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Okay, so it's time to start this session.

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Multi-dimensional perspective in social certification or research. And before moving to each presentation. I wanna the this acknowledgment of country, and on behalf of everyone comes out I paid this back to the city of country. Here in where we are meeting. I have more. It's a past present Queen Nation.

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We were all wrong as the Siberian people here the cultural knowledge holders who maintain and promote aboriginal law, customs and custodian responsibilities for the country and people that country continue to sustain the generation after generation

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into the future for all of us. I I, looking at the important contribution that first nation syncos have made to sociology, including challenges to our dominant ways of thinking. We stand all fast nations delegate in the loon today for their contributions to the knowledge in the discipline.

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So today, a, yeah. Initially, we, we are supposed to have a white presentation and one distributed paper, but unfortunately 250,

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the final Speaker, Andrea Council, the ha! presentation. So you know, she she that we make a presentation after. yeah, a as a point of of a speakers. Okay, so each speaker has a 15 min talk and

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after Going through all the presentation, we we we, we move on to the journal, session and discussion. So the past speaker is.

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Marx, theedicated across multiple generations a case of inheritances. So are you ready?

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mszydl: Yes, I'm ready. You just need to get out of the screen sharing so that I can share this screen.

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Okay? And you can still here. Okay. right?

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So, would you like to share this? Right?

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mszydl: Yeah, let's Yes. Now it's working. I hope that you're seeing everything.

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mszydl: well, first of all, thank you very much for accepting the proposal. I am happy to participate in this session. Actually.

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mszydl: I plan to come to Melbourne. But unfortunately

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mszydl: this did not work out in the end.

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mszydl: the topic of the talk is inequality across multiple generations. The case of inheritances. The co-author is Tamara

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mszydl: and talk consists of 3 parts. First, question, second, data, third results.

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mszydl: So the first, first I'd like to raise some questions. What do you want to know?

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mszydl: Then what can we know and based on the results? What do we know?

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mszydl: Let us start with the questions.

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mszydl: well.

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mszydl: first question is, are there connections between family solidarity and a social inequality? Another question is, what is the relevance of wealth transfers between generations

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mszydl: who receives, who receives inheritances and who does not?

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mszydl: Are there connections between generation and stratification? And if you are, if yes, how strong are these connections?

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mszydl: So these are more general questions, and more specifically well, we have a huge lack of data, especially when it comes to limitations to 2 generations. We have some data on parent and at our children, but we have lack of lack of data when it comes to 3 generations.

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mszydl: However, now I would like to present present new data with direct and indirect inheritances.

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mszydl: Is it more important to have rich parents or rich grandparents? That's another question here. And what about passing on of well over several generations?

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mszydl: Is there relevance of a multi-generational perspective?

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mszydl: the basis of our research in general is a multi-level model in the center of this model you see 3 circles symbolizing the main features of intergenerational solidarity.

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mszydl: And in regard to reasons for more or less solidarity, we see on the nitro level opportunities and needs of at our children, and also of parents. On the Meso level we find family structures, and on the micro level. We see that family relationships are embedded in societal context.

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mszydl: And the next step we ask.

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mszydl: what can we know by presenting the data?

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mszydl: the analysis are based on Swiss gem, which is a new survey on adult family generations in Switzerland.

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mszydl: and in this survey we are investigating all relevant aspects of intergenerational relations of adults. For example.

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mszydl: we are looking at ambivalence. It's stress, it's conflict, it's distance. We're looking at closeness, co residents and proximity help and care financial transfers, for example, inheritances. And of course we are looking at factors for more or less cohesion. Here. Opportunities needs family and context based on this O and Fc. Model

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mszydl: in regard to our topic today we covered information on received inheritances from parents expected inheritances from parents, and which is especially new

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mszydl: previous inheritance to parents.

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mszydl: So we asked whether the parents have formally received an inheritance, and how much was it as your mother ever received an inheritance? If, yes, how much as your father ever received inheritance? If yes.

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mszydl: how much? Just some more information on the data? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

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mszydl: There's one focused person.

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mszydl: and we are looking on relationships with mother and father. And we conducted a hybrid survey with online and postal question is, we covered all 3 with Swiss regions, all 26 cantons.

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mszydl: 4 languages, German, French, Italian, English.

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mszydl: 5. Question. Yes. Personal question here.

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mszydl: and separate questionnaires for living and deceased mothers and living and deceased fathers.

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mszydl: 6 members of the core research team.

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mszydl: The respondents are between 18 and 100 years old. That was the time of a survey. We asked nearly 200 questions at over 10,000 respondents, over 20,000 diet.

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mszydl: and a few days ago we have published 3 books on the on the project, open access available from my website, and I will show you the books later.

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mszydl: so now let us go to the results. What do we know now? I have 4 slides, with results always in the same pattern. On the left hand side it is about inheritance is received.

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mszydl: and on the right hand side it is about inheritance expected.

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mszydl: First of all. we have a look at adults with deceased parents.

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mszydl: and half of these adults have received an inheritance from their parents when they passed away.

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mszydl: Switzerland is a rich country, which means comparatively many inheritances and enough cases for inheritance research. Nevertheless, even in Switzerland the higher some are restricted to a small group of people. Only 5% here received at least 250,000 Swiss francs, which is around $280,000.

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mszydl: a similar picture in my emerges in regard to expected inheritances from parents who are still alive.

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mszydl: 55% of adults with living parents expect an inheritance from them, and only 7% expect at least

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mszydl: $280,000.

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mszydl:  What is the likelihood to receive an inheritance? If the parents

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mszydl: have previously received one themselves

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mszydl: or not.

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mszydl: Again, we start with received inheritances.

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mszydl: If the parents did not receive an inheritance, 35% of their children got an inheritance from this parent.

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mszydl: If the parent did receive an inheritance

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mszydl: more than twice as many 75% of their children, but an inheritance from this parents. So this is, of course, a huge difference.

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mszydl: What about expected inherit senses?

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In fact, we find the same pattern.

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mszydl: If the parents did not receive an inheritance. Less than 3 out of 10 children expect to get an inheritance from this parent.

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mszydl: However, if the parent did receive an inheritance. 7 out of 10 children expect to get something from this parent.

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mszydl: what about inheritance?

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mszydl: Here we compare 3 groups of people.

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mszydl: namely, those and our children who have received nothing. So this column here we have received small inheritance, and we have received a large inheritance.

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mszydl: What we see is that most adults who have received no inheritance at parents who did not receive anything either.

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mszydl: However, most adults were received a large inheritance

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mszydl: at parents who have received a large inheritance as well. The result is, in my opinion, quite impressive. Again.

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mszydl: a previous inheritance to parents affects both the likelihood and the sum of an inheritance to their children.

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mszydl: And again, there's a very similar pattern when it comes to expected inheritances.

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mszydl: The more money the parents received, the more money that this parent is expected to pass on to the next generation.

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mszydl:  finally, but last, but not at least, a few multivariate results on the basis of ordered logistic regressions.

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mszydl: The dependent variables are the sums of received and expected inheritances.

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mszydl: lost coefficients refer to the model without any further independent variables and net coefficients include other variable variables.

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mszydl: When investigating education.

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mszydl: we see that a higher education of adult children goes along with a high inheritance both in the past and in the future.

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mszydl: and furthermore, respondents with a better finance in a better financial situation. receive more money, and they also expect more in the future.

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mszydl: Most importantly.

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mszydl: if the parents received an inheritance. they passed on much higher amounts of money, and this especially applies

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mszydl: if the parent received a large inheritance.

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mszydl: and we again see this both in, we got to receive.

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mszydl: and in regard to expected inheritances. In fact, these previous inheritance is 2. Parents

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mszydl: are the most important reason for subsequent inheritances from parents.

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mszydl: let us come to the conclusions.

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mszydl: First. there's a strong connection between inheritance and inequality. Second.

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mszydl: inequality is passed on across generations.

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mszydl: Third, in this perspective.

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mszydl: inequality research is Emily generation research.

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mszydl: and for it is important to address a multi generational perspective.

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mszydl: Last, but not least, some literature as mentioned, 3 books have been published a few days ago. You can just download them without any cost from my website or from the publishers website

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mszydl: and the data volume. This book here you find question is, and frequencies of all variables of the survey, and in the analysis volume you find various chapters on relationships between adults and parents. For example, a chapter on financial transfers, including inheritances.

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mszydl: Thank you very much for your attention.

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Oh, my, you still have some several minutes. But I okay.

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okay, so oh, thank you for calling. Yeah So

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male

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sharing no screen as well.

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good morning, everyone.

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Thank you for being here.

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 I'm sorry I have had this cough for a few days. So this be a

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So yeah. So my work is on

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multi-generational transmission or intergenerational transmission of human capital in India. I'm Pascal Jyoti Nioga. I am a faculty at Indian Institute of Technology.

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Jammo.

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 So I I mean, basically, my study looks at the role of family background on human capital investments on children.

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So

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I mean, in this, the traditional literature in this regard has

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generally tended to focus on the role of parental education. But in recent years due to the availability of better data in this regard, we are.

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there have been more research on the role of grandparents as well as other members of the extended family.

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The importance of the extended family is.

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I mean, even more relevant in

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in India, where there is a prominence of joint family living arrangements. So I mean, this is one of the major objectives, the first major objective of the study wherein I try to look at the role of the extended family on human capital investments in children, total educational expenses on children.

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And in this regard. I also try to look at the nature of grandparental influence, whether it is direct or it, whether it is mediated through the parental through parents. So whether the influence of grandparents is a Markovian in nature or non Markovian

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the second major objective of the studies I mean in in. I try to look at the role of gender in multi-generation and mobility wherein I try to. look at the role of bias and preferences of grandparents. So basically buys and preferences of grand mothers.

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Figure we grandfathers. and how that might influence the multi-generational mobility process. So these are the 2 broad objectives of

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this study. coming to the conceptual framework. I also generally intergenerational mobility has been studied within a Markovian framework where I tried. where? we look at the influence of parental education on the education of

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the children. However, I mean, so basically in this framework.

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The coefficient Beta subscript minus one captures the strength of the influence of parental education on the human capital investments in children and generally higher order. ancestors are I mean do not directly influence the education of children.

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although they may do it indirectly within a two-generation framework. However, there have been recent literature most prominently the influential paper by

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Mari in the Journal demography, wherein he argues for a more multi-generational taking into account a multi-generational transmission

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or a multi-generational framework so grandparents can impact. So he he argues that grandparents can influence grandchildren's education directly. And I mean through number of channels, including by getting involved in family decision making regarding education of grandchildren as well as and as and through. Because

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so, yeah, so this leads to a leads us to the extended family extended mobility model, wherein we include the education of both the the parents as well as the grandparents, so the coefficient beta subscript, minus 2, is supposed to capture the influence of grand parental education on children's education. However, such a coefficient is likely to be biased if we use this

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simple OS model. So such a a model is likely to give us a bias coefficient of beta subscript minus 2, due to the usual omitted variable by submitted parental and grand parental controls.

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So to test for so this I mean the sign, and the significance of Beta, minus 2 in. In this extended model, is unlikely to give us a true picture of the nature of grandparental influence, so to test for it that for the direct role of grandparents. we actually look at the coincidence status of grand grandparents with their grandchildren.

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And So the argument we make, or the argument that is used in the literature is that a higher grandparental impact of who resident grandparents, who would suggest a direct influence of grandparents, because 150,

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the channels of influence are likely to be greater for poor resident grandparents.

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 So, looking, coming to the framework. When with regard to the role of gender. So

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so basically the in this paper, we try to look at how the gender of a grandparents as well as the gender of grandchildren might be might have an important role to play in the overall multi-generational mobility process. So we try to look at how grandmothers might influence the education of let's say, grand authors big, are we grand grandsons.

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and how I mean the similar.

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how a similar process might

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might be applicable for grandfathers, so how grandfathers might influence education on it might influence the education of Grant

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granddaughter's vigorous

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grandsons. So so my so the framework or the argument I try to make in this paper is that. Grandmothers are more inequality ever, and that inequality a person. So I try to may argue that grandmothers have references for inequality, a version, so that inequality aversion

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in a context like India, where, grand daughters are less educated than grand sons, so that there is a There is an inherent inequality in the context itself. So grandmother's being inequality averse.

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might prefer the education of grand daughters more than grand sons, because like, because there is an in her because there is an existing inequality right in the education of their children of of the grandchildren. So grandmothers might try to reduce that inequality by favoring the education of granddaughter's over grandchildren, or over over grandsons.

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whereas I argue that grandfathers may have preferences for I mean, maybe guided by efficiency considerations. So grandfathers might want to invest more in the education of grandsons, because in Indian context, sons are, I mean.

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it's generally these sons who take care of the parents as well as the elderly in their old old age. so I argued that grandfathers would want to, I mean, given as efficiency considerations of grandfathers they might want to invest on the education of grandsons.

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and this overall process is likely to. I mean, be moderated by poverty, consideration. So in a situation where there are like lack of resources, so that I mean lack of resources might force I mean grand

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grandparents to I mean, in such a situation of poverty and credit constraints efficiency considerations might be dominant over considerations of inequality. Version. So grandmother's preferences for inequality. A version might not be very I mean relevant in a situation of poverty and resource scarcity.

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I use the individual level data from India Human Development Survey for the year 2,01011, so nationally representative survey of around 42,000 households. And it. so Ics 2 contains information on the education of all children within the household.

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And so that I, Cs 2 also allows us to connect information on 3 generations the parental, the the the children, the parental generation as well as the grandparents, and and I also am able to connect information on some members of the extended family, including the uncles and aunts of the children.

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 so the primary outcome, variable in my study is total expenditure on children's education, including school, college fees, private tuition, as well as expenses on books, uniform and transport.

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 so so overall. I have information on around 40,000 child parent and grandparents.

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A.

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I'm coming to the main model methods used in the study. So I primarily use ordinarily squares integration model where I try to regress the

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log of total expenses on children. And how that might be influenced by the education of parents and grandparents. I also include various child level as well as a household level covidiates I control for child and household level coverage as well as

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village or urban block fixed effects. So neighborhood fixed effects have been included in the model.

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To study whether grandparental influence, the nature of grandparental influence is direct. I try to interact the

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variable on the educational of education, of grandparents with their co-cedent status.

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Similarly, to study the gender nature of a parental influence. I try to interact the education of grandparents with the dummy of I mean dummy of the gender of the child. Whether the child is a meal or a female.

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so coming to the main results of the study. So the primary results showed that I mean. The grandparents have a a favorable influence on the education of grandchildren.

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and such a favorable influence is also noticeable in the case of other members of the extended family, including the uncles and aunts. I do find that the influence of grandparents is significantly lower, or I mean much lower in magnitude compared to the influence of the mother and the other direct parents.

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however, when I look at the ratio of the coefficients of parental education and the grand parental education. I find that the issue is I mean grandparental influence relative to the influence of parents is quite high in India compared to similar studies conducted in other countries. I mean other developed and developing nations in the world.

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Coming to the nature of influence.

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I do find that the influence of grand, I mean the influence of grandfathers. Paternal grandfathers, to be exact. is much higher in co-recedent families. So in families where paternal grandfather is co-recedent or in yeah, I mean Cory sites with the family. So this co- residence might mean that the paternal grandfather is I mean, alive

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and living with the I mean, what is it generally means that the pental grandfather is alive and living with the grandchildren. I also use another measure of co residents wherein I take Grandpa, grandfa, grandparent, being alive as a measure of coincidence, because in developing country context, grandparents might move among different might move among their children right, move, change households, and like they might leave

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with the one of their children for 2, 3 months, and then them they might move to the next children, for if next few months, so I use grandfather until being alive as a measure of coincidence, and like similar results, have been found.

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Looking at the gender nature of grandparental influence, I do find that greater in a greater education of grandmother. Her I mean her discourages discrimination against the grant against the grand daughter. So I mean more educated grandmothers invest more of their I mean

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More of the family resources towards the education of grand daughters. Viga. We grand sons, however, we do not find any

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pattern I mean prominent pattern in the case of Grandfather

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and these influence or favorable influence of grandmother's on grand daughters is only found among richer households among poor households, where there are likely to be resource constraints, or credit constraints. This pattern is not evident.

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so, coming to the tiki takeaways of my study, so I do find favorable influence of grandparents on grandchildren's human capital investment. Such a favorable influence is likely to operate through direct channels. whatever limited finding I mean evidence, I do find, suggest towards that stuff that that particular direction gender based. There are gender-based heterogeneities in the multi generational mobility process in India. And

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yeah. So obviously, my results. emphasizes. Taking into, I mean, taking multi-generational considerations in policy making

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and also highlights the important role of extended family at at present as well as in the future. Given rising longevity and falling fertility levels. Thank you so much.

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Okay as thank you. Basket And the next presenter is, I go to Ishibashi, a 4 generations more ready in Japan the impact of the middle generation's.

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Thank you for introduction. I'm agriculture from Central University and from Japan. Today I'm going talking about with the great grandfather

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of extra great-grandchildren in more than Japan cases.

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Recently there is an increase in imagination of studies since May appointed that  this may have pointed out. Importance of Margaret, and she view a conventional two-dimensional approach might omit important sources of a family-based social inequality

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 to call me a suggestion. Many social storifications, examine the margin of study

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and many managing that they are, focus on 3 junction studies, including.

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and great great grandparents, parent children

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about a few, a few studies Focused on the 4 4 or more. generation and mobility studies. Previous 4 generation already studied for the effect of great ground parent effect.

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So a previous 4 generation study, so

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say a mechanism effect of great ground up here, and

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he's a driver. Resources. In other words.

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yeah.

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Inheritance of finance and physical resources on the prestige of bus

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about the previous 4 generation study have researched the apps. this is

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previous. Studies might overestimate the effects of great grandparents, and this is because previous studies

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often use. Only one measurement of a status. If

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if we use a

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only one measure of the status

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ancestors effect might pick up a middle generation character that we are not controlled

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a mobile. May I mentioned that educational intuition might weaken the origin effect, because education increased social and and increment.

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So

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If we examine 4 generation occupational mobility. we should, we should consider education at least.

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So my research question do great-grandparent Directory affects great-grandchildren and conting for each generation, each international education.

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So I focus more than Japan context, because modern Japan has a patriarchal family system, and

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undergone a drastically educational expansion and a previous study in China and earlier. which have the same family systems.  On the effects of great grandfather.

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and the

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so, especially in Japan.

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about up across a family, often used the adoption to carry on name on the lineage in the.

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if not having a son.

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And so

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for example, the past and the doctor family is an extremely top class at hub high passage rate. So in the modern Japan that might have a great grandparent effect.

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but more than Japan. Under my educational expansion I began to catch up with Western society and modern Japan. Out of the Western society, Western developed the country education system culture technique.

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So

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because the industrialization on the education

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expansion happens simultaneously.

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the education become a qualification for employment in Japan. So the in modern Japan's education, educational expansion might we can origin effect. So I focus on modern Japan.

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So I, I use the socialization and moverity in Japan and 90 55 data are here after Ssn.

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my analytical, this, this data include, all genes, genetic information. Despondent respondent father, a respondent! The grandfather responded to this.

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My analogous sample is this, responded eldest and aged 90, and over

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my electrical sample size is almost 400.

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So this I show variable. I use a occupational play score as a 1,975 years budget, because a

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this version is

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all this the version

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which covered all jobs, a so mobile occupational place for a fundamentally invariant old society test of Britain. So I you

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dispatching so. And as a dependent variable is.

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let's want to understand as a donation for occupation of place for expect. An exponentially variable is a correspondent to grandfather as a generation, one occupation of Prescore as a control variable, G. 3 and G. 2. Occupation free score g. 4 and G. 3, and G

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to El application, and finally, I controlled an exponent

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and the S. The.

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So this I show a method.

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I use the oil OS integration, and so

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I, I use a

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pretty imputation because this, this data set have missing cases about 20%.

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I use a such cast of the way I and the mice. A number of implication is 184, that robust and check. I use a computer case analysis. In other words, this Y division.

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I use 3 models, one do not have middle generation to write, and a model 2

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include a g, 2 and g. 3. Occupation and the module 3 include a meditation and a great grandchildren education.

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So yeah, it's the next great statistics

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 we're going to run for the occupation of Frisco. And great grandfather. You with education have the high mes rate and the other variable.

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So a of

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meaning of each generation of play score is a similar.

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So this I show a distribution of  and many.

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and in many cases engaged in form. The pharma score is 39.9. These are many cases under the 14.

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So this I show a result of overs.

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So please please focus on the model 2. If we control the

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meterogenesis occupation, our great great grandfather, a sincerity affect a great-grandchildren.

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But if we control the amidrogen, so education and the G. 4. Dedication, a great grandfather, great grandfather, do not see if can't affect Great grandchildren!

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So here is a protein D, one occupation coefficient. So  Oh!

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Let a horizontal line if 0,

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the black vodka line is a 95% confident in Turbo. So emodia 3 g. One

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g. One, the 95% confident in Java

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lying over there. So in model C, when the occupation coefficient is not a sinful effect, and so, in other words.

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the one's occupation of the might be 0

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as a lovers and check and some complete case analysis.

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I get similar results of

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for marching marriage preparation.

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But I really focus the distribution of occupational price score.

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Please. focus on the.

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So these cases have a very high

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our occupation, which is a score. So this

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I, Jerusalem, a great-grandfather and great-grandfather and great-grandchildren. The occupational prize score.

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So this case is out right in the doctor cases. So

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G, one, a doctor, G, one is Doctor G for a doctor. So at this ultra, yeah. So

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throughout the strokes. So if I I omitted our drier cases, so as a slope is nearly a holiday.

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so I

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I analyzed a I you know I've

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a

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but muchcal axis show ultra ig. For a horizontal.

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The horizontal

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axis. Show out your Ig. One. So

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the lounge show in the G one and the g, 4. So. and this slides show our Id 5, 5, 7 cases. So our drier.

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So I d. 5, 5, 7 cases. So

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a family of doctor cases. So g. One and G. One g. 3, a. G. 4, and doctor about G, 2. Government worker. But government worker have high score.

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so are tentatively answering question.

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Considering a Peabody on the OS. Result, a great grandfather did not affect grandchildren, a controlling

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Mit Ctl. And for education so controlling only middle-generation occupation gradually, and the father affect great grandchildren. This finding with previous studies, this finding, according with previous studies, one

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but a great-grandfather, did not affect gradually, and concern for education. A previous study is a fit use.

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A one status measurement always makes the effects of a great grandparent. So I may. I suggest that that is a education system weak, and the inference of ancestor is supported by a result.

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But I I want to a more deeper discussion. considering a P. Value, and how to I, a great man of I did not affect grand, great grandchildren.

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but the difference in the G one coefficient is the 0 point 4 between module 2 and the 0 point 1 7 and 3 and 0 point 1 3.

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So this result, that is, a

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in moderately a g. One. Coefficient is not seen if you might be due to small sample size, a small sum size of cause, a a larger

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 So I think that actually might be important for a 4 or more generation studies the outlier in in this data. Actually, a cases was it was a family of doctor that had a high-passing inventor. Clark mentioned

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 the fx of a doctor.

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a family that that Uppercross might arise. D. One effect as a population mean as a mayor. May I say? The margin of status in help us might be

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that might arise at the top of hierarchy. This session was May supported this Sunday. I'm over a decent ancestor have low dispersion in occupation, because many people, in case of

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so our top hierarchy was. as such as a doctor. need to be more at this from farmer cases so primary industry of the population than descendant.

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This study have limited to limitation. Our data set has a small sample size.

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Our data set only has a edited son and a paternal lineage. And the

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this data set did you not do not include.

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And this result might have the biases.

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So the finance writer show our next steps. I I will use his scum and the other Francisco. especially he's come to have a

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a yearly and later period

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he's come. So I, for example, I I replace Japanese.

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I play his score with earlier. He's come for G one generation

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and I deploy. I will replace D to G threeg. For a generation of

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into a later video.

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So because I I I

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because I should correct, press the score at each generation where we are at the march, pre-generation with a wide range of time. And finally, I will consider changing in the occupational structure through the generation. Because going back to generation

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lead to a

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why, why there so

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ancestor might undergo a changing occupation structure. So this solution may

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maybe using a interaction between ancestor status and the ancestor of the Basco hot.

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Thank you for your attention.

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Thank you. I agree. For a nice presentation. So the makers. Presentation is derived by Hirostata in Nasha apart outside, or mother's side.

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mit Ctl. And lineage differences in the lower ground. Parental resources on grand students education in Japan. Thank you. Thank you. So thank you very much for actually, thank you very much. organize us for giving me an opportunity to talk about my presentation. So 250

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today, we are going to talk about the role of grandparents in shipping graduate institutions.

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Also, we are concerned about the harms, a lot of grandparents, defaults between the pattern and side and the maternal sides. So this is collaborations with the economies in my university.

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So this is a content of the study.

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Okay?

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So

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I think that many previous real charge is that there's a strong assumption of an equal to research, such as a nuclear, primary and a two-generation model, as pointed out by the other presentation in the same sessions. So, but also recent technical studies try to see the increase in, try to see the influence of the grandparents on grandchildren.

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So I think that by looking at the role of grandparents in shape. In the ground-shaped educations we can see the have extensive hamming structure sprays around in generation of the inequality across Mars for dimensions.

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So also the to consider the relevance of the farming in the shaping inequalities. We need to account for the error of institution context, because institutional contexts weakens or strengths, and the aurora extent parties.

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As for the Rabbi, the second speaker's presentations. So yeah, this is the case of India. So also, for example, hainomes and cultures are important institutional contexts, because these norms and the cultures expect their grandparents to take up the ground heat.

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Yeah.

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in East Asia, so as pointed out by the issue-based approximate presentations. The normal filial pity is a very important context in shaping the inter-dimensional relationship between elderly parent and the other kids.

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This parming on prioritizes the pottery in our image.

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On the other hand, some studies document a mutual advantage in the cooperative relationship between the grandparents and grand kids, because do to be more involved in supporting their older parents. So this might be also the case with the Japanese society too.

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So this is a topic is really very important, because this topic arose us to consider how farming structures shape educational disparities across multiple generations.

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however, typical research is still a very scarce and inconclusive.

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We believe that the jeopardy might be the suitable case for this research topic, because many Japanese people still share the notion failure of vat which prioritize this parallel lineage in college and the intergenerial West transfer.

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Meanwhile other studies document the rising road of the maternal grandparents in Japan, because very often keep ties with their parents and exchange more support and resources with their own parents than with their parents. You know.

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Okay, based on this discussion.

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we focus on the effects of the voluntary resources on the educational outcome and among grant kids in Japan, after controlling the effect of the parental resources.

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we compare the lot of grandparents in educational inequalities between the paternal and the maternal size.

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To do this, we explore the 2 mechanisms by pitch that are going beyond the resources, shift the ground. Students

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educational outcome, such as contact-based and that long contact-based mechanisms.

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So In the context-based mechanisms.

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So the act contact between the grand appearance and grantees plays a role in shaping the socialization pulses and underground children. And also it plays a role in transporting these sources across generations.

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So to explore this point, privilege to observes the lot of core residents and livable communications between the grandparents and grand kids

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in the non-contact-based mechanisms. I'm previously realized that the transferring economic resources does not require either any direct contact between the grandparents and grandkids.

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Therefore a Sasha's try to take a look at the effects of a guaranteed waste transfer on the ground changing educations.

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okay. Based on these discussions, we constructed the hypothesis

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in hypothesis. One. We assume that the higher the institutional level of the grandparents, the more likely grand children to learn to attend higher education. This is kind of like the baseline hypothesis

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for the context-based mechanisms. We look at the correlations with the grandparents in hypothesis. Still co- residents with one appearance helps grand children obtain higher education.

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however, as pointed out by the U. Shi's people in 2,011, so there might be No. No. 2,014. There might be some heterogeneity in the road of the.

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so, therefore, I constructed a hypothesis to A.

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So here it is assumed that the correlation with the high-tech grandparents helps run children open in high education.

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also the hot and of context-based mechanisms. We examine the rotor wave which transfer from the grandparents in hypothesis 3. Intergeneration with transfer generates a significant advantage in granting and education

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also we consider the Linux variation in the L of grandparents.

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We try to see the difference between the paternal and the malaria size in hypotheses for the parallel, and parents consent to help grant children and education.

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I could satisfy modern and grandparents consistently help once reasons attain a higher education. Those we test, those hypotheses

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based on.

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Ok. I. I explained the data measurement.

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We use the data from the Japan House World panel survey. It was undertaken in my university. So we also use the data from the supplementary survey for the second generation. This is the kind of supplemental saving in a Japan household, Connor. So

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this second generation survey targeted the children, in age, 18 or older, of the Japan Household Funded Survey original samples.

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This survey started in 2,004, and the second financial service started in 2,017. A second generation survey also the panelists of it. So we try to follow the trajectory with the right courses. Among the students who left the parental housing too.

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So the advantage of the using this combined pandemic survey is to have rich information on alphabet backgrounds and educational situations that are processed generations.

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The dataset is very suitable for this research. It's actually in quality across multiple generations.

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Ok, a different outcome in the study is an elementary to the university. Among the Grant kids.

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Also, we use the similar independent variables of the ground parents, parents, and grandchildren, such as the Co. Residence. Various transfer. Also I divide the various transfer into the biggest and the inter people's gift.

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also the icon of all the parental characteristics, such as the education Aberdeenshire-solar income cramps, gr tender sibbling service, but all the of the grandparents, also the I control for the grantees and characteristics, such as gender and the grace at the middle school.

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As for the statistical model, we use a road distribution models predicting bus enrollment and ground keys. Also, I apply the multiple implications to deal with missing cases.

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also to check the robust and of the result. I also estimate a linear probability model. The results were quite similar between the estimates of the logical model and the symmetry linear probability model. We therefore assured the results of the object to model.

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Ok, let's move to the display. Speech statistics

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in the sample. Once I half of the grandchildren in the university.

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Also, I compare the distribution between independent variables between the paternal side, the maternal size.

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It is interesting to see that one grandparents are more grandchildren. Even with the paternal grand appearance. They are not around there. 60% of the grandchildren in Libya, we see.

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but it's not a grandparents, but at least 9% of the grand children, and lived together with a maternal grandparents.

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 in addition to that, more apparent, inherited because than the received inter people's needs, gifts from cotana grandparents.

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So, therefore, descriptive results confirm the significance of parallel lineage in correlations and work. Okay, let me turn to the disasters of the latest model.

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So after this is a result of with similar parental underground children, characteristics control

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many barriers of the grandparents had no significant influences on the grand student education, except for the biggest entertainers from Matanara.

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But the before controlling holds up parental characteristics. We see that the a lot of ground, parental care, statistics, all shows the. But after controlling all, the especially the house for the income and the parental educational attainment. So the signage conference in the Cpi, except for the inheritance because inheritance from

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so it it shows that the grand children whose parents received the worse from modern and grandparents, who are more accurate than the university.

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However, this is not the case with a we're transferred from the mountain a paternal vampire.

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in addition to that, coordinates with grandparents, had no additive effect on the graduate and education

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so.

354
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but, on the other hand, we also estimate the interaction effects of the grandparents, horizons, and the grandparents or educations. We found that the correlations with highly educated grandparents increase the chance of the grandchildren, grandchildren, and ornament in the university.

355
00:58:21.340 --> 00:58:29.529
Also, this graph shows the predicted probabilities of the invest in an environment based on the register model. As you can see.

356
00:58:29.570 --> 00:58:47.140
the grandchildren who live together have ways to partially educate his grandparents, or more like I can, nor an university. We can see the same, almost the same paradox, regardless of the lineage, such as the paternal grandparents and the Madonna grandparents.

357
00:58:48.490 --> 00:58:52.609
Okay, let me. I try to be brief

358
00:58:52.750 --> 00:59:04.179
very quickly. They are summarizing the results. The hypotheses, such as colleges and hypotheses, and the West hypotheses were supported, based on our EPA findings.

359
00:59:04.470 --> 00:59:14.599
On the other hand, we did not find any consistent patterns of the lineage variation in the role of a grandparents. Even in the case of Japanese societies.

360
00:59:15.110 --> 00:59:21.199
So, for example, the Us. Hypothesis was confirmed on the maternal side.

361
00:59:21.320 --> 00:59:29.879
however, the correlation's hypothesis was confirmed on both the paternal and the maternal sites.

362
00:59:30.070 --> 00:59:36.419
Therefore we conclude that both hypotheses, such as

363
00:59:36.830 --> 00:59:44.360
paternal hypotheses and maternal hypotheses, digital to explain their empathy findings.

364
00:59:45.210 --> 00:59:46.390
Okay, then.

365
00:59:47.320 --> 00:59:48.410
comparison

366
00:59:48.960 --> 00:59:58.069
in our study, both the context-based and non-contact-based mechanisms can explain well that, granted the education in Japan.

367
00:59:58.210 --> 01:00:23.069
Given the paterial construction of the extended family, we assume that inter-dination with transfer in the paterial image would play a role in shaping ground student medications. This is Paviacin, however, we found that the waste transfer on the Matano side helped around changing educations. The contact-based mechanics also matters both on the paternal side and Matanas size.

368
01:00:23.080 --> 01:00:31.659
Therefore an intelligent exchange of the support of financial resources happened on the paternal namadana size. In Japan.

369
01:00:31.860 --> 01:00:51.039
This kind of situation seems to reflect on Olympic of findings. So, therefore, that we need to account for the boss size of the grandparents, for the for explaining the ground, changing education. This is what I what I would like to argue in my presentation. Thank you very much for listening to my presentation.

370
01:01:04.370 --> 01:01:25.229
thank you, Hirosh! And due to how you ness the initial last for final presenter, Andrea Councillor, the her presentation today. So the final presenter is Hiroshi, Ishida educational product reproduction and the mobility across mount to generations in Japan.

371
01:01:33.310 --> 01:01:34.230
Thank you.

372
01:01:36.530 --> 01:01:59.309
if you are here to listen to the middle class family in Germany. I'm sorry that's not the case Andrea has. So she mailed us last night, and that she she became Yale, so that she kind of present the her

373
01:01:59.370 --> 01:02:24.419
results. So I'm I was kind of designated as a distributed paper. And then, according to like a Isa kind of a rules or no instructions distributed paper person can be sort of upgraded to to it's like a going from an economy class to a first class or something.

374
01:02:24.680 --> 01:02:42.499
So I I quickly made up the slides, and then, and I have to bring it over to the Speaker room, and then to register, and I realized that there are quite a few slides missing. But never mind, I'll try to actually 150

375
01:02:42.530 --> 01:02:57.759
a supplement with my overall explanation. So this is about educational reproduction, mobility in Japan, and you have already heard 2

376
01:02:57.760 --> 01:03:13.009
excellent presentations on Japan, and I feel like I don't have much to add. So that's something that. But you'll find out, and some of the things that I do are a little bit different. But the topic is the same.

377
01:03:13.310 --> 01:03:16.619
So it's about the multiple generation.

378
01:03:16.840 --> 01:03:35.630
 I don't think it's so necessary to talk about this in in this audience. But sociologists has been looking at this reproduction of socioeconomic advantages and disadvantages across generations. And then this topic is really the heart of the Rc. 28 community

379
01:03:35.630 --> 01:03:57.249
but the bulk of the studies on this topic often focus upon 2 generations, although there are more of a recent emergence of 3 generation, or or even 4 generation studies multiple generations studies about this socioeconomic advantages reproduce across generation

380
01:03:57.270 --> 01:04:13.199
and we do learn a lot of things about looking at just one nuclear family. But we can look across multiple kind of nuclear families so that we can look at not only the parents, but also the grandparents.

381
01:04:13.530 --> 01:04:26.479
and we are all actually embedded to rob Meer, who is a distinguished professor at Ucla, who has been really the driving force of the Rc. 28

382
01:04:26.500 --> 01:04:49.250
And he gave a Presidential address at the PA. The Population and Association of America, and 2,011, and then, I think, a lot of papers or presentations before me cited his work, and I I think it's an excellent paper, and and also he had a later work. A number of layer works

383
01:04:49.510 --> 01:05:01.620
about this issue, and he claims that intergenerational processes of inequality are generated by intergenerational association of socioeconomic characteristics

384
01:05:01.730 --> 01:05:31.370
as well as a demographic dynamics, including fertility, mortality, longevity and marriage patterns. So so that they're they're sort of a 2 components. So parents influence kids by transmitting their economic, social, and cultural resources to their their children. But they need to create the the next generation by having kids, because without having kids, you can't really pass on.

385
01:05:31.370 --> 01:05:48.489
And so the process of having kids, or this process of demographic dynamics should be taken into account and also spending, know how much time that you spend with the kids in order to pass on their resources to the next generation is is a key kind of feature.

386
01:05:48.490 --> 01:06:05.810
So I'll try to address this As much as possible, but I guess a key variable that I'll talk about is cool registers and the longevity. So there are a lot of actually parallel things that are said in the previous presentations.

387
01:06:06.070 --> 01:06:25.239
 yeah. Why, Japan, that's something that the slide I I didn't insert. But Aguruishivashi had a very good kind of explanation about why we should look at Japan. I would just emphasize 3 things. One is that Japan has been a kind of a country

388
01:06:25.240 --> 01:06:50.020
erez agmoni, where Apache linear lineage is, is emphasized, and also there's a a male bread winner model. It is rather dominant in the society for a long time, although there are some changes in a more recent period. So looking at the kind of father's side is, is is crucial in a Japanese society. That's 1.1

389
01:06:50.130 --> 01:07:14.279
erez agmoni that I would mention. The second point is that Japan, like any other industrial nations, have gone through a rather rapid transformation of the educational system, mainly expansion of educational, higher education sector, and that should have impact, especially looking at the educational association of parents and kids. 150

390
01:07:14.440 --> 01:07:17.899
changes in educational structure should have some bearing.

391
01:07:17.950 --> 01:07:30.969
The third point that I mentioned about Japan is that Japan is the society who is the most aged society.

392
01:07:30.970 --> 01:07:53.650
That means that the proportion of people who are 65 over is like 28, which is the largest in in the world, and also in terms of longevity. It is one of the, you know, country which had the longest you know, longevity among the world. So these are like sort of a characteristics of the society that I would like to point out

393
01:07:53.730 --> 01:08:22.589
And then, in order to address this issue about reproduction across multiple generations. We need obviously and data on the multiple generations. And I'll quickly describe the survey that we use. I I forgot things to one side about the the survey, but the the survey we use is, a nationally representative survey of the people, age 60 to 69.

394
01:08:22.860 --> 01:08:36.689
And we used the mail out and the mail in kind of methods to collect the data. And then that survey collected the data about the respondents and spouses.

395
01:08:36.690 --> 01:09:00.570
but also their parents and their kids. The the reason why we focused upon this age group is that there were kids their children would have and completed. So with education, attainment, and so so have reached occupational maturity. So we have. We can get information about education and occupation and also living standard of the children

396
01:09:00.570 --> 01:09:22.340
as well as the respondent themselves, and also about their parents. that's the reason why we use this age range. And yes, we obtain a number of socioeconomic characteristics, including education, occupation, living centers. the respondents and the parents and children.

397
01:09:22.340 --> 01:09:32.509
And then in this presentation, I'll focus upon educational attainment of the respondents, parents, and then children. And then, looking at these 3 generations.

398
01:09:32.870 --> 01:10:01.059
let's see right. The previous presentation, emphasized the father size and the mother's side, and then, as you can see, the Dennis allows to trace the the father's side, and mother size 3 generation association. In this presentation I'll focus upon the left side, which is the father side and But I've done some analysis using the mother's side as well.

399
01:10:01.460 --> 01:10:10.989
What else? Yes, we have information about education, occupation, employment, state as the living standard. But in this presentation I'll focus upon education.

400
01:10:12.080 --> 01:10:15.319
So let me move into the results.

401
01:10:15.430 --> 01:10:30.100
first, I will just give you this brief picture about this historical development of education in Japan, because it is, it is relevant for the generation that we are talking about

402
01:10:30.470 --> 01:10:55.409
the red and Rhine, The red one shows the enrollment in Junior college and university. So basically, proposing people for going on to higher education, you can see that the first stage of expansion from the early 1,960 to late 19 seventies. And that's when our father's generation, the the respondents

403
01:10:55.410 --> 01:11:07.569
erez agmoni had their educational attainment. And then there's a plateau, a period, and then starting in the 1,900 ninetys. There's a second stage of expansion, and that's when our

404
01:11:07.570 --> 01:11:15.610
in our survey that children had their education attainment. So you can see that

405
01:11:15.630 --> 01:11:21.870
these 2 generation benefited from the educational obtainment, but in a 2 different periods.

406
01:11:23.440 --> 01:11:49.270
and this shows an educational distribution by 3 generations, and then you can see clearly the distributions are very different. and a grand grandfather's generation. It's really the the lowest level is the major category, whereas in the children's generation it's the higher. The higher education sector is the the largest category. This is on the mother's size, the same kind of story.

407
01:11:49.560 --> 01:12:01.179
So you know, to look at the association in educational attainment between parents and children, we need to think about the

408
01:12:01.790 --> 01:12:15.750
difference in educational distribution. This is a slide which I'm going to emphasize on. Lookup. I'm going to look at the father's size rather than the mother's side, so I will look at the grandfather, father, and the children relationship.

409
01:12:16.920 --> 01:12:40.169
And this is the bridge out of log linear load, multiplicative models. The reason why I use this model is that I want to look at the pattern of association. Which? Globally. Amolo is very good at it. And also I want to control for the big changes in the marginals, that is, educational distributions. And this type of model will allow us to do that.

410
01:12:40.230 --> 01:13:08.960
3 main findings from this table, one in terms of the association between grandfather and the Children's education. There is an association but once you control for a father and children's association. the direct association between grandfather's education and the children's education is not significant, so

411
01:13:09.020 --> 01:13:14.929
grandfather's education's effect goes through his, so to speak, father's education.

412
01:13:15.400 --> 01:13:37.170
The second finding is that there's no significant 3 way interaction among those 3 variables. So that's the second thing. And the third thing is that the pattern of association between a father and child, or a grandfather and child are very similar, and this is a pattern

413
01:13:37.170 --> 01:14:01.530
that is You have inheritance at the top and the bottom, and the top is the highest. Those people who have highly educated tend to have the fathers who are highly educated. They tend to have a high propensity to have children with the high education, and then low low cell is also has a high propensity

414
01:14:01.570 --> 01:14:14.499
in the middle category. The propensity for inheritance is low, but people are kind of spread into 2 directions.

415
01:14:14.810 --> 01:14:19.340
It's a saying for grandparent and

416
01:14:19.640 --> 01:14:34.259
a grandparent father, which even seems to be a bit stronger than the father and child, and then also this is the Grandpa and Child Association. It's the same pattern, but the degree or stress of association is obviously weaker.

417
01:14:34.460 --> 01:14:35.150
Oh.

418
01:14:35.620 --> 01:15:04.669
and then I'll bring in kind of a 2 context for this. one is a call residents with parents. we have information about what the Parents Co. Resided with their parents. That is the grandparents. and this is the proportion of co residence. And then, basically, what I'm trying to say here is that we'll take the the age 30 when when the parents were age 30, whether they recall resided with their grandparent their

419
01:15:04.670 --> 01:15:08.800
their their parents. That means that their grandparents for their children.

420
01:15:08.800 --> 01:15:17.469
and then the proportion is about 29%, and then the persistent rate of co-residence is pretty high.

421
01:15:17.470 --> 01:15:36.410
so we we we use the age 30 as as a sort of a age of the parents who are living with their parents, or now and then divide a sample into 2 groups. Those who who resided, and those who did not!

422
01:15:36.490 --> 01:15:59.650
And then trying to compare the strength of association between grandparents of education and children's education by co-residence. And then what we find is that among the cool, resided people the association between grandfather and the child's education is stronger, and as we would predict.

423
01:16:00.520 --> 01:16:12.720
the other context that I That we included, is the longevity. Parents live longer, and then, as they live longer, they have more interaction with with the

424
01:16:12.720 --> 01:16:37.240
their their kids and then their grandkids. So this is actually the graph that I took from Marcia Carson's unpublished work, and you can see that as people live longer, the share time between the 2 generations is going to be expanded, and then this share time between g. One and G. 3. Obviously, as the grandparents live longer.

425
01:16:37.240 --> 01:16:49.460
then the share time is going to be, you know, longer. So longevity is a key factor, and again I divided the sample into

426
01:16:49.460 --> 01:17:08.109
grandpa. Either a grandfather or grand mother is alive or not, and then see the strength of association between Grandfather's education and children's education is is different. And then, again, we find that

427
01:17:08.110 --> 01:17:23.089
among those people whose grandfather, either either one of the grandparents is alive. The association, in terms of the education between grandfather and a child is stronger than those who Grandparents were not alive.

428
01:17:23.750 --> 01:17:26.680
So I'm wrapping up and

429
01:17:26.900 --> 01:17:49.680
right I looked at the pattern of association between the parents of generation of other educational payment, and then the pattern of association was very similar across the pairs of association, and then the strengths of association seem to vary and depending. On which pair of generations are you looking at

430
01:17:49.680 --> 01:17:59.459
a grandparent Parent Association and Parent Child Association were strong, while the grandparent and then Child Association was the weakest.

431
01:17:59.470 --> 01:18:15.370
and we also, I think, brought in 2 contexts, the core residents. With the grandparents, and also the whether the grandparents are alive or not! And then among the co-resided

432
01:18:15.370 --> 01:18:32.400
pairs, the strengths of association between grandparent and the children are stronger, and also among those that the grandparents were alive, either one of the grandparents would lie. The association between grandparents, education and child's education was strong.

433
01:18:32.450 --> 01:18:38.019
So I think this is the. And I hope I didn't pick up the much time. Yeah.

434
01:18:38.880 --> 01:18:39.740
thank you.

435
01:18:49.920 --> 01:19:05.789
Okay, thank you. Hiroshi for a nice presentation. So we we have around 30 min to discuss about all the all, all, all paypal to pretend that this session. So

436
01:19:06.560 --> 01:19:12.160
with you like to be the

437
01:19:12.470 --> 01:19:15.090
to the

438
01:19:21.630 --> 01:19:24.060
so that's that's what it's right to

439
01:19:28.640 --> 01:19:44.890
 zoom. And

440
01:19:45.790 --> 01:19:46.730
you see?

441
01:20:03.320 --> 01:20:04.500
Okay?

442
01:20:08.700 --> 01:20:12.089
And so, oh, I there.

443
01:20:13.760 --> 01:20:15.260
okay, thank you.

444
01:20:17.340 --> 01:20:26.369
So if you have any questions and a comment, please feel free to use this microphone.

445
01:20:27.120 --> 01:20:28.520
you get any up.

446
01:20:32.980 --> 01:20:37.000
Actually one question. But I'll start with the

447
01:20:37.320 --> 01:20:41.490
 I question to you how you handle the the general.

448
01:20:41.950 --> 01:20:44.839
because if I understood it correctly.

449
01:20:45.190 --> 01:20:53.429
 the Liberalist expenditure of the children, and I thought that it was the expenditure of all children together.

450
01:20:53.980 --> 01:20:59.450
I know from each child, but maybe I misunderstood it so the

451
01:20:59.560 --> 01:21:08.920
you would separately for sons and daughters. And then I wondered, Ok, how exactly do you do it? Because there may be families that have sons and daughters.

452
01:21:10.440 --> 01:21:13.719
All right. So actually, the

453
01:21:13.820 --> 01:21:19.760
my main outcome variable is experimented on each specific child.

454
01:21:21.330 --> 01:21:26.660
Right? So the Ist's data base has information on the expense.

455
01:21:26.730 --> 01:21:30.960
total expenses, educational expenses on each children of

456
01:21:30.980 --> 01:21:32.289
within the household.

457
01:21:32.380 --> 01:21:38.279
So he didn't like publish you in the wrong food, because you said that you need 4 or less regulations. Good.

458
01:21:38.380 --> 01:21:42.970
then, from the issue of the order and suggestions. Because you have more children within the same family

459
01:21:43.100 --> 01:21:55.179
I I do include I could not include household fixed effects, but like I do include neighborhood fixed effects. So it's like OS with the neighborhood fixed fx.

460
01:21:55.320 --> 01:21:59.340
Do you suggest anything like I do it differently.

461
01:21:59.640 --> 01:22:08.850
Yes, it's a to be a random. Thanks for right? Thank you. I'll keep that.

462
01:22:11.450 --> 01:22:15.960
Thank you.

463
01:22:16.430 --> 01:22:19.040
Yeah. Okay.

464
01:22:19.560 --> 01:22:22.410
Education. Why? Why you should just

465
01:22:22.480 --> 01:22:27.750
oh, sure. So yeah, it'll be closer. So why do you stress that you study modern Japan?

466
01:22:27.810 --> 01:22:53.010
Because it isn't so modern? Because your last generation is actually already adult in 90 55 even su you correctly. So your grant of parental generation actually was from the middle of the nineteenth century presented to study the period that I studied in the first session of today, and in which the Netherlands were not yet modern at all, and I think

467
01:22:53.050 --> 01:23:03.470
Japan may have been also less modern than today. and I would say, you don't need it to call it someone.

468
01:23:03.600 --> 01:23:04.440
I think.

469
01:23:08.090 --> 01:23:10.150
Thank you for your question.

470
01:23:10.250 --> 01:23:24.359
so why I focus more on Japanese mayor. 2,000 22,040 was mentioned from the mechanism.

471
01:23:24.750 --> 01:23:28.590
Educational expansion might weaken

472
01:23:28.610 --> 01:23:32.290
origin effect. So And the modern Japan!

473
01:23:32.700 --> 01:23:36.030
I I

474
01:23:36.320 --> 01:23:42.230
have the stream of hattery a carecoming system so.

475
01:23:42.560 --> 01:23:43.440
and then

476
01:23:46.270 --> 01:23:47.369
so

477
01:23:47.790 --> 01:23:52.399
Ancestors! Effect might allow the

478
01:23:52.720 --> 01:23:56.310
but but but

479
01:23:56.930 --> 01:23:59.289
and I'll stay on the same time.

480
01:23:59.860 --> 01:24:00.840
I

481
01:24:01.130 --> 01:24:06.039
more than Japan under your a laboratory at educational.

482
01:24:06.240 --> 01:24:09.190
a drastically education expansion. So are

483
01:24:09.410 --> 01:24:10.250
awesome

484
01:24:10.500 --> 01:24:17.210
in a modern Japan cases it is most suitable for me as a plausible mechanism.

485
01:24:17.630 --> 01:24:19.800
So I I focus on

486
01:24:20.010 --> 01:24:21.590
what a jeopardy is.

487
01:24:22.840 --> 01:24:40.319
Okay. But I just don't understand. So how many of these? Let's say the father generation, who were already adults in 1,920, I think if they understood the data correctly. Yes. How many of these fathers had any education further than primary education?

488
01:24:41.040 --> 01:24:43.609
So what was the sentence going to secondary school?

489
01:24:44.970 --> 01:24:51.510
 It must have been quite low, I think. There. Yes.

490
01:24:51.740 --> 01:25:04.149
yeah. So in that sense the Portmeir describes Kemaki. That's the fact that you're I'm sorry I have the hygens right so late of the

491
01:25:04.240 --> 01:25:13.120
to educate any kind of compromise on the Upper High School late. So I will show you.

492
01:25:13.240 --> 01:25:15.010
Yes, okay, I'll come back.

493
01:25:17.600 --> 01:25:19.350
Thank you. yeah.

494
01:25:21.900 --> 01:25:33.100
I have a kind of an interpretation question to all 3 presentations on Japan, because it was mentioned.

495
01:25:33.140 --> 01:25:35.169
which is

496
01:25:35.950 --> 01:25:45.920
a male breadwinner society. But none of you mentioned that in that.

497
01:25:46.240 --> 01:25:50.960
mainly in our society, the central

498
01:25:51.570 --> 01:26:10.930
function, the role of the mother is to take care of the kids education decisions. So, and I was wondering. And that's the question to all 3 of you that how do you think that this.

499
01:26:11.020 --> 01:26:19.079
the modern central low row in their kids. Educational tracks relates to the

500
01:26:19.570 --> 01:26:25.339
the your research design. And and too young results.

501
01:26:28.240 --> 01:26:29.340
Goodbye.

502
01:26:30.840 --> 01:26:33.440
Yeah. Yeah.

503
01:27:00.640 --> 01:27:29.730
You know the

504
01:27:29.730 --> 01:27:49.310
commitment to the education of the kids. Also, the masters tend to have their ties with their own parents. So, therefore, because of the merit-based doing a model so maternal grandparents mean pre algorithm may play a role in the production inequality sacrament.

505
01:27:49.440 --> 01:27:51.199
So there, how this might be

506
01:27:51.270 --> 01:27:58.330
are related to the kind of measurements. Very, very good in a model. Yeah, I interpret it in this way.

507
01:28:05.910 --> 01:28:06.640
Well.

508
01:28:07.880 --> 01:28:09.869
thank you for your

509
01:28:10.050 --> 01:28:20.239
question. I, to tell the truth, it is my. In my opinion it is important for a malignation. So

510
01:28:20.320 --> 01:28:26.320
but I my data. It's only a patriotic butterfly villages.

511
01:28:26.480 --> 01:28:27.930
And so

512
01:28:28.960 --> 01:28:36.080
 so yeah, I I I will. I will consider

513
01:28:40.720 --> 01:28:41.420
she

514
01:28:43.080 --> 01:28:44.170
the last one.

515
01:28:46.270 --> 01:28:47.140
So

516
01:28:54.480 --> 01:28:56.500
I assume there's an

517
01:28:58.310 --> 01:28:59.050
yeah.

518
01:29:07.430 --> 01:29:14.049
I wish we had more likes. But anyway, thanks for that question.

519
01:29:14.330 --> 01:29:38.170
But the the reason why I mentioned about the male Brett winner wall is to sort of justify, to look at the alternative side of of inheritance. That was a reason. But you are right that the mothers apply a very central role and and decision-making about their kids' education. But I think the mothers also refer to fathers sort of education, entertainment

520
01:29:38.380 --> 01:29:42.799
and deciding what the children's education should be.

521
01:29:43.940 --> 01:29:46.629
I may be wrong, but

522
01:29:46.890 --> 01:30:10.570
you don't seem to agree with me. Okay, we don't have any sure. So. the the quick answer is that the reason I put it out? But the mail, Brett, when the model is to look at the term side, and then but the other people have looked at the maternal side, and that's that's very important as well that I have no objection to that.

523
01:30:12.380 --> 01:30:13.070
Bye.

524
01:30:18.540 --> 01:30:19.440
Okay.

525
01:30:22.170 --> 01:30:35.050
So all we get the question well, from, I'm running So all from Laval, if you are okay to

526
01:30:36.660 --> 01:30:42.209
speak up all you're coming on. it's not possible.

527
01:30:45.460 --> 01:30:46.380
Ravaris Moore: Hello!

528
01:30:46.850 --> 01:30:53.670
Ravaris Moore: Hi! I had a question for Mark. I was wondering how what transfer is later in life between

529
01:30:54.220 --> 01:31:08.789
Ravaris Moore: in a generations might factor into his framework. So I understand that he was showing that parents who received inherit in his interrogance. It's had a higher chance of leaving it here at this, and I was wondering to what if it was.

530
01:31:09.080 --> 01:31:12.869
Ravaris Moore: I guess. How do we think about the chance of leaving

531
01:31:13.130 --> 01:31:21.150
Ravaris Moore: transfers before one's death? And whether or not that's going to be a substitution or something additional to what he was seeing.

532
01:31:23.160 --> 01:31:39.829
mszydl: Hmm, yeah, thank you very much for your question. we have information in this data set on current interviews, transfers so which are sometimes smaller, just such as a small presence for for birthday giving you

533
01:31:39.840 --> 01:31:42.700
mszydl: flowers or things like that, or a book or 2,

534
01:31:42.750 --> 01:31:50.029
mszydl: but we also have information on gifts which are passed on amongst living generations.

535
01:31:50.040 --> 01:31:53.480
mszydl: And What we see, it's actually editive.

536
01:31:53.600 --> 01:32:05.240
mszydl: So people from from higher social classes, we see more current into evil into people's transfers. They receive more gifts.

537
01:32:05.240 --> 01:32:27.709
mszydl: and later on, when the parents passed away, they receive more inheritance, and so, in fact, we have something like the so called Matthews principle which you find in the Babel. So he who has gets more and more and more. And and it's it's not a substitution amongst those different transfers. It's more like an addition.

538
01:32:29.000 --> 01:32:31.609
mszydl: So people who have rich parents

539
01:32:31.800 --> 01:32:41.360
mszydl: get money, why, they are still alive, and and they also give. They receive money when the parents are are deceased.

540
01:32:42.450 --> 01:32:43.380
Ravaris Moore: Thank you.

541
01:32:45.270 --> 01:32:45.970
mszydl: Welcome.

542
01:32:46.890 --> 01:32:48.480
Thank you. So yeah.

543
01:33:05.830 --> 01:33:07.690
in Japan

544
01:33:07.730 --> 01:33:25.259
Japanese society towards the different countries, for example, southern European countries or the trends in housing problems. Today's according to the young children, they stay more at their parents home, and for more time.

545
01:33:25.470 --> 01:33:37.299
What I probably could understand from all of you is that co-residence? It's a situation that could influence mobility.

546
01:33:37.360 --> 01:33:40.660
And my question is about this co resonance.

547
01:33:40.700 --> 01:33:57.429
how this have been understanding in the other meanings than in the other societies, or one, that first question. The second question is, this could be

548
01:33:57.520 --> 01:33:58.889
social risk

549
01:33:59.170 --> 01:34:09.299
or not, towards the contemporary crisis in housing. Thank you very much for

550
01:34:19.870 --> 01:34:27.230
yeah, thank you so much. So in my study I utilize a co residence to understand

551
01:34:27.320 --> 01:34:41.200
the nature of grandparent and influence. So I argued that the possibilities of I mean grandparents passing on, let's say.

552
01:34:41.270 --> 01:35:07.170
cultural, social, cultural or economic capital would be much higher if they were Co incident within the household. But I do. I use it as a proxy for contact between grandchildren and grandparents. however, I do not use co residents as the only measure of contact, because, like as far as I understand in Indian context

553
01:35:07.320 --> 01:35:28.609
Oh, grand grandparents do move among their children. So I mean, as I said. In my presentations your grandparents might be living with one, some of their grandchildren or children for some months within a year, and then they might move to the other

554
01:35:28.700 --> 01:35:42.709
to their other children and grandchildren. So grant the in that sense, Co. Residents might not capture the all I mean all the entirety of context between grandparents and grandchildren.

555
01:35:42.810 --> 01:36:04.699
I mean the co residence in in itself. and so that that's one part of my answer and like I do agree with the other. I mean the point that you made regarding homeless regarding I mean children living with their parents

556
01:36:04.760 --> 01:36:12.620
by increasing trend of children living with their parents because of joblessness or poverty.

557
01:36:12.640 --> 01:36:18.399
 yeah, but I couldn't understand in what context you were raising that point.

558
01:36:18.790 --> 01:36:25.340
Is it like related to some of the mechanisms that I want to emphasize? Or is it related to?

559
01:36:28.330 --> 01:36:30.510
Yeah. okay.

560
01:36:31.270 --> 01:36:45.660
so I, I do emphasize that point in my paper. but yeah, would that invalidate my overall argument about the mechanisms operating? I'm not very sure I'll have to think about it.

561
01:36:50.800 --> 01:36:52.230
because the

562
01:36:52.420 --> 01:36:59.600
it is, it is presented like a kind of a positive thing often so these grandparents who help

563
01:37:00.680 --> 01:37:17.219
these who help their children, their grandchildren go to university, etc., etc. But the other side of the corn is, of course, that these 4 grandchildren, living with their poor grandparents, and not having any.

564
01:37:17.220 --> 01:37:32.600
and not anything, any chance to go to university, because their their grandparents are lowly educated and have no resources, and their parents have no resources either, so they are the other side of the same correlation, of course.

565
01:37:32.820 --> 01:37:40.659
So the emphasis is, I think it's important to understand that that part is also a a role, maybe even driving that the

566
01:37:52.690 --> 01:37:58.289
yeah. So thank you very much for your point. Yeah, I totally agree with you.

567
01:37:58.320 --> 01:38:27.089
I think that the Co. Residents is a kind of a limited indicator in a contemporary Japanese societies, because people, together with a parent tend to decrease. In Japan especially, this is the case with the big cities and metabolic areas. So therefore, but in my case, let me say something about my case, so I think that I rely on my my brother. So for providing.

568
01:38:27.160 --> 01:38:33.010
you know a child care for my kids so. But even though we live separately.

569
01:38:33.270 --> 01:38:48.980
so therefore, actually in a big city, so it is difficult to live together with a parent. So after marriage, so the reason has to do with a kind of limited amount of space in the housing.

570
01:38:49.090 --> 01:38:50.150
So

571
01:38:50.280 --> 01:39:08.400
But, on the other hand, in the smaller series and other pieces, so someone can live together with a parent. So in this case they can gain support from the

572
01:39:08.480 --> 01:39:31.539
We can have more information about the level of communication, a little bit of contacts between the grandparents who separated from them from kids underground children. So therefore, it is the kind of things we have to do more about the association. The regular communication interaction between the grand

573
01:39:31.740 --> 01:39:34.439
didn't hold on even together with that. Yeah.

574
01:39:34.630 --> 01:39:43.029
So also the list. Yeah, I think that this is actually case with

575
01:39:43.110 --> 01:40:06.679
children who remain single. Children who are tour, and I feel, have some social criticities if you think out of his appearance, but these cases they tend to remain single. They cannot get married with other people because of such a scientific practice. So therefore, some of the, for example, fiftys and the fortys

576
01:40:06.680 --> 01:40:16.720
people, holy people, actually, the adult children people together with their parents, but these cases they do not have any children so.

577
01:40:16.820 --> 01:40:22.350
But this is kind of a big, so G, 3,

578
01:40:23.180 --> 01:40:24.040
could you?

579
01:40:24.950 --> 01:40:47.150
mszydl: Yes, I just have a since you. We are now discussing Co. Residents. Obviously have just. I just have a follow up question to the current residence issue, and because all the coefficients obviously depend on the reference groups. And what is the reference group for Co residents? Is it not co residence, but still alive. But

580
01:40:47.370 --> 01:40:55.859
mszydl: is it also kind of mixed up with people who are deceased? And what about kind of enables? Who kind of

581
01:40:55.920 --> 01:41:20.189
mszydl: who not Co. Reside. But they're very. They're living very close by, and so they can have regular contact. So what about the reference group? Isn't it a little bit little bit, a broad reference group, a non-car resident people a living nearby, not cars and people living far away. You see, people that's not being able to co- residential, go reside. So what's the reference group

582
01:41:22.760 --> 01:41:25.670
in my case? That a Prince group was

583
01:41:25.880 --> 01:41:41.470
people who are grandparents were not co-incident either because they were allied, but were not living together with their grandchildren, or they were like, I mean, I either being alive, or or probably they were not alive at all.

584
01:41:42.180 --> 01:41:52.969
Yeah, but I do consider like another measure of coincidence, where I consider whether the grandparent is alive. So if a grandparent is alive, he or she is likely to

585
01:41:53.270 --> 01:42:03.560
be co-resident with their grandchildren, at least for some part of the year, but that might not be captured in the specific period when the survey was conducted.

586
01:42:05.070 --> 01:42:05.889
mszydl: Thank you.

587
01:42:12.210 --> 01:42:14.700
I guess we.

588
01:42:15.880 --> 01:42:19.109
Thanks to the question on the core residence

589
01:42:19.170 --> 01:42:32.609
in terms of a reference category, my work is exactly the same as others, I guess, which is to use people who are not co- residing, which means that that include those people, parents for bed.

590
01:42:32.800 --> 01:42:41.430
living close, but may not be residing together. So all those sort of a heterogeneous categories are

591
01:42:41.520 --> 01:42:43.940
this non-resident category.

592
01:42:44.070 --> 01:42:51.920
I really like the comment about this, how to interpret the co-.

593
01:42:51.970 --> 01:43:18.949
I guess indecar is right in saying that this is a advantages and disadvantage. Both can be passed on because the the notion about co-presidents is to sharing the space and time together. That should be a critical factor in passing on social and cultural resources, but that includes both advantages and disadvantages. So covid can actually impact.

594
01:43:18.950 --> 01:43:25.319
contribute to reproducing the disadvantaged position that that's serving a possibility. And then

595
01:43:25.380 --> 01:43:27.590
it should be clearly mentioned.

596
01:43:31.150 --> 01:43:31.930
sorry

597
01:43:36.620 --> 01:43:41.030
I you out of me.

598
01:43:41.590 --> 01:44:03.889
So I'd like to ask the past speaker's presentation. So I think that it's really interesting to see the or of inheritance across master generations. Also, one of the interesting points in your presentation is that the amount of the world actually became bigger

599
01:44:03.890 --> 01:44:27.320
in the next generation. So I think each very interesting point. But, on the other hand, I'd like to know about how a kind of conditions shapes the amount of the inherited from the multiple generations. It may change the amount of the monies they could inherit.

600
01:44:27.370 --> 01:44:34.919
So, for example, the eunuchs are kind of like the entrepreneurs

601
01:44:34.930 --> 01:44:36.010
can make.

602
01:44:36.090 --> 01:44:42.959
Wells might be bigger and bigger, so seriously kind of like the business their own businesses.

603
01:44:43.250 --> 01:44:58.719
But, on the other hand, someone who became an an employer actually made this money inherit from their parents. So, therefore I'd like to know about what kind of conditions shaped the amount of the money

604
01:44:58.720 --> 01:45:13.739
inherited from some parents. So what kind of conditions actually make strength sense, or maybe the amount of the web actually deeply inherited across multiple generations.

605
01:45:13.850 --> 01:45:16.999
So, Mac, how about you past?

606
01:45:18.770 --> 01:45:24.470
Could you get the yeah. I hope I I did get a little bit of it.

607
01:45:24.580 --> 01:45:40.710
mszydl: well, if I understood it correctly, you're you're you're asking about contextual structures. What kind of conditions a shape the importance of inheritances. and and of course you're right. I mean, if if you're living

608
01:45:40.990 --> 01:46:02.709
mszydl: in in a situation where you have better access, for example, to education, and then, of course, and in in in, in in inheritance, can have a different kind of result for your own career for your own. Well being, if this is not the case.

609
01:46:02.750 --> 01:46:22.760
mszydl: I'm I'm not so sure. When I really understood your your question, why it? Well, I understood it a little bit in the direction of what about Into a well, let's say, conditions in different kind of countries. And and and since I was referring to Switzerland, of course Switzerland is a very rich country, and I did.

610
01:46:22.770 --> 01:46:36.890
mszydl: and and it presented that in the former, Rc. 28, a meeting. I'm presented some some results on international comparisons, on inheritances. And today I just concentrated on Switzerland.

611
01:46:37.430 --> 01:46:52.479
mszydl: And and here we see that Switzerland is really the country in Europe which receives and and gives the most the quest and inheritances. And of course that's a difference. if you are living in a country which wasn't

612
01:46:52.590 --> 01:47:18.880
mszydl: that much kind of influenced by Second World War, that that which means that we didn't have that kind of rate between generations in regard to passing on wealth and housing from one generations to the next and and we also see when you're looking at a differences between countries, even differences, for example, between East and West Germany. a

613
01:47:19.253 --> 01:47:38.310
mszydl: growing up in the Gdr. And different situation then going up in in the western part of Germany, and and and we also see use huge discrepancies in in inheritance. So I publish that in the previous a paper and and a book. If you're more interested in that. please

614
01:47:38.687 --> 01:47:49.259
mszydl: just send me an email. I I sent you this, this, this other information. I hope I understood you. Your question. Then I gave an appropriate answer.

615
01:47:51.000 --> 01:47:53.439
So do you have any response?

616
01:47:53.969 --> 01:47:54.889
Okay.

617
01:47:55.490 --> 01:47:56.270
so

618
01:47:57.190 --> 01:47:59.350
we have a student, yeah, yeah, yeah.

619
01:48:02.209 --> 01:48:09.729
actually, I had a kind of a similar question to Mark Sedley. My name is Inigan.

620
01:48:09.780 --> 01:48:11.070
mszydl: Hi.

621
01:48:11.580 --> 01:48:15.679
Yes, we work together.

622
01:48:16.760 --> 01:48:27.829
and my question is, what you showed is actually still in line with a kind of a Markov model.

623
01:48:29.070 --> 01:48:54.580
I I want to remember the really and effect of the grandparents on the grandchildren in your in line with what the other presenters here showed, and also whether it is really the case that inequality increases in this way, so is it really a Matthew effect? Because these parents are, of course, also spending part of the money, so they they are richer than the others. But it is not necessarily the case that they that

624
01:48:54.719 --> 01:49:08.610
their children will. Yeah. Their children will get money from them because they are rich. But do they also get more of that? Doesn't? Does inequality become bigger over the generations through this process or not.

625
01:49:09.299 --> 01:49:32.940
mszydl: Right? Because, in a good good to see or hear you again. Sorry that I couldn't come to my, but yes, you're right. I mean. What I presented to you is is work in progress, and it goes beyond the books which have been published a few days ago, so we didn't have too much time to put everything into into that talk. And and you're right that that that's actually the next step

626
01:49:32.940 --> 01:49:42.010
mszydl: ere

627
01:49:42.010 --> 01:49:50.660
mszydl: well, perhaps a decrease of wealth across the the generations. What we see so far is actually

628
01:49:50.900 --> 01:50:18.359
mszydl: that if we, comparing those people who whose parents have received something or not. Then we see that, for example, there is a a group of people who whose parents haven't received anything, but they still get something. It's it's a lower share, of course, but there's some people who receive a pretty large inheritance from their parents, although these parents haven't received anything.

629
01:50:18.549 --> 01:50:40.090
mszydl: So this is, of course, the group we should have a closer look at. And how did they manage to to get this? Well, although their parents didn't get. They give them anything. And of course we could look at education here. We could look at the job situations we could look at the savings, and and so to figure out.

630
01:50:40.360 --> 01:51:03.969
mszydl: perhaps there is some kind of upward mobility that those grandparents gave them, or inherited them, a better education, so that could kind of get some worth which they passed on to the next generation. Also, they by themselves didn't receive anything. So this is something we would like to look at in the future. Thank you so much for your question.

631
01:51:05.590 --> 01:51:23.870
Okay, so unfortunately, we are going to run up the time. So we have to grow this session. So thank you. All presenters and the audience bossing in parson and online. So for active discussion and nice presentation, thanks so much.