

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But on the other hand, the organization which answered that they had a negative impact answered. Negative impact.

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Is,ably smaller. And they don't have enough staffs or they didn't have enough budget.

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So if they received the In that case, they have to focus on the governmental project itself and So, I think the the fact is to make a difference due to groups.

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Might be a number of stuffs. Or something sort of resources related to organizations. Thank you for your question.

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Thank you. Okay, so that's a time up so maybe on the next presentation so Professor Pulitzer please.

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Sure.

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Okay, thank you.

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Okay, thank you very much and I'm pleased to have this opportunity to present our paper. This paper is by Percy Yamamoto and I today let me present this presentation and first of all usually I revised my presentation 5 again and again until just before the presidential begin.

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But this Congress, to upload in advance just because they saw today. So today's presentation might not be good but it's not my fault I'm joking.

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I'm joking. This is very good. It is my fault that the transportation is not good.

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OK, let me start. Yes, Ambu one is again following the theme of this.

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Carl, it's about, 19 and the lower of the state. Okay. And as you know, C.

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19 has expanded the state's flow across the world in any government. Especially government expenditure have increased for instance by providing support for households and businesses for houses and many things but today we focus on this economic factors.

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Okay? And we are wondering if that this had people's expectations about the state's law changed through the pandemic.

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State law, especially in terms of the ready to the redistribution. Especially Coby Decombe leave payment for individuals and households, I would like to know about people's perception of this.

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I'm sorry, it's OK. And let me introduced 2 categories of existing studies. First, has Covid-nineteen changed people's thoughts about states law and in conclusion existing studied findings are mixed.

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Some said Let supportable taxation to pay for with their policies. And but others argue that they observed increasing support for progressive taxation.

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And still other said there are regional changes in the level of support for redistribution during the 19.

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And on the other end, the other categories we look today would like to focus on the Luck the people's perception about locks effect it's ready to the role, the argument that's why I put the rules into the presentation title.

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According to Rhodes, Osando and the others, included by family background, talent, opportunities is due to luck.

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Course. And so in a jazz society, The effect of luck should be minimized. And famously, as you know, their roles extend their argument based on the metaphor Baylock Ignore.

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Right? And in frequent

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Speaking, the difference in perception of luck leads to difference in attitude toward autosomal distribution poised.

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Both at country level and individual level. That is, the more people apparently have the perception that the locked effect is large in the outcome then the people on that country tend to have positive attitude towards the outcome, then the people on that country tend to have positive attitude towards redistribution policy.

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And this is the case even at at individual level according to existing studies. And them. But the existing studies I have introduced is analyzed the attitude toward orthodox list distribution policy.

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But however, the structure of Covid-nineteen economic relief is a little bit different at Persianans seen argued.

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Especially for instance Japan and Korea resembles universal basic income. Because the same amount of money was paid to all.

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It was to be respective of the income. At least in Korea the first time the payment is this.

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I correct? And for instance, existing science said people expressed much stronger support for universal basic income policy for time of the pandemic.

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We'd like to compare people's preference for Covid-nineteen economic relief that is similar to investors of basic income.

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And preferences what also looks great distribution. During war after the pandemic people's preference attitudes, okay?

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Then our question is We have 2 research questions. First, do people's beliefs about Lucky Effect determine their support for a comic leave payment during the pandemic that is similar to universal basic income and second that the people brief about Luckily FACK, determined their support for also Dr.

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Redistribution policies and we would like to compare the attitude between the 2. Attitude and second research questions is do the answer to this first question buried there are difference between China, Korea and Japan.

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This is our second research question and of course many studies have focused An artist on the Erika analysis but there The objective of analysis where research or surveys are mainly Western conflicts.

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And for instance, it's about the contradiction poor seats. Americans were less concerned about economic inquiry than other nations.

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How about COVID-19 relief and how about the variation in the Eastern countries? And, We did an online survey.

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In January through March. 2,022 last year and this shows the number of the quit 19 cases and as you know that the red wine showed when we did survey and the left one needs survey in China and the right one is survey in Japan and South Korea and as you know these surveys are conducted before the large surge appear in the 3

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countries. And for this is only surveys, so this is down for the monitors and gender and age march sensor data and sample size is 1,000 for each country.

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Okay, and yes, of course this is the led by the Provisi Yamamoto and those Kursolim, prospering this.

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Project. And in this survey where we employed a questionnaire item like this. To operationalize and measure that people's perceptions are likely effect.

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Regarding the damage caused by COVID-19 there are 2 contrasting beauty NP with which of the build do you agree?

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And if anyone was infected with the new coronavirus, I think it was due to from one A his war has saved responsibility to 5 B.

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Kids will have bad luck and we prepared a 5 point scale and the respondents choose one of them.

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And also we ask if anyone's employment or income was negatively impacted by the new coronavirus pandemic.

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I think it was due to from one he was with high self responsibility to 5 his or her pet luck.

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And also we ask, we use the questioning item asking about the luxury effect on the usual life not specific to the pandemics.

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Situation. How much do you agree or disagree with the foreign statements? One social status is determined by the wealth of one family growing up and respondents choose from 5 Stronger way to one strong disability.

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The 5 points scale again and also if anyone in the poor I think it is due to his WORK hard work.

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And again, respondents are asked to choose from 1 5 to one. And then, and this is a separate aggregate and from the left hand side they answer self responsibility and right hand side the bad luck and 5 point scale and the upper right China middle wide coverier and the lower bar indicated Japanese one.

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And, as you know, as you see the There were other difference. We are to be speaking between China and Korean Japan.

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So the Korean, especially Koreans and Japan thinks that Beltrack has impact to to larger extent okay and as I said we prepared 4 kinds of items about asking people's perception about luck, but we observed Similar pattern between countries.

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But still, there are possibility that some people think they like to impact is in the large, it is questionable but not on other locked perception question item and other people's answer by Sparta.

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So We checked if the people have the consistently consistent attitude towards luck. To do that, we did the multiple correspondence analysis.

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So it uses 4 kinds of the question items measuring the perception of the luck and it shows that

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The left upper side is Korea and all the number 3. And this uses the Sue-point scale, they compat it from the 5 point scale so Korean and consistently tend to answer 3 the luxury is large and upper right side China 1 1 1 one it means that Chinese attempt to consistently respond to the lark's impact.

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It means that Chinese attempt to consistently respond to consistently respond the lug's impact is lower and then the lower side of Japan it means that Chinese attempt to consistently respond to it means the impact is lower.

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And then the lower side Japan to it means that Japan is midway compared to other 2 countries. And then next we'd like to explored the relationship between the pastestraum lark and the abolition of governments, the resolution policy and the COVID.

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19 comic wave and this is this show they aggregate simple aggregate about the people that are due to Kind of also locally distribution policy and it showed a pattern like this.

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The the Japanese are more than Korean and more than Chinese are more likely to agree with the government's responsibility to take help the door.

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And this is the waiting room support under the pandemic again we see the seamless Paran, And next, so this is the Controversial and we are conducted as simple there.

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Individual level analysis. It's the original logistic analysis. And there's, there, and dependent on viable is people support what also equity distribution policy and this is just for Japanese.

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And the protocol vertically we showed without probably the each independent variable as the female and female class infection the inexpangence over affection, conservative warmer, education, government support for government party and the perception about luck.

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Okay. And today let us focus on the this one. So in Japan, at least, the more people think the luck effect is large, then those kind of people tend to think or tend to support also the distribution policy.

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And a similar pattern. We goubsub and Kolim people. Can hear. And I think other variables also have similar effect.

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Between the South Korea and Japan. But in China, the doubt is not the case. Okay, that the perception block does not have impact.

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Okay, so in a sense, when the Chinese peoples think about redistribution policy, they are not wolves.

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And next, we conducted similar, similar analysis, but here the dependent Bible is that economic brief payment during the pandemic.

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This is for in Japan and Oh, yes. And that, as you know, this is, sorry, this shows the bird and horizontally show the hot ratio so that the particle line one shows that the no influence so if the With Donto Bah, overlaps the bottom line, then that independent variable has no effect.

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But it If the is located On the light side without overlapping then it has How to be impacted and it is located in the left side it has negative impact that statistically is significant.

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Okay? And it showed that government party had post tips. Significant effect on the support for a going to leave payment during the 19 it does feel similar to the universal basic income but

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The perception lock. It's narrative poor unlock shows the the perception about the the lockedove on the usual people's outcome.

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You economic status and the lower to copied economic unlock and copied unlock means that the people get You can make damage.

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Hi, sorry, if people get negative damage by ensure the pandemic era, then the pandemic era, then that was due to our luck.

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If people think so, surprisingly, people are less likely to support you going to leave under pandemic. And also the the lowest one shows that we ask whether people Experience the economic damage during the COPET.

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19 and again surprisingly the if people experience they're gonna die during the pandemic, then they are less likely.

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To support they come to leave during the pandemic. And this is the analysis for Japan's correspondence and this is the result for Korean people.

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They're almost same, but the difference is the, power luck. So again, colon people are less likely to support a going to leave payment during the pandemic if they think it is due to unlock that people get economic damage during the pandemic and also that people experienced the the economic loss during the pandemic but still if Koreans think that the people that low economic status is due to

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unlock, then they are likely to support economic growth during the pandemic. Okay, so this is a important difference between Japan.

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And Coriolis. In the prospect of this presentation. And lastly, this is the analysis for China.

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Again, there are luck. Does not have impact water never to be impacted. When people support who are they going to leave.

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During the pandemic. Okay? So in conclusion, the first research question is that the perception of luck called it different in support for state economic roads We observed the contrast, clear contrast between also local distribution and competitive economic grief.

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That is, belief in luck effect for one's usual outcome. Usually life outcome lead to more support.

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For also doctoral distribution in Japan and South Korea, but not in China. But on the other hand, believe in lack of effect for COVID, negative economic impacts.

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Then people are less likely to support Copy Deakin leave across the 3 countries. So state's economic role during the pandemic is perceived different from osteoplery distribution policy.

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And climate economic grief. Seems not considered what alleviates lack the impact. On the context of COVID.

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19 and also it might be said it can be said that people in East Asian countries are unlikely to approve of universal basic income.

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And second question is, is there a difference between Israel and the countries in this cause of relationship and I'm sorry, it's a good explanation.

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Let me focus just on the second one. Of the 3 Asian countries, Koreans are distinctive in that they hold somewhat rather than perspective.

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Great. And lastly, the, the inference of locked perception may be for first in Western countries, where COPET.

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19 damage has been much greater, much larger. And also, as I said, this survey is done before the damage wave throws.

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So people in the East Asian country might have changed. So people in the East Asian countries might have changed their attitude after the Covid-nineteen terminates first toward the end of last year.

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Got it. Thank you very much.

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Your question about their Lux effect. And it's really very, very.

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This idea of Lux effect with the state's responsibility or not. How are they connected? How do you?

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Link these 2. I'm curious about that. Thank you.

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I'm sure. Is it my fault? Sorry. Just a very simple question.

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Can we go back to your questions related to your operationalization of luck? There's some question. I think it is a very simple question.

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Can we go back to your questions related to your operational question. Can we go back to your questions related to your operational question.

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Can we go back to your questions related to your operationalization related to your operationalization of luck. There's some question.

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I think it is a very simple question, but I wonder whether it is

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Thanks. And thank you very much for questions. Yeah, first question is about how do we conduct a survey in China.

339
01:13:34.000 --> 01:13:44.000
Actually, this is the research project conducted by the you know, research network of the East Asian Social Association.

340
01:13:44.000 --> 01:13:57.000
And so our project included a Chinese member.

341
01:13:57.000 --> 01:14:14.000
So, Change member conducted the survey in China. Korean member, the Conductor, what had been stoppage the survey in South Korea and the Japanese member conducted the survey in Japan.

342
01:14:14.000 --> 01:14:26.000
So, and hither, that he had the experience of the many surveys so in China so I believe .

343
01:14:26.000 --> 01:14:56.000
And the second one Instead. Can I? Because the question is about related to my presentation file so can I, yeah?

344
01:14:58.000 --> 01:15:22.000
Yep, this one. And, I'm not sure if I understand the second question but Can I could you tell me again what your second question is about what your second question is similar to

345
01:15:22.000 --> 01:15:27.000
So I think that there's

346
01:15:27.000 --> 01:15:48.000
How do I say? I think that self-responsibility and that outcome due to self responsibility and that outcome due to self responsibility and the outcome due to bad luck is consisted of one axis and is the opposite.

347
01:15:48.000 --> 01:15:57.000
Does my answer make sense? No. So maybe I'm not understand what you question needs. Why?

348
01:15:57.000 --> 01:16:05.000
What, what? Yes, yes. Sorry. So sorry.

349
01:16:05.000 --> 01:16:16.000
Yeah, probably your role Zian approach might be quite different from libertarian approach. Or a utilitarian approach.

350
01:16:16.000 --> 01:16:36.000
So in terms of some concept of justice. So you are right. Your some emphasis on role- approach is quite different from libertarian individualist self responsibility approach.

351
01:16:36.000 --> 01:17:06.000
But I think when you use the concept of rules and concept of justice, you should compare a Rosian approach to with other some theorists like a libertarian and utilitarian approach, then you can interpret the result more some theoretically precise manner.

352
01:17:13.000 --> 01:17:27.000
Adopt that kind of a some contrasting competing theoretical approaches to interpret your own result. It's a very interesting and stimulating findings.

353
01:17:27.000 --> 01:17:41.000
So you mean that in order to ask my research question, we needed not just one question item, but multiple type of question items you mean.

354
01:17:41.000 --> 01:17:58.000
To compare the multiple Selaries, what perspectives you mean? So your interpretation is based on some John W.

355
01:17:58.000 --> 01:18:09.000
Perception, conception of justice and fairness. And there are different. Provide a different concept of justice.

356
01:18:09.000 --> 01:18:33.000
So some answers from your survey shows the different approaches. Different perception of justice, fairness. So, so you can use, analyze your desert from very profound the theoretical approaches.

357
01:18:33.000 --> 01:18:45.000
So then then it must be a very wonderful finding. Thank you so much. Thank you. Yes, yes, please.

358
01:18:45.000 --> 01:18:52.000
Well, okay, yeah, I agree with your proposition's comment, but I am more concerned about this question actually.

359
01:18:52.000 --> 01:18:59.000
So, his waho self responsibility, that's clear. His or her bad luck.

360
01:18:59.000 --> 01:19:18.000
What does it really mean in our oral communication? I am a member of the middle class. My family is not poor at all, but I could have bad luck because I contact so many people and somehow I got infected.

361
01:19:18.000 --> 01:19:35.000
So I think I have a bad luck, I could say. So can we interpret this expression as an indicator of social inequality in Rosian sense, I'm not really sure because it's a basic question related to survey research, you know.

362
01:19:35.000 --> 01:19:46.000
So you mean that this questionnaire, this small item has the multiple meetings depending on the multiple meanings depending depending on the sponge item has the multiple meanings depending depending on, depending on respondents.

363
01:19:46.000 --> 01:19:57.000
Yeah, yeah, I agree. Yes, when I conduct the next thing that Survey, I must think about that.

364
01:19:57.000 --> 01:20:10.000
But one of the reasons why I use this kind of question item is as far as I remember the this format is employed by previous studies.

365
01:20:10.000 --> 01:20:17.000
Just a reason, but of course that I don't I would not say that so this is all right.

366
01:20:17.000 --> 01:20:30.000
I don't say that but yeah I think about in the future thank you so much thank you

367
01:20:30.000 --> 01:20:37.000
Thank you, Professor. Pgister. And so yeah, it's time. So next next next presentations. So yeah, it's time.

368
01:20:37.000 --> 01:20:53.000
So next next presentations, Professor Rem, please.

369
01:20:53.000 --> 01:20:59.000
To wrestle. Yeah.

370
01:20:59.000 --> 01:21:06.000
Okay.

371
01:21:06.000 --> 01:21:28.000
Thank you everyone. My name is Wintek from Korea and I would like to hold today talk about the international Sorry.

372
01:21:28.000 --> 01:21:58.000
Nice. Yep. Yeah International order in North East Asian area and Yeah, and not I do not deal with today with the Covid-nineteen but the after effect of the governance, Covid-nineteen in this area.

373
01:21:58.000 --> 01:22:18.000
Mine, main the is so even though the economic and geographical color of the North East Asian Model over over overcoming COVID is more or less successful, but the future of the coming multilateralism future is not so.

374
01:22:18.000 --> 01:22:45.000
I called it very flappy about rattleism even though the 3 nations most of us are comparing on other Western countries or other countries during the not Covid-nineteen.

375
01:22:45.000 --> 01:23:01.000
We have a success model. Even though we have a very dispute. How can I say? Very, very, Disputable.

376
01:23:01.000 --> 01:23:19.000
Cases but 3 countries have I think, 5, common sense. First of all, the preparation for systemic risk taking science and political risk seriously in a controversial ways.

377
01:23:19.000 --> 01:23:35.000
For example, contact tracing despite over human right violation. And second, the 3 societies in 3 nations are very resilient and taking practice.

378
01:23:35.000 --> 01:23:57.000
For example, making wearing and masking wearing and following the government's rule. And third, the most people in in the 3 nations believe in strong support for governments and good preparation.

379
01:23:57.000 --> 01:24:09.000
Based on the is the technology and for it the quality reactor reactivity and the high population around the central leadership is also well.

380
01:24:09.000 --> 01:24:26.000
And for the social first in first the second the years and the transparency and the legitimacy support of the government measure are very high.

381
01:24:26.000 --> 01:24:38.000
So in this model I included a baby on other Asian countries like Taiwan and Hong Kong, but most of I comment, I talked about the 3 nations.

382
01:24:38.000 --> 01:24:43.000
And this is a very good

383
01:24:43.000 --> 01:25:03.000
Foundations for the regional governments. The regarding Asian countries effective response to Covid-nineteen despite country a specific differences a Singapore diplomat wrote 2,020.

384
01:25:03.000 --> 01:25:25.000
Very probable cockpitability. The crisis highlights the contrast between the competent response of the East Asian government, notably China, South Korea and Singapore and the incompetent response of the Western governments such as Italy, Spain, France.

385
01:25:25.000 --> 01:25:43.000
Britain and America. The far lower debt rates supported by East Asian countries less to all. They reflect not just medical capabilities but also the quality of the governance and the cultural confidence of the society.

386
01:25:43.000 --> 01:26:07.000
Even though the conflict between China and Taiwan and maybe the US after try in one of the who was the leader of the program between interdependence democratic progressive parties rise to the power more become escalated.

387
01:26:07.000 --> 01:26:24.000
It is interesting to note. That this is not prevented Taiwan and mainland China from the effective cooperation links between university and medical experts.

388
01:26:24.000 --> 01:26:38.000
Indeed, the Taiwanese experts are informed as early as January thirteenth, 2,020 about the human to human transmission of the new Covid-nineteen during a briefing in Ouhan.

389
01:26:38.000 --> 01:26:48.000
This informed a lot of Taiwan to launch is an emergency response immediately on January the fourteenth ahead of the most countries in the region.

390
01:26:48.000 --> 01:26:52.000
The, yeah.

391
01:26:52.000 --> 01:27:22.000
So the US even though what is strictly in North Asia is the degree of the conscience around the health policy and pandemic responses across the union despite the secondary differences across the region and across the region types there is an acceptance a strong role for government in times of the crisis.

392
01:27:23.000 --> 01:27:44.000
There was at a time also a high degree over trust in the government and the social trust. This common characters among North East Asian countries provided a good basis for establishing regional cooperation and regional governance.

393
01:27:44.000 --> 01:28:06.000
In contrast to Ebola and SARS or Mars, it should have been manageable with the right international cooperation and indeed is succeeded however however it never happened in this area and the militarism was made worse by the US-china conflict.

394
01:28:06.000 --> 01:28:24.000
Understanding this phenomenon the following factors need to be account for the first I think There's some factors which disable to multilateralism is the first the core internationalism is up.

395
01:28:24.000 --> 01:28:37.000
Why? Sorry. There's some factors disabling my internetism is getting worse, especially by the US conflict and the second, understanding this phantom.

396
01:28:37.000 --> 01:28:41.000
The following factors need to be account for. The first is intensifying the US China conflict due to limitation of the globalization.

397
01:28:41.000 --> 01:29:00.000
And second, the rise of the authoritarianism in northeastern Asia. And third, the deepening of the state capitalism instead of the weak link in civil society in northeastern Asia.

398
01:29:00.000 --> 01:29:16.000
So this is well known. The world economy is since 1,990 as a continent is since 19 nineties as continually have a global economic crisis as a continually have a global economic crisis as a continually have a global economic crisis as a continually have a global economic crisis as a 1990 and 98 and the

399
01:29:16.000 --> 01:29:30.000
21 the problem. 1,998 and 21 at Dakkan Bubble and 21 at Dakkan Bubble and 2,021 at Dakkam Bubble and 2,007 and 8 is well known in 2,007 and 8 is the well known great recession and 2,015 is the global recession and 2,015 is the global recession from China and

400
01:29:30.000 --> 01:29:40.000
the And this evoked the state-led capitalism transformation strategy. Nowadays we call the digital and green transformation.

401
01:29:40.000 --> 01:29:51.000
And the beginning with with 2020,027 and 8 crisis isolated with the COVID.

402
01:29:51.000 --> 01:30:08.000
19 actually for example in a America from a reassuring strategy by Obama through Trump making of 8 America great again to IRA of the Biden's government.

403
01:30:08.000 --> 01:30:23.000
And the EU is a discussor service act as a current hegemonic strategic against the US Gafa and in Asian, in, in Northeast countries, for example, in Japan.

404
01:30:23.000 --> 01:30:34.000
The Japan is Dister Agenda, 2,030 and China made in China 2,030 and in Korea decay in New Deal.

405
01:30:34.000 --> 01:31:04.000
A The the cheap economist in the World Bank, the Penelope Goldberg, has raised the very skeptical questions about after this kind of crisis that's the recent rise of the protectionism signified the end of the open rule based trading system that forced a globalization.

406
01:31:06.000 --> 01:31:36.000
I think it's not, but the G 2 conflict between U.S.A. and China will enforce will make the the old globalization globalization very hard but instead of that we are seeing or we are we we can we can observe the new phantoman, the rise of the plutira parallelism.

407
01:31:40.000 --> 01:32:05.000
And so interesting is a part of sort of a product school way. The China is a the only one the state stands alone for the globalization but you US and the EU nowadays against it they are stressed the new protectionism or in other way the new mercantilism.

408
01:32:05.000 --> 01:32:35.000
So the the the call problem is the the state-led distillation strategy and the spread of the proprietary market by GARPA is now pushed the most Western countries including and and the northeastern countries to new mercantilism.

409
01:32:35.000 --> 01:32:51.000
So, this kind of a vulnerability of the US. China tensions influenced mixed and summer products Kuwait on the interregular resilience in North is Asia.

410
01:32:51.000 --> 01:33:05.000
The paradoxical trends was accelerated, escalated in the midst of the Covid-nineteen, in the northeast and East Asia.

411
01:33:05.000 --> 01:33:16.000
So they based on the good performance beating the not Covid-nineteen pandemic, they could have a chance to generate a degree of intra-regional stability and economy cooperation in this area.

412
01:33:16.000 --> 01:33:46.000
First, III should some cases. II, count some cases. First, the Asian, the Northeastern Asian Vultural Institution such as Asia Asian is functions during the COPY 19 well and second the recept so-called the regional comprehensive economic partnership led by China and included Japan and

413
01:33:54.000 --> 01:34:06.000
Korea. And Isean reached a conclusion by the end of 2,020 that free trade is not bad in this area.

414
01:34:06.000 --> 01:34:24.000
And third, the comprehensive and progressive agreement for trade specific partnership. Led by Japan. I'm sorry.

415
01:34:24.000 --> 01:34:54.000
Let's run, led by Japan and the, in this agreement, China joined in the 2,021 despite the increasing toxic US and China relationship bilateral relations between China and Japan took a surprisingly positive turn in January and March, 2,020 with mutual shipments of tests, a mask and other

416
01:34:55.000 --> 01:35:09.000
support medical things. And for the ABD, the Asian Development Bank, led by Japan and the AIIB, Asian Infrastructure Investment by led by China.

417
01:35:09.000 --> 01:35:35.000
I help each other. The they help each other in the COBET. 19. The COVID affected ancient countries between program program programs totally US dollar 5 based until 10 billion dollars

418
01:35:35.000 --> 01:35:49.000
So all this medical support and the mutual cooperation in the early stage of Covid-nineteen outbreak could could have contributed to the establishment of the global governance in Northeast Asia.

419
01:35:49.000 --> 01:36:07.000
The US China conflict over the Taiwan, Hong Kong and the South China Sea. And the Rocket Man, the North Korea, has put the rest the dynamics of the Mul throughism in this region.

420
01:36:07.000 --> 01:36:20.000
The second factor is the rise of authoritarian politics in Northeast Asia. As you know, I will shot this factor.

421
01:36:20.000 --> 01:36:35.000
The calling approach described this is the fennel man of the post democracy maybe that means the marketization of the politics and the culture of the economic crisis by Mayo Custer.

422
01:36:35.000 --> 01:36:45.000
And I Coincidentally, the authoritarian leaders in both Korea and China and Japan are exercising power.

423
01:36:45.000 --> 01:36:53.000
Yeah, dB or as you know the 3 oh.

424
01:36:53.000 --> 01:36:58.000
The person, the Xi Jinping and the Ave Shinzo and the the Unsungar.

425
01:36:58.000 --> 01:37:28.000
The authoritarian leaders tripleized the Democrats nowadays. And third factors, the the for the the Professor Yamamoto on the UNII initiative of Purpose, Yeah, then we have last year we have the I have some data but because of my races I do not finish this research report but II will

426
01:37:37.000 --> 01:37:49.000
show some interesting points there are some commonalities the citizens of the 3 countries give the governments and the leaders strong power and in times of crisis, COVID crisis.

427
01:37:49.000 --> 01:38:04.000
COVID crisis. But there are some subtle differences. But there are some social differences, a difference between the understanding of the democracy and the difference between the understanding of the democracy and the difference between the understanding of the democracy and the way authoritarianism are authoritarianism.

428
01:38:04.000 --> 01:38:13.000
So, we can, I will show some,

429
01:38:13.000 --> 01:38:24.000
Some slide not everyone So, hmm.

430
01:38:24.000 --> 01:38:32.000
Over this.

431
01:38:32.000 --> 01:38:41.000
Oh, too much. Oh

432
01:38:41.000 --> 01:38:53.000
Yeah Yeah. The question was over the courses of the coronavirus outbreak there should have been fewer restrictions on public activity.

433
01:38:53.000 --> 01:38:58.000
Of interesting is the

434
01:38:58.000 --> 01:39:08.000
The Korean. Most stop and Japan are most of negative and the Chinese are not.

435
01:39:08.000 --> 01:39:13.000
And

436
01:39:13.000 --> 01:39:24.000
The question in view of China's moral and material material security it is only the right that we should have the biggest way in the concluding United Nations policy.

437
01:39:24.000 --> 01:39:37.000
And this is special for the Chinese people. Interview interviews and South Korea and Japan should have a strong voice in deciding the UN policy.

438
01:39:37.000 --> 01:39:56.000
In this question the Korean and Chinese and Japan Japanese are most before the strong participation in the international world.

439
01:39:56.000 --> 01:40:00.000
And

440
01:40:00.000 --> 01:40:09.000
Okay. And the second question is the important thing for the Chinese foreign and program is to see is the Chinese gains and the political advantage.

441
01:40:09.000 --> 01:40:24.000
I think the Chinese people are not so much but the Korean people are very strong support for that. Interesting.

442
01:40:24.000 --> 01:40:29.000
And

443
01:40:29.000 --> 01:40:45.000
Yeah, and the leadership. Our country needs a strong leadership right now. Answer the 3 pupils in the countries are most of all for the strong leadership.

444
01:40:45.000 --> 01:40:58.000
And, Yeah, it's also the same. Same question and they need a student leadership in order to make this society survive.

445
01:40:58.000 --> 01:41:02.000
And.

446
01:41:02.000 --> 01:41:19.000
Yeah, no, okay. And, okay, one must, the people must be prepared for the sacrifice of one's own interest in order to devote oneself to one's countries in society.

447
01:41:19.000 --> 01:41:33.000
Answered the Chinese people are most for that but the Chinese either Japanese and Korea are not So and Sorry.

448
01:41:33.000 --> 01:41:52.000
Yeah, that's an emergency this speech control to a government policy should be punished by the law and the most Chinese for yes but the Japanese and Korean are not the most Korean people are not for that.

449
01:41:52.000 --> 01:42:12.000
So yeah, so relative same questions. I come to the conclusion So, Maybe, maybe. The, the regional governance or the multilateralism is so far when we talk about that.

450
01:42:12.000 --> 01:42:23.000
But we need some starting point as a common interest of the Asian civil society because

451
01:42:23.000 --> 01:42:45.000
The Cold War is over. At the hard war is still on continuation. So we need maybe a strong sense of the common identity for peace in this area and secondly cooperation and disorderly based on equality and peace and social justice.

452
01:42:45.000 --> 01:43:05.000
And, despite the subtle differences in 3 countries, people want improvement of the democracy and for that the government need accountability and transparency.

453
01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:16.000
Yeah, the government will fulfill the base needs of the people and the based on the people's control over right to protective resources.

454
01:43:16.000 --> 01:43:25.000
The, the, we need the human rights and the fundamental rights of the base, basic sectors.

455
01:43:25.000 --> 01:43:40.000
So, the for the discussion I'd like to recommend, yeah, suggest 3 options for democratic development of social ancient civil society to forest.

456
01:43:40.000 --> 01:43:50.000
The developing alternative originalism through more democratic participation and engagement through the government. Maybe this is not.

457
01:43:50.000 --> 01:44:03.000
So easy. The second, the alternative regionalism through the cooperation between government or actors and civil society in the Northeast Asian.

458
01:44:03.000 --> 01:44:10.000
Yeah, the building, we need to build and, and network to new global governments.

459
01:44:10.000 --> 01:44:37.000
And third, the CIMI society should do the more new initiated alternative regional cooperation even though this will be be not easily done in short term but yeah we hopes I hope so yeah Thank you.

460
01:44:37.000 --> 01:44:48.000
Thank you. Professor Oeen, so that's okay on that time. Any question?

461
01:44:48.000 --> 01:44:52.000
Crazy.

462
01:44:52.000 --> 01:45:08.000
Yes, it is very interesting and also provocative. And we can think about some kind of a more deeper similarities amongst 3 institution countries.

463
01:45:08.000 --> 01:45:14.000
So 3 countries experienced high level of inequality.

464
01:45:14.000 --> 01:45:18.000
And also very low level of fertility.

465
01:45:18.000 --> 01:45:43.000
And also very high level of life expectancy, longer life. So we share many things together. It means that a common basis of solidarity or some kind of a some regional a blog.

466
01:45:43.000 --> 01:45:58.000
Usually, politicians and political factors Try to mobilize. Some. Sentiment against other countries.

467
01:45:58.000 --> 01:46:19.000
Sorry, we should develop some civil factors instead of political factors. To build some mutual understanding and cooperation and to find solutions for our own common programs.

468
01:46:19.000 --> 01:46:40.000
Inequality. And some serious. Social economic problems. Then we can have a more promising some possibility of building some mutual and regional cooperation.

469
01:46:40.000 --> 01:46:49.000
Thank you. Yeah, thank you. Thank you for question. I agree.

470
01:46:49.000 --> 01:47:12.000
Your question and mining. But, the Asian Northeast Asian area has no experience. Oh, comparing to Europe, Europe has a is institutional arrangement.

471
01:47:12.000 --> 01:47:29.000
Of EU. They began from EEC and to EC through EC and EU, European Union. This is a perfect institutional arrangement, but Hey, learn from each other.

472
01:47:29.000 --> 01:47:39.000
How can they manage the risks? And how can communicate with citizens. This is a top down project, the EU.

473
01:47:39.000 --> 01:47:59.000
So they have also a problem with a European citizens. As you know in the 19 nineties the voting for the European Union in some big countries collapse.

474
01:47:59.000 --> 01:48:03.000
So,

475
01:48:03.000 --> 01:48:14.000
Even though we didn't have to try to do this so as you said the historically the 3 pupils have Yeah.

476
01:48:14.000 --> 01:48:40.000
So, How can I say they hate feeling, with each other? It's not easy to serve, but They now the purpose of the present union tried the top down 11 the access to Japan.

477
01:48:40.000 --> 01:48:46.000
It's not a good

478
01:48:46.000 --> 01:49:08.000
It's not a, how can I say role model because the people in Korea do not, not upset this kind of way to, but the citizen in Japan and in Korea without this this political act we can communicate.

479
01:49:08.000 --> 01:49:27.000
And we, we, we, understand each other in a different level, K-pop and the Japanese food in a different level, K Pub and the Japanese food and the different level, K-pop and the Japanese food and the movies and the Japanese food and the movies and the academic sciences and the movies and the academic sciences that communicate with our

480
01:49:27.000 --> 01:49:38.000
currents and the academic sciences that communicate with our current son. So that's the communicate with our current son. So that's the point we could start.

481
01:49:38.000 --> 01:49:47.000
But, so we need some initiative from the How is a, I don't know, exactly, but maybe.

482
01:49:47.000 --> 01:50:00.000
This is another project for democratic or for peaceful way in this reason. Yep.

483
01:50:00.000 --> 01:50:12.000
Okay. Thank you very much. You mean, remaining time is a in my watch. So have any question for all of this session?

484
01:50:12.000 --> 01:50:24.000
Okay, now forget the phrase or the last comment. Well, I didn't have time to ask questions to a professor.

485
01:50:24.000 --> 01:50:44.000
Why I listen to your presentation very interesting. But finally, it came to me. That you talk about actually there's no significant differences between development or state and then neo developmental state.

486
01:50:44.000 --> 01:51:05.000
That's my impression. Okay. Name has changed but nonetheless in the past economy playing board was so powerful at the same time here, municipal economy and finance is so powerful and also the very fair expense is not very high compared to European countries.

487
01:51:05.000 --> 01:51:29.000
So I wonder whether you see any significant differences between all the type of Development State by President Paphtuni and others and what you call new development estate which you need to describe, particularly with reference to President Moon government.

488
01:51:29.000 --> 01:51:40.000
I wonder what are really difference between these 2. You know? And second question, you are asking the relation between state and civil society, right?

489
01:51:40.000 --> 01:51:47.000
And you said many civil society group NGO demand more kind of welfare budget. Then permitted by ministerial economic finance.

490
01:51:47.000 --> 01:52:07.000
Well, that's true. But what about the other side of the civil society. There was a lot of frustration among the civil groups concerning the fact state completely controlled Covid-nineteen information.

491
01:52:07.000 --> 01:52:14.000
Not allow any citizens, any social group to be able to participate in formulating state policies about Covid-nineteen policies anyway.

492
01:52:14.000 --> 01:52:33.000
So there's a lot of, you know, complain and the frustration among civil groups concerning the monopoly of all kind of information by the state bureaucracy even during the moon government how do you evaluate the respect of civil society

493
01:52:33.000 --> 01:52:53.000
That's so great. One of the most conspicuous difference between the old government state and neo-development state, of difference between the old government state and neo-development state is the process of making some hegemony.

494
01:52:53.000 --> 01:53:08.000
As we usually in the past the states impose But nowadays, S would like to communicate and is a real hegemonic power and emphasis on some economic logic.

495
01:53:08.000 --> 01:53:26.000
Austerity principle as a Some. Like a cat. So natural process of making economy.

496
01:53:26.000 --> 01:53:36.000
So it's a austerity policy. Christopher is a core of principle by the Ministry of Academy and Finance.

497
01:53:36.000 --> 01:53:46.000
In the past it was imposed by the state but it's been nowadays it's become a common sense accepted by other people.

498
01:53:46.000 --> 01:53:57.000
So that's the difference between all the new or development or state. Yeah. Sorry, sorry, the automotion is just time up.

499
01:53:57.000 --> 01:54:07.000
So thank you very much for all of this session. Thank you very much for other cooperation.