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I think we're going to start exactly on the spot. So good morning. Welcome, everybody. Welcome to the session organized by Rc. 25. My name is Anna O'donnell Colt. I come from Warsaw, and the Newsletter editor for Rc. 25,

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and the editor in chief for the language Discourse and Society Journal.

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Today we have a planned 6 presentations. Each one lasts about 15 min.

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2 of them will be presented virtually, and

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if presenters would prefer to stay there to see the screen, they are very welcome, but if you would already like to sit at the plenary table, then that's also fine, so you can make your choice where you want to see it.

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I've been asked to give a couple of lines about the basic information about the land where we are. It's a land of 250 First nations, language groups, and and we acknowledge that we are in the norm region, and we want to ask

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the norm Spirit

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to let us sleep at night for those who traveled from different time zones, and to have a prosperous meeting today. So I would like to invite our first speaker.

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who is a

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in Europe. I believe in Switzerland. It's a

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I want to go for zoom, it's

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Mr. Fernandez.

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Okay? And

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hmm

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to connect back. By the way, like it's all. And he's already there. If

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yeah, I would stop sharing, does. He wants to share? Oh, yes, so you can check it.

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Okay.

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maybe you can introduce yourself, please, because I have problems with French names

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Guillaume Fernandez: before we talk.

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Guillaume Fernandez: sure. So my name is

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Guillaume Fernandez: the spelling. They are actually. I'm a page. The candidate at the University of

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Guillaume Fernandez: Geneva in sociology, and I'm interested in the language in social net. You?

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Guillaume Fernandez: I believe

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Guillaume Fernandez: everybody sees it.

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Yes, we can see it.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Okay, thank you. So

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Guillaume Fernandez: should I start? Yes, please. Okay, thank you very much. So good morning. Good night to everyone here, and where you are now

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Guillaume Fernandez: on the planet. Well, thank you. You.

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Guillaume Fernandez: your community and I

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Guillaume Fernandez: research. And I'm sorry for not being able to

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Guillaume Fernandez: to be there.

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Guillaume Fernandez: You need to the session. though. Well, today, we present that Kerry.

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Guillaume Fernandez: I'll approach to this. So

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Guillaume Fernandez: the presentation process of I will first describe, which is

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Guillaume Fernandez: particular framework. basically, we are interesting in understanding the the link between language and identity, then we will move forward to understand

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Guillaume Fernandez: why and why is it configurational perspective.

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Guillaume Fernandez: interesting or useful. To use this perspective, then we

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Guillaume Fernandez: methodology methodological.

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Guillaume Fernandez: so how to optionalize a configurational approach, and how we link that to the link with the queues, and to conclude a little of the the take off, and what will be there for the steps in that perspective.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So language and identity it all starts with a simple question, we will say,

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Guillaume Fernandez: I take it from Bell 2,001. So why did these speakers take this way on these occasions, and. as you will see with the board characters, we have a few key concepts there. So first, we have this speaker, meaning that they are.

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Guillaume Fernandez: There is somebody producing languages, a speaker, someone who is

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Guillaume Fernandez: speaking so meaning that someone has a background has an identity.

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Guillaume Fernandez: And then we have this way. So the person had different options, different choice, and he may chose to produce the language a particular way. So among all the possibilities.

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Guillaume Fernandez: the and you all made choice to produce the language the way he did, then we have this occasion.

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Guillaume Fernandez: which means that we have a context of prediction of language. The language

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Guillaume Fernandez: is made in a particular context in the contact, that the contact that interest us is actually the interaction. But the discussion. And then we have the why.

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Guillaume Fernandez: what is the mechanism, what are the factors? Etc. Etc.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So basically, we start from a from a strong postulate. That language doesn't mean to express identity and zoom mean for individual to see themselves in the, in the social space. And how do we define identity in this perspective? We understand that following the social identity theory developed by Dashville. So basically, people

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Guillaume Fernandez: identify with a social category maybe gender ethnicity age.

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Guillaume Fernandez: You name it and people. Then they will refer to that group. They will get to belong to that group. They will be the in group. So people will refer to that group, and they will behave in order to reinforce the positive view of the group and the cell phone

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Guillaume Fernandez: at last to reinforce their feeling of self esteem and the perception of of self. Of course people can belong to to different groups, so they could be many in groups, but the group, the in group is opposed to the out group. So the group the individual does not identify with.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Then we have another theory, which is the identity theory of striker who is

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Guillaume Fernandez: in direction. Assembly, yeah. And a simple interaction is

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Guillaume Fernandez: and he sees identity as the oppression of a silent roles in a particular context in the context is understood as a social network of roles. So when we talk about roles, for instance, we we could have friends, family neighbors, styles, children, bus employees.

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Guillaume Fernandez: and those roles are They have given expectations and obligations, and people will behave in order to meet these expectations and these obligations. They I. They have towards the others, member of the network and depending on which roles is silent or is relevant for individual. The individual will behave in a certain way.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So basically, if we open somehow these 2, these 2 theories. In the first one, we have more an internal process of validation or of identification meaning that people.

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Guillaume Fernandez: We'll We'll We'll think cognitively. It will be a cognitive process of self of of self as team. So people will make the choice within.

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Guillaume Fernandez: while in the other approach people will try to be validated by the others and to be in line with the role the other ascribed to them.

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Guillaume Fernandez: so we have more psychological approach on the first on the first time, and then we have more sociological approach. And we, if we extend that to the to the

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Guillaume Fernandez: use of language. So language, if we try to relate the language to those Terry, we can relate to the audience design theory by Bell. and basically people, we use their language to show their identity. And how do they do that by

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Guillaume Fernandez: converging or diverging the the way they speak. So basically people when they are with their they will

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Guillaume Fernandez: make either they language similar to the interpreter or dissimilar, and if they make it similar, then it will show a sense of social proximity, then they rebellious visibility, or at the opposed. If they, if they diverge in the way they speak, then they will show that they're not billing belong to the same group, or they not refer to the same roles as

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Guillaume Fernandez: the the interlocutor. Basically, this is the the theoretical remote.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Then we can ask, why do we need to have an extension of those of those of those theory? First, we cool say that the it in the sit, or give too much importance on the attributes of the of the individual. So too much importance is made on the categories people refer to or the rows. Some, sometimes those roles are ascribed or they're

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Guillaume Fernandez: they're not truly relevant for the, for the, for the individual, because they do not identify themselves. as such, and language is often constraint at the moment of the indirection. So the situation define why the individual we use the the language, and we do not take into account a larger context, such as the background or the different the different

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Guillaume Fernandez:  mistakes that are that are at play. Actually.

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Guillaume Fernandez: so we can move, we can refer to the relational sociological turn to try to address this limitation. And here we refer to sociologists as white fuse or any barrier who deep. They do not focus on attributes, but they more focus on the exchange.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So basically, what is the content of the social relationship. So what make people connecting together and the tied at bunk people together is the true vector, of behavior. It's because

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Guillaume Fernandez: the your relationship is based on

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Guillaume Fernandez: exchange, that people will be here. They can way, and people and the exchanges are not only dyadic or they not in a social background, but people are embedded in a chains of or they in their dependencies. And here we have the concept of configuration as developed.

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Guillaume Fernandez: by L. Yes. So we move from a perspective that we have roles. for instance, because one is the bus, the other is the employee. It will create the source of exchange, or it will create the social ties

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Guillaume Fernandez: from the perspective, the lesson perspective of the configuration. But it is the interface that will create the social ties and actually to I mean, it will create the roles. It's not because I am the bus, and you are the employee that we will behave a particular way. It's whether because we, our relationship is being on a certain exchange, then we can identify ourselves as employee or as the bus, for instance.

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Guillaume Fernandez: and the whole structure, the the diet is is embedded within will produce different outcomes. So we have few studies that I've tried to to link the social network in the network or the configuration perspective with language

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Guillaume Fernandez: and the basic Id that the network structures will act as a norm enforced. So the more cores, if a set of relation is no more, people will stick to the norm, and they will use the vernacular, for instance. Similarly, the more an individual is central within a a given group for giving a a set of relationship. The more you will, or she will be enforced to seek to the look on.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Supposedly people who are they refer, recall so who bridges between 2 groups, for instance, they will be the one bringing innovations to the group, or they will be more using. a formal use of a of a of language.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Your limitations can be addressed, though. even in those perspective, we still, somehow, give too much importance on rolling attributes, and we do not consider the full spectrum, the phones of of the social ties. for instance, in in in the perspective of lab off a while, constrained on the ethnicity or the neighborhood, and trying to see how people behave within this group

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Guillaume Fernandez: in Midway, for instance, as well, really based on the roles. So whether we know a lot of of coworkers, we work with family members, and etc. So we still have we. We have a relational approach. But we still consider the categories and the role as the main source of behavior.

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Guillaume Fernandez: also, most of the studies are at the at the group level. So we consider the full network who are now in the in the late modernity. as it is claimed. the groups are less homogeneous and more at their regener, and people are

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Guillaume Fernandez: truly socializing agents. So they have. they they connect different groups, and they're not ascribed to single groups. And also the contact and the structure of the network are somehow fully or personalized. And now we will see how we can. We can address this issue.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So basically when them in terms of of methodology. So we try to move from a group level analysis. So from a full network analysis to an then goes ego centered. So we take the individual as the basis of the analysis

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Guillaume Fernandez: which allows to consider that everybody is somehow a singular is A is A is unique somehow, but at the same time we try to account for patterns and regularities in behavior, and to consider the social ties in the content of the ties. We will rely on the social network analysis, tool methodology. in order to all personalize

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Guillaume Fernandez: the network structures and the social times.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So we have basically 3,

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Guillaume Fernandez: 3 way to operationalism, to create the social network to create the configuration, the configuration. We have the name generator, the name interpreters and the edge interpreters. So basically the name generators. This is a question we asked to the, to the respondent we asked the respondent to name

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Guillaume Fernandez: who constitute their social network, who constitute their configuration, and we will do that by a simple question, for instance, who are the most important persons in your life in the past 6 months.

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Guillaume Fernandez: so it could be positive or negative. Both are are important. We can either limit the number of person that the the, the, the respondent will we will name, or we can that it free. Then we have name interpreter. So once the individual will have a name, the people he interacts with or the people that are important, then we will ask, Okay, but who are the authors? Are there your friends, your father, your girlfriend, boyfriend.

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Guillaume Fernandez: whatever your colleague also we ask their gender that they, their them social demographics, and etc. And then we have the edge interpreters which allows to actually reveal

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Guillaume Fernandez: the structure of the configuration, and actually, truly, create the configuration. We light on the social capital theory, which is a proxy of the interpret and data interface, is actually, and we will ask, who gives emotional support to yourself who gives the emotional support to

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Guillaume Fernandez: your relations to you, to the other members of your networks, and we ask the individuals to try to make a guess. So then we can have the cognitive structure also. So is it the perception of the environment of

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Guillaume Fernandez: the ego. So the individual who tried, we asked the individual to. to

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Guillaume Fernandez: yeah, to, to to identify how we perceives his relationship, because if the end of all believe the structure is true, then he will motivate his or her action. That's the basic idea. Here are few examples on the question. So who are the person that are important for you in the individual least the member of the network or the configuration. Then we ask.

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Guillaume Fernandez: what

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Guillaume Fernandez: links you to this person? As I said, France? uncle, whatever.

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Guillaume Fernandez: And then for each for each individual, the the the respondent. We'll try to. It's to tell how we he perceives the the distribution of the inter dependencies

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Guillaume Fernandez: doing that. We then can create network in the configuration, and we can revolve the structures depending on how the Ndv or how responded. We will see different structures emerge. And from those structures, then we can have the basic measure of the of the personal network. So how well connected the network is, so do everybody give support to everybody, for instance.

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Guillaume Fernandez: so do people reciprocate support. So once one other gets you to the other, will he be likely to give the super back, etc., etc., and we can extract the structures of the of the of the network.

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Guillaume Fernandez: Then how we can relate that to the linguistic.

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Guillaume Fernandez: for instance. So

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Guillaume Fernandez: for each other, we will see how the individual behave. So what is

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Guillaume Fernandez: he's or her linguistic behavior. And then we can see for each interaction, if the individual will be more likely to converge or diverge. For instance, in the example I given what I'm studying in my thesis. It's the use of adverbs, so do the individual use the same sets of others as the other in a direction or Does she? Or he will be more likely to use different adverbs.

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Guillaume Fernandez: and then we can use similarity score between

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Guillaume Fernandez: the ego, so the respondent and the other. Then we can try to relate that to the, to the, to the global structure of the network.

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Guillaume Fernandez: all storytellers to move from a myth may somehow make out for recall social network to a no personalized wine and Some challenges is how to clearly define the situation in the interaction deviate from an overwhelming formal sociology, so not giving too much importance in the structure, but also trying to go deeper into the content of the social ties.

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Guillaume Fernandez: and also incorporating the temporal aspect of it. by taking into account the background the background of the of the individual and the current dynamic using, for instance, a live course perspective.

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Guillaume Fernandez: So thank you for your attention.

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I thank you. I hope we have some time for questions. At the end of all the presentations. We are okay for time, because I just had an alert that one of our speakers is not coming in person, and she's also unable to connect with us. It's Ursula, and from University of Warsaw. So Luckily I have printed 3 copies of her slides, so I will just share them with you, and we'll use maybe 5 min. To sum up what her research is about.

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basically. Orsla and I are planning to publish a book that is based on participatory research with youths.

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and her part of the book is based on 3 studies of

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young adults from the unions of the University of for so it's student led research. So they invented it. They wanted to do a survey of of endemic feeling about online education, and so on. And there is an organization in Poland that

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is a youth council that is like electable. It's self-governing. And they've also came up with an idea for research. Also that was supporting it. So it was U of led research, also on the topic of Covid. And then the third wave of her research was about

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the Ukrainian refugees, adolescents, and young adults, and their feelings about the war and the transition and the refugee experience being in Poland joining our education system. And this was also you have led. They felt the need to share their experiences. So I will just

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mit Ctl and spread the the print out. I think this will be the most efficient way, and who saved a little bit of time. So there is no pressure on Stephanie. But if you can prepare Stephanie as you are our next speaker, and and if we could share your screen with us, then that will be very appreciated or brilliant. So we we welcome our President 250,

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our stepping down president of 2 of 2 terms, Dr. Stephanie Cassilda, from Belgium. I thank you for joining us. It's a great shame that you're not here in person, because there are many familiar faces here, and and it would be great to have you here in person, but maybe next time, so the floor is yours. Thank you.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: Thank you so much. I know. so

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I I I will present you this. this research. And

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actually, I will

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Stéphanie Cassilde: immediately underlined with the the question message as it as this is recorded. some information won't be shared especially because this research is related to homeless people and the social worker will aim in changing their pass way.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and that book were published. So the the place is no and everything. And so I need to find another way to to deal with that as do do the films actually is. no.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I'm sorry for that.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I have a trouble just to use this slide to.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I'm sorry for that.

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So maybe I will just do like this.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: it works. If it doesn't work I will just present without sharing the screen.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: So My objective was to to show you what the the date I can look like in order to to give you an example. And you can imagine, like an excel spreadsheet with names, surnames, dates, and the content And so, for for instance, so that you

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Stéphanie Cassilde: you can see which kind of type of content it's notes. So it's not a proper sentences, and it can a very factual like. there is an appointment with the jabitologist this day in this place, and it's very presses and individual data into this. in this data set.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and also there are names of people, but also of social worker and very a daily personal life event in the day care center.

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So it's there really a specific data

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you don't mind. Sorry to bother. Do you want to share the presentation in the chats, and we can share it on behalf of her.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: But yes, I I can cher it because it was working, but I don't want to to lose too much time for for this.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: but I have a trouble on it. Very.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I'm sorry for this.

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Stéphanie Cassilde:  let me say

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Stéphanie Cassilde: I, even if trouble like with my

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Stéphanie Cassilde: okay, so to all the contents. maybe I I will. It's a sorry So this research is related to a field research. It was done also during Covid. And it's a very specific research situation

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Stéphanie Cassilde: mit Ctl, and because there are also ethical questions to be a researcher in the field during Covid, because it was like forbidden to be there.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: just for research. And actually, I was not there for research. I was already a researcher on site. Covid came, and I just change rules during all this time, but still being a researcher, and so I did a lot of participant observation, but also taking an active role during Covid including crisis management agent, coordination of the day, care center and such kind of fuel and actions.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: so I was very familiar about daily work of social worker before Covid. What social worker was doing is handwritten notes

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Stéphanie Cassilde: about daily at and daily action of each people met at the day care center.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: this means that if you gather 3 years altogether, you have 20,000 lines of of of notes of 20,000 cases with multiple lines for depending on the person, because you can meet several times the same person.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: And at the beginning it was only handwritten notes, and only dedicated to social workers themselves in order to keep track of each situation, because, as the day. Care Center is open all the year long. you need to share information among social workers so that a team take care of a world group of ominous people.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: So it's for sharing information, but not only sharing information, but also making an harmonization of social work, and also in order to take some decision.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and with the Covid there were transition from handwritten information to putting everything in the excel, also because it was very difficult to read and and and everything was digitalized.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: And at this point I I was the one as a researcher using my skills as researcher in order to help them to make this shift, and not because I wish to make this shift, but because they needed a tool in order to continue their their work.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and as they are starting on the day from a daily routine and in parallel, one social worker started to encoded back all the

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Stéphanie Cassilde: all the year, including 2,019.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: An initially anchoring van was to making an analysis also of sanitary issues because we were facing cemeteries

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Stéphanie Cassilde: issues

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and when we were doing that, actually, there was a change in the status of what was written, because initially, it was a single use for offices, notes only for social worker, and towards their social work and work.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: And it changes status because we were able to use this also for strategic management, but and also for research at the end but and also to make some proof of the activities done by the social worker in order to receive grants.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: And while this change there was also discussion about what should be written or not so

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Stéphanie Cassilde: factual information, but also what should be written and what should not be written?

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Stéphanie Cassilde: because it can

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Stéphanie Cassilde:  harm their social work, because some decisions can be done. And through all this, the the responsibility increase because it is much easier to go back to such kind of information not handwritten anymore.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: Z, then, and written information. So the status changed, and how they perceive also what they were was written. The the responsibility increased through this change

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Stéphanie Cassilde: through the the multi pot and and use of what was written but also because

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Stéphanie Cassilde: attention was paid of out of the social work to what was written. So from theoretical perspective, it was very important to take into account the effect of giving another potentially another value, and how it was perceived from their perspective as the one who

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we choose what is written and what is not written

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Stéphanie Cassilde: and for methodological issues. then, It was much more the the question to to choose as a single pass, or to make a selection of a tip of to have one pass types of ominous person of trajectory out of homelessness, or to make a content analysis and

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Stéphanie Cassilde: probably the the, the, the, the stronger way to to make use of the data is to cross. Actually, there's different types of methodology to analyze them, even if it's extremely time it it it represents a lot of time to do so.

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Stéphanie Cassilde:  and just to to close it. So I will do another presentation about a risk. And did. about the violence. And it will show an example of how this data can be used. from that perspective, and I will end the the presentation here. Thank you so much. And I apologize for the technical problem.

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Stéphanie Cassilde: Thank you, Stephanie.

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If if I can ask you, Stephanie, can you send us your slides, the Via messenger on the chat on the track? Yes, I will. I will do it, and we can display them shortly at the at the question and answer session.

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and I would like to introduce our next presenter and Ms. Anna Pavlovska from the Marijuana Gravska University in Warsaw, and she's presenting sociological research for her. Ph. D. But I believe that she's also a psychologist and a pedagogue. So it's like an interdisciplinary study. So welcome.

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Shall we share your presentation from the system?

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Just

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that's right.

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This is, be

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to

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you. Okay. thank you very much for introduction and good morning. Everyone as Professor. Other harsh code said, who I am, I will go directly to my presentation, which is about narrative of women, about their name choices after marriage, and what is really important here in Poland. So I will focus on Polish context. But before before I will do it

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I would like to mention that the topic of equal choices connected to surnames and regardless of gender, has been present in word so far, and not a long time ago. So maybe you heard about who is Hamilton? From one driver who decided to include his mother surname to make it more equal.

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And another example. Here is the highest court in Italy, who also make a decision like this, that from this moment it didn't happen like a few months ago, and children will receive also a mother's earning, not only a father. So it was like this, these 2 examples to show that it's happening in the world. But coming back to Poland, we have here like 3 choices

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after marriage. Each person has 3 choices, so, firstly, they can stay with their own same name, the secondly, they can take their partner's surname, and, thirdly, they can combine their own surname with the partners, surname after marriage, and here they can have maximum, 2 surnames. So then there is from the game of trans food, and like indefinitely.

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But when we look here at this data on the chart, you can see that despite this many possibilities, these 3 choices, about 80%. Women in Poland decide to take their husband's surname after marriage.

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and when it comes to man. I didn't show it here on the chat, but from the same a source. I found out that a 99% of men that this like are staying with their own surname. And but From some time it's like social change happened. So it's a slowly but a significant social change, as you can see on the second. Draft here.

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and this situation that most That most That most women is taking their husband's surname is not specific only for Polish socio-cultural contexts, but Polish. Social cultural context is specific comparing to other countries. So Poland is a country that is located in Central and Eastern Europe.

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and it has a really rich history with World War Ii. With Communism and with Polish people. Republic also. Here we have a really strong position of the Roman Catholic Church, who is like taking a lead, and in the division of traditional gender roles, and at the same time, after law and the Justice Political Party Conservative one started to rule. They decided to

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like a little bit abortion consensus in Poland, and it happened like this that Polish women went outside their homes and started to make some protests. It was called Black Protest, because women were well back, and they wanted to say no to this new situation to change these consensus.

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and some kind of amongst the emancipatory movement arose in that case.

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But besides this context, moving back to this only name, and we have to remember that they are really important elements of identification and personal identity. And this custom of taking the husband surname by woman after marriage is like deeply embedded in culture, and tradition also is perceived as natural and undisputed.

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and so far hasn't been explored in Polish feminist literature, and especially especially from a scientific site. So, taking this all into into consideration, the aim of the research was getting to know the women's motives of each choice of surname after marriage.

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when it comes to research, tool and method. I used original interview questionnaire and a purposeful selection of the group. A study sample included 3 groups of married women selected for their surname after marriage, and from 18 years old, and it has it had to be their first marriage.

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So I talked with these 2 groups of marriage, and I here analyzed many socio-demographic variables, for example, education, place of residence, place of origin, etc.

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And here. I would like to show you the results for the question, what are the motives of women who keep their maiden name after marriage? And here I distinguish, like 2 groups of motives, an additional one.

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and that were the really important ones to make the decision. So maintaining identity was taking the lead. Here many of the women said that it was a really important factor, and on the next slide I will show you this example of this reason

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also built personal brands. So many women said that they were connected to their name and to their left name, and it was built personal brand, and even they were saying that they were a little bit scared of losing their name.

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and it was like a feel of disappearing. As they was saying, also aesthetic reasons and additional pragmatism. So it wasn't so much to change the documentary and also pronunciation of family name and union with family.

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And here the promised exam promised the example of this identity. Case, so I would just read this right now, and I believe that changing a woman's surname gives a new identity. I wouldn't identify with it. I wouldn't feel good with it. I even try to call myself Anna, and here is the husband surnning. But that's a different person. I will never be any other Anna.

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about the name. Change for me. It is a bit of change of identity, a bit of depriving myself of my entire history which I had so far all my experiences, how I was brought up, everything I have experienced so far, I deprive myself a start, a new life, so, as you can see. she's saying about some change, and if she were going to make this change, she it wouldn't be a pleasant one. She would be. really she she wouldn't enjoy it definitely.

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And also she was saying that it was really conscious decision in her case, and in the next slide. I will show you why I am mentioning it right now. And also she mentioned that she is a feminist.

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and here the results for the question, what are the motives of women who said here? And also it was like this that they were saying that in many cases

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it happened to us automatically so. Comparing to the previous example, it was more, more more automatically, also a need to create in a new family, and also to have the same setting as this, a desire to have the same same as children, also pragmatic reasons. But here it was like they could change a difficult name to To an easy one.

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and also facilitating a common matter. So where they kind of got like common errands, it's easier to have the the same surname an additional one, cutting a cutting up from the past, so, for example, from their father, and also some kind of divorce of parents which was very hard for them, and also respecting husband making him happy, was here mentioned, and willingness to feel change, so that they wanted to feel that they actually got married.

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And here are some examples of this. I would just read the the first 2 one. I've never thought about leaving my my last name, because for me. It was just normal for a wife to take her husband last name when she got married. That's just how I was brought up, and I was even happy about it, because I belonged to my husband more.

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I got married and just like that, automatically, honestly, I we haven't talked about it. It just must be that way, and that's it that there was no discussion. To be honest, I've never even thought about staying with my name, so, as you can see here it was a really automatic decision, and that it has to be that way.

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And also a third example. I think it is a really interesting one, because it belongs to a 27 year old young woman, and she was saying here that she even didn't know that she has a choice. So in her case it happened really automatically.

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and she all her life thought that she has no choice.

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Okay? And the third group, a really specific one, a different from the others. But when so here I include, like answer to the question, why, my, the name, and why a high foundation of surname. So when it comes to maiden name, it's quite similar to the case of this first group, but when it's coming to a double bar, it's sending the reasons for like they want it to feel the unity with the new family, so that that second sning was taken

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for the sake of children. Also they wanted to emphasise on marriage egalitarianism, and respect for husband. Here also happened.

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And here I would like to show you, like the example of this, how people around women, in the opinion of a woman. Perceive keeping sending after marriage, and I will just read it because I think it's just good to to hear it.

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and my friend's husband talked me into believing that. Yes, of course your husband agreed to this for his wife to keep her last name, but it takes away his masculinity. This is one of the situation. When I started in wondering if I made a mistake.

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I was persuading my friend to make a double-barred surname. Her husband, however, was quite indignant at this idea, because he said that she should buy his surname, and that woman who do not take their husband surname, are insulting him, depriving him of his mass community, that he suffers because of it.

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And here I will go to the second part when she was talking about a family hand party, and she said that it was like the point of gossip and discussion, and she never heard about this, but she thinks that among her family her husband's family, and many people perceive Perceive her as such may be less loving her husband less in love

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and about conclusion and future research. As you could see, women's motives for choosing a surname after marriage are diverse, but there can be distinguished issues related to her threats, emancipation, as well as those related to tradition and conservatives.

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and because of the limited time I didn't mention it. But you have to trust me. Keepers are a more homogeneous group in terms of a socio demographic characteristic. For example, age of marriage, political views compared to the changes. So the woman who decides to take their husband surname also, it's like this that this

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and keepers are maybe more individually collected. And it's also like this, that it's more homogeneous group in that case, and this one could change our more like collectivity oriented, and the non-traditional choice of surname is like the subject on unfavorable comments, as you could see in a just moment ago. And it's maybe it's like this. It's a threat to existing by a patriarchal order. And that's why this comment happens.

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and this question to change or not to change a surname is like only the T of the iceberg, and there is so much more. Behind that So as something can be treated like a specific parameter here. To show what kind of order actually, we have for choice, actually, because, according to law, we have many choices. But when we look at this more closely, it may be not like this.

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And here's some quotation that naming conventions, like the rest of language, have been shaped to meet the interest of society, and in quite remarkable societies the shippers have been met.

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and It was like the part of the part of my doctoral project, so it it contains with A qualitative and quantitative one. So it was a part of quantitative part. And in case of a quantitative, I also use some a psychological test to compare. If there are any difference between these 3 groups of women.

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And here's some references, and thank you very much for your attention.

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Thank you.

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Ok. So now we have 2 presenters

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from

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Adam Mitzvich University, in Hosnan.

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the Dr. Mario Burundowski.

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and his colleague.

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and Dr. Pietr Chihotski. They asked to change the order of the presentation. So it will be Mr. Jihodsky first.

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and reflecting on Populist tension over climate change, policy, and academic discourse, and then we will move on to Dr. Baumanski's presentation.

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So our presentations are joined at the hip, so to speak, because they come from

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comments.

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thank you. They come from a common research project. So I will basically

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 present the methodology more, and Marius will present some of the specific substantive results.

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And what we present on is basically algorithmic text mining. So we will present

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on some of the results of national language processing methods and machine learning. We used

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on academic literature, and we coordinated the presentations in order not to basically double the

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introduction parts. So mine is a bit more of an introduction.

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Marish will expand on specific issues. And basically, the the research is done within a larger, within the context of a larger project.

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devoted to the Populist opposition to climate change, the climate policy.

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It's funded by our lovely Polish foundation, which made it possible for us to come over.

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And The the core of the project is actually secondary analysis of survey research.

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there is some qualitative research done in Hungary and Poland as well. What we present here is is actually supplementary analysis. So what we are looking for is basically additional metadata. So our so survey-based analysis

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so one of those avenues we we entertained was a large-scale literature review.

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And basically, in order to give us some additional variables for our analysis.

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And when I mean what I mean by large scale is basically a different approach to a traditional literature review that we we normally do

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in a traditional approach. We we really look for specific, prominent publications.

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prominent in the field.

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well cited. we basically want. Reasonably. Few pieces of literature which we read thoroughly and incorporated, incorporates within our context.

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This is a this is not what this is, not what we need in our approach. We we need statistical measures of discourse, and therefore we cast a very wide nets. We won't as many as possible.

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and when we have

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as many as possible, we probably have no means to actually read it.

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So we we are aiming at is a literature review. Without

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actually reading. We use machines

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to read them for us.

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And

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therefore it's broad. It's it's exploratory, and we do not claim that it in any way supersedes the traditional review. The traditional review has its uses.

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But for us, if you want to have statistical parameters which can then be incorporated within our quantitative analyses.

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it's best for us to have

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something that we don't actually read. And what we use

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is a reasonably well-established procedure known as

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latent dictionary allocation, basically topping modeling.

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It's one of the procedures of natural language processing which allows for information extraction.

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So basically, it's a statistical model working on the distribution of

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words. They are called tokens. They are not

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same thing as word, but basically reasonably close to word.

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It works on the statistical distribution of words in order to determine a contents clusters, and it works within the more traditional

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a natural language processing where tokens are taken to be

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individual entities without accounting for the embedding within the syntactic structure. So we all know Gpt, Gpt is next level. There are other models which allow for embedding such as Burt.

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but actually in terms of in information extraction.

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algorithms such as Gpt are actually not that good because they they

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incorporate too much

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complexity into the model. So we actually using information extraction algorithms still best works within the traditional model.

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So I'm not going to go into the methodology of Lda. It's been reasonably well established over the last 20 years.

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and

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what we mean by a wide net is a generic search

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for articles within the scoppers database. One of the

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premier databases

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we actually in the main project. We use other databases as well, but for the sake of simplicity we just focus on the Scoppus results, and we looked for

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articles published since 1,990,

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which contain a climate change, climate crisis or global warming within a title, abstract T. There are some other

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restrictions, but on the whole, we have 56,000 articles.

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and in here we're dealing with abstracts only for the second of analysis. But even reading 56,000 abstracts. It's

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it's a

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not something. I advertised to anyone.

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but machines are very patient and quick, so we can use machine learning to read through them, and to identify those

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articles which are of interest to us. And

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 when it comes to numbers, one thing that is a big problem for any such analysis.

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the huge inflation of publications. So we all know that

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publications have just exploded exponentially. And you can actually see the exponential.

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the explosion of publications on climate change related issues.

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And actually, even for our algorithms.

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we had to imply a cut off. So we basically decided to cut off the analysis at 2,007,

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you see, is basically roughly, the moment when things explode. Yeah, you go from 300 papers per year to thousands. And

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the the reason why we implied the cut off we applied the cut off is that

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there are so few early papers that even the algorithms at normal settings would have trouble seeing them. They would just see them as

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as a trash or or or no.

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So basically, we in the analysis, we, we? We will focus on the last 15 years.

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 and

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I'm not going to go into the details of how we do it.

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But there is some pre-processing we have to apply. So we start with 56,000. We initially find that we apply the cut off.

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We lose about 3.5,000. There is another 2.5,000 that we lose because we don't have the data.

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There's no abstract. For instance, in the database we need the abstract. There are some duplicates.

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A.

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There are some people who try to publish the same paper in 2 different journals. So, for instance, it happens not that often, but does. It's just 26. So it's not that many

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a and then we need to apply some procedures, such as identifying noun phrases, etc. We we normalize the text which leads us to lose a few more documents, because after normalization, it turns out that we have too little in terms of what to analyze.

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So we end up with with a little more than 50,000 articles.

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And They are summarized by 3,362 individual tokens, basically words. We had to eliminate words which are extremely frequent.

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for instance, we had to eliminate climate change because it's because everywhere and it just destruct the algorithm. And we had to eliminate tokens which are extremely rare. So if you have a word that only occurs like twice or thrice within 50,000. It's nothing the algorithm would

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dismiss it.

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And the reason why we do it is for efficiency, because the way in which the algorithm sees the text is a matrix of documents and words.

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and if you have.

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say 15,000 words, of which many are very rare. You just have zeros. And it's it's a huge sparsity of the matrix. It confuses the the algorithm.

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And in this primary Lda, we assumed 36 topics. So we we just told the algorithm that there are 36 topics in the in the coppers.

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36 content clusters. And actually, it's a very controversial thing. How many

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topics there are was in a

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a corpus.

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Ideally, we know, like, in the actual analysis, we'd probably go with more

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like maybe 80 90. But it would be difficult to explain what we are doing. So we just in in the context of a presentation. So we stuck with 36.

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And there is no

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the correct answer

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that there are different approaches to how many topics there may be within the caucus. 36 is a kind of Midway. It's not very few, it's not, but very many.

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And The the use of this primary analysis which I'm telling you about is to select documents. And so we we wanted to select documents which are useful

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for our purpose, and in a second I'll show you what it means.

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 you, if you are not, you haven't never met a topic modeling. this is the basic structure of the model. You have to take certain assumptions regarding the distribution of topics and the distribution of words.

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I'm happy to to discuss it in

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later. I just don't want to dwell on it too much. We just take

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reasonably standard assumptions

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regarding those beta and gamma distributions. And we, we, we tell the model that there are 36 topics. It's one of the things you just need to tell, there are no defaults. Yeah, you have to

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tell them model how many topics you are looking for. And

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 basically it identifies

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something. I came to keyboard.

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and we told the model to identify 36 topics. It identified as many. And most of those topics within the large

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focus are useless for us

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for our analysis, because

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basically

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most of articles dealing with climate change issues are not dealing with the politics of climate change. We are dealing with other things.

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for instance. you have the green topics, and they are clustered by co-occurrence within documents. Yeah, so it's one of the ways of of of showing that

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the green topics are dealing with mobility issues and tourism and stuff like that. Yeah, so you have Arctic ship root, Canadian maritime.

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Basically, articles dealing with

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mobility enhancements due to the reduction of

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the ice slayer or migration. Africa conflict is placed in migrants which are articles dealing with migration issues related to climate change.

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You have the blue

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cluster of topics, for instance, which deal with emissions and Co. 2, and stuff like that, important things useless for us. We want to identify topics which

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I have

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bearing on the attitudes and the politics of climate change.

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And for us these are the the red topics. So I'll show them. Yeah. the the red topics are basically 4 topics identified by Ldi.

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And of those 4 topics we have

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the the the ones highlighted in blue are the actual 2 topics which are of the most interest to us.

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So number one is identified by keywords such as belief, attitude, communication, medium news, public. You can see it. It's basically the attitudes and opinions.

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And the other topic is associated with keywords which identify the discourse elements of

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the discussion. The other 2 which cluster with them are of less interest. One

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student, teacher, curriculum. It's it's basically it. It's identifies articles which deal with the kind of educational issues

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there's other. The the other one identifies health issues. So basically what we did, we came from

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a very broad snapshot of discourse we identified

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topics which may be of of interest to us.

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The way we would actually do it is to

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have many more topics, much more specific topics, and then use different statistical measures to identify those that are of interest to us. But to do take too much time to explain. So we just took a way up to to make more sense.

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And we basically took

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2 topics out of 36 that we think

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are of some importance to our reset project, and Marish will tell about their content. And

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the way we

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deal with this is that we take this 56,000 or 50,000 large coppers.

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And we just retain

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documents which have.

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reasonably strong association with these 2 topics and the the the details are here. We basically take the 3 topics with higher the the for for each documents we take the 3 highest association associations, and then we applied some statistical

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cut off points to determine whether

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the document has association with

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these 2 topics. They actually have numbers 10 and 29 was in the model.

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So basically, this is how it looks. If you think of

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the corpus in in here you have a a, a print screen, and you have 36 topics.

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50,000 documents, and you select documents which have high probability of association with with one of these 2 topics, and in the end

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this identifies 9,600 articles with the

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some degree of association with one of those 2 topics. These need not be the main topics within the documents, but they basically have

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some Association within the defined Statistical

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cut off points. And, as I already mentioned, the alternative to this approach would be to generate the

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many more topics we actually

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we know it's about 76 that would work worse. But it will make more or less sense explaining.

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And this

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part which I presented on is the primary selection. So basically, it's an alternative to having a search query with very specific key points. Yeah. So all of us know how difficult it is to identify

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particles through keywords. It's an alternative. What we present here, you basically take a very wide net.

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And then you use algorithms to identify the fish within the pond which you Pre selected, and that's it from me. And Marish will tell about a few details from the substantive results.

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This is.

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you just need to be a heard of some things with representations. I will just return it. It's just

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I for the  okay.

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is that video?

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Yeah, that's fine. Thank you very much. So this is the same project. The studies

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A of these project and principal investigators is here as well. So what

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what do we

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want to know, and why it's important to identify this topic. The the cluster of topics in terms of climate change, skepticism or climate change policies. First of all. As As Peyot said, we've got a lot of articles. We've got a lot of

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precedent papers. We've got a lot of book chapters, and we cannot follow all that. All that biscuit within one topic of climate change policies

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we worked before on we we applied the Lda for for social work for issues. And I work on the issue for like 15 years. And I discovered that using the Lda, I can. I can have knowledge about about research that I've never had, because there are so many.

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many reports and articles about it. So why is it important to investigate climate change, scepticism in this way. First of all.

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it's about critical analysis, climate change, scepticism and challenges the prevailing scientific consensus on the causes and impacts of climate change. It is a very hot topic still. And as you see, there are a lot of different issues behind main topics.

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So critical analysis. It's like, first of all, we we have some fun of analyzing. Bring this person Isis, without reading the the actual text. But after that.

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when we distinguish the topics. We can go into details, and we can see the articles. the papers, and and and the outdoors we can. We can. We can see the connections between the outers and even dounnels, and we can see which journal is responsible for, let's say, like for for for for strong arguments against

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a climate change skepticism or a a different way around. So critical analysis is the one important areas of interest connected to to to our, our, our study robustness of scientific knowledge as well. this is the problem that we have to deal with, and by addressing the skeptical viewpoint we believe that researchers can

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strengthen the robustness of scientific knowledge, and enhance the credibility of the findings. And also it is good to know and follow the discussions, the arguments, and also the methods that the different researchers

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use

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from my point, it's forbidden.

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Yeah, you have percent of you.

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Very good one.

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Another. Another point is public perception and policy making which is very important for for the the whole project and our studies, and another one in social, political dynamics, because we know how important is the discourse about about climate change. And we know that that academic discourse, the scientific discourse

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can shape the attitudes of of of public opinions. So it is very important to to to know the the context and the dynamics of the discussions. And how, how different research groups they, they, they, they do research and put the the results. And they spread them within a wider public opinion into discipline perspectives. It's also important one, because.

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as you said, we can distinguish the topics, but to to have a real knowledge or understand them.

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We have to go through different journals, different articles, different methods. And we also have to identify different approaches. How people do research on climate change, and how do they want to apply the results.

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so The starting point is to to examining climate change, skepticism in academic discourse which can help strengthen the scientific knowledge, enforce communication strategies. And also it's very important for evidence-based policy making 2,

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and it can foster enter the stipulated collaboration and the output of the of of our study. So we can see those topics distinguish from the categories that we are interested in.

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And I would just focus on 2 of them. But there are plenty of them, for instance, the the energy one, which is in topic 2.2. It's very It's a very huge area of of research. There are a lot of journals dedicated just to to this topic and the climate change

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policies are very strong part of the the whole research process, and but the first one, as you can see, it's topic 1.1. It's about a 1.1. It's about our human Anthropocene planet. And we call it planetary boundaries. Very hot topics still. And it contains a lot of

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data and a lot of explanations about climate change policies. Another one, it's connected to religion. So from a previous status, we know how important the conspiracy theories and how it's connected to to to to to public opinion. We know also that We know also that some, some some social demographic things that

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very strongly connected to, to to to the religion, and how it is. it's how and how it can shape our our attitudes towards. For instance, climate change policies. So we've got this topics 1.1 and 3.1, and what we can do with this one, because each article from scorpus and from work of science, we we

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we used the first one. It contains a lot of metadata, so we can use them as the context for our explanation, what is inside the articles? So we know the topics, but said that topics

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about a year ago, I think that we were, first, that we applied Lda to distinguish 12 topics, but because these topics were huge. So we apply

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Lda within Lda for the first in the word. So to show how the the big big areas of topics of Thames are divided inside. In this case, we just want to focus on on these. So let's say.

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8 main topics with some sub topics. And of course, because we focus just on English language articles, so we can see domination of some countries like the United States from both America's United Kingdom in Europe. But

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it's also very interesting, and it's very variable knowledge for us that, for instance, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, very much involved in the discourse of climate change policies, of course, from from from from from different perspectives. When you look at Asia, so the output of articles in our sample is not very huge.

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Concerning concerning, for instance.

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China or or or India, or Japan, even South Africa. So the main one. in in in Africa and Australia, a lot of politics published on public on climate change policies. So

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we can also see those topics. For instance, this 1.1 and 3.1 within. some kind of families of topics, the the clusters. So Lda provides the information how those topics are connected which is also very interesting.

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The study I mentioned before about social work. We noticed that there are some topics that you can. You can. You can study such a work for issues from many viewpoints, but you can never connected them to. For instance, a Aeron or energy issues so much. And when you go, you when you've got these a huge a huge set of documents. You can find out that for last 8 years there are a lot of

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a huge discussion within some researchers from the States and from Europe about energy, inequalities, just transitions, and things connected to this one.

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So what else can we? can we have, besides that, the topics that we know that there are there, for instance, some some topics about Anthropocene plan at Montreal banders, and so on. So we can identify the articles.

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main journals, and also autos. And of course we can. We can see in like, in this case we've got less just 15 years, and the population from the last 15 years. But in last project we used 3 decades, so we can see

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what part of their main topics are presented in Dronas, which are very hot topics, very interesting topics for for researchers, and you can see the number of articles and citations that that follow the the, the the popular topics. So, for instance, their first and the the outer Hamilton, and the title of towards the fifth

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Ontology for the Anthropocene, and this is article from Tailor and France's Journal. So we can also, for for for our study we can do a more advanced study, using the most important documents, articles about this topic. 1.1. So as Perks said, this is explanatory study, but you can use it

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as the approach to get the inside knowledge of the discourse within this topic, for instance, it is about the second topic of the trip. On one

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we can. We know the articles. We know journalists, we know outdoors. So

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what we can do. We can also check the connections between outers and affiliations. So we can see. And also we can.

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We can also identify what kind of foundation bodies and finance the study about climate change policies in like positive or negative way. So you can see, for instance, that that, for instance, in Europe we we've got the impression that horizon program by European Union is a huge one. But when you look into details. You can see that the Norwegian Institute is much more important on this field than

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the whole huge project that we believe that are very important for for for academic discourse. so we've got topics. But behind the topics we can, we can. We can see the connections and the the arguments behind this one. of course,

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Citations are very important, because there are some articles that that are very important, and it's like it's something that you can you? You should refer to when you write an article, or when you apply for the grant. So also, we use the, the, the, the the the paper citation. There are some issues that we can try to answer in terms of. For instance, when we've got article published 1515 years ago

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mit Ctl, and so 3 years ago, what about the citation numbers? So we've got some ideas. They are not perfect. But we we we know how to deal with with this issue. So the same for the topic free, 0 point 1. And yeah, one.

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I think that I we stick with this one. So to answer the question why we should use our we it's good to use the topic modeling for, for, for for instance, climate change, skepticism, or different topics. First of all, we can distinguish the fields that that we might think that they are not

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present in the discourse. You can see that there are founding institutions that there are journals, and there are autos that work within some paradigms that are not

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so obvious for for for let's say, the mainstream journals like Nature, or science, or or different ones. So yeah, I think that is finished. This one. We just wanted to to to, to to capture the the topics. And now we're working on the detail papers showing the connections between outdoors institutions, and and

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thank you very much