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 hi good evening everyone, it's a cold evening it's freezing. As far as I'm concerned, it's terrible. But we are here for a I'm sorry

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you here for a very exciting session which is titled Reconstructing the global economy production chains, knowledge chains and value chains.

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I'm the chair for your session. My name is Anirud Raven, and I'm from India. I'm a Phd, student in India. we have multiple presenters today, only one of whom is online. So that's wonderful. And we shall start with the first presentation, and before every presentation I will introduce the presenter.

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and you'll get 12 min, as I have already mentioned, and once you have 5 min left I shall be 5 to you, so that you know that you need to complete. So in case you're unable to complete in 12 min you can get a 30 s grace period, so that you can wrap up right. But let's try to not extend it beyond 12 and a half minutes, and once we complete all our presentations, we immediately move on to the discussion. That is the question and answer

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but before that the acknowledgment of country

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on behalf of everyone gathered. I pay respect to the spirit of the country here in Nam, where we are meeting I acknowledged the past and present coolant nation. as the sovereign people here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote the norm aboriginal law, customs and custodianship responsibilities for country and the people that the country continues to sustain generation after generation.

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With that let us begin with the first presentation by Professor Dennis Mcnamara. professor. He goes.

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So I organized this obsession with the notion that we are in sort of a middle phase.

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Here we is.

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but we also have a new space in terms of market relationships. We're in a new phase, in terms of transitions, in terms of technological knowledge.

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What is our developing?

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I tell them it's a very good time to be talking about how these are connected, these different networks, if you want or change.

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of course, in the economic side and the source of economic sociology. You have the global value of change which has gotten a lot of attention more recently.

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But there's also a larger sense of value change. There's been a lot of panels on religion, for instance, post-pandemic role of religion here at the Isa, which I've been very surprised by.

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so I'd like to look at those flows tonight, and I think some of the papers you've got here tonight are really really very good in opening up this topic, and where we are in this transition. What I'd like to do tonight is talk more about China. And

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The the difficulty that China is facing right now in terms of maintaining their global market relationships. And what I'm going to do is not talk about the United States and all the problems between those 2 countries. I'm going to focus more on Taiwan and look at the role in the ICT industry, information and communications technology industry between Taiwan and the mainland, especially in the ICT industry

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that has been a very important source for knowledge workers

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on the mainland side, bringing knowledge workers in from Taiwan. It has been very important for basic knowledge workers. Within the Taiwanese firms on the mainland there is a labor shortage in Taiwan itself.

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but even more so. It spent a very important channel of knowledge flows among the United States, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and China.

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my question, then, is, how can we maintain this? How can we continue this and are going to look for, especially at the Chinese party State, the Ccp. The Chinese Communist Party, and the role that they play in trying to manage

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governance in these global value chains an area that's getting more and more attention right now in the Gbc literature. So that's what I'm going to do. And I'm going to do it quickly here for you. And this Ppt, by the way, is up on the web with the conference, so it's all available to you. So please go up to it. If you'd like to see more of it.

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So global value chains very simply, they're a little different than supply chains. The economists tend to focus more on the supply chains. I think the sociologists are taken more to the global value. Chains supply chains would include the institutional networks of interferm production. Subcontracting mate. Basically.

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the Gvcs. On the other hand, really bring up the social, political fabric of those networks.

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It comes out of the literature of the global production networks, which are much more focused on the context than the Gpcs. Where Gvcs tend to develop more around the role of the lead firms and the subcontracting firms.

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The Gvc. Literature was also deeply influenced by the work on industrial districts, which was really far more sociological. Directly sociological, but it has that background and has that depth.

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for those of us doing this kind of study. The focus I look at is the evolution of dynamic network nodes, or, if you're going to call it, value chain chain nodes in ICT, particularly in Jiangsu province in China. The area that I do my works most of my work in.

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Now, if I go from this theory of the global value change, which is a little broader to the next level, I'm going to be looking at how you actually build these global value chains, particularly from a a state point of view, the governance point of view.

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And here we have this concept as a mid-level concept of of of coupling or of intentional or planned coupling, sometimes called strategic coupling by Henry Yum, who in Hong Kong, who's

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quite prominent in developing this theory. The notion is that they coordinate, mediate and arbitrage intentional interests between local actors and global counterparts which have been very important in the development of Chinese ICT industry, as, for instance, your iphone.

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which is actually put together by Foxconn, the idea coming from apple apple doing the marketing. it's a a complex relationship. Foxcon has a huge number of subcontractors within China and coordinating all. All of that is part of this. Gvc.

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what we're finding right now in these Gvcs. And this was before the the corona pandemic. We were beginning to see some remarkable changes in these global supply chains if you want.

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The organizational and technological capabilities were shifting. They were developing. They were focusing

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and part of that was an adjustment to the demands Or the needs of the lead firms. The major firms apple, for instance, asking Fox con to diversify their supplier network.

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In all of this the critical role of the Asian State with policies and platforms has been very important, and this would include Korea and Japan as well as Taiwan and the mainland.

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Now, if we go down to this third level.

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starting with Gdcs. And then going on to speech, a couple of I'm looking particularly at this notion of complementarity. What's most important about these relationships in these level value chains

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is the way that one firm can complement another. So they're actually getting benefit on both sides. It's not a more transactional. This is much more productive for a market system. And this has been very important in the development of the ICT industry. What we call innovation is built on complementarities.

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The components complementarity means components compensating for each other's deficiency.

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So X equals y plus C, so complementarity here does not mean that they're similar. That could be a a way of interpreting that word in English, but it means rather they're filling up for each other's deficiencies, compensating for each other's deficiencies.

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Now, if we take this notion of complementarity and put it into the actual the Gvcs, and particularly in the development of rapidly Development Society of China.

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we see a process of shaping what I call dynamic institutional complementarities.

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and these complementarities are built firm to firm, especially the need for them to supplier firm. But they're also built from the State to the firm. And these are dynamic. They're constantly changing. Today they're facing a change, a challenge that they have not met before. And thus the title of my paper, The Challenge of Connectivity in the Chinese ICT industry.

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 so my conclusion here

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is that,

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I think

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my conclusion, then, is around this notion of how this State plays a role

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in integrating the global value chain at the local level. And this is particularly true in China, where the State plays such a major role, the party State plays such a major role in directing the economy.

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So the State plays this role of what they call coordinating Sheikh Yo, coordinating the process between the firms, making sure that the lead firms work with the supplier firms, making sure that they cover the environmental issues, make sure they have access to land to the water, and to the resources, the logistics.

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and what I find with the the State right now it is a complementarity in the past. That was before Corona complementarity was mainly built around the firms, with the State supporting them with platforms, as they call them, Pingtie.

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and these platforms oftentimes were state subsidies for the development of new products or new technologies.

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What they're facing today is a completely different situation. Now, complementarity has a very, very profound political dimension

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that they have to deal with on a regular basis. And this is the challenge for the Chinese state, not just the firms the firms can diversify to other places for supply and for production.

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But the State has to find a way to work with their trade relationships with other countries, to work with the investment incentives and investment protections, the I. P. E. The intellectual property protections. They have to find ways. A new type of complementarity has to been built again, which both sides win, and which are compensating for things that the other does not have.

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But they take on a new governance mode for the Chinese state. That's my argument. Thank you very much.

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Okay.

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I just

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okay.

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thank you, Professor Mcnamara. That was a wonderful presentation. After this we have Bronwyn Lee from Binghampton University, United States, telling us about Suriname and the Bauxite industry in Suriname. Bronman. Please.

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Hi, thanks. It's great to be here. My name is Bronwyn, and yes, I will indeed be talking about Suriname and Booksite.

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My story begins in or ends in 1 58, when the small Dutch colony of Suriname signed a surprising industrialization agreement with the Us-based multinational alcoa

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alcoa would develop an integrated aluminum. I've been in the Us too long. I am Australian. So I'll try to remember to say, aluminium industry and Syrian arm in exchange for heavily discounted hydroelectricity from a specially constructed dam.

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As a result, Suriname became the only major Bauxite producer outside Europe and the Us. With an integrated with with integrated aluminium production facilities.

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I argue that 2 main dynamics made this surprising agreement possible. First, Alcoa's existing mining, and Suriname became more important to the multinational. As alcoa faced competition. For the first time.

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Second, a new political formation was developing in Suriname that saw an opportunity to collaborate with alcoa. while the industrialization elements of the agreement can be seen to represent an assertion of local priorities. These priorities were shaped by the colonial relation with the Netherlands, and the agreement also supported Alcoa's long-term presence in Suriname

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so ultimately, where I hope to go with this research is to argue that we can see from this particular history how late Dutch colonial practices facilitated the global expansion of Us. Capital

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these are, I'll just say, preliminary findings from my Phd research which looks at this industrialization agreement, which is known as the Broker Pondo Agreement in the context of Bauxite politics in the region into the 1970. S. So but today, since I have such a short time, I'll just briefly explain these 2 dynamics that, I argue, made that agreement possible.

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Alcoa already had a long history in Sri Lanka. The company had secured a new monopoly over the Booksite reserves of the country and of its neighboring British colony. Giana, in the early years of the twentieth century, when aluminium became a crucial war material in World War Ii. Alcoa turned Surinam's Bauxite into the raw material of something like 60% of the metal consumed in the Us. To manufacture planes and weapons.

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In short, it was vital for the war effort.

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But during the 1950 s. The Us. State forced alcoa into a more competitive environment. For the very first time

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the Justice Department of the Us. Won its antitrust case against alcoa, which is a famous case forcing the company to finally severitize with its Canadian subsidiary, which later became Alcan. In this corporate breakup the Canadian Alcan kept all offshore assets, most of which were in parts of the British Empire. The one exception was alcoa subsidiary in Dutch Suriname, which remained part of the Us. Company alcoa.

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At the same time the Us. Government supported the growth of competitors to alcoa with subsidized finance and help accessing and developing newly economic for

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box out reserves in Jamaica, which this process became made economically viable. And this was done through the strategic minerals Reserve program and the Marshall plan.

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Surin arms. Bauxite, therefore, became newly important to Alcoa. At this moment they had lost access to other reserves, and they now had to

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deal with competition from Jamaican, Bulk side, and new companies like Alcan and Reynolds, the Broker Pond. A deal, therefore, ha was of interest to them in, for reasons including that it included substantial new booksite exploration rights, and it allowed our coer to consolidate its

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dominant position in suriname.

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Now, from the Suriname perspective.

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we have a new political formation developing

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the initial draft of the Brokupondo Agreement did not include the industrialisation elements that make the final agreement so unique.

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That is alcoa's commitment to refining bauxite into alumina and the smelting of aluminum aluminium from alumina. These elements were actually negotiated into the agreement by these 2 leaders of political parties who at the time were in opposition.

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These 2 leaders led a political alliance between their parties that won the next election to the colonial Parliament called the Staten, and the government that they led for a decade is widely considered a formative one. In Syria's history

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they successfully portrayed their alliance as one of cross-ethnic camaraderie, which was a major break with the ethnic or racial politics that dominated Syrian arm until that point.

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just briefly to explain that previous governments had been almost entirely composed of people that

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are characterized as light-skinned Creoles. They were typically professionals, like lawyers and teachers who had Dutch and African ancestry

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after the mass expansion of the franchise in 1 49, these light-skinned Creoles continued to dominate electorally with, after winning the support of both upper and working-class Afro descendants in the population.

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But this new political alliance, which was first elected that same year that the Broku-pondo agreement was signed, broke that racial solidarity. Instead. This these 2 established a political alliance

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between, on the one hand, Yogi Pengal, who represented working class.

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dark-skinned Afro-descendants and Jagneth Lachman, who represented the community known as Hindustanis in Suriname.

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Hindustanis are descendants of Indians who were brought to Suriname as indentured contract labourers alongside other indentured workers from the Dutch colonies in what is now Indonesia. These Hindustanis were put to work on plantations when Africans could no longer be enslaved.

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so they make up about a third of Suriname's population reels or Afro descendants make up another third.

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when the Creole elites, who had previously been oval, were still in power, began negotiating this broker upon to agreement. Their goal was to secure finance for the construction of a dam that would generate electricity for the capital city.

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It was only with the intervention of these 2 new figures on the scene, Pengal and Lachmond, that the agreement became part of a project to develop an aluminium industry in Syria.

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It seems that the ability of these 2 leaders to negotiate industrialization elements from opposition is due to their involvement in Bauxite workers unions which they even had kind of leadership role in.

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and in making these interventions from opposition, Pengu and Lachmann attacked a weakness of the position held by this dominant, then dominant Creole elite. Several of that elite had previously supported Bauxite workers against alcoa during wartime struggles.

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but they, this elite, was now going to sign a deal that was seen as highly favorable to the multinational. So Pengal and Lachmann were able to position themselves as advocates of a project of Suriname's autonomy that would

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still collaborate with our co-a. But while asserting local priorities.

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It is a somewhat complicated story, of course, but ultimately I

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to zoom back out briefly in my final couple of minutes

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I would say, the implication here is that the racial division of labor in suriname, and the political significance of ethnic categories underpin this political process that I described.

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They were also actively produced by Dutch colonial practices, and they should be. We need to. What I want to argue is they should we need to think about how those colonial legacies in turn shape global commodity chains.

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and I would. And so what my research shows is that the ability of pingle and lunchman to secure these industrialisation elements in the agreement, spoke to the speaks to their ability to displace the Creole elite as representatives of Bauxite workers, both politically and industrially

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so. Pingle's own dark skin is generally is often described as making him able to connect with those workers.

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and the second crucial component is that by supporting. Is that?

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Well, I guess I would say from Alcoa's side, I don't know if they were aware of this or not, but by supporting Hindustani's inclusion in political power via this political alliance

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alcoa helped to put a break on any moves to independence. I think they would. Yeah, and that is a bit complicated to explain. But basically that Hindustanis, like the Javanese, associated Dutch rule with protection against Creole dominance. So they and they protested against the moves to independence right up until it happened in 1,975.

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So Alcoa's willingness to accept these industrialization elements stems from both its newly competitive environment and the potential for these partners to facilitate a less antagonistic relationship with its workforce and the Netherlands. And

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this is basically how I I see Dutch colonial practices as shaping both

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the political process and the expansion of us. Capital

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thanks.

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After that we have Dr. Swatlana, Kiridna Chandler

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telling us about the global economy and the bipolar economy. How can I?

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Probably

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I soon, just with 2 previous presentations. There we are very good this time. It's very good.

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It's ideal for me. And that, yeah, yeah, yeah. And my idea of for me is what Dennis told

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is, we try to understand where we are now. And I think now we are in the transition from one to to be bipolar. So I will share my

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me.

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my thoughts about it. And because now we have a so-called global public crisis. It's a term of our Canadian colleagues, because it's a lot of crisis together. And in this is as each crisis usually has a possibility to go to the new stage of something, and I think now it is a stage to go to the other

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as a

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situation in in our work.

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So It is. Road made my presentation, and I'd like to start with through to clashes, trends. globalization as an ideological loaded process. It's not just liberalization of market. It is a process which is directed by

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Hegemon, and you understand it. And the main idea of this is unification, universalization, and some groups.

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It is an agenda for some groups to make the the more universal and unification. It's easier to to manage such a word when the rules are the same everywhere, of course.

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and the problem of globalization now is the role of hegemon is not so strong. How it was before. And now, of course, before it was only

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this question moved from the fringe into the mainstream of discourse and social and economic science.

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and a lot of signs of this, the share of the Us involved production is decreasing and the digitalization process

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process is growing. So just 1 one graph, you can see the different dynamics of Gdp of China and the United States. Now absolutely

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absolutely different situation compilers in research years back.

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And also globalization goes. is the cleaning because there are a lot of negative consequences. One of them is very important, and we know about it. It increases social inequalities and contradictions, and, for example, noble

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Lawrence. Joseph Stiglitz, noted in his paper and also

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global nuclearity. Poll poses a threat to democracy as a superpow is tempted to use its position for its own benefit without taking into account the interest of other countries, so it is also understandable, and the other trend which is absolutely opposite, is a trend of sovereignty. We understand that sovereignty is that you have the right

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to to

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tell us to do what you want to do. It is a right to development

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and a lot of indicators of so-called civilization. One of them is that you have more physical walls and fences in the world, and you can see that after the era of

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Sorry

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sorry.

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The the first indicator is that we have reassuring programs, that now it's a programs which the idea is to

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to return production

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to the countries it's after the offshoring program. And now last 10 years, the accusation of production is an important task for many countries, and there are some. The list of them also. It is important for for my country, for Russia, especially under the sanctions, of course.

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and also areas of sovereignty, are not only countries or air or sea, but also the field of digitalization, technology

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and also cultural communication and theological sphere, so that a concept of value, sovereignty of cultural sovereignty. technological sovereignty. And you Japanese nationalism. So all these science shows show us that it is a process which is contrary against globalization. So these 2 trends now.

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I like this.

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And what kind of concept which would be useful to understand the situation? One concept is quite new. It is a so-called geo-economic fragmentation. It was introduced just now very recently, and the International Monetary Fund Foundation organized a conference on this on decided to discuss this idea, because we can see that documentation takes place. So of how to

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to find the pragmatic path to

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for preserving the benefits of global integration. And the other concept is quite old. For me. It is all because it is more than 20 years I developed this system

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concept. It is a concept that there are 2 institutional structures which dominated different countries, and one ideal type of such institutions, like ex institutions, redistributive economy

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within the so that unit, recent rise, political or documentarian and geology re over, and the other type of institutions represented is represented by market economy, institutions in dudalistic ideology and federal iterative political order. But of course.

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all what is a vault of complementarity? And each society has a

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the

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 combination of these 2 matrices. One matrix is dominated usually historically, and the other matrix is complementary or additional. And there are countries which.

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from my point of view, a characterized with such kind of a combination of these matrices. And you have some.

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We have special research. Why, it is like this, and we found that climate, climate characteristics are very important.

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Climatic conditions are very important to understand why this, so that type of institution is dominated. And also when we look at the the historical point of view, you can see that it is a so cyclical

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for example, more than 200 years back, ex countries so called, ex countries dominated in the middle of the ninetys. It was a

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big gap between non-western and western countries. And now, since 2,008 approximately so-called ex-country among Western countries, they are dominating the global Gdp.

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And it is just a explanation of this slide. Yeah. And I,

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this process was, I had focused about it many years back, because I have found that there are 2 groups of countries that exist, and my hypothesis was that they would be more and more

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the task between them. It will be more and more institutionalized? And is the process what we can see now.

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and what what I like to shave is you, that I think that in 20 first century. The institution of bipolarity is expressed in crystallization of 2 planetary coalition which can be called X-non Western and Y Western coalition, and the coalition combines comprise. So with NATO and the European Union.

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and the composition of the countries overlap, and also not as a reminder that the course of this coalition. But of course, there are a lot of different agreement, and the relation between these countries among themselves and the core of non-bes and coalition are the structures of the Shanghai operation organization and bricks and commercials, countries, and also the composition of these countries getting more and more

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overlapping, and my

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morning presentation. I showed the list of countries. So

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you can find it just here. I just show you how many countries they are in this coalition

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in Western coalitions, and it's quite big, 36 countries. And for applications. And as for non-violent collision, it is not so big

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it now just only 26 countries, but twentieth replication to join to bricks and Shanghai organization of corporation. And my, my, my idea, I like to show you how you can see that

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the how, how a relationship between them are in economical sense, and my task was to access the ties. So mutual aid with this, with the

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within each coalition, and I use 10 years period, and I you I investigate on the 4 largest countries from from ex coalition, and by coalition, you can see.

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As for

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exalition, Brazil, India, China, Russia, and for

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used for why conditions so many France you can use. And that is my mind, my idea. You can see a.

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As for the exalition context, you can see that for the last 10 years their trade between them was getting more and more stronger, so it is much more than the than the volume of Gdp. It means that they are more and more concentrated to each other. As for the

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while, a coalition, you can see that it is the opposite situation. So this collision may be now not so strong because some countries started to have more trade with some with China, for example, dazak country, so you can see the different.

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But we will check it more carefully in the future. And my last slide about the academics of Russian foreign trade to Nova, within the largest countries. From X and Y coalition you can see that the last 10

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10 year, 10 years Russia, Russian turnover trade with the ex- is more than 3 3 times, and as for our previous partners from Western countries, they go down down.

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So conclusion is that we can we observe the process of crystallization of 2 coalitions, and mostly they are cured in

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excalation, which, unlike the wire collision.

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was not previously institutionalized. So much.

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There is also bipolarization of the global economy in terms of production, chain.

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knowledge, chain, and value chain. I think the understanding of the polarity will help us in what direction these changes will will be. And for modern Russia the strengthening, strengthening, and development of the global excalition and its role in it is an important part of development, and we can see its realization in the intensification of Russia's efforts in this direction as in recent years and months. Thank you very much. There are reference here.

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and thank you again for inviting me

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next up we have Professor Joanco Lee telling us about Netflix and the Korean wave nexus

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Hello, everyone. First of all, I thank Dennis, are coming, giving me this opportunity to share some of my research today. I'm going to talk about the global cultural ballot chain. In the context of how the global growing popularity of media contest from South Korea, known as the Korean wave or Hil you has been intertwined with their a worldwide success of Netflix

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during the Corbyn 19 pandemics. Please note this research is at the very early and still exploring stage.

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So just show the popularity of like the some like the Korean Filament TV series or K content. Nowadays it's surface to Court. What Ted Salanders? The course of Netflix said recently, according to him, the Netflix viewership of K. Content increased 6 ford 6 times over the last 4 years, including the pandemic period.

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In addition to the script game, which is a global hit. Several others shown here were also linked to the annual top 10 list and many more. In the non-english list of most watched TV series on Netflix.

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I would call this phenomenon the nexus of Korea as a major sourcing location for Netflix and the Netflix as a major global outlet for K contents. So in a Danny, stern citizen, like the coupling in the global production networks. In this emerging connection, Netflix can 4 pairs need to secure attractive contents like discrete game which was particularly arisen during their pandemics and

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the Korean producers in turn can make their contents widely available worldwide and fund their project to their level on hurdle, because

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Netflix has a much larger posit than its local competitors, and they tend to purchase some of the contents that would not interest local investors for various reasons.

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In turn, the success of Korean contents has prompted the Netflix to invest more in Korea. So several days ago the company announced that it would invest 2.3 billion dollars in career over the next 4 years for purchase, content, and setting up the infrastructure for creators

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so, or sounds good for both parties, with a quite virtuous, so-called in case. But there is also growing concern and even criticism in Korea that Netflix, expanding influence in Korea is actually overshadowing the country's content industry, and that direct the country might become a low-cost, outsourcing destination with a little prospect for value capture. And they're upgrading. It is because the intellectual property rights or Ipr. Or for just

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by Netflix. In the case of Netflix original, I think some of you may familiar with the Netflix original. The label many Korean producers now want their products to be associated with.

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So in this sense, I think, there is emerging nexus of Netflix and Korea appear to touch on some of the important issue in the global production system relating to their symmetric power relations and uneven value capture in the globalized production system. It also pours an interesting question about what implication the rise in global streaming services might have to the direction and priority of global close border cultural flow.

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So here are some conceptual and theoretical context to make this phenomenal relevant to their someone like the sociological study. As many of you know that the global value chain refers the entire process of designing, producing, distributing, consuming, and disposing products, or a service to the market, and particularly through the combination of geographically dispersed and organizationally disintegrated value, adding activities spreaded across the different country and firms.

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In fact, over the last several decades, the production and consumption of media content has been significantly globalized, and, more importantly, the pattern of cross-border cultural floors has become increasingly complicated, so moving beyond, like the simple model of exporting and importing the like to finish.

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the Western media contents in the global South. Now the new forms of cultural production emerged, based on the increasing number of offshore outsourcing for coast-cutting proposes mainly, and their IP international, property-based

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format trading from any localization. One of the notable notable example is that the long way production in the filmmaking, as you might know that the Australia and this part of the world actually has long been known for catering to their northern North American, the film studios for their offshore production.

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So this kind of like the more variegated close for the flow of like a flow of like the cultural contents. So basically challenged the conventional focus in the literature, in on the western media contents, in a finished form and its dominating influence on the global South, as typically found in the literature of media and cultural imperialism.

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Later they seem to be support, a greater possibility of more regionalized multipolar, not dominated by the holy, decentralized structure of global culture industry.

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But at the same time there is a persistent concern concern that, despite it, the kind of like the barricaded cultural fraud, there is a little indication of declining in front of us or the Western media content worldwide, we may see a leather expanding influence so media transnational like their Netflix or their Youtube, or with their expanding dialogue chain through their Fdi controlling their program formats copyright and distribute as a chat distribution channel source

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from the research point of view. I think the Netflix case provider opportunity to investigate whether there is whether that is the case or not. And what? If so, what is the underlying mechanism are to sustain such inequality. And what kind of like the opportunity and constraints are available for the like? The local suppliers?

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Right? Okay?

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Which is like the typical and but important.

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question. And there, in the literature. Okay, it's a too contrasting image emerging in the recent days that highlights, some of like the key area of contention over the effect of like the Netflix in on career on the left, Korean, President June later let go for the Lead Cafe for the CEO of Netflix, in the his visit to career

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on the right and on an International Solidarity Day for the strike of the Hailut Writers Association, the writers, skills of America. The Korean writers and creators protested in front of the Netflix, sole obvious as showing their support and also demanding fair compensation.

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So here are the some of the key issue related, and but I think it's due to the time constraint. I think it's probably either better focused on the first 2.

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So the first thing and yeah, 5 min. Okay? unfair compensation versus create deep freedom in compensating creators. Netflix has been criticized for capturing too much value, but not paying much, and they're paying only little to their creators

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And the producers only paying fees for the production services, and in in exchange for that obtaining all the IP. Out, embarked first. When the Script game, with a little more than 21 million Us. Dollar in production course, modest at the Hollywood standards, made their blockbuster hit. Netflix saw a huge surge of new subscribers, according to one estimate

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that increased amount to worth of 890 million Us. Dollars. That is their 40 times higher than the production cost. Given that another netflix hits stranger things. It's forces, and course 10 times Netflix higher than direct their script game that face this base score shows how much profitable that Korean particular particular credential works.

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But at the same time the business model, that particular business model has become source of discontent among producers, because that the full ownership model basically pull across the possibility of any extra financial gains for producers, directories, and artists corresponding to the level of, like the success of their work in the market. So these extras all captured by the Netflix.

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Of course, Netflix, take a list of failure and can make can make a loss if they're if they invested in the unsuccessful project. But Netflix is a subscription based service, not the peeling producers or film studio. So it's revenue is not directly tied to their performance of any individual contents on their line up. And so this model can make sense on its own term. In addition.

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E. C.

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Can also be understood in the context that the Netflix financial performance eventually is not directly tied to any of their single contents, but overall value of the entire offering. The Netflix provides to the subscribers

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the second, me. On one hand, Netflix, provide a pathway for the Korean contents for producers to go to their

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go around like the key oxygen in the internationalization. Well, Korean film and TV shows has been gain pan Asian popularity since the early 2 thousands. but a kind of like the liability of the smallest, have hampering the photo extension, because, with about like the 50 million population in career, finding a distribution channel to the wider market, like the Us. Attracting the size of an investment, has long been considered. Like the 2 more significant challenges for the Korean content producers.

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their internationalization output. So in this sense, Netflix nexus

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seems to offer wider opportunity for distribution and investment, particularly in the new either of global streaming. Furthermore, some believe that it is also provide a chance to rationalize all the modernized, the Korean meteor market by bringing some advanced I court the practice based on the data and the data analytics and their more systemized process better than this is I'm making, based on the personal networks

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or gut sense typically among local investors and producers.

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but on the other end there is a concern that too much reliance on one single big buyer would make the industry structured, distorted, and shaky, and the country become a low-cost sourcing base, as noted above.

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As the nexus turned to be a disguised form of upshot, outsourcing with their extra gains for the creative success. So, in fact, as a competition intensified. Among Korean producers to walk with Netflix. So because everybody want to work with Netflix nowadays, several of my interview. Interviewees in Korea said that the production fee Netflix actually pay pays has gone down considerably, but it is still unmatched by the amount of like

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the investment done by the Netflix local competitors.

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while, like the tving or the wave who are in financial trouble as the pandemic packs down and the production budget keep increasing as Netflix actually set the bar quite high.

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So this is just like the summary of my presentation. So Netflix Korean wave nexus can considered as a new testing ground of the changing dynamics in the global media industry and culture industry, how? And to Xandra, the how the global streaming service actually are reshaping the global cultural flow and deconfigurating their

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Gbc, and there, we can. look at the global streamers as a new big buyers with their mess with their controlling their market and the other resources, and they also value creation and what it is this kind of like their the example actually tied to the like. The 2 phase of like the buyer-driven chain, which is a widely discourse

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in their literature of global barriers, so that their kind of vector are strong by power. But in some cases it can provide some kind of like their upgrading opportunities, but depending on how the buyers actually govern the whole chain

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mit Ctl, and well, I'm not able to discuss this issue. But there are one of the topics that I'm looking at now is that what is the how the technology, like the new technology, play a law as an additional source of bio-power in there. In this context. So thanks for listening. 2

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next up, we have an online presentation by Amoog Arakali, who is from the Indian Institute of Human Settlements in India.

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So give us a few seconds to set up the online presentation.

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Amogh Arakali: Hi, so, can I share my screen? Yes, yeah.

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Amogh Arakali: Just 1 s.

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Amogh Arakali: can you see my screen here? I should be starting with the first slide now?

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Yes, we can see your Powerpoints.

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Amogh Arakali: Okay. Great. alright

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Amogh Arakali: So I'll just start Good evening to everybody in Melbourne. Thank you for inviting me to this presentation.

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Amogh Arakali: today I'll be talking about locals within global theorizing for local environmental factors in global manufacturing chains. using cases from India.

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Amogh Arakali: I should note that a lot of this work which I'm going to be talking about today. It was, largely conducted during the latest stage of the pandemic in 21 2,022 So most of the work so far is still based on secondary resources and secondary meeting room, because I wasn't able to go out and actually collect primary data, but that is something I'm going to try and correct for in the months ahead, as we kind of go on.

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Amogh Arakali: so let me move on to the next slide. There were a couple of motivations which prompted me to work on this paper. primarily, the the primary motivation was the global semiconductor chip shortage that we saw in late 2,02122 where there were a number of events that actually that actually reduced the supply

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Amogh Arakali: of semiconductors and computer chips worldwide. And there, there's a list of reasons which I have put on the slide over here on the left.

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Amogh Arakali: and if you look at them you will notice that most of them are actually quite local in nature. You know, there's a factory that catches fire. There was an ice storm There was a fire again. there were labor shortages in various cities. there! So there was, of course, the famous incident of a cargo ship getting stuck in the Suez Canal. But again, apart from this, a lot of the events here were local and

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Amogh Arakali: something similar happened a little bit later in the year where there was, you know, a global congestion around ports around the world as China was unable to send to open up its own ports.

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Amogh Arakali: So there were. So this led me to ask the question, what kinds of local factors unlikely to have global effects as formal industry and formal manufacturing integrates more deeply into global manufacturers. additionally, because at the same time, I was working on studying environmental issues and this relation to industrial development and manufacturing. I also have this question of how how many of these local factors are likely to be environment in nature.

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Amogh Arakali: And what role to environmental factors play in affecting manufacturing change at regional, national and global scales. there were a number of challenges that I faced while I was trying to study. This one, of course, is that many of these of the things that I'm talking about are our phenomenon that are still in a jet station phase, and they haven't emerged yet.

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Amogh Arakali: I also had to think about it, choosing an appropriate scale of analysis. I had to choose an appropriate site. Particularly give it that you. You are unlikely to see a lot of things on the ground. And finally, I have to think about choosing appropriate methods, particularly given the first challenge and as well as the pandemic So I ended up largely using

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Amogh Arakali: second resources and secondary material, as I mentioned before, because I was unable to kind of walk around too much This was this particular book was, a significant source of inspiration. This is the the promise of the metropolis. Sorry the promise of infrastructure by

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Amogh Arakali: Nikki of Pennsylvania. And one of the things that one of the ideas that kind of came out of this book was the idea of thinking about you know, various kinds of industrial infrastructure, particularly industrial spaces as well

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Amogh Arakali: you know, as being, you know, separate components in separate periods of time. So even as global manufacturing change develop and emerge over time. it's worth training each time period as an object in itself.

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Amogh Arakali: this is largely the context within which I ask the questions that I asked, which are I to. I set this largely with it.

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Amogh Arakali: an ongoing program in the in the Republic vendor that I live which is called the National Industrial Corridor Program. And essentially what these are is that there is a series of

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Amogh Arakali: corridors which are being built connecting major metropolis and major cities in the country. you can see, you know, lines connecting Deli to Mumbai to find out the Chennai all of them, which are major cities, and the idea is that you would have significant amounts of industrial development taking place along these these lines, these alignment, so to speak, and there are several of them, but they were 11 the last I the last I looked

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Amogh Arakali: but there are more coming up pretty much you know, every year. these are still very much in in an early stage of development. And you you're likely to see a lot of development of the plan.

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Amogh Arakali: However, we are very much alive in policy, and that we use to

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Amogh Arakali: to make to it to attract investments, to you know, to to build agreements with other countries. So they do have fairly large amounts of international impact, particularly the way India kind of exercises its public policy and one of the big promises that these industrial quarter doors make is to to make it easier to

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Amogh Arakali: to integrate India industry within global manufacturing chase and global value change as well. there are also promises that are that are made at the State level. So the industrial corridors are not just implemented by the national government. We are a collaboration between national government and State governments, and the State governments make various promises about this as well. I think I have about 5 min left, so I'll just study through this.

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Amogh Arakali: This is the particular site that I chose to focus on. This is a place called a few you know, 50, 60 kilometers away from the the city of Backlaw, which is in Southern India.

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Amogh Arakali: this was and and this has become a key site for the State of Karnataka to actually facilitate industrial corridor development that can integrate itself into global battle chains in in the future. and you can see that they are. They're making attempts to attract investment from various parts of the world. They have already, you know, built a demons with with the Japanese Government to build a Japanese

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Amogh Arakali: mit Ctl. And township there, but they're also trying to get other countries to come and invest in this particular area. so here, when I was trying to think about this question of local versus global environmentalist economy, 250,

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Amogh Arakali: particularly as I look through the various sources and resources. And as I talk to various people in government. a couple of things kind of came out very clearly. One is that

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Amogh Arakali: in terms of perception. whether it is within government, outside government. There is a very clear sense of the economy and the environment are largely treated as separate from each other.

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Amogh Arakali: similarly, there is a separation in the way national policies are treated versus local industrial policies and local economic policies as well. and what this means is that if you were to think of local environmental issues. And that impact on the economy. They're very unlikely to be included in the sports about industrial industrial spaces.

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Amogh Arakali: but they do have impacts, as I show you kind of demonstrate where you can make it ahead.

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Amogh Arakali: and you can also see the way in which they shape perceptions on very specific aspects of the environment. So if you're thinking of water, for instance, from a from frameworks to local environment, you're likely to see water as a resource, whereas at national or global industrial scale you're likely to see water as infrastructure to facilitate manufacturing in the future.

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Amogh Arakali: however, if you want to dive a little bit more deeply into this. Into this issue of water. You will see that Karnataka as a State is struggling quite a bit with water shortages This has been going on for quite some time an articles and largely send me added State. there are not a lot of major water resource resources nearby. and this often does create competition between different users

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Amogh Arakali: for the for the available resources as well. this is not a very great map, but it's not the best I could find it it. The yellow part over here basically shows where it was, and that Sapura is located, and you may be able to see. It's a little bit difficult to see, but you may be able to see that even within Kadnataka, within the State of Pennsylvania. It has lesser water bodies, fewer water bodies compared to the rest of the State.

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Amogh Arakali: and water does play quite a bit of a role in determining how industry that loves in in Karnataka. So about 10 years ago, for instance, the lack of water at the lack of availability of water basically led to the capital city of Banglore, using out of the proposal to build a semiconductor fabrication plot. So there's a big question here about where water for these industrial transformations and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations, and that water for these industrial transformations and that water for these industrial transformations and that water for these industrial transformations and that water for these industrial transform

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Amogh Arakali: conservation. I'm going to go a little bit fast because I'm running out of time.

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Amogh Arakali: the thing I want to point out here is that the available water, the sources are largely being planned, or the available water projects are largely being planned for irrigation or drinking water, not necessarily for industry, but these are very large scale projects which are basically crossing across which are basically crossing the state. They often link one part of the state to another. And there are multiple kinds of proposals to bring in water from various parts of the country, as well as the State, in to Karnataka

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Amogh Arakali: But but so far they are largely focused in education. And however, this is also taking part in an institutional environment and a policy environment

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Amogh Arakali: where institutional functions are largely very funny. there are multiple agencies that often work together on the same project. So whether it's the water infrastructure projects or whether it's the industrial infrastructure projects, you will have many of the same in in that agencies and many of the same government government bodies coming it together to work on these 2 things together, and often the responsibilities between these different agencies

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Amogh Arakali: can be swapped. They can be, you know, exchange with each other. It's often not very clear who is in charge of what? To somebody sitting outside. But there, there is often kind of to state policy, and what I would argue is that

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Amogh Arakali: this kind of the state policy often allows for overlaps between multiple projects. So if you do have an industrial project which is not really kind of like thinking about environmental issues the fuzzy nest of these institutions allow for, you know, other projects which are meant for irrigation or meant for drinking water to be kind of brought into industrial planning as well. often it's negotiated. It's often kind of you know, built

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Amogh Arakali: you know, step by step, incrementally. Sometimes it fails, sometimes it works But at this point what I can kind of see is that there are 2 kinds of promised spaces that exist within an industry portal. One is that there's a kind of space that is being promised for economic growth, industrial development, employment generation which promises to connect to global value chains, but no promises of environmental issues, or what?

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Amogh Arakali: On the second side, you do have a a space which is being promised for drinking water and dedication, but no promises for industry or economic growth. And what I would argue is that it's likely that sometime in the future the puzzle that the State will make these to overlap. I am out of time. So I would skip this last slide, and that's my presentation, for now, thank you so much.

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The last presentation for today is Diego Maga. If I'm pronouncing that correctly, imagine okay from Rio de Janeiro and welcome to you.

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Okay, good afternoon.

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My name is Yorkshire. I'm from the Federal University of Houstonero. Better no has real.

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So here I'm going to present some partial results of my doctoral research based on the case of the automotive sector.

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Some introduction first.

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For more than 30 years we've social scientists have been discussing how now liberal policies and the technological transformations of production, communication and cooperative organization had led to global hailtering of production and to the hill configuration of the labor market.

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A number of researchers share the finally of employment growth in the service sector, to the detriment of the industrial sector.

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Technological and organizational innovations, gave rise to a certain enthusiasm, with a possible overcoming of the traditional model of industry and the rise of a new economy characterized by more horizontal structures and preponderance of the production of service, art, knowledge, and ideas.

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In this brave New world the human being would be increasingly freed from the manual, repetitive and boring work tip of the material production to perform a more immaterial or creative work.

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So this debate on the future of work has recently been heated by the emergency of artificial intelligence.

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So for the more removing material and institutional obstacles to Cap, the mobility has made it easier for transnational companies to allocate their productive activities to countries and regions on the periphery of the capitalism, seeking logistical tax, regulatory and and labor advantage.

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So with this background, the main questions that led me to to the research are, after all, are we really facing a transition from typical factory jobs

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to intellect our jobs, at least in the in the automotive industry? And, second, how the transformations in the labor market in recent years relate to companies, production strategies, and the division of labor between regions of the planet, between firms and within firms between headcartes and subsidiaries.

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So the aim of.

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But my research is to understand how cooperate production strategies have been leading since 2,006 to transformations in the labor market, in the automotive industry mainly with, he got to the occupational structure in Brazil, with with Brazil's precision in the global automotive production network.

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some theoretical framework. The research is based on 3 sets of theoretical reference.

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First. theories about the concept of Matty, immaterial or intellectual. I do prefer intellectual work

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and its relationship with labor theory with the Max's labor theory of value.

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Second, global value Chains and global production network has already very well introduced by Professor Mcnamar and Professor Lee.

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and

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the use of Oh, Sorry, and finally, a literary review about cooperate strategies in the automotive industry which involves the use of human resources and technological innovations.

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location and location of resources for production and research and development and knowledge management.

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I use a quantitative method analyzing official statistical data from Brazil, but the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and employment. covering the period from 2,006 to 2020

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through variables of types of occupation, types of economic activity, segregating vehicle assemblers and outer part suppliers

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and the period of time analyze it is actually limited to the availability of data

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and for for occupation I use the occupational groups from the Brazilian classifications of occupations

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which is our most compatible compatible with the international statistical classification and for our economic activities. I use the Brazilian national classification of economic activities which is also compatible with the international standard industrial classifications of our economic activities.

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Here you can see the economic activity selected for the Assembly, then suppliers

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so moving on to our results.

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So just for you to have some ideas of how the jobs in the automotive interest in Brazil spatial is is specialized by the Brazilian territory. The vast majority of the jobs are concentrated in the Brazilian southeastern region, especially in Sao Paulo, and

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here you can see the annual of evolution of the number of jobs by assemblers and suppliers.

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It it is possible to notice that there was intense growth in the labor market between 2,006 and 2,013, mainly among suppliers

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and the total, the total number went from just 400,000 to almost 600,000 jobs.

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and then there was an intense decrease in the number of jobs from 2,014 onwards. And here I'm using dot has 1,000 separator. Then comma has decimal separate

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just for you to know. These valuations are these variations

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that you can see are compatible with the variations of the Brazilian Gdp. So from 2,014, Brazil went through an economic crisis from which we unfortunately have not yet recovered.

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In this table you can see the percentage of each economic activity in the labor market of the sector.

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and what it stands out is that supply chain activities account for 77% of the total. And this percentage share has been stable over time.

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This table details the percentage for percentage variables in the number of jobs by each class of economic activity.

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and in the period between 2,006 to 2,013, the automotive industry achieve it in total, a growth of approximately

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39% in the in the number of jobs in between 2,013 and 2,020 there there was a virus of minus 20 or 21%

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in general.

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Both cheers, assemblies, and suppliers obtain prop proportion of gains and losses at similar levels. And they are interesting difference when analyzing economic activity. But I'm not going to to talk about that because I don't have enough time, and I don't. And now we can see the number of jobs and percentage share by occupational group.

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And please notice that workers in production of industrial goods and service

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make up the majority representing 63% of the total employment contract in the automotive indices in 2,020

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science and art professionals

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responsible for intellectual works, such as research and development and marketing represents less than 6%.

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Okay, I have to skip this one and do so

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here in this graph you can see that in 2020 the presenter shared a percentage difference in the number of workers in production between assemblies and suppliers was 275, but the difference in the number of size and act professionals was only 50%. approximately

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so

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in in an effort to calculate the degree of concentration and the importance of each occupational group. We finger cheers of the automotive vendors. I did the adaptation of the location of quotient typically used to identify the concentration of jobs in a region in a certain economic activity.

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I'm calling ad hoc. This indicator has occupational concept concentration cautions. Okay, I I won't go into the tailors here now because of the time, but this is the way to calculate it, and I can share it later.

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who is interest. and how can we interpret the results? Our results greater than one indicates a high degree of importance of this occupational group in this economic activity.

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So, as you can see, the economic activities of assemblers have a high caution in the occupational groups of senior officials, mid-level technicians, workers in repair and even more acutely in the group of science and arts, professionals

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and invariably proportional. The suppliers have a high quotient in the groups of workers in production and workers in the administrative sector services in service and sailors workers.

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So

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what can we get for excursion?

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The label markets in the automotive industry went for 2 moments between 2,006 and 2,013 growth in the number of jobs, and then from

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2,014 loss of jobs and instability and the movement of the in the sectors. Labor markets seemed to follow trends in Brazilian Gdp. And I couldn't identify any evidence that technological transformations

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and machines. Things like that have been significantly impacting jobs in in production, cooperating for the Brazilian case analysis on the German, Japanese and America automotive industries. Furthermore.

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and so I, I can pronounce the name of the

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or your archives. It's impossible. Okay, that's okay. And for the most intellectual work of science and art professionals

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has greater weight in assemblies, but the production of the proportion of workers in the production of industrial goods and services reinforces the perception that Brazil occupies an intermediate position in the global production network

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being responsible mainly for production activities, but also for some level of R&D necessary to adapt vehicles to the local market and driving conditions.

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and finally, the findings, cooperate papers that draw attention to the limitations of induced rope, a grading process in peripherical and emerging economies resulting from the International Division of labor

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in Global Production network characterized by consideration of research and development and design mailing in the Assembler's home regions, such as Japan, South Korea, Us. And Western Europe.

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So some biograph, some reference.

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and thank you.

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If I could invite all the speakers today to take your positions here. So we can start

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the question and answer session.

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Yeah.

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the

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anybody that's online can post their questions on the chat. And we shall read them out here.

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Okay. okay.

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yes.

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yeah. even though it's out of me.

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Yes. yes, yes.

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Anyone from the audience. would you want to pose a question? Yes, please. could you introduce yourself first and then

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thank you for your presentations? My name is Johnson. I am.

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I'm working at a Sunni equipment. Okay? I have one question, one for a proposition, Luri and the other one for a purpose of Kadvina.

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Okay? And

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so, first question for for position loops. So I? Yeah, I think your, your your conceptualization.

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The Netflix Korean wave of nexus is very great idea, but I am

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quite

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I'm wondering. But the you mentioned that

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the Netflix Korean way nexus is moving on the global value change. But I'm really the out to those kind of ideas. So as in my perspective your expression Netflix korea way nexus is just moving on

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the relations between the 2 company and your contractor and the subcontractor better than global value chain.

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So yes, this is my question. So why you expressed the the global Netflix K way of moving on the global change? This is my first question. And my on second questions, yeah. So we are only being in

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the competition between 2 hegemony rivalry United States and China. So you, you try to explain about the global economy within the 2 binary categorizations X and y. But in my perspective, I I'm pretty sure how far

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meaningful to understand between the 2 binary ideas X and Y, because, for example, the United States, the United States users a player used to play a play or a hold of

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the support of the free trade and free market economy. But the education right now the semiconductor issues to right. Now the United States. Us. Government actually played as a not-free trade supporter.

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let us. And yes, right now the Us. Government is tried to control the market and the production, and this but the if you can, the Chinese Government right now, China's government is specifically for Ccp. Times from the party.

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they asking about the some free trade in terms of the production and the distribution of the Semi conductor. Okay, so this is my second question

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from

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okay.

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on the attack for the question. And there, well, I think it's a yeah. Well, you well, the researchers can look at this kind of like their relationship from our more dialectic perspective, like you're looking at the 2 contracting parties

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and or looking more like their their relationship holistically and looking their entire like the constellation of like a relationship their Netflix has. And then I think it is a well, it is not.

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what's happening on that level cannot be captured exactly by just looking at like the dialogue relations. So that's why I think, is there global balancing or production network perspectives provide. Try to provide like, a more holistic view of like what's happening. So that the what's happening in the one contract relationship.

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it's also associated with what's happening in there. Other, what's happening in career, maybe have some kind of identification and ramification

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erez agmoni in their the Netflix relationship with the other countries, I think, is that kind of like, the holistic approach is really important, because, like the Netflix is

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not like the domestic play, it's like the trans national player. So they have a lot of like the relationship with the like their the suppliers, or they like the the content producers in different countries. So I think, is there a well, I'm focusing on on the the Korean career and the Netflix nexus in this presentation. But I I know that there's a lot of like. There are a research

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From the local level and the sea Director, how their Netflix are factor like their own kind of active film and their TV industry. in many countries, I think, is including the Australia.

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And so well, when we look at the combining all of that, I think, is there probably that at that point we can have a better picture of like the how the like there, what's the role? The netflix for the global stream? stream service, streaming service providers actually play in their in their global cultural and industry. So that's why, in case there are. Well there.

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I highlight the director of the global management perspective. Yeah, thank you.

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Thank you for a question.

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First of all, I have to clarify the idea about excellent wisdom. There is no

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conscious, your accent pure y. Each time you have a combination of these institutions. That is what is more, what is a framework? What is the additional one? As for the

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relationship between different group of countries, of course you are right, and it is my mind idea that these 2 collisions have to

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to collaborate among them. But I wanted to show you some of

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some of fact that in reality we can see the concentration. It's not always a trade between them. It also that among these countries we have more and more different institutional structures agreement, for example, in bricks. It's a very evident balance between countries who produce production and services and cters for

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provide resources. For example, Russian value from one site and India and the from the other side. So it is.

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It's not a 100% picture. It is just 112 what I noticed, and I wanted to share it with you. It's not a

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the whole explanation. What? To be comfortable now in people

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to the next step

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you did. Okay.

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okay, okay, I shall. I should just see.

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no. Is that is that it's a. It's a technical thing. It's

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yeah

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Hi! I'm Santa Emily. I'm a research fellow at the Berlin Social Science Center. I work with Martin Chipchinski. The do you go ahead problems in pronouncing the name. I don't blame you. No, thank you so much for your presentations. This was really useful. I have 2 questions, one for for Dennis. When you talk about the the political dimension of complementarity. Could you also maybe speak a bit to the

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I don't know the growing power asymmetries and the monopsonic sort of conditions where you have very strong lead firms or clients in the global north or elsewhere. And then you have a lot of sort of suppliers that are competing within themselves. And there's very, very high competition. So perhaps you could speak to that a bit. And what can we, then, the role of the State in sort of working with this very unequal sort of condition.

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My question is, then, for a morgue. The second question, when you were talking about reputation. Maybe I missed this because perhaps you were too fast in your presentation as well. Perhaps it was this person that I felt anyways what good.

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You? Could you perhaps speak a bit about environment as as playing a role in reputation mechanisms, and how that might facilitate, or, you know, be counter-productive to trade relations. And this is something that Khalid Nadhi, for example, talks about in terms of regional value chains and how labor and environment mechanisms can sort of also play a role in this reputation mechanisms. Thank you.

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I think we can ask a Mooc to go for strength. So I'm just

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Amogh Arakali: yeah. So so I'm not familiar with the idea of environmental as a environment as a reputational mechanism.

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Amogh Arakali: could I get some clarification on what? On a quick summary of what it actually means, because I'm not entirely certain I understood it.

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yeah, I mean, I also not. I'm not an expert on this. But as far as I understand how, for example, supplier, specifically, if they're violating environmental or sort of having environmental or labor violations, how might that be sort of, you know, bringing negative reputation for them, and how that might affect trade relations and attracting basically be counterproductive to their competitive strategy. So in that sense.

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Amogh Arakali: Oh, okay, so yes, I I I think you do see a little bit of that, as you know, industries kind of.

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Amogh Arakali: you know, get integrate themselves a little bit like, much more strongly, internationally. but if if I were to come back a little bit to this question of scale. there are environmental issues which exist at the global scale. So climate change, for example, and there are environmental issues that exist at much more local scales as well. And what you often see is that

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Amogh Arakali: the the environmental issues that that are often recognized globally tend to be acknowledged and not

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Amogh Arakali: when you are dreaming policies over the flaming strategies to, you know, either reward or utilize a a a specific firm, for you know, adhering to environmental.

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Amogh Arakali: So you may see, for instance, a lot of rewards. If a firm chooses to engage in climate change, mitigation, or climate change adaptation, you may see. you may say, well, rewards if a firm chooses to adhere to global agreements on environmental and labor. but a lot of the local environmental issues that I were talking about. Like, for example, water shortages and things like that. these are.

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Amogh Arakali: you know, there is. There is some amount of acknowledgment of it in but you know, like very often, the responsibility for ameliorating things like water may not necessarily lie with the firm.

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Amogh Arakali: but with the government agency that is trying to build that industrial space because the problems that kind of exist at this point is not just located at a particular industrial site, but it can actually be endemic to a much larger area, and that what that often means is.

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Amogh Arakali: when it comes to thinking about reputation. you know the governments of the Co. Governments will have to kind of trade off between

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Amogh Arakali: being able to promise a continuous regular supply of water versus, you know, conserving local water resources as well, and there are, and you know that to their credit they often try and balance the 2 as much as possible. But there are times where they choose to, you know, you know. Choose, you know, make a choice that may not necessarily be environmentally sustainable in order to remain relevant within the the larger. That

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Amogh Arakali: I'm not sure if that answered, your question was that was that happen?

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That was final.

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Amogh Arakali: Oh, okay, thank you. Yeah.

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So yes. The question was, with the lead firms having such power and such scale.

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Is there problems of inequality, or perhaps injustice in dealing with these suppliers.

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you might think I'll take Japan as an example. Toyota and the automobile industry and Toyota generally has a well, of course, den so is there a part supplier. But in the den, so we'll have subcontracts with quite a number of Smes. But on each specific issue. For instance, the door handle.

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They'll have 2 suppliers.

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and with each supplier they will share their knowledge, so that the suppliers have all the design, but also the suppliers

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if they stay with them. So they keep getting new knowledge about that door handle.

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And new technology actually for creating that door handle.

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So in that sense there's an interdependence with your suppliers.

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And this is Toyota. And and so I'm I'm talking about. You find that also with the United States and their suppliers.

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I'm finding that in Thailand to some other countries.

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So when you're thinking of these global value chains, and you think of this relationship.

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the lead firm is immersed in a huge network

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of smaller firms.

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and the lead firm depends on this smaller network.

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not just on what they're craft and what they're producing right now, but on their knowledge, on learning.

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Now, in those areas where there are what I would call knowledge flows, this state can play a very important role

424
01:31:36.630 --> 01:31:57.759
one would be Ipr, intellectual property rights, making sure things are protected so that the lead firm doesn't lose their knowledge when they go into a particular area, but also that the median and small and medium-sized firms or suppliers develop a legal system, so that what they have learned they can use with other firms.

425
01:31:57.960 --> 01:32:20.830
A second thing would be in terms of that infrastructure of knowledge how the State invests in research, in research institutions. For instance, Japan goes into Thailand and develops an automobile Institute that's for the benefit of Thailand, so that their engineers are better and educated. Their suppliers there are more reliable.

426
01:32:20.850 --> 01:32:30.410
and, on the other hand, for the Japanese Government, it actually supports the Japanese firms so they can produce more efficiently in Thailand.

427
01:32:30.410 --> 01:32:51.459
So this state does the State play a roller. Of course, it also depends on the State. The Chinese state has played a remarkable role in helping the Smes in China develop, but it's very competitive among the local Smes very, very competitive.

428
01:32:51.490 --> 01:33:04.579
We'll find many of the intellectual property rights issues in China have nothing to do with the foreign companies. It's the domestic companies exploiting each other. It's a very, very competitive situation.

429
01:33:04.730 --> 01:33:30.300
But there the State can play an important role in developing intellectual property rights. That kind of network. They play a role in the universities. The third area would be the area in which they actually promote research among the Smes. That is a major benefit. China has been able to do that. Korea has been able to do that. That's an area of development for these countries. So the State plays a role in development.

430
01:33:33.160 --> 01:33:37.360
Anyone else with the Oh, you want to. Sorry I'm so sorry.

431
01:33:38.640 --> 01:33:39.330
So

432
01:33:41.320 --> 01:33:44.940
or so. References to the panel.

433
01:33:46.300 --> 01:33:48.890
I am quite amazing

434
01:33:49.180 --> 01:33:56.230
and and even glad to see a classification in which Brazil is

435
01:33:56.830 --> 01:34:01.729
the put it in. It has not a Western country.

436
01:34:02.300 --> 01:34:03.650
And but

437
01:34:04.450 --> 01:34:07.369
and here I'm quoting from

438
01:34:07.570 --> 01:34:08.410
biking

439
01:34:08.660 --> 01:34:13.379
Brazil is the order of the West with fingers.

440
01:34:13.880 --> 01:34:16.189
So and that's that.

441
01:34:16.780 --> 01:34:28.540
Don't you think that bricks have a lot of constraints in terms of neutral extenders. Because you, you are analyzing a lot of data about

442
01:34:29.140 --> 01:34:31.180
the

443
01:34:31.240 --> 01:34:36.009
economic exchange is in general. But what in terms of cool drugs. And for

444
01:34:36.030 --> 01:34:37.290
yeah, here's

445
01:34:41.800 --> 01:34:51.149
it's a matter of it is of supporting. I would. I want to think more about the

446
01:34:51.160 --> 01:34:56.450
the whole of the South Korean States in promoting.

447
01:34:56.540 --> 01:34:57.810
Yes.

448
01:34:58.320 --> 01:35:02.110
they're gonna say Hi of South Korea

449
01:35:02.480 --> 01:35:05.660
for me, because it seems to me that

450
01:35:05.800 --> 01:35:15.020
there is a lot of effort from the the South Korean State to promote the South Korean culture around the world. Right? So

451
01:35:15.150 --> 01:35:18.720
seems to me very important. And

452
01:35:20.390 --> 01:35:23.000
him, Professor. it's a matter of

453
01:35:23.660 --> 01:35:24.580
the

454
01:35:24.730 --> 01:35:26.559
the Chinese case, is almost

455
01:35:26.630 --> 01:35:32.499
the opposite of the personal case, because we just manufactured because

456
01:35:32.800 --> 01:35:33.530
and

457
01:35:33.860 --> 01:35:45.360
there wasn't enough effort from the present stage to capture knowledge from the central companies from central Western countries.

458
01:35:45.870 --> 01:35:47.340
And

459
01:35:47.860 --> 01:35:55.019
it's almost the same question for the professor. Le, why isn't the role of the Chinese stage on it

460
01:36:06.390 --> 01:36:34.389
so sure the the Chinese State plays a drabatic role, as sort of the Koreans. They call it the Developmental State in in East Asia, Taiwan, Singapore, the state. I think it's a part of that's a Saturday and a relatively non-corporate accuracy, but also a technocratic bureaucracy. Those basic things. But the other is that to recognize that the State should play a role in development.

461
01:36:34.550 --> 01:36:44.319
something that's oftentimes lost, and the neoliberal view of the The State of over the United States seems to be moving back towards it.

462
01:36:44.550 --> 01:36:49.020
But I think yes, the State can play a very important role. And here we have this.

463
01:36:49.080 --> 01:37:07.060
this, this panel. Where is this state going in the post-pandemic era? What can we expect of the state moving all the way from that side to the State in the role of cultural interaction.

464
01:37:07.300 --> 01:37:14.919
The Japanese state with Kwaii, I mean, they have a whole campaign or on killedeness.

465
01:37:15.440 --> 01:37:18.340
Curious! Who's cute?

466
01:37:18.370 --> 01:37:35.179
I mean, it's unbelievable. the Korean Government, of course, was very, very critical in in the in the Korean wave, perhaps less so now, as the Cape Pop has developed so much itself.

467
01:37:35.220 --> 01:37:40.719
But yet that state plays a very important role. We focus on the role of the state and the pandemic.

468
01:37:41.010 --> 01:38:04.460
We haven't moved to this next phase of what does the State do now in terms of development? It's going to be one issue in terms of these cultural interactions, Jonathan and Israel, you've gone to a core issue here? Do he have a common novel, a common language to work with anymore? Or are we going to break down into 2 different isolated areas.

469
01:38:04.550 --> 01:38:09.239
That's scary. But yes, those are the issues we need to do.

470
01:38:15.010 --> 01:38:15.760
Okay.

471
01:38:16.040 --> 01:38:40.220
thank you very much for question and send you the Unself genius, because I think the terminology is very important. Frankly speaking, I never use Western and on Western, because but I use X and Y models. But I need the bridge. Between you and me you can adapt my thick book, because each at the North, at Western and on Western is culturally loaded.

472
01:38:40.290 --> 01:38:47.740
People have their own ideas. What has been the West? What does it mean? Not so. I use it here, please, but

473
01:38:48.200 --> 01:39:16.740
understand me only to show you the the whole picture. But my idea is that sociologist has to be neutral in it as possible, like a like initial sense, because each terminology like this cultural sense, it is like a like a prison, like a network. What you have to it. It's it's stopping you. Because if you have a point of view, you cannot investigate. You have to start with the terminology just to look at their

474
01:39:16.740 --> 01:39:40.969
the subject. It is why I use X and Y.

475
01:39:40.970 --> 01:39:57.690
He also taught 200 years back that we can think about ourselves to be Russians. We can think about ourselves in foreign terminology because there is no election signs from the West. So we use

476
01:39:58.540 --> 01:40:10.219
definitions from there. So it's so funny. And I think now of what I want to perceive what I what I see now that this group of candidates understand that they need their own.

477
01:40:10.400 --> 01:40:25.769
The all financial structure they own by its own currency, they all their own language to understand that the zephyr. They introduce a new values, not not competition, but separation, not

478
01:40:27.350 --> 01:40:31.419
So I think we understand that that also has some questions to other people.

479
01:40:34.140 --> 01:40:44.269
Well, thank you for your question. Well, surely the the Government, like the Korean government, has been very active in promoting their their.

480
01:40:44.460 --> 01:40:46.390
the creating content industry.

481
01:40:46.450 --> 01:41:06.580
and there, for various reason. in one, in one sense, is there? Well, the it's increasingly important economically, and creating the jobs and the history or the young people who are interested in the working this kind of like their well industry. At the same time, like they're kind of like their

482
01:41:06.610 --> 01:41:16.130
from the perspective, or like the soap power, so that, like the prospect and the like, their national power. And an identity is not like a traditional kind of vector

483
01:41:17.460 --> 01:41:20.390
strong literary sense of like the power, one more like their

484
01:41:20.660 --> 01:41:27.380
culture and their kind of like this our perspective.

485
01:41:27.470 --> 01:41:44.430
Surely there is a kind of like a legacy of, like the Korean government's environment in directive, cultural and creative industry. the kind of like the legacy of like the development of states which actually, I think, is a play, a low, particularly in the 1990 S.

486
01:41:44.480 --> 01:41:55.670
But I think, is there what it has about over time? And there, I think, is around like 2,000, there are more.

487
01:41:56.640 --> 01:42:20.080
Maybe the government has become more selective in terms of like their, what areas, what what kind of like the program they are are involved and what areas they're going to let private private sectors actually do. And well, in another articles. Actually, I characterize their their.

488
01:42:20.240 --> 01:42:43.119
the Korean government's role in their their cultural and creative industry during that time is kind of like the precursor to the global value chain oriented policies. So they only focus on their 2 key bottleneck as I presented, like their distribution and the investment, so the rest of the production or the rest of the the value chain is up to like the private actors.

489
01:42:43.120 --> 01:43:03.050
but their well, their strategy, their government trying to insect some kind of record resource, financial and non financial resource to direct that particular area, so that there will example try to make a match between the like, the Korean producers and their porting distributors.

490
01:43:03.070 --> 01:43:15.679
and in the Us. Or the European market, or they trying to build their kind of like, their their partnership, private and their public partnership, to actually

491
01:43:15.719 --> 01:43:23.780
provider kind of like the seed money to their creators, so that they can build their own project

492
01:43:23.809 --> 01:43:46.220
as a creator, I think. Is there? Well, in some sense their growing popularity of like the Korean contents in the 2,000. And they're later across Asia and partly due to that kind of like the public environment, certainly. And there is just just that Dennis mentioned that they actually were. Well, properly.

493
01:43:46.270 --> 01:44:06.739
They're a lot of like. The government may vary, depending on the like. The sector well director, or the private companies, has more greater power, or their resources like their well, some other kind of less commercialized, less popular sectors where they're at. The governments still think that they're we need more kind of like their

494
01:44:06.990 --> 01:44:16.099
the environment. And so I think there's a yes. Well, there is a legacy of like the developmental space, but I think it is a well, as I think it is a

495
01:44:16.430 --> 01:44:28.789
Stephen long after at Hong Kong. I forgot the name of the University, but he said that they are kind of adaptive back to the boundary state, or more like the flexible engagement of like the development of policy

496
01:44:28.809 --> 01:44:42.040
focusing well, inner interaction with, like the local and global context, I think it's a hammer. You at the National University of Singapore actually address that kind of like the issue in the context of the in that community.

497
01:44:42.770 --> 01:44:43.500
Yeah.

498
01:44:45.559 --> 01:44:55.010
anyone else? Ok, I think that should be the last question me running a little short on time. Let's see. I hope we can take another one.

499
01:44:55.350 --> 01:44:58.620
so probably doesn't come

500
01:44:58.790 --> 01:45:17.430
questions. So I have a big question for the brownie. So thank you for your presentation. So, anyway. So thank you for your presentations case of the screen. the racial condition between the colonizer and the Coronavirus. Thank you for actually. please forgive me. I have very limited knowledge of this

501
01:45:17.809 --> 01:45:21.880
Srinna. So the lazio of my astronaut is all coming from.

502
01:45:31.510 --> 01:45:32.440
Yeah.

503
01:45:32.639 --> 01:45:49.589
anyway. So my question is not correctly to your the finding. But actually anyway, based on my very limits. Knowledge of renown. So to to our Chinese migrants right over there. It's we now so

504
01:45:49.590 --> 01:46:04.320
so Chinese migrants they are not colonizers and decolonized, but the they they have some capital right? So if they bring into some capital or investment, or from the any kind of the connection, from the mainly in China, mostly to Capita.

505
01:46:04.590 --> 01:46:18.410
how they how we can situated their own theirs, the socioeconomic and the racial cultural of the position within those kind of a duration of

506
01:46:19.140 --> 01:46:24.200
racial slash, the capitalist hierarchy in Sri Lanka. This is my question.

507
01:46:24.550 --> 01:46:30.020
I have one more question for you. Just very simple. What is the statue of a

508
01:46:34.610 --> 01:46:35.450
yeah

509
01:46:35.620 --> 01:46:47.120
for the

510
01:46:47.140 --> 01:47:17.009
they set up a subsidiary in that that is controlled by the Us. Company, although there is something. Yeah, I think it's got a bit weird. Later on, at some point, it became like an American. there's some weird legal situations. Yeah, yeah, yeah, I agree. Yeah. And thank you to the same swimming question, and I'm glad you mentioned the current of Korean drama because I was thinking about that, too, Surrey. Now, with.

511
01:47:17.010 --> 01:47:36.270
sure enough, we're so annoyed about that show. I don't know if you can't have there, because it wasn't filled in through now, and it gives such a terrible impression of what's her? And I was like, anyway? yes. So yeah. And it's interesting. You know. I don't know

512
01:47:36.510 --> 01:47:49.690
a whole lot about the contemporary politics of of Syria. But today, but there are. There's definitely a sort of old Chinese and new Chinese dynamic there, because

513
01:47:49.700 --> 01:48:01.290
some of the first contract labourers brought over before slavery had ended were from China. It was a disastrous actually many of them seem to have

514
01:48:01.380 --> 01:48:07.849
killed themselves on the boat over because they were tricked into you know.

515
01:48:07.900 --> 01:48:20.629
Signing up for it. But there is a small Chinese tsunam population that dates back to that early period, and but then, recently, of course.

516
01:48:21.290 --> 01:48:32.959
I guess, as of course, but there has been a lot of Chinese Government aid, and the sort of Felton road has reached Syrian and

517
01:48:33.100 --> 01:48:39.539
I don't know exactly how related it is, but there are a lot of

518
01:48:39.600 --> 01:48:50.690
 of new, a lot, but there's a substantial new migrant population from China. So

519
01:48:51.170 --> 01:48:54.070
my impression is that they

520
01:48:54.100 --> 01:49:04.149
that that so that that's kind of a small capital that they start that that's certainly very visible there, and like people running.

521
01:49:04.420 --> 01:49:05.340
you know.

522
01:49:05.620 --> 01:49:18.969
being traders, or something like that in Suriname rather than certainly, whereas the big investments are government investment like State, the Chinese state investments. But I don't. I'm not 100% sure.

523
01:49:19.590 --> 01:49:27.140
and yeah, one, yeah, I mean more in terms of talking, thinking more generally about this complicated

524
01:49:27.480 --> 01:49:31.430
economic and social structure.

525
01:49:31.830 --> 01:49:33.000
It is.

526
01:49:33.800 --> 01:49:41.379
This is. And I guess the challenge of trying to do also historical research is, it is quite difficult to understand

527
01:49:42.380 --> 01:49:43.730
exactly.

528
01:49:43.750 --> 01:49:46.290
 yeah.

529
01:49:46.460 --> 01:49:57.059
So yes, in the Chinese, my, from the. So we will engage at right so and then. So there are. quite reminders. Yeah. So

530
01:49:58.530 --> 01:50:02.210
all the way, the rate of of error. Yeah, yes.

531
01:50:02.340 --> 01:50:07.379
Well, the yeah, I think if intensive.

532
01:50:08.040 --> 01:50:09.220
Yeah. Again, I

533
01:50:09.310 --> 01:50:20.980
little bit outside of what I know. But it's still quite a very much a minority that would be in anything. That's not, I guess.

534
01:50:21.150 --> 01:50:37.050
 Of people from any backgrounds that it's not African descendant in some way, or Hindustani, or then the Javanese from Indonesia as the next largest category.

535
01:50:37.060 --> 01:50:42.910
and in terms of the sort of politics. So there's no.

536
01:50:42.970 --> 01:50:53.510
it's not clear to me what political party they would be. Their Chinese migrants would be supporting at this point.

537
01:50:54.410 --> 01:50:55.430
Yeah.

538
01:50:55.630 --> 01:51:14.160
all right, I think we are at the end of the time allocated for the session. I'm so sorry. Any other question. I'm very sorry you can address it once the session is over. Thank you everyone. It was a wonderful, very productive session. Thanks once again. Good evening.