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care services, and I will start with the announcement. All country, to begin with, on behalf of everyone gathered. I pay respect to the spirit of country. Here in Nam, where We are meeting, I acknowledged the past and present Colin nation of Archeriri, boy, or

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as the sovereign people. Here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promoted the norm. Aboriginal law. Customs and custodians shape the responsibility for country and the people that country continues to sustain generation after generation into the future. For all of us

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I recognize the important contribution that first nations, thinkers have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We thank all first nations delegates in the room to die for their contributions to knowledge and the discipline.

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So yeah, thank you very much. And now I will just

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 show you the line up for today. It's beautiful. Line up, quite packed. We have 7 presenters. just One piece of announcement is got. James Gould, the first one online, will be presenting actually as the last

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for percussion measures. It's got a little bit of a cold. So we are trying to keep, you know, using this mic and that devices.

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Yeah, I I see. I think that's a that's visible. And we can do that way. I will present each one when they are here to present, to give a little bit of information about each one. But I first would like to give you a sense of this session and the concept itself just a minute.

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So this session it's a brain shot of our handbook that we've been tennis and say an I that she is.

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We've been working on, and It's a collection of 40 chapters, and the free of the presenters. Here are contributors. So. James bolts! Lee! In and Gossip Julia, they are contributors to this handbook! I have. at least like there, I will circulate that later.

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and it comes from. So the the approach, the conceptual approach of the the Handbook is critical disaster studies. So we pay attention on what? The context, what happens before the

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a disaster event, as it is a necessary condition to understand the vulnerabilities of the community. And then we look at the disaster event, and what kind of responses have been given to the event? And there again, what kind of vulnerabilities or resilience the community has managed to develop.

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And so it's it is. it's not just looking at what happened after the event. This is what most scholarship has been focusing on. When we look at disaster studies, it's always okay. This is the responses given. This is what works well. And this is what doesn't work. So we put a lot of emphasis on community how they are organized stakeholders

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mit Ctl and ideas and activities, and such before end at the at the event. And after. So we pay this attention long-term attention, I would say, so, yeah, I think that's a that's the one

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conceptual framework has to come up with this line up.

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and I will give them a food to Leson, who is a doctoral student at Osaka University in Ontario, and she will present on Japan's disaster medical system and response to the COVID-19.

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So listen to you, and I will click on that. Your representation, I think, should be here.

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Right? I think it's just okay. Yeah.

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Let me know if it's one or a 2, 1, 2 to the

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I can.

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I think it just

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okay. Okay.

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right? Sorry. A housekeeping note. Presenters have 1012 min for presentation, and it will be back to back, and then we will have a Q&A session at the end.

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Okay, thank you.

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Hello, everyone. I'm leaching a Phd student from Osaka University. actually, my Ph. D. research topic is evacuees after the great Eastern Japan earthquake in 2,011. But today I'd like to present Japan's disaster medical system and its response to

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COVID-19 pandemic.

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Firstly, let me provide some background information about Japan's medical system. As we all know, Japan is prone to a wide range of disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, thai foods, fruits, and volcanic eruptions.

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and throughout history Japan has experienced a significant disasters, such as the great Hajjan, which earthquake in 1995, and the great Eastern Japan earthquake in 2,011, and the Kumam earthquake in 2,016.

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These events have shaped Japan's approach to disaster management and highlighted the importance of having a robust and efficient disaster. Medical system.

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Disaster, medical care differs significantly from regular emergency medical care

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during a large-scale disaster. The local health care system, including hospitals, information networks and transportation, is severely disrupted, resulting a significant imbalance between the demand and supply of medical care.

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In response to the great hunching on the Earth Creek in 1,995, Japan took significant measures to strengthen its disaster. Medical system.

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3 companions were established

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disaster-based hospitals, the emergency medical information system and the disaster medical assistance team.

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These systems have played a crucial role in improving disaster, response and saving lives.

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Next, I will provide more detailed information about each of these components and their functions.

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first, one is disaster-based hospitals following the great hunching out Watch earthquake. In 1,995, a study group was formed to evaluate and improve the disaster medical system.

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They recommended the establishment of disaster medical support, based hospitals with capability, including wide aerial patient transportation, leading of emergency equipment and materials, and this punching of

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medical relief teams

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as of April first, 2,022. There are 765 hospitals as disaster-based hospitals, among them sixteenth, 4 core disaster-based hospitals

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and the 701 regional disaster-based hospitals.

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Disaster-based hospitals are required to response rapidly, and we flexibly in the aftermath of a disaster.

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The role of a disaster base hospital is divided into during a normal time and in a disaster time. In normal time the hospital is required to establish an emergency system for hospital staff.

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maintain medical equipment and materials, conduct the disaster trials and inspect the stockpiled equipment and materials.

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and during disaster time the role of a disaster-based hospital can be divided into the following 5 main categories.

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transportation, and collection of several injured patients

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established rising procedures for several severely injured patients and manage and and directed the Dmts. And using the helicopters and the appearances to transport the severely injured patients.

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and collecting the indicated patients and make arrangement to transport them. Dmts. Which were, it's a topic which I will discuss in in more detail later

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disaster. Medical assistance team is a team that provides rapid respond medical care. Within about 4, 48,

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ours to large numbers of victims in mass, casually in.

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in incidents, or when disasters occur.

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the Ministry of health, labor, and welfare established

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the Mit in 2,005,

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as of March the twentieth 15, there were 101,426, a teams and 9,000

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300, and to attending aid members.

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The Mit is a professionally traded medical team, composed of doctors, nurses, and operations coordinators.

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One dmit is basically composed of at least 4 members, one doctor, 2 narcissist, and one operations coordinator

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themat is organized into national and original levels, each having different responsibilities.

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The original dmit is many responsible for the victims within the region, while the national dmit is responsible for disaster, victims within and outside the region.

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and the Mit has several functions from supporting regular hospitals within the regional arrows and providing relief, and the site of the disaster to transportation transporting injured the big victims

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and Dmit played an important role in lots of disaster in recent year, and during the initial period in the aftermath of the Great Eastern Japan's Creek, 2,011 from March 11 to March 20 s, about 340, the M. 80 s. And 1,000

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500 people from all over Japan participated in relief activities, including hospitals, support intro religion. No transport transport, wide aerial medical transport, and the evacuation of hospitalized the patients

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after, for after 48 h march 30. The activity was temporarily disbanded, but because there was no organization to take over the medical care after that, and Dmit worked in the affected arrow for

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12 days until 20 s.

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It has long been recognized that there was no organization to take over medical care in the affected Eros after the third day of the disaster. But the great East Asia Parents Creek, 2,011, has lead to widespread recognization of the need for medical care, evacuation centers and support organizations in the effective

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arrows.

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And after the great Easter Japan Earthquake, 2,011, the Japan Medical Association team was established as one of the organizations that take over medical care in the affected era after the third day of the disaster.

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This is a new medical support system for disasters established by the Japan Medical Association.

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and this way the Mit operates in the acute phase, While Jmat operates in a Sabo cube to chronic phase

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M. At and Jm. At, not in a position to compete with each other, but rather to cooperate with each other, which is expected to better support medical care in the affected arrows.

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Pandemic has also been used during the COVID-19 pandemic

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in February 2,020 approximately

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417 Dma. Ts. Were dispatched to the Diamond Princess. After that Dmit went on to support health centers and hospitals throughout Japan.

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On February the eighth, 2,002, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare

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revised the Dmit activity guidelines to cover emerging infectious Diseases.

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Since the great is the Japan earthquake. 2,011 specialized the health and medical Activity support teams have been established to meet special medical needs and prepare for disasters. For example, the Dpa. D

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and the Jr. At the Dh. E. At and so on.

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It is essential to have across as

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sectional disaster response team that understands and manage the the entire health care support activities in the affected era rather than having each health care support team, manage its own support by building and information sharing system to facilitate the health care support activities.

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and the Emis is a system designed to collect and provide appropriate Asian information in the event of a disaster, it was developed after the Quid Hajiyawaji earthquake in 1,995, and has been operation ever since

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the background of for the development of Emis was a mismatch between medical needs and a medical. So resources that occurred during the great Hajj on J. Earth Creek.

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The basic function of Emi is to provide basic information, medical institutions and emergency information affecting the medical institutions

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and to monitor Dma T. Activities in real time to transport patients out of the affected arrow and to create training material through learning and such.

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and users of Ema is medical institutions, dmit

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fire departments, medical parts of many, say pennies, and the general public.

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This system supplies virus information for the general public related to disaster, emergency medical care.

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medical institution, information, search, and links to general information on disaster, medical care.

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and this enabled medical institutions to inquire whether they can accept the pensions or not, and they and it covers the statue status of hospitals and staff available for

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operation.

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It's commented as the greatest feature of Emis is that the listed items standardized throughout the country.

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and however Yanagawa points out that the virus problems remain regarding the operation of the system, for example, during the Osaka earthquake of 2,008

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18 em. Is was inundated with viewers which lead to the system. Malfunctioning

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Yannagawa also states that, in addition to relying on the Internet, it is necessary to connect information through traditional ways.

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Emis is also being used to share information about the Kovat 19 pandemic situation, and what kind of responses have been enacted?

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professional level.

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For example, the image on the right side. shows information from Emis website as of August 2,022. It exemplifies how the Emis shares information on disaster and COVID-19.

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Eros.

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What's it going? Yeah.

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So During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the disaster medical system has faced new challenges. Dmat teams have

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being developed to support overwhelmed health care facilities and provide. So so? specialized care for COVID-19 pensions. And yeah, yeah, I have been instrumental in tracking and monitoring cases, isolating and contacted tracing efforts

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and looking ahead, it is important to prepare for future disasters, such as the dissipated non-citras earthquake within the next 30 years.

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and to efficiently address these challenges, I think several considerations should be taken into account. First, one is balancing resources, and the priorities between COVID-19, response and disaster, preparedness, and second, one is ensuring 101

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a different healthcare and hepatitis for both types of emergencies

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and in cooperating pandemic-related protocols into disaster, response plans

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and continue training and  capacity, booting and

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integration of technological advance advancements into disaster. Health care system.

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So this is the end of my presentation. And I prepared a question for discussing

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that. Yes.

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yeah. So.

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okay. Oh, should I read it now?

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Okay, with the development advancement of AI technology and the Internet, the management of operation of disaster. Medical systems are increasingly conducted online. However, in the event of disaster, there are a risk that all these networks may become disconnected, leading to potential chaos.

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So what measures should we take to avoid that

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such disruptions? It's my question.

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Thank you.

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But that thank you very much. I think this is a very really good question, and also, in view of what you also have discussed this

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the other end. What happens when or what health we can get from this AI technology?

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You can, you know, just try to remember this. We will have time for discussion at the end, and we will try to tie together all these questions.

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So

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I would like to invite  you guys need to go back here.

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 Mosaka's and say, yeah. So

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Thesakistani is from the university, was at the university in in Japan, and we had a nice lunch together yesterday with His wife, too. And we had this discussion. We talked about this social vulnerability, which is the topic of It's presentation today. So social and vulnerabilities and the reasons of victims, death in 2,011 to hawk earthquake and tsunami.

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based on the researches on victims and local history, a Nutsuchi town. I want to prefecture a lot of connections with this city. So over to you, thank you.

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And I.

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And this presentation data is uploaded as a full paper on the Isa website.

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Oh, If only sorry! Let's see it.

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And this will put me back to the 2,011 tohokas quake and tsunami at 311 tsunami.

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and

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over to 20,000 people, or died in the 3 11 tsunami, and such large number of kubernetes. Extraordinary layer! From a natural disaster in a developed kind of country, which has taken considerable measures against such disaster.

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and therefore it is important for the developed countries to re-thinking disaster preparedness based on the behavior of the victims.

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This report aim to address 2 questions as fast. Why did the big teams die when the 311 tsunami struck?

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And second, why such a vulnerability structure leading to the disaster job? The victims to their basis.

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and to this end I use the case study of Oldstown and the about the Prefecture particularly, and district

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For a heavy damage due to the 311 tsunami. Cases that is primary, involved, statistical analysis and analysis of regional documents.

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a figure one and tabled one show the geographical location and the damage condition of the outstanding handle and the and the basic.

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These pictures show the catastrophic impact of 3 lemon tsunami on the Oathstown.

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I have been busy, distinct since 2,011, and supported the re seeking of the this strict disaster. Prevention. Pra. In the under district.

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The Nava-food Association had Lee made the desik to disaster prevention, Pra. By 2,014 in the and and the district

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there, by the habitats and supporters, including me. This, at least where the victims had died.

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The results are shown in the yet, too

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the location of the victims. Homes it's indicated by a dot that brack dot indicate those who died at or near at their homes. visits, riches, 70%, or the total big things.

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This indicates that a large number of the victims died at over near their houses. figure 2 also indicates the 3 lines indicating the in addition areas of the past tsunamis and the 3 11 tsunami.

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It is created a large number of areas of

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no, it's clear. That's a large number of people died between the in the additional areas of past tsunami and the in additional areas of the 3 11 tsunami, however, we are unable to analyze. Why our victims tied. therefore, this report address the reasons for their deaths.

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And this is you. Do this issue. What's addressed through the our data? Or without leaving a proof book in Osteo.

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I participated in the living proof project as a literature to record the circumstances of the tsunami victim's death and their life history through interviews to victims, family members.

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the project. The details are summarized in Table 2.

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This is a photograph from the Lebanon proof book. The one on the light side is an example, records or victims

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the definition of social vulnerability. It's in this report. It's based on pre-based studies by a river at well, that shows the number of social attributes that influence social vulnerability. In this report we focus on the area indicated by the orange boxes.

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These are the social attributes that we are about to identify from the living proofbook.

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Section 2 shows outstanding basic information.

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An aerial photograph shows that in 2,010 80% of the town was made up of steep hills, and for these four-sted areas

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the photograph on the light side is a slope. To the hayat! A ground cert in and and the suit

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the feature of the town of the population structure shown in for Yasui. It indicates that the population has been declining and amazing.

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They before shows that tsunamis had often in hit the town. In the last 100 years.

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therefore, community leaders dedicated their efforts to local data stuff prevention.

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So town was struck by the 311 tsunami which had in addition, heights of 22 meters. that's not me. It's beyond the seawalls that were prepared after past tsunami time of earthquake occurrence was 40 21. It's therefore a time up available for a a evacuation, but about to 35 min.

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Section 3 presents the result of the analysis. First, let's leave you the basic attributes or Butslami big things in the and Andreaks under district ads for sex, there are more male victims than female victims.

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As for aids, a a greater number of persons over 65 were victimized as compared to the, to their share of the total population.

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and regarding employment status and more self-employed or family workers are victimized as compared to their shares or the total proportion.

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despite having more social networks and easier to access to support. those who had experienced Board members of the community organizations compared and comprised 3 37% of the big things As for Kiavak in the household 27% of victims there were supporters, and 26% were person requiring support.

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87% of persons that require any supports a limited weight. They are supported by mostly Companions or children, and this shows that they were victimized despite the a possibility of immediate support from their their families. About 40% of the supporters were over 70 years of age, and all the adults carrying for other older adults

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analyzing the legends for the victim's death for your fault shows and aggregate a result of why our victims died after coded from the recalls of the victims in giving a proofbook

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the most common allegiance where, big teams were at their family members had the difficulty evacuating due to physical regions, for by evacuation was a delight because of the time taken to prepare for evacuation in the houses, and once evacuated, they returned to their homes to pick up their families or belongings.

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let's debut some. let's be some case. It's a and that's the of the social brand of it leading to the disaster that drop the victims to their diet to to their decades.

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The following case of the parents and the hardship applied to raising one in Vfo

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a. It was out of home on delivery, a job. When the earthquake occurred. A. A. Returned to home immediately, and brought his mother B up to the second for or of his house, since we was unable to move on her own. A was also on the second floor with her, and they could not evacuate.

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Thus there are limitation for a care back by a victim within the households. Hence this community care system, not work.

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Unfortunately, 12% of all victims were unable to evacuate due to Ubaq duties at the back place of evacuation assistant for allegiance.

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for example, after the earthquake C headed to the shelter, and, however, since he was the leader of the women's Brand Dfi fighters, Clytan to the low lining areas to support people on their way to a vacation.

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and it could not evacuate when that's tsunami struck

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the community. Ecosystem could not work sufficiently because of the shortage of the human and disos and time for evacuation.

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the background including declining and Asian population

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leading the 405 in figure 4 are also connected to taking care of themselves or their family. For example, Odi was at home with her husband, mother at the time of earthquake.

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the immediately evacuated with her husband, mother to the and and leaving the husband, Mother D. Determ to home, probably to get warm. Proceeds thinking about living in industry.

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and they were thinking about taking care of themselves or their family after evacuation, and could not go to a a shelter like A, or could not stand. In shape. Therefore, it is important to consider emergency evacuation and living in the shelter as a cities of actions.

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Furthermore, board member of the community organization and the self employed or family workers seem to have had strong a sense of responsibility to take care of themselves or their family, because they are aware that they are a community leader and had to help people larger than require help.

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And so

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why do so many people living in place as a than a high grand of it is a physical difficult to evacuate. If I create an answer. It's that the occurrence of but tsunami is larger than opposed to tsunami. It was unexpected for the residents local or national governments and researchers.

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and.

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for example, a table 5 presents the a result of the tsunami situation by about the Prefecture and research in 2,004. It shows that. even if the building is put in the structure of a, it is the less than 2 meters of the tsunami. It is supposed to be half a destroys or a shirtless, so far less damage

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 and the figure 5 shows that the in addition heights is expected to be green in the area near and above that, in addition, line of the mesh and tsunami, a green means that the in addition, dips will be less than 2 meters. But as we have seen in via 2, there are many a caus right in the area near, and

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I suggest 3 points on the

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a conclusion. A fast Casualties were well high. We have a family and members had difficulty evacuating, due to physical reasons in community organization, and many of the victims had tried helping red legend who had a difficulty vacating. It is important to to consider constructing as care system that is sustainable, or even if a disaster

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second, even if even if I mean developed country, it is a very developed to infrastructure unexpected disasters beyond the infrared structural capacities will occur. Therefore we needed to learn not only from those who survive with tsunami, but also from those who did not.

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It's sad. even if community has sufficient social networks time constraints can prevent the evacuation of the supported which project study can lead to a significant human suffering. It's us we must emphasize the concept of time, such as a fact that a time constraints during a disaster, and the I need to connect to each step

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the disaster process. For example, we're connecting emergency by creation to leaving, insert after application. and

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thank you very much for everything.

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I think the presentation of which there is a link between the infrastructure and how much infrastructure that

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community capacity of caring for themselves and levels hopefully. So definitely the recommendations, you, even at the end. But this is something that we should take Plus look at this.

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yeah, some harder and really related to some good policies in relation to sustainability. And the

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we can discuss this later. Thank you so much

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here.

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 so let me go back.

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Yes, so next presenter is

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Julia Guster

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and Julie Guster is from Tohoku University. The disaster culture and Archives Studies Division

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in the International Research Institute of disaster. science! In the Hawt University, and we'll she will be presenting on storytelling and the arts of as tools of in disasters or education, Kataritsogi and the stories of March 11. So over to you, Julia.

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yeah, thank you very much for the introduction. I'm actually very happy that I'm presenting after the great presentation that we just heard, because

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I thought that was very well connected to what I'm going to tell.

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 So first, I'm giving an overview about disaster, education, disaster, storytelling, because there was already something on the 311 disasters, and then the so-called Kataritsugi event.

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And then I am presenting a few insights from a survey that we conducted at this event. But I have to say that the survey questions were but rather questionable, so I'm looking more at the qualitative side of the replies to the open-ended questions.

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And before I present some concluding remarks. So yeah, we just heard about the

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3 11 disasters, and we also heard that, despite Japan investing a lot in physical infrastructure, there were still many people who fell victim to the disaster. So, of course, disaster. Education is also a very important

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aspect of disaster, risk reduction. But then, as always with education, especially when it concerns dark topics, such as disaster, it's really difficult to get people interested or invested in something that yeah, heavy. So.

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yeah, there is a problem of how to raise interest in these topics.

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And so Tomoka University. That aspect explored the possibilities of disaster storytelling.

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and the Sassa storytelling actually has a very long tradition in Japan. So first storytelling in general refers to the activity of writing, telling, or reading stories.

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and then disaster storytelling for us to. So here it's described as sharing one's experience of a disaster with others, but it's actually sharing any experience of disaster with others. So that's a big difference. I would say

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so in Japan.

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Storytellers are referred to as Kata, Dbe. So a storyteller can be anything, so that those could be people who read like fictional stories to other people. But recently.

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or especially since 1,945, and the drop of the atomic bombs, so called disaster storytellers are also referred to as Katarib, who share experiences of trauma with others.

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and So there's a big difference to what I would say. Maybe Western perceptions of witness accounts.

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so I'm not sure how it's like, maybe in other culture something similar exists as well. But there are a huge difference, for example, to holocaust survivors in in Germany who would share their experiences is that to become Akatarib? It's not enough to passively experience drama.

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but you have to make the active decision of sharing the experience. So the term K, that even comes from the verb qatar, which means to tell.

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whereas with eyewitnesses, basically, everybody is a witness just by experiencing something.

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So yeah, here there is this big difference. And another big difference is that a catadiva is not necessarily a survivor themselves, but it can be also people telling the stories of their relatives or people passing on stories that they heard from somebody else. So that's also a big difference.

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And so, after the great Hanshin Araji earthquake in 1,995. A group of people came together in Corby that was heavily affected by the disaster and collected survivor accounts by people who were affected by the disaster, and then they turned these accounts into short stories that were then presented

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at an event, and later on there were also like musicians joining. So in in that. yeah. And that way the catalogue event was created. So Kataritui also means to pass on something.

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And so Tohoku University, connected to this group after the 311 disasters, to create something similar, but actually on a larger scale, and that was held

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from 2,013, and here you can see What it looks like. So the a famous actress called Takesh da Keiko, who was also already involved in the Kerber version and would read the story of 7. yeah. So 7 short stories, basically, that were based on interviews with survivors.

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And these as short stories would be then accompanied by music, so that could be choirs or orchestra, or like classical musicians, and in the back there would be also huge.

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And what color paintings of like scenes of the disaster.

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Yeah, if we have time, I can show you what this looks like later.

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and those stories contain mostly very clear messages, so something like Don't head out to the sea. If a tsunami is coming or evacuate to higher ground, but they also address other topics like discrimination against disaster-effective people in Fukushima Prefecture.

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So now I'm quickly introducing some examples. So this this is an excerpt of a story from 2,013, which was based on the experiences of a mother and and her children, who used to live in the coastal area of Sandai City

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after the earthquake struck, the mother had remembered another earthquake that happened a year before, and had triggered a tsunami warning. But nothing had happened. And then. So the story continues.

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But in the end nothing really happened. So that year before, so, after standing by all day, I eventually went home. However, this time I thought it would be likely it would likely be a longer ordeal. So I went into the house and started putting together blanket strings and other important things. So just what we what we heard in the other presentation.

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It was then that I heard my father-in-law, who was waiting alone outside, shouting about that tsunami. We got up to the second floor. We could see the tsunami, which was just about at eye level. It was this enormous black mass. bearing down on us like a living thing. I didn't hear anything in my memory. There's no sound at all. The black mass was was swallowing everything that we came in contact with.

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So this is very similar to the experiences that we just heard in the other presentation.

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And so there's another example, that is.

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I would say, a little bit

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more straightforward even to like passing on lessons learned. So this is based on the former chief of the General Affairs Bureau at the Takadjo City of the storing station.

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And so he gives in his story basically advice on how to how cities should prepare for a disaster. So he writes, From the experience we learned how important it is for the disaster victims to have light and information. So we now have installed backup generations at schools in the city.

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This way, people can watch TV to get information in the event of a sudden long term blackout. We have also changed our policy regarding who and how people can fuel cars at gas stations within the city.

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In case of an emergency, we have decided that people can fill their tank with a city permit, while at the same time giving a priority to those who require immediate medical attention. For this policy we have received many complaints, but we had to draw a line somewhere. So this is a very clear

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information.

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So now I just mentioned that we at the event we were handing out printed surveys to the visitors that contained like. We are very broad questions about the demography, ratings of the stories, how they liked a different aspect of aspects of the event. But to to be honest, like some of the questions, were phrased like, do you think your disaster awareness changed after the disaster.

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Yes, a lot, yes, a little bit, yes, a tiny bit. And so in the end it was summarised as yes, so it's a bit questionable, but I wasn't involved in creating a survey. I have to defend myself.

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But there were also a lot of open, ended questions. And so, looking at those questions. I think that was actually pretty interesting to see how people refer to to these stories. And that was analyzed by Max Qda, which is a qualitative data analysis software.

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So now to the results. So

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it was very interesting to see that about 70% of the visitors each year are women between 60 and 70 years old, and most of them so basically, almost all of them come from the Host Prefecture. So, as I said, the event takes place in a different city every year. and also most of them come from the city where the event is taking place, and I think this is, of course, also related to

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the age group, and the main reasons why they joined was, of course, not because they wanted to learn about disaster stories, but they wanted to see the actress who is very popular among among that age group.

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And

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yeah, about 30% of the respondents said in the open and request questions. They mentioned that they felt overcome with emotions moved and impressed by the survivor. Accounts

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among the different art forms of this event. Of course, the readings were mentioned as being most impressive.

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The paintings were mentioned about by about 10% of the people, and the music was actually a bit controversial, especially in the early years, and I think that was also related to the age group, because many people complained that it was either too loud or interfered with with the readings that it was hard to hear. the the reader

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like, yeah, reading the stories, and sometimes also the

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the vibe of the music wouldn't really match the stories. So that was, that's actually pretty difficult.

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And, as I said before, not very surprising with the way the questions were asked. Most people said the event was very helpful in terms of disaster education, but what I did find very interesting was that although

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Almost all the people attending this event came from disaster affected areas themselves. For example, Sandai City.

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there was a huge difference in how much people knew about the disaster, and often, and there was also a huge difference in how much they knew about their own prefecture, and then about what people experienced in other prefectures, especially when it relates to Fukushima prefecture.

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And so even among the group that is often kind of lumped together as disaster survivors. Of course, there is a huge variation in terms of awareness and also effectiveness.

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 yes, some people said that they would have wished for even more straightforward lessons. They should be more about.

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Yeah, how do I conduct a disaster drill? But many also said that they it helped them to kind of rethink their own disaster for preparedness. And now I just want to mention some of the free responses. So in 2,014, for instance, there was

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one girl who said that almost 3 years after the disaster. So actually, that was just 3 years after the disaster. Many books and TV shows cover what had happened after the earthquake.

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I watched and read many of them, but it was the first time that I heard someone talk about it. Life in front of me, hearing someone. Life really reaches the heart. You should not say this disastrous over, and leave it at that. With all the terrible things that happened, I learned the importance of conveying these stories. When I meet my friends from the Students Club, I will tell them what I have learned.

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And then there was also a fisherman

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who in 2,015 wrote that listening to the Katalitsugi, I recognized many of the problems related to the disaster. I was born and born and raised in a fishing village. From early on people kept telling me earthquake equals tsunami, so these lessons were useful on March 11, when I was at the coast and immediately evacuated. However, there were also some problems regarding my own actions, and I keep telling them to others as essence learned.

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So yeah, in conclusion, yeah, this event kind of helped reaching to a group of people that otherwise might not have been that interested in disaster, education or disaster or disaster-related stories.

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And yeah, the different art forms definitely helped in invoking empathy and also kind of connecting to these individual stories, which is a bit different from like textbook disaster education.

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But there were also people mentioning that they would have preferred actually firsthand survivors to read their stories or talk about their experiences themselves.

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And if you're interested in the larger picture, I think, yeah, that's the chapter in the book. And yeah, thank you very much.

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I think.

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Julia, there's this specification catches the point of this critical business studies that.

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despite being being the same, or the magnitude of the earthquake being the same, yet the experience of the disaster is very different, and each one can tell the disaster experience in a different way, and the way this recepts. But I also feel that the fact that you have a majority of visitors who are women

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they have is passing down their story. So they have a big educational role within the community itself and families and communities. So that's a very strong point. Thank you.

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All right. we go.

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and have another. presenter here. Yeah, I can see her. It's and he's at nobles and robes. Sorry. And she's a research fellow at Jaika Ogata Sadapo Research Institute for Peace and Development.

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And let me just click on.

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Yeah, on the presentation, so that we will present on who can stay and yet can't move. So over to you. Thank you.

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So yeah, first of all, I'd like to thank the organizer of the panel for including me in in this very interesting session so as introduced. My name is Lisette. I'm a research fellow at the Jica Ogata Research Institute in Tokyo my presentation today entitled Day. Who can stay. And yet we can't move examining the disaster displacement for of those affected by the 2,020 South Japan flooding.

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So first of all, I'd like to share that. This paper is a derivative of a book, chapter entitled Finding Empowerment, a miss displacement and Immobility during disaster. This is one of our research output in our Institute, the upcoming publication, human security and Empowerment in East Asia. Beyond the pandemic. Our editors include a Professor Melika Bayer of Daniel Technological University.

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which I mean from Dorothea University and also Sachiko Chicago from Arist Jamaican University.

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So yeah, this is the outline of my presentation. I know we only have 12 min, so I have to be very concise about this. So to begin with, one thing we're sure about is that time does not stand still, and that crisis do not wait in queue. And we experience that definitely during the 20

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during 2,020. We're in the height of the pandemic. Everyone is trying to cope with the challenges from related to combating the Coronavirus, but at the same time we also know that there are disasters continue to to happen, and causing a lot of death and as well as economic losses.

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And one of the key consequences of disasters is actually it's impact to people's mobility. based on the internal displacement monitoring centers report about 5.9 million idps or internally displaced people.

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have to move in 886 countries just in 2021 alone. So here in the number you'll see that between conflict and disaster. There are a lot more people who are actually displaced because of conflict. However. what is important to note as well is that Those who are actually moving because of disasters a lot more frequent. So that that's why. it's something really important to expert and look into.

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Now, displacement exposes people to precarious conditions and has genuine and con consequences to people's lives, livelihood, and dignity. That's why I thought that a people-centered approach like human security would place those who were displaced at the center of the analytical and operational framework, and addressing this long standing and cascading challenges, which is, making it more inclusive and as well sustainable.

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So for my research question in in in this presentation, I'd like to frame it using human security. The human security approach. Where in it answers the question of security from Of whom? Security, from what security, by what means, and from that, I'd like to address the question on what were the pre-pandemic insecurities of the people in Kuma village.

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Second, how did COVID-19. Pandemic impact the pre-pandemic insecurities of the residents during the 2,020 flooding and as well as how the displaced residents are protected and empowered from this dual crisis.

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So briefly, I'd like to just describe more about human security. So, as mentioned, it's a people centered approach where it tries to in compass or address all, all root costs and as well as the cascading consequences of problem through combined top down, protection from state and other institutions, and also from bottom up, empowerment from communities and other and other people supporting them

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now in terms of protection. There's a lot with the presence of several

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large impact disasters. There is definitely a development in terms of protection initiatives integrating the the concept or the idea of displacement in in addressing them, we, we have

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them available at the global level, regional as well as the national level in the case of Japan.

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Now, when talking about the other end empowerment Usually the discussion of human security and disasters built more on the importance of protection. However, there are case study, specific discussions on how people become and communities are being more resilient to disasters. You'll have a number of case studies on social capital, the importance of network especially.

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and like in the case of Hurricane Katrina, you'll find a lot related as well to the tohok or earthquake, and also in typhoon, high in the Philippines and some other.

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So this combination of protection and empowerment is quite necessary.

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and because it's the the successor. Failure in terms of the response and recovery from this disaster can can actually be attributed to this to

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to combined instruments.

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So one aspect, too, is when we want to talk about people's mobility. So, using the aspiration capabilities model of migration, it actually looks at migration or people's movement to become an important resource that actually highlights people's capability. However, in in times of disaster and and other instances, people like using migration or movement

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is not really a feasible resource to actually look or use. So yeah, human immobility. It's very important to to actually consider and address the question of what features, or what structural features can cause some people to respond to environmental stresses by actually moving. And for those that who cannot move.

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So when we talk about immobility. There is There are certain groups of individuals who become trapped in certain places, maybe physically, and also in in the more conceptual aspect, which I will be this kind of like the idea here in this presentation that makes them where they are more vulnerable to this environmental changes. So there are certain geometries or group of people, particularly older people, people with disabilities.

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or who, as much as they want to actually move from or be protected. Nevertheless, they left the ability to do so. So for this paper.

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what we are highlighting here is actually this, use using. The temporary housing is a critical space for describing 2 faces of disaster moving into the temporary housing, and the second part is actually to move out of the temporary housing.

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So I want to present not the case of Kuma village in Komamoto. So I think somehow parallel to your paper to your groups. a publication. It's important to understand, first, the pre disaster context of a location. And one of the point highlighted of my of our research person in for this case study is that

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the village, I guess, like in most rural villages in Japan, has has too many handicaps. It means to say it's hard, it's challenging, but it's liable. They try to find ways to actually survive, even if let's say, there are not so many existing infrastructures, they'll able to find ways to get to the nearest village or city to actually avail of the resources that they need.

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Now, also, there is this 2 interlock concern in the village, which is its aging population, and the population and the critical need in the village is to ensure the well-being of the older population, which is majority of its residents, and to make the village attractive to families with with smaller children. Unfortunately, the second part is quite a challenge that they're still facing now.

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and also the occurrence of annual rain and flooding are also part of the life in the village. So it's not really something that's unusual for for it to happen. It's known it's only the extent of the flooding that actually became challenging for for the area.

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Of course there is a lot more to describe about the entirety of the village, but I think at the moment this important information will be useful.

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So During the 2,020 flooding Kamaloto was actually one of this. that was greatly affected. having the combined as of 114, and that's in casualties and damaging about 7,359 homes, and one that is greatly affected is actually in Kuma village? under the if you see in the photo the one with a dark blue.

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yeah. In in that circle I actually emphasize how How much water inundation from the river actually took place, and actually having to wash away a lot of houses nearby.

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So what? How is it to respond to such an issue during the pandemic. So basically, the COVID-19 related regulations during flooding, reemphasize. the 2 challenge of the village one is that it's the population and also the aging population. First, the limited entry of supply delayed the restoration process. Some residents left the village also after the flooding, especially if those with children, and know that it will be hard to

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to rebuild again, they actually move to the nearby town of Hityoshi. Then there are also this discontinuity, or a decrease of some of the vital infrastructures. The photo on the

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outside on the right side that you can see actually is a one of the train stations that when we were there in 2,021, late late 2021. At that time the train line is is not yet operational, because, yeah, at that time there's still one is a concern. If it's not really that many people there, the other one is is still at the state of rebuilding.

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Then Flood induced displacement also raised complex resettlement concerns, particularly for the older people, and 30% of common village residents whose homes were destroyed are staying in the temporary housing.

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So let's examine the this concept of displacement and immobility. So this one is just a

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short summary of an example of a migration pattern, the movement of one of the residents, and how she said that after During during the heavy rain, and they were announced that they have to leave their home. So she evacuated to the nearby temple, which is a lot more elevated than her place.

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From there she took shelter to a certain area, and then, after a few days, moved to Komamoto City, and then but she felt quite lonely, even if she's staying with a friend's place.

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And When there was a notice of available units for tem temporary housing back in near in her area. She decided to move, and eventually, an October of 2020, she moved to this temporary housing in Nishiki nearby. coma village, and she said, everyone at the temporary housing site had the comfort of sharing the same experience, and For her it was a a better place for her mentally.

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So when we talk about displacement like I said that. An important space is actually the temporary housing. So it actually is a valuable site where people can actually restart again, somehow and actually, not just on the physical aspect of it or the construction of homes, but also to create a space for them to interact and to to move forward from the crisis.

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the move.

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Okay, yeah. So the move to the temporary housing. So basically, it's, it's it's a means of protection, right? So a lot. it's part of the village plan to actually introduce or have this temporary temporary housing units as a way to actually support those who are displaced. However, the temporary housing doesn't doesn't cover everything or the entirety of the the problems that they are concerned.

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especially for older people. A lot of those that are not really in paper would include the purchasing of daily supplies for older people getting used to the new living environment, which is very much different from what they were used to, and also the opportunity to gather and organize. So remember, this took place during the 2,020 during COVID-19, and at that time gathering in in large groups at least, for Japan, was very much

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restricted. So through the one on the this side is actually the

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efforts that were implemented. There's a local non-profit organization that supports the delivery of supplies, and in the temporary housing areas in other in other areas of the village. And then also, there's an ad hoc center or a group that actually check on the people in the residence in the temporary housing and Dominion Mina, which is actually, I think, this was established, based from the experience of the

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a great East Japan earthquake was supposed to be like, I said, a complex for sharing space, but at that time was, have limited use.

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So the challenge now is actually moving from moving out of the temporary housing. And this actually is the one. But I want to talk about of this lack of mobility in terms that is rooted, not just in the physical mobility of older people, but also the financial resources and the access to sufficient information to make concrete decisions and plan for their future.

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So this one is just a summary of what? How one of the residents think about the challenges of actually moving out of the temporary housing. And here are actually the key points that I think that when, in addressing immobility.

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the need for a solution should be understandable, flexible and as well as sustainable.

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Just the last one. These are just rounding up everything. So, despite a pro, the approaching deadline, which is I It's already passed a deadline, anyway. So it remains, unclear. Where these people will move to next. There is uncertainty reinforces their immobility. Constrained by the very recovery plan that is supposed to facilitate their transition to a more permanent home.

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Now we had a follow-up visit just in in 2023 and at the moment it says that there's still the construction is is still delayed, and there it might still need a few more years, and a lot of people are still unsure as to who can actually move? What are the requirements, etc.? So the future plans for the village need to be. To adapt to certain new realities, including the number of people who are actually staying in the village.

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just 3 final insights The first one is that individuals and community play the most critical role and immediate role of determining what needs to be done. They are the best agent in protecting and empowering themselves at the same time, especially for people who are in their advanced age. While they have, they do have a lot of deficits. It's also important to consider that they can contribute to the live experience in displacement and in the recovery of their community. So

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yeah, for those who are forcibly displaced. human security comes from gradually overcoming displacement and immobility and the protection strategies during temporary displacement are very crucial and finding a durable solution actualizes their empowerment.

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So yeah, these are the if you want to know more about our project. So yeah, there's a to our program. Thank you very much.

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Thank you is that I thank you.

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 pointed at the critical factor. The the mobility is not just physical mobility's emotional mobility is the everyone around, and I think that it can be empowering, and it can be also challenging. And I think that's a critical point. Thank you for the case study. It was really important

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I will move to Mochezukus and say.

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I think so. Yeah. So meanwhile I will just say a few words.

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So it makes it suggests to me the you here so free to share the the

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and what she suck at, and says when she's looking Mickey and she is assistant professor at the faculty of informatics at Shizuoka University in Japan.

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and she will present a a paper on what are different construction issues. In 10 years after the Great East you can have Wake and the case on the tsunami affected area in the Ali Prefecture. So once you do this inside over to you. Thank you.

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And

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so, Hello, everyone. I'm Miki mo tzuki from. So today I'm going to talk about what are the reconstruction issues? 20 years of does that? Great is the Japan earthquake focusing on case studies that Ops nomi affected areas in the Ipu picture. Maybe this tobac is a very related to the Roberta to senses Before presentation.

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My presentation is divided into 4 sections. First, I will provide an introduction, and second, I will discuss the research question and Ms. Dorsey and third of our present 3 research, based on my field work. And finally, I will provide discussions and conclusions.

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The topic for today is the long-term reconstruction challenges after the great East Japan earthquake. To address this, I will expert. The problem of displacement

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that occurs after earthquakes.

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Displacement refers to people being unable to web in their original area, due to the tsunami and the Government's reconstruction policies restructing their residents.

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This has red to rows over it, and which means a reason to rape or reason to hope

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among the big team. Our list of how

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our guestters, how people regain their Api in the reconstructed process based on my book, The Sociology of Reconstruction from Earthquake and Reason to Web, published in 2,020. Sorry! This is just in Japanese. But today. I just read that distribute the paper by QR. Code will also serve as a reference for today's presentation. This is in in English.

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So why?

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Why we should consider ikigai in the reconciliation process. The discussion on the great Hans in aology earthquake gives you a hint.

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After the earthquake. There was a problem of social isolation.

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Among the big names, temporary in housing.

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due to moving, some people did not join any community leading to a case of raiders

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to address this. Volunteers studied, creating opportunity for the victims to work these activities such as the these photos, the mechaniso help us! Improved the mental well-being of the victims, and to encourage them to rebuild their waves.

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The importance of so supporting a Kigai was recognized by society.

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however, similar issues, such as social association were observed in after the in the aftermath of the great East Japan earthquake. In my study I am to answer to research. Question.

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First, what are the effort? Effects of displacement of those of tsunami?

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I will focus on the case of farmers and analyze the differences before and after the tsunami. The second question is how we can solve this problem. Now, we are support as a bruntiers, such as non-profit organization and local communities.

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I pray, a key role. I focus on trends in committees and supporters in tsunami affected areas.

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So the Ms. Dorji, I employed is quantitative research very high. And maybe so. Interviews and participatory observations. I researched street cases in Tamara and what I was located in Miyagi Prefecture.

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Which were different, affected by the tsunami. In the following sections. I'll explain the reasons of this 3 case studies. Before the dessert. Here is the visual information about Tamara in Iwan must be Tamara is the east part of Ivan Musti, due to the tsunami. 6 coastal breezes relocated to Tamar Ranji, distinct, new recreated by the government that this brow photos.

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And here is the basic information about the Watari zeros, also deeply affected by the tsunami, same as Tamara people. Food web in coastal areas should move to in land areas.

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The first guest study examines the changes in farmers, writes in Tamarra as part of a reconstruction effort, the Government considered existing issues, such as rubber shortage and aging programs, and decided to provide funding only to frameworks

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who established an agricultural cooperation in the case of a tamara. Few young farmers decided to restart farming and re-establish corporations and receive from the funding.

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While most of the farmers chose to retire.

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however, they faced the problem of having nothing to do in temporary housing. Some people tend to as read themselves in temporary housing, while others experienced depression when remind of the disaster.

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In this situation some individuals choose to return to farming, not just to make our webbing, but to require their way of rife.

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I named this phenomenon of farming as so a whale rife

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to address this issue of having nothing to do in their their lives.

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I conducted interview in the case of worm and fema in tamal rough. She mentioned that before the tsunami they used to work almost all day, but their reibs dramatically changed afterward.

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They expressed a sense of broth in this context, restarting farming was important for them. It helped them be both relationship with others, and to discover their way of being

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so, they they regain their confidence.

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So, however, not everyone could restart farming on their own finding farmland and farming, farming, equipment. Equipment was difficult, because they had moved to temporary housing far away from their previous locations

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to solve this problem, a non-profit organization in watery initiative, a support program called Kenko Nov. This means the farming for health.

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the Nfl created work, opportunity even involving elderly people in the community.

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Kenkon Logo is an activity in which participants, divided into groups by day of the week, Mondays of Friday to jointly operate our field and share rent.

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So This program! People regain a sense of their identity as a farmers as well as other skills. They posits such as cooking.

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However, the program first implementation in terms of humor and financial resources. The question arise who will be in church once the initiative grantiers have with the road.

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So now let's make a look at the situation of Kenko. No go after 5 years first. past so and P. O. Hart have handed over this activity to another, and build work. G. Consisting of the residents.

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So organization. G was comprised not only of coastal residents, but also inhibited individuals from in-brand areas that were not directly affected by tsunami, and they joined because they emphasis with the suffering and the distress of the coastal residents.

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During this time, so connections were formed among people were not Who were not previously involved, and there was a growing awareness among individual ribbing in the same area.

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So moving on the discussion, the first point is to consider the effect of displacement after the tsunami. It leads to our roles of rival foot and purpose in life. It means the it Guy.

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and in the case of Tamara there were retirements and the issue of having nothing to do in the daily life.

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The second point is how to solve this program. So some farmers managed to successfully restart their farming activities as a way of drive

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for those unable to do so on their own non-profit organization support programs, provide opportunity to engage in farming, allowing people to regain a sense of their yeah.

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I think in case we, these support activities continue, even after the withdrawal of the supporters contributing to the mental care of each victim, and they foster a growing awareness among individuals living in closer and inland areas that they are belonging to the same region

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in this way, in long-term supports for finding their own ikigai. It was crucial how the the local committee can address the problems testing by individual victims.

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So. okay. So this is a conclusion. So after the break is Japan earthquake bruntiers and andpos from outside of to hook area played a major role in caring for individual breakdowns.

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However, the frigate occurrence disaster elsewhere in Japan has red to that with all of them. On the other hand, even in today's society, where people can move freely and communicate with fiscally gathering together, say to Ari, We found that to be them suffered from Of isolation, and they are sick to connect with others in where they live.

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Also, so possibility of excavation, deterredized communities has been discussed recently with the advance of a Mobile Society and the development advanced information technologies that guarantee, at least in my case, studies communities that and Med deeply related the region and press.

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the conclusion, this presentation has right the information of our new sense of community and the development of supportive relationship in response to the problem using the Iki.

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This is different from existing committee units in Japan, such as Neighborhood Association in Japanese stone, like awarded to Kai, whose members are only residents.

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and it is an important aspect to consider, particularly in the context of Japanese-edge society.

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And this is a kind of the future question. So we will discuss after. that so now. So the a little bit. So we that explain. The, what is the current decision on the coastal area?

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This 2 photos taken in 2,021 and 22 shows no, the No Residency zone of the relocation. There are areas of run that are still untouched. 10 years after people were locally located. 150.

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How many of them have? Turned into a few sorrow panel Prats! This kind of risk, concert, reconstruction. There we get so.

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I think so. In battery we see hope, even after the relocation citizens are working on their own to restore coastal green areas right? It's most the right side. The photos. This example shows that since self-governess over their run continues.

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So I'm I'm so very little to be excellent. Thank you for listening.

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Yes, thank you for much. It's a very good question in the long term how this reconstruction, or taking

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going back to a way of life, but the way your life might be different. So the adjustment must be considered. And then, as you said, but some Npos might leave.

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and therefore who is then taking care, or keep promoting these activities is an important question. We will discuss later. Okay, thank you. we have last. It was first the list when the last

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and

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we have James golf.

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And

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so he is a visiting research professor at the Research Center for disaster reduction system and Disaster Prevention Research Institute at Kyoto University. I know it's a little bit of a cold. And let's see how it goes. Okay, yeah, that's right. Here. Thank you. He's presenting this paper, who is also part of the collection of contributions of the End book

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title, Disasters without Borders, the Coronavirus pandemic, global climate change and the ascendencies of gradual onslaught disasters. Thank you. Since I over to you

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this morning was a bad time to come down with a cold.

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I'm going to keep my mask on, and I'll do my best to project my voice, but

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we'll see how it goes.  I'd like to acknowledge my co-author, Katuya Yomori of Kyoto University.

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We are.

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Yes, I know a high-tech revolt, for sure.

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At any rate, we authored this paper with the same title as you see here 2 years ago in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

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 what I hope to do.

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Let's see.

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how do we move on? Here? There we go.

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What I'd like to do is present a critique of the traditional sociological concept of how disasters are defined in terms of the temporal spatial phasing and positioning.

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that is typical of of this particular definition. I'd like to discuss the implications of the traditional concept for policy and public perception, make an argument for the inclusion of gradually occurring processes as disasters, and finally, the focus is on the Coronavirus, pandemic and global climate change and other gradually gradually occurring or slow onset disasters

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the philosopher and phenomenologist, Edmund Husserl once noted that encrusted theories accumulate on phenomena over time, and require a scraping off

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to reveal the things in themselves. This is a good lead in to what I'm about to present.

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 the sociologist, Charles Fritz

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 was an early definer of

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disaster as an event concentrated in time and space, in which a society or a relatively self. Sufficient subdivision of a society undergoes severe danger, and incurs such losses that the social structure is disrupted

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lest you feel that I'm creating a strong man and a 60 year old. Definition. we have later sociologists, including Henry Corn, Telly and Ron Perry. In a chapter of a book they

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stated that we are inclined to exclude from the concept of disaster all very diffused events, including traditional droughts and famines and certain kinds of epidemics.

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It is best to think of the concept of disaster as an occasion involving an immediate crisis or an emergency.

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So the assumptions of this traditional paradigm are that disasters occur rapidly in time in a temporal framework of seconds to a few days.

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Disasters occur in a well circumscribed geographical area, that is, with identifiable boundaries.

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Disasters can be conceptualized as cycling through phases typically described as preparedness. response, mitigation, and recovery

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disasters and their cycles are clear and predictable with each phase being characterized by specific

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actions to alleviate the impact of the disaster event, and finally, public policy and legislation prescribing specific institutional responsibilities and actions reflect this paradigm.

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So let me go through these borders one at a time. The first is a temporal border.

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Disasters occur according to according to the traditional definition or events, occurrences that disrupt the normal functioning of society.

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Second.

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rapidly accumulating Ramsay rapidly occurring disasters like earthquakes, tornadoes, flooding, and landslides, though they differ in duration.

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can be temporarily parameterized as occurring in seconds to a few days.

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excluded our droughts.

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famines, epidemics, and climate change, disasters that are lengthy, and duration and or endemic.

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Recent works in the social sciences have argued for more temporarily diffuse concepts. Sue, for example, wrote a paper called Must disasters be rapidly occurring.

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a case for an expanded temporal typology of disasters.

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or an abandonment of the temporal border in favor of a view of disasters as processes that reflect or expose broader

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societal issues, including inequality and racism, from the

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Horowitz and Reams, edited a book on critical disaster studies

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the spatial border. A second border is spatial or geo-limited.

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as Fritz conceptualizes that the societal or more typically regional or localized in scope.

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The spatial death dimension refers not only to a disaster in general. but to all considerations of zoning as a means of population protection.

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We can look at spatial aspect in 2 ways.

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One would be the actual disaster itself being geographically limited.

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but also looking at zoning terms of

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flood inundation, zones, tsunami, inundation zones, and

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perhaps areas that are vulnerable to earthquakes.

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So for

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but many disasters, particularly epidemics and climate change, are global.

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They divide boundaries imposed to limit their impacts.

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The globalization of disasters and the need for a comprehensive multi-national policy of mitigation seriously challenges nation states that differ in wealth.

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culture. governmental configurations in alliances.

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We often think of the cycle of disaster

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which is, of course, related to the temporal border

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in terms of these.

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 If a disaster is considered a discrete event in time, actions can be taken to respond, recover, mitigate, and prepare before the next occurrence.

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Presumably lessons have been learned that can be applied to the next disaster.

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It's been

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a standard model for both academic study of disaster and disaster management programs. For example.

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the agency I worked for for many years

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broke down the agency itself into very specific departments devoted to rapid onset disasters.

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But

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I'd like to suggest that some

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disasters really don't conform very well

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to the standard. paradigm that

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 the author, Fukridine and his colleagues offered this model

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of the complexity of the covid response and recovery.

462
01:34:42.120 --> 01:35:05.590
One of the problems we had, of course, with with the Covid pandemic was that there were new variants that arose, so we were never really quite sure whether we were responding or recovering, and often we could see things in terms of these cycles of response, recovery back into response and recovery

463
01:35:09.320 --> 01:35:19.390
in terms of positioning. What we're talking about here is public policy and role players gradually occurring disasters create dilemmas for policymakers.

464
01:35:19.510 --> 01:35:27.299
Mitigation measures may require difficult trade-offs, they may require the confrontation of entrenched interests.

465
01:35:27.610 --> 01:35:40.609
There is a tendency to deal with rapidly occurring secondary disasters that are generated by these longer-term processes, particularly global climate change.

466
01:35:42.960 --> 01:35:46.919
It's not always easy to identify the appropriate experts.

467
01:35:46.990 --> 01:36:00.609
some may fall outside established legal and administrative structures. The major gradual occurring disasters require international cooperation, which is difficult to achieve.

468
01:36:01.350 --> 01:36:08.550
so the complexities of comprehensive response may lead to the back burner

469
01:36:08.720 --> 01:36:16.869
in favor of issues perceived to be more pressing economic issues, crime and war. For example.

470
01:36:20.290 --> 01:36:29.099
there was a recent, maybe not quite so recent, opinion article the New York Times actually appeared in September of 2,022

471
01:36:29.420 --> 01:36:32.439
pose the question, Do the major contributors

472
01:36:32.500 --> 01:36:43.279
to greenhouse gases, fueling climate change have an obligation to compensate for disasters and nations that contribute very little

473
01:36:43.560 --> 01:36:55.790
the burden of disasters caused by climate change placed disproportionate burdens on poor and marginalized in all nations. It's a matter of environmental justice.

474
01:36:58.550 --> 01:37:00.570
So okay.

475
01:37:00.750 --> 01:37:16.839
so in assessing the impacts of gradual onset disasters. Another potential border is the assessment of disaster impacts which traditionally include the number of casualties, population, displacement, property, damage, and so on.

476
01:37:17.240 --> 01:37:29.550
and to some extent Similar statistics can be compiled for slowly occurring disasters. The Coronavirus, for example, has caused 7 million fatalities worldwide

477
01:37:29.580 --> 01:37:32.430
over a million in the United States.

478
01:37:33.050 --> 01:37:39.279
 but gradual onset disasters we now face require new metrics.

479
01:37:39.590 --> 01:37:47.029
The loss of habitat, a marked increase in secondary disasters, climate reparations.

480
01:37:47.320 --> 01:37:51.670
fatalities will continue to accumulate for years and decades.

481
01:37:51.850 --> 01:37:57.180
and recovery will be less salient than accommodation and adaptation.

482
01:37:57.240 --> 01:38:09.919
It will become difficult to disaggregate losses caused by disasters secondary to the main ongoing processes, and it will also be difficult to prevent them from becoming a new normal.

483
01:38:11.420 --> 01:38:20.989
So let me conclude by saying, I discussed this with a colleague, and he said, Oh, this is just mere semantics.

484
01:38:21.220 --> 01:38:37.359
but I I disagree with that, I think the argument here presented is not merely somatic. Concepts and definitions derived are powerful and capable of setting public agendas which guide governments to address or ignore a hazard.

485
01:38:37.680 --> 01:38:41.969
So. in the words of W. I. Thomas.

486
01:38:42.250 --> 01:38:48.230
the situation is defined as real, it becomes real in its consequences. It

487
01:38:48.740 --> 01:39:02.739
one can understand the desire for conceptual clarity when disaster research was in its infancy. But that time has passed. The old paradigm of disasters become a conceptual burden.

488
01:39:02.770 --> 01:39:08.460
limiting and unrealistic and confronting the pandemic and global climate change.

489
01:39:08.580 --> 01:39:21.039
A new paradigm must include gradually occurring disasters and policies that recognize the need for effective global cooperation and enforceable actions.

490
01:39:21.210 --> 01:39:24.130
Let me just present my questions.

491
01:39:25.810 --> 01:39:33.419
some questions to ponder. How can disaster be better defined to incorporate disasters we currently face globally?

492
01:39:33.760 --> 01:39:43.039
And, second, how can the social sciences best contribute to addressing the issues associated with climate crisis and pandemic disease?

493
01:39:43.280 --> 01:39:44.230
Thank you

494
01:39:52.780 --> 01:40:17.619
to be here now in Orange. Okay, yes, thank you very much, both since A and that you can see why the reason why it was meant to be the first presentation. I guess it gives the conceptual idea and the overall idea of how handbook to this you need to move beyond this old paradigm and definition of disaster. So

495
01:40:17.620 --> 01:40:27.949
we have a few minutes for a discussion and questions, and I would like to invite all presenters to sit here so that we have

496
01:40:28.180 --> 01:40:29.590
maybe one more, 2,

497
01:40:32.890 --> 01:40:35.440
maybe one more chill. Can you grab one

498
01:40:36.890 --> 01:40:39.390
anything? This

499
01:40:41.540 --> 01:40:43.719
you can see them in one now?

500
01:41:00.160 --> 01:41:10.710
Ok, so I think maybe we can start with collecting view questions or a couple of questions. I don't think we have much time.

501
01:41:10.870 --> 01:41:19.729
hopefully, possibly address also some of the questions that the presenters also have posted, so I would like to open the floor

502
01:41:19.840 --> 01:41:22.290
with any questions.

503
01:41:22.820 --> 01:41:26.270
The floor, many points

504
01:41:26.629 --> 01:41:35.219
you would like to clarify. Yeah, could you please move to the mic so that the zoom people.

505
01:41:35.590 --> 01:41:37.270
is it working? Yeah.

506
01:41:58.480 --> 01:42:22.129
Hi, thank you so much for your your presentation. I'm sorry I came in late. my name is Tricia Wakendorf, and I'm with the University of Delaware. My question actually is for James. since that's mainly the one that I caught. I'm wondering if you have thought about the incorporation of catastrophe and disasters, because some of the more recent writing corn Telly, for example, among others.

507
01:42:22.200 --> 01:42:51.899
have really distinguished the qualitative difference between emergencies, disasters, and catastrophes kind of leaving behind Fritz or some of those earlier definitions, and thinking about something being more disaster, characteristic and more catastrophe characteristic and less of a a strict definition. I'm wondering if you thought about how that works, and I think you're spot on movement in this direction. And if there's other food for thought related to that term. Thank you.

508
01:42:52.660 --> 01:42:57.950
Okay. But this is fine.

509
01:42:58.370 --> 01:43:09.389
you know there are many nuances. Trish, that I I wasn't able to to say in 15 min. But yes, I I think that that all of that is is the case in terms of catastrophes.

510
01:43:09.430 --> 01:43:14.780
 I think, though, that to some degree

511
01:43:15.570 --> 01:43:25.550
both policy and to some extent academic research is still captive of this older paradigm.

512
01:43:25.590 --> 01:43:33.199
and, as I mentioned, I I spent most of my career as a disaster manager rather than an academic.

513
01:43:33.290 --> 01:43:34.860
And I know that my

514
01:43:34.930 --> 01:43:57.719
agency basically was broken down into sections that corresponded specifically to the rapid onset disasters. There was no public health component of the California office of emergency services, for example, and global climate change was was basically not addressed at all.

515
01:43:57.860 --> 01:43:58.980
And

516
01:43:59.540 --> 01:44:06.139
of course, in California, if we've had an exacerbation of fires each year.

517
01:44:06.190 --> 01:44:09.790
and they've grown larger and more intense and

518
01:44:09.879 --> 01:44:11.340
of

519
01:44:11.559 --> 01:44:16.369
created tremendous problems for many communities.

520
01:44:16.559 --> 01:44:17.520
So

521
01:44:17.809 --> 01:44:19.830
I'd like to think that

522
01:44:20.389 --> 01:44:35.900
both from an academic standpoint and from a public policy standpoint, we could begin thinking more seriously in terms as Cornelli did toward the end, about catastrophes and

523
01:44:36.070 --> 01:44:42.589
and getting away from the temporal limitations of the definition of a disaster.

524
01:44:47.330 --> 01:44:48.100
You

525
01:44:50.200 --> 01:44:54.170
any questions? He?

526
01:44:54.440 --> 01:44:57.069
Yes. Would you please come over here

527
01:44:57.220 --> 01:44:58.440
and

528
01:45:02.700 --> 01:45:12.820
thank you, everyone for your amazing presentations. It's been fascinating. I have a question in particular for for Miki and Julia, because you've been

529
01:45:12.870 --> 01:45:29.389
talking a lot about the stories of people after the disasters I work in disasters and climate change, but also domestic violence. And we've been working with the stories of people who were children when they lost a parent to intimate partner homicide.

530
01:45:29.390 --> 01:45:46.430
One thing that we found is that for them it's really difficult to share their stories, because there is a double taboo of not talking about the event, so the homicide. But in this case it could be the disaster, but also not talking about the grief

531
01:45:46.450 --> 01:45:58.360
or just having a very short space. Maybe. Ok. People expect you to get over it after a couple of years, and I don't know if you found the same double taboo when people talk about

532
01:45:58.450 --> 01:46:07.090
their disaster experiences, feeling that they have to talk about certain things and not being able to talk about that regaining of the IQ guy and that recovery.

533
01:46:11.760 --> 01:46:12.550
So

534
01:46:12.670 --> 01:46:13.690
oh, yeah.

535
01:46:15.830 --> 01:46:19.610
so your point is your us.

536
01:46:20.310 --> 01:46:43.490
Thank you for your question, and so Excuse me so. The the point of your question. Do you think that people who are recovering many years later? I find it difficult to talk about some parts of their stories, because there is a taboo of not talking about the grief.

537
01:46:43.620 --> 01:46:47.749
not talking about like certain aspects of the recovery.

538
01:46:48.930 --> 01:46:53.029
so I think so.

539
01:46:53.140 --> 01:47:07.360
Yes, so

540
01:47:07.650 --> 01:47:21.990
people want to. Not so much about their about this, where the their their friends, this or family is this or them? And also some some people want to what to say.

541
01:47:22.330 --> 01:47:23.840
and we so

542
01:47:23.850 --> 01:47:47.869
so hesitate to say about the there are so different, So depressed! Story! Or to another person. But so I think in this situation the the working with another person is a very good method to communicate with users work, connect with the society.

543
01:47:47.910 --> 01:47:54.610
So in. That's why I what you say that

544
01:47:54.820 --> 01:48:08.490
I focus on this kind of not what you say the mental care we're talking about to focus on the action or program to

545
01:48:08.580 --> 01:48:10.979
to the committee.

546
01:48:13.170 --> 01:48:14.920
I think. okay.

547
01:48:21.600 --> 01:48:22.350
cool.

548
01:48:25.130 --> 01:48:26.360
Okay,

549
01:48:26.780 --> 01:48:30.460
yeah. Thank you. So much for your question.

550
01:48:30.640 --> 01:48:42.640
yes. Also, I've been working with communities across Fukushima to prefecture. Actually.

551
01:48:42.730 --> 01:49:04.149
really difficult is that it's such a compound disaster with so many different aspects. So there are people who lost their homes because of they they had to evacuate because of the radiation. They are people who lost their homes. In the tsunami there are people who experienced the earthquake, but still had a home to live in, and especially for children.

552
01:49:04.270 --> 01:49:13.809
The schools in the disaster. Affected area were often suddenly comprised of children who had very different experiences, and what happened was that

553
01:49:13.920 --> 01:49:37.129
many people refrain from talking about the disaster to begin with in order not to hurt somebody else. And so I call this hierarchies of effectiveness. When people stop talking about their own grief because there could be someone who in their eyes is affected more. And I actually found that in

554
01:49:37.220 --> 01:50:00.309
many schools. that had this kind of situation when even teachers weren't quite aware of how much the children were affected, and I often had even cases where mothers didn't know what their children had experienced on that day, because they were afraid of asking them what they had seen when they had to evacuate from the school because of the tsunami.

555
01:50:00.310 --> 01:50:23.149
So in in many schools or in some schools theatre was actually introduced as a way to overcome this kind of gap. So The children were able to create a fictional story, and they could decide on their own whether they based that story on their own experiences or something that they imagine somebody else might have experienced.

556
01:50:23.150 --> 01:50:37.270
and that became a way for the children to actually talk about what happens. I think, although these fictional aspects of disaster storytelling are often criticized by disaster experts as not

557
01:50:37.360 --> 01:50:43.960
affecting the hard facts. We can also see that in these fictional parts they actually give

558
01:50:44.010 --> 01:50:55.109
the possibilities to people to reflect and think about their experiences.

559
01:50:56.550 --> 01:50:58.450
Thank you.

560
01:51:03.190 --> 01:51:05.859
Maybe we have some, for we.

561
01:51:08.490 --> 01:51:09.920
Yeah.

562
01:51:19.570 --> 01:51:29.440
My question was for Jinghi, and in the disaster base hospitals it seems that the focus is very much on

563
01:51:29.530 --> 01:51:53.249
acute critical medical emergency. But we find in research around the world that reproductive health care is very, very low in priority lists. but without attention to broader provision of healthcare support.

564
01:51:53.960 --> 01:52:09.690
Certain conditions can lead to acute crises later on. So it's more about the delivery of of broader preventative health care. are the base hospitals focusing on that at all?

565
01:52:11.230 --> 01:52:13.280
Did I explain that

566
01:52:13.980 --> 01:52:17.629
you can? I mean, Martin would really get it.

567
01:52:17.940 --> 01:52:30.070
It's about reproductive health. So maybe it might be pregnant women, or newly delivered women.

568
01:52:30.280 --> 01:52:32.400
and

569
01:52:32.520 --> 01:52:38.409
the need to take care of their health before it becomes acute

570
01:52:40.250 --> 01:52:44.430
an emergency.

571
01:52:45.950 --> 01:52:50.930
My name is for the band, for there.

572
01:52:51.180 --> 01:53:00.070
What a hopefully experienced, actually. And they learned a lot. And after the people who experience their group of

573
01:53:01.430 --> 01:53:12.730
in the may hide a book or in the book how to respond that to emergency straight and okay

574
01:53:12.970 --> 01:53:14.070
before

575
01:53:14.080 --> 01:53:15.090
the

576
01:53:15.570 --> 01:53:22.300
3 11. Not ready. But that doesn't mean that everybody

577
01:53:22.360 --> 01:53:27.370
but it's ready at the United States, you know you have no time to read.

578
01:53:27.390 --> 01:53:29.529
So

579
01:53:29.830 --> 01:53:32.970
no, it is

580
01:53:33.060 --> 01:53:37.880
and it has a big impact. Looking at the very sad news

581
01:53:38.140 --> 01:53:51.210
that also

582
01:53:51.360 --> 01:53:53.250
it is.

583
01:53:53.590 --> 01:53:58.489
but in different studies. You cannot say that it's been used.

584
01:54:00.750 --> 01:54:06.330
but my my only personal experience and my doctors for me not to watch

585
01:54:06.360 --> 01:54:12.869
the TV notes, because all of the channels don't about made up. And then you you a little bit of babies.

586
01:54:16.030 --> 01:54:20.110
Sometimes the problem is with attribution, so

587
01:54:20.520 --> 01:54:30.269
there may be health consequences, but it's not always tied to the disaster itself, because at the later stage.

588
01:54:31.390 --> 01:54:48.480
thank you for your question. Thank you. I think we need to drop up here. Michelle's here to throw us out.