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Okay. set up the the organizer on this session.

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presenters, and all the delegates. Since we have time

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to have discussion on the paper, let me start with

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the title that the organizer had already clarified.

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that the paper is basically focused on how the capitalism that provided or expanded the verizon for the workers, or for the peoples, or intervene in which the migrants from one country to another country, they, the gain, is scale in knowledge, and finally they come to be engaged with some kind of interface within and beyond country.

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So I would like to begin my paper with a butt drug, or an author of management who who define the basic concept of intervene or entrepreneurship

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is, at said by the French colon economist, Jbc. Around 1,990 basically entrepreneurs to be the sieves. that means economic resources out of an area up a lower into an area of higher productivity and greater the ail.

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So but say, it's definition does not tell us who the entrepreneur age. And since aquine the Tom, almost 200 years ago. that had been a total confusion over the definition of intervene and interference.

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However, there are some other. A number of definition on the concept of intervening and entrepreneurship today.

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so based on the idea of different authors who who have talked about what entrepreneur and entrepreneurship is a lipmann diversity, they have offered a number of definitions of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, and they define the concept in the context of U.S.A. And right. In the United States, for instance, the entrepreneur is often defined as one who starts his or her own new and small business.

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Indeed, the courses in entrepreneurship that have become popular of Latin American business schools are the linear descendants of the course in the starting. Once on this small business that was offered 30 years ago. That means around 1,950, and in many cases not very different. But not avenue is small. Businesses is entrepreneurial or represents entrepreneurship. today

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an entrepreneurial activities are central to the evolution of capitalist societies, because new business drive economic and employment growth and in capitalist societies that means continued economic growth depends on

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the extent to which potential entrepreneurs can often and effectively utilize the social and economic resources they they need, and they was, moreover, new forms founding. Then they spending, then it a great develop employment and volatility through job creation and destruction. For example, between 1,992 and 1,996 newly founded organization created about 28 millions of in United States.

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Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship constitute somewhat the contested terms, especially outside of the community of scholars who regularly publish in entrepreneurship. The nulls and and or the journalists as well debased over the meaning of the terms. It became a regular feature of conference, presentation and journal articles in around 1,970

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at the field is struggle for academic, allegedly basic. Some of the debates reflected that fails attempt to distinguish the feel of entrepreneurship from the field of small business studies which had been the traditional home of people starting business start ups

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now while going through some of the theories that deal with what entrepreneur is an entrepreneurship is. The studies on entrepreneurship are new in all disciplines, including sociology, however, there are some interesting explanation on entrepreneurship. While going through the literature on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. One can find various concepts, theories, empirics, and methods.

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and it is also necessary to understand all these 4 components in relation to entrepreneurship for the scientific explanation of entrepreneurship and as well as theories on entrepreneurship.

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Now, while going through the classical perspective on the entrepreneurship. Bartago writes, classical economic sociology, tragedy is origin back to the tone of twentieth century when it's founding thinkers so to explain the economy as a historical social system. Underlying this grand theoretical project, focused on unveiling the origin and nature of modern capitalism, laid the atoms in that an economic model was a reflex in office social

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system. Therefore, the nature of social system that produces our induces, and the palm of entrepreneurs as well as entrepreneurs in any society. In other words, vertaga, rice, economic structure had been significantly saved by culturally was elements of the social system which is more basically the classical perspective on what entrepreneurship is.

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and various, and of so lines of thought were most notably advanced by Weber Marx and somebody, as well as some Peter who believed that modern capitalism emerged from an superseded of primitive ethnic ancestor.

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Classical economic sociologists thus were among the first acting entrepreneurs scholars who basically looked at the entrepreneurship based on their what their ancestors did in his 1,957, essay the economy as instituted process, economic anthropologist, Carl Paulani provided the theoretical insight that would fuel the latest

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iteration of economic sociology studies challenging the historical and universalistic approach of economics which conflated economy, market society, and quality well, and he argued that

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the understanding of economic systems, necessity, or conceptuals, and such reconciliation is sustained.

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entail the comprehension of human economy as an instituted process embedded and invest in economic and non-economic institutions and sausage religion in government.

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Decades later, in the 19 eighties, a new economic sociology body of work emerged to contest the influence of neoclassical economics in the social sciences. Despite their common intellectual tradition, the classical and new economic sociology differ in that. The later dosmere is, speak, to advance a grand theory of economic development within a historical social system.

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Instead, the new economic sociology attempts to unveil the relationship between Socialist structure and economic behavior. In fact, responding to Polani's argument, Granvator postulated that modernization, on the contrary, would lead to a proliferation of sociability in economic transactions

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as the grand waters spin on Poland's model, paved the way for what now encounts to a copious body of literature on the effect of social relation and economic action.

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and based on the idea of the Gran innovator. This paper tries to explore the situation in the context of Nepal, therefore, 3 key theoretical and methodological concept are the coronary stone of the new Economic Sociology, social embeddedness, social networks and social capital. In this capitalist truly, small business entrepreneurship in Nepal is also growing in the last few decades.

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It is therefore important to explore the status of entrepreneurship as well as entrepreneurs who are working in different fields in relation to capitalism and migration in the context of Nepal.

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So this paper, therefore, attempts to explore the entrepreneurship who are working within and beyond Nepal, and to relate the idea of a gran a better, and planning. That means in relation to the entrepreneurs who are engaged at present.

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therefore, the information or data that this paper uses are basically drawn from different newspapers and the official data set which are retrived from different official documents.

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And now, talking about some literature which deals with entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs. Chief in the context of Nepal. The many scholar they discuss about the mode of production of Nepal is itself is in capitalism measure, however, some of the that means politicians in academia. They still talk about the nature of mode of production, of Nepalese economy is of a semi feudal and precapitalist nature.

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So nearly half of the Nepali youths surveyed had neither invested in or were thinking of investing in business that means in

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2,000. That means around 2,010. But after returning to Nepal from axed on level migration, entrepreneurship was more of an economic necessity for the given, the lack of zeros as it is available in Nepal.

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so, rather than their desire to find new opportunity to use a skill they had learned overseas within Nepal, and they even they, are even trying to look at the opportunity to work in other parts of the world because of their age, limited resources and limited life work experiences. The youth, especially young migrant, return, each face unique, constant in starting new business. In the context of Nepal.

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however, the majority of respondents who had to or were thinking of investing in a business didn't believe that the skill they had launched while working overseas were relevant or applicable to Nepal's context.

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and also the lack of access to business information, credit credit trainings and technical support and organizations linking skills with profits were seen by these youth migrants return is

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is measure and density to their own interface. Possibilities within Nepal! So in this regard, most returning migrants, they stated that investing in either existing business and or restarting a new business would require additional sources of businessman is when advice and investment capital, either from the government of Nepal or the private sector.

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and it is also reported in is of the that is online. reporting magazine. In the context of Nepal the trend of entrepreneurship was introduced in Nepal by Thekhali's of Marf is a culture of processing powerful impetus to ours. Our trade, the interpional ecosystem in Nepal became prominent around early in 2,010 in small and medium enterprises.

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have a significant contribution to nicense economy. In Nepal those enterprises contribute around 22% of Gtp. And generate around 70 lack and jobs. Still. Now.

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according to the data from the fiscal years to 0 74, 75. That means Bebo before Covid. period there were around 2 a large 75,433 dodge study, small and medium enterprise in Nepal, also, according to industrial act of 2,016, as in a business having capital up to Rs. 100 million is categorized

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small enterprises, whereas a business, having fish capital between arts, 100 million to address 250 million each category as a medium of as medium enterprises.

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and, according to all events, during business or in Nepal rank, 135 out of 1 90 for a stand is starting a business, this demonst. How miserable enterprises or that means a lowest status of enterprise is in the context of Nepal. So, looking at the A top 10 entrepreneurs in the context of Nepal is starting from Vienna, Southari to each have a other Thammon.

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So what what they do and where they gain the education and training to start their business we can find

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all of these dropped and entrepreneurs. They are educated beyond the country that mean after having migration.

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That means they migrated to Australia, America, Europe and other parts of the country, they took a different kind of entrepreneurial education and training, and based on the education and training they had. After migration they started their entrepreneurship, and it became, The top interference in the context of Nepal

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and the area as in which the

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young entrepreneurship entrepreneurs are engaged today in the context of Nepal are basically in the production of such service sector rather than producing goods. So in terms of the capitalist entrepreneurs which were initially defined as the increasing the numbers of that means amount of goods in market is is not directly associated with what netflix entrepreneurs are doing

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at the present context of Nepal. Therefore it's starting from Oilsa who is engaged in Megabank. We know Saudi, who has some sort of goods and also mostly in service sector products and and Uk, so that you, as also the entrepreneurs in different online and has a large number of interest businesses in different areas

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and similarly going through each other. Tamang as he started. The that means financial bank, and also corona sake, which is also some some sort of hotel in other businesses for to provide services to the 2 tourists and other peoples, and Nadi pizza with philanthropist entrepreneurs.

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and these all Entrepreneurs who are engaged in the service sector. Similarly looking at the other investors, including Cs Gali, who has trained in Austria, and he started interfers in Nepal as well as in Australia.

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which is called as Melbourne Institute of Technology. So all the top 10 entrepreneurs in in the context of Nepal. They are engaged with producing The services to the to the people

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and looking at The Nephali women entertainers who are engaged with The different interveners! If in the context of Nepal they are also found often engaged with The service sector-related interference rather than pricing goods. therefore.

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and the training they got or the education they got outside Nepal are focused on the online business and the online service product providing types of activities. the women entrepreneurs are also they are engaged in service sector

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service-producing entrepreneurs.

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So it's starting from Nikita Asari, who has he started the Urban, which is also known as our Bangal, and he started her business along with her business partner, urban girl, in 2,000 12 and selling. Basically, this is some sort of the joint related service.

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Somehow, we can call it the products enough goods. However, the material they purchase a tip or something related with other business people.

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and

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up to the Perket, the Min Ali, Ravi, Guru, and Sazel. Pur. They they are also providing services in terms of the water

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middle water production companies. That means softlying from 150 to another to the market. Therefore all the entrepreneurs who are either they are male or female who are now highlighted as the top level entrepreneurs in the context of Nepal, as related with the products and of service.

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So Beside these entrepreneurs, if we look at other young Entrepreneurs in the context of Nepal, they are also related with the knowledge and a skill they they got from.

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The different countries! During their migration, therefore, the migrants, either they are returning to Nepal, or they are doing some kind of business wherever they are staying right now

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are engaged with the knowledge or the education or training which is not invaded with the society. That means It is argued by both the pollen and and granvator.

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the entrepreneurs Nepal entrepreneurs. They they are these invaded with the cultural. Our social system of Nepal. That means the idea of Granova is quite closer to what Nepali entrepreneurs are doing today.

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Therefore, from the analysis of entrepreneurs involved when entrepreneurship operated in the socio-cultural context of Nepal seems following the approach of

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and the modern classically. That's a modern economist or new economic sociology, sociological school of thought. Therefore, whether they are individuals or they are in group at Easter level.

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operated From the knowledge, and is skilled again through. The process of migration! So Nepal's entrepreneurs of new generation! They got ideas and inspirations on entrepreneurship through education and training, mostly outside Nepal, and very few within Nepal. Therefore, the entrepreneurship operating in the context of Nepal

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are basically focused in the framework of the immigrants. That means the knowledge gain from the different market, or The institutions outside the Nepal

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and the modern entrepreneurship operated by younger, generous individuals, and also the group to some extent, and they are not in agriculture, articles, or livestock poetry, fishery, and so on, which are the nap that means culturally based the social system of Nepal, so they are entirely disembedded with the social social system of Nepal, and are influenced by modern capitalism.

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which is expanded throughout the world. So the entrepreneurship operated by them are basically the demand of

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the macrossocial structure which is capital is socialized structure and the nature of economic behavior in relation to the entrepreneurship are saved by the Macro label, global capitalist social structure as argued by a new new economic sociologist.

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So, on the one hand, the nature of production made through the entrepreneur entrepreneurship of young Nepal interpreters is related to the

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the service sector rather than the production of goods, is argued by classical economies on the one hand, and the idea they have borrowed, or they have learned from the global market is related with the idea of These

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authors like Poland and Gran a better in the context of a modern world.

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Therefore they are the paper argu that the Nepali entrepreneurs who are engaged with The entrepreneurship today are basically inspired. based on the knowledge and skilled again through education and training in different parts of the world, through a migration which which has been possible by the global capitalism. Thank you.

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So our next presentation comes from the University of Class in E and Shui.

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Yes.

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it's a conversation about low tech immigration living in modernity.

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They are going

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this Asian level. T entrepreneurship. Yes, thank you. Thank you. Hi, everyone very glad all of you here.

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My plan today is The title is low-tech migrations living the modernity! The ongoing of the East Asian bubble t entrepreneur in the Finland. actually, this title is not exactly the very specific that right? Because The about the entrepreneurs in the Finland is not only the East Asian, but also the Southeast Asian. There

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it's so. The this paper is One of the side project of the my Phd. Research. Based on that. My research question is, what are the motivating factors for the so Southeast and East Asian migrations to become the bubble key entrepreneur in of England it can divide into the street questions, why do they choose bubble tea, and why do they choose to be an entrepreneur? And why make them to choose to England.

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like Before we go into that deep, we need to know what is the bubble T research, and that's the main things for my ph, d. Research. And it's about the globalizations about Bubble T, it will be dividing to the full aspect. the first is the about as an it's the a second is the Use Council, and the girl will be class, and the loss is a politics

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for the first about the asenity. you know. Like for the tea cow, Cho only in the mainland, China. They drink the tea as a pu t, but all the other Kitty counter. Outside of the Bingland China. They put extras inside like milk, or like flowers or other flavors.

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and but when we track back to the history of the like tea culture. In the long history of the Asian China, we can find the actually back to the Yen dynasty people trying to drink the tea with the milk, but it's steadily like disappeared, or we drop it after the the the main dynasty, and then, another 2 picture here is about the

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milk tea culture in the Hong Kong, but it's from the colonists kind from the Britain. Go back to the Hong Kong, and there's also for the tapioca like in the bavote. So

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just, I assume maybe some some people here don't know what the bubble t it is probably is like a tea with with and with mixed with the milk and with the tapioc as the the very basic model as the mixture and the the tapioca is that The tapioca is that the tapioca is we also call it's bulba, and the but it's the original call. It's a funguen. It's made by the casava, this

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vegetable. And when I present this presentations in most of the in the Guru people's always ask me, What is the cassava? What's it? The robust? But I think maybe in here I don't need to go back more details.

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But the tapioca is also not original from the Taiwan. It's from the South America, so we can see the bubble is kind of the product from the post-colonizing time, but all the ingredients is come from the Colinstein time, from in the Taiwan, like milk like Ted, and like Tapioca. But somehow the Taiwanese people recreated all this into a new product and to present themselves in the global.

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And the the second, as back here

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is about to use culture. So when we talk about Mobile. We can't get rid of the it's a now. icon of the use cultural Back to the 2,003 they got that one sound name, mobile live here. It's created by the the second generations of

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Chinese, American, American, Chinese, and it's called mobile life, and they have the a court there like we drink bubble tea every day. We are but bubble generations, and after that a lot of the social meteors, and Of Publications like to to to describe people who like to drink Bubble tea, or like drink for about every days

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as a bubble about generation, although it's not a term we use in the academ world, but we can borrow it to describe this lifestyle. and in the so the middle picture, and the last picture you can see like when the the devote is not only a beverage, but also a language. People use the bubble to to communicate with each other. They they be made in the same of the main, and also when you like. Oscar, friends going out to grab some capability. You are not asking like In that, word by word, hey? Are we going to have a vote?

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But you just send some like Emoji there to say, yes, people know what you are meaning.

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And The search, as back here is about global middle class. just We look in this us back to comparing with all the others Chinese food and the barrage, or the the migration food, especially for the Chinese food, because if we look back to the Chinese food, the literature in the globalizations, we can see most of the Chinese food start from the

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a small, tiny restaurant, and it's always be labeled as early and cheap, but Different types of bubble devotees. Somehow, when they show up in the Western Society it's been labeled as the middle class. consumptions! And it's also Because of this pricey, and also most of the people who drink. It is Young peoples, and kind of have the well up. It's wealthy and well educated.

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I quote One of the comments from Krishnando right here back to 2,019. He also, like describeability as the the spreading of the middle class, and also professional class, because it's also depends on the location of the booty. It's always near the Epic University or the Asian diaspora. but yes!

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And this last but But not the least. this but is about politics. We can just say that first or 2. They are like quite a famous American politics.

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and when they're trying to get more boats from the Asian group. They try to advertisement themselves with Bubble T, and then we can see a bit about like how the bubble tier like affecting the American Society the last one.

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I'd be a bit dangerous to say this here. But anyway, like it's about it's the Liberty Alliance happened back to the 2,020. It's a protest across the Southeast, and Each of the countries Use the one type of the militi to present themselves, and Taiwan used the bubble t to present themselves. It's about idea about milk, plus with the tea.

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and that's also match with the what I say at the beginning. All the T across like and around the china. They use the team, mix with something else. Only the china have the Qt. So they use this average idea to against the the author. the Ccp. And also they they use that to show their difference.

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so we can see the bubble T research. well, in these 5 area? yes, the the word is maybe big enough to see it. first, it's about the globalizations and the localizations. you The the spreading of the biote in the global is getting the everywhere, and but in each of the places they had a different identity, different taste, and different their transformations

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and shit. This may be about consumptions. People drink it. People buy it, but they also take it into the culture. And it's also about cosmopolitanism. And because it's and nowadays it's a icon of the big city or globe cities stuffs. But somehow I also find something interesting, because back to the especially after the Covid.

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they got more and more puppy in the urban area and the rural area, and especially for the people that they didn't. They have never like drinked bubble tea before, but they, you know, know the bevelty from the Internet. So they recreate their their sales by both in the rural area. So we maybe call this. somehow it's a cosmopolitan imaginations.

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And the the force of the Bubblety research is about yeah, east and southeast Asian migration. That's something I will go deep today. The last is about to use cultural. I explain a bit before. So today's when we focus on the migration, we can find these 3 role in here. One is entrepreneurs. Second is a customer and the voice stuff. And now Today we are more focused on entrepreneurs part.

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So here's my methodology. let's see. So this is me as well. And yeah, I do my like feel working the 2 different type of the baboon shop in the Finland, and the one bubble T-shop is in the middle. This this cute one is in. it's in the chart, and so I don't have any picture of that, because I don't have to call it there at at all. I can't really ask customer to take picture for me.

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and that they will feel a few. I'm very weird and so and but unfortunately, I'd be fired in 3 months because it's a a bad summer. It's not like hot enough at all so bubble T, they don't have a very good business.

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and then I I'm lucky to find another one like in the another stores which I have. That is, Rob's on me. And I I do the 9 9 months there. And it's also a global brand. I totally have very different experience, because for the first one they only say, Yes, you can make whatever you want to make, and that they just give me like one piece of the paper to say, yes, you need to cook the T. You need to mix

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the with the powder, and just be sure, like no powder is every powder makes the waste a liquid, and then they sell it.

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And I was asked, really, I don't know how to make it at all. I never do any of these labor job before. Never! And you are. Trust me, I even don't have the hygiene passport there. And there's, she said, no one check, and but for the second one I go through the 3 days of training. I know that all the beverage for Like how the recipes to make it! And in the old there goes through the all their menu.

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and that I also have a community there like who Who like working there. So I also do the small talks with these stuff so based on that these almost like one years. Like An anthenography. I can take a say in this way, and I do the 12 interview and the tense mock talks, and then the 2 interviews are interviewed different. Owners of the brand in the

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Finland. So that's also one more information here. But Before the 2,020 there's no any Bangladeshi shops in Newfoundland, and somehow In the summer of the 2,020 they got the first bouti shop, and then boom! They got the 12 now, and some of them now even had a franchise, and it became to the giants of about the entrepreneurship there.

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and At the very beginning I still remember where I go to interview them. They were so, so, so shocked and scared, and and not trust me at all. They were thinking I'm the desperate, the doctor research, who don't want to continue my research at school, so I want to go there to steal their recipe and make my own like faculty, like business. But later, they but believe me, I got a job.

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And yeah, so based on my data, they maybe got the 3 different types of the East Asian or east, south, East Asian B. But the entrepreneur in the Finland. The first group is the second-generation of the Vietnamese. refugee living the Finland! That's quite unique, because I also did my publicity research in the Uk before. So I was assumed, like Most of the owners should be the Chinese migration.

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But the thing that surprised me that's also because in Finland is unique. They The venom! Venom is a refugee is the first refugee group. Finland to accept. So they got that long history. And now it's a time like it's the second generation. Venom is a refugee. They already grew up, and that they are identity themselves as the finish. They don't sink. They are like a venomous at all, and based on one of the

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my interview is, say, like she was a super reject to say, and even when I miss when she grow up and at home, and she don't want to talk to their parents because she sings their their parents are old-fashioned, and she like that. They're her like a school friend. But somehow, when she grew up in in my age now, and she kind of like a regret because she don't know any venom is miss at all. But to people when they

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you see us saw her face. They think he should know some vitamins.

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The second group here is student States migration workers in New England. That's also benefit like For always the like one of the Finland politics, because

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if you are students, you have so many like social benefits in the Finnish society, for example, like half price for the housing and the free transportations, and also like almost like a free lunch and the dinner. And so they got a lot of people like to go there to adjust as the studentship, but never graduate. For example, like also, like 2 of the owners I know, like for the

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bubble tea shop. They already have quite well business there, but they are still taking their bachelor, and I ask like, when you started, they say maybe 7 or 8 years ago, I was like.

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are you sure?

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So? Yes, and that it is your like supervisor, like a school like come to check? Why, why are you still active? Yes, we kind of actively in one course a year, and then we still go there to reject. So that's how it's continued. But And I, I ask you, feel guilty like any, because you kind of take take advantage without this text and that they said, No, I don't think, because you know the weather is desperate that they complain everything

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else. So they just feel it's it's right for them to keep their studentship at the same time to be an entrepreneur. and the third group is like a low-skilled migration who rebuild their life in the Finland after Covid

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they are They are a group like people who will have the a job in the tourism, or like also a restaurant before, but because Covid, they certainly can't find Job anywhere, and because 90% of the job in the thing of England require. You know, the local language is either finished or Swedish. even you are a receptor. You have to kind of be blocked. But Blocked to the Any positions by this

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and the peoples who were working the restaurant or the Torres de Guy they were. They were quite well with that. There is Korea like a benefit from the all the travelers around the world, but somehow, because of Covid, they can't continue their life. So Bubble G. Also turned to one of the things they can use their little savings to rebuild their lives in New England.

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So here's my finding. I don't have the conclusions of Barbara D. I have 3 findings based on my data. The first is like the entrepreneurial success of the beaute has allowed them to find their strengths and the confidence that's actually like in the each of the group. I find this. When they talk about why they choose byote. They they, they they highlight these type of the keywords. They say it's my sayings.

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and you know, like I stuck into the company like for like 7 or 8 years. But everyone in my group we promote. But I'm the only one who never be promote, and that they when they find and it. But when my company want to advertise, so they come, maybe diversity. They use my face, and then when they want to promote someone to getting a higher level. They never think about me, so I don't want to work for anyone else. I want to for work for myself.

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They want to prove themselves. They want to prove they are the success people in the finished society! They choose the entrepreneur. That's also one of the way. I think they are against the back for the racism and this Criminal society. They can't really shout it out or change the rule, but they use their way to fight it back.

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and the second finding is for a better life. Why use the battery here? Because it's very. It's also very funny, because when I ask why you choose Finland, they say yes, I want to see him for the batter life, but after that they are complained a lot about the like super cold, like minus 22 of the winter, and the very high tax, and they always war me. Never, never be an entrepreneur, because, you know, you

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to pay like 50% of tax, and also like they are complaining about their. Their. Their kids are only speak Like finished. Don't want to speak like they look. There's a mother language to them, and also complain about like complete about everything, and then I go. I serve back to their answer to them like you say you are seeking for the better life. If you don't like centrifies with life here, why not go back.

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But somehow, after you you spend years and Already, through a lot of the invest, or in the in the 1, one choice of the lifestyle even. It's not as good as what you're in match. You can't go back, and that's how they said like they didn't tell their parents, and they they come to the Finland. They want to run away from that. What the life they always set by their parents or like. There's families.

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and they are so. Be kind of be cheated by this. Nordic, noticeable! But after they located they are happy at the first of second year when they are students, but later they are be sick of the life there, but they can't get rid of. They don't know how to get back, and they don't know where to go in the future.

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And the last, but not League, is a a survival strategy for the East Asian migration. The Finland that's more focused on the Chinese migration here, because Most of the so second generation of the venomous migration here they always have the other ways to survive. But they still can go back to the companies to to like to have the a normal job because they know the local language.

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But for the first generation's migration, especially for the East Asian migrations. They don't know any language, and it take years. They still count. speak fluent to finish or Swedish, so they just start to

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start their own business, and, as I say, the the bubble T is the one they say it isn't the the lowest, the cost for them to start it. Those they started, and they find a good time, and it's boom, and they get their their better life. Yes, thank you. That's all what I want to say today.

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Those 2 insightful presentations I propose to give the floor to. We're going to discuss something in our session, and I propose to give the floor to our discussion, which is Professor Lurik, a shortcuts, for from The university event, 2 from France. U. Riki, can you hear me?

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Yes, I can hear you.

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Okay. the floor is yours for the discussion, and then I will open the the floor for questions.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Yes, thank you very much. It's the interesting papers, but on different categories of migrants, I think.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: And the first paper was on entrepreneurship in Nepal.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: and I was as far as that. So many a path of half of you invested in business. And I was astonished to that so many resistance business.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: in Nepal. many I know from African countries that there are many informal business business companies, and not so much like this, such combat companies. So so my And I was established, too, that

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Ulrike Schuerkens: they these migrants. I have been education so overseas, perhaps in great bit bitch, and or in the West. This would be a question. I don't know where they come from.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: These my owns can can, can, can refer to their training approach and to the local knowledge of local social systems.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: So oh, I'm on a would like to ask the question, are there any programs for this, Margaret? Do they receive funds for creating their businesses?

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Ulrike Schuerkens: So this would be Some of my comments on the first presentation.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: the second presentation on I would have I I couldn't understand. What is tapio, guys? This is a fruit.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: the enterprise. I guess they are. They have been established by my guns, this few educated education, these if I hmm.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: if I understand rightly, the presentation. These are migrants with a low education at the level.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: These

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Ulrike Schuerkens: and I guess so. These enterprises are more in the informal sector and not in the format sector, and the entrepreneurs are of from the second generation of Vietnamese refugees students who are need some me, and to Don't follow there.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: It's timely. But you know, refer to to social security that the student status had some. So I guess these are not showing such enterprises. And this, this is another category. I found this the I find it very interesting. You know.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: What What is the level of profits of these entrepreneurs. do they? receive some money? doing the that can help to make a living? Huh?

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Ulrike Schuerkens: The I guess. these are other situations in the very

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Ulrike Schuerkens: but I guess very see So I see the difference between these 2 papers. Perhaps you could apply to my questions, and I guess there are other comments in the audience. Thanks

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the

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he considered his life, and he is.

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thank you.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Thank you.

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Thank you so much for the question, and also the suggestions that would help us to

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upgrade the quality as a way, the admin of the paper. If the question that we have asked about the large number of entrepreneurs which are registered in the context of Nepal

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is the. There is the provision of government that even the very small and medium made to winners who would like to run their inter interface at local label should also have to register the entrepreneur at a local level

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government. The unit, however, those entrepreneurs, they are only for the purpose of their livelihood generation, or to soften their livelihood. Therefore.

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they they are unable to make the profit at the higher level in terms of the definition of entrepreneurship, so that the the paper only choose the I here our top labor entrepreneurs who have been able to make the profit at a higher level

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and able to recognize them. Self as the successful enterprise that's for the the number of entrepreneurship which is high in in terms of registration, is due to the government per provisions, and whatever activity they do at local level should be registered

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one and another one the top level entrepreneurs who are now being. The successful interpreters are basically they're educated in other parts of the world where they, these small and native entrepreneurs who are registering their intermediates are are not the skill one they they are doing like a T of like interplanet, which is based on their own experience and other things.

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So the successful entrepreneurs are the at the people who are trained and educated in that means beyond the Nepal. Therefore the this make the differences between those the successful entrepreneurs, and the other is small register of

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For example, one while Ciscoley was trained in Austria, and there was possibilities, some there was a trend in the Uk. And some people were written from America

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a. And also the Pvs. That means a former entrepreneur. They were, trained or educated within India. That means a neighboring country as well. So all these successful successful entrepreneurs.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: They are a trained and educated from India to in business or in management, so that they one can explain their success by the education of road

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and the local knowledge. yeah, that could be interesting, but those successfully intervene is They are not related with the local level expectation which are related with the cultural system of Nepal, because none of the successful entrepreneurs see but their products, and is related with indigenous expectation in practice, age.

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So all the production they made in the areas of service are related with global market.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Thank you. In any case, I've studied the situation of entrepreneurs in, and I have phoned the entrepreneurs who came from France or Canada, or us

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Ulrike Schuerkens: resettled in sending out after the education in Nba's business, Chinese in universities abroad, and they could be successful in the setting of this market because

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they go to a sectors. Well, international enterprises, show no interest. So so these small businesses, but with a very success for them. Yeah, that could be the case. But in in the context of Nepal they small interpret. I said, they do not have any kind of education training. be on Nepal.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Okay, okay? So thank you very much. Perhaps you could continue to discuss this case before we go to the second presentation.

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if your question is also regarding me like in the Finland context, it's like, we have the big skills entrepreneur and the small scale entrepreneur and for the big scale entrepreneur, most of Denmark. I'll finish all the not the country people, because they have that there's local capital like if they know how to open the company, how to go past all the like files, and also for the law files, and how to choose the all this app. It's a

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Unfortunately, it's still in the finish, so they are easily to assess to the all these stuff. But on the other side, for the small skills nowadays have more and more migrations to go to the Finland as the entrepreneur visa. They trying to like open a restaurant, or like, have it, there's a

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like a tech service company there and for like, 10 years ago, most of the East Asian migrations in the Finland. They open the restaurant, especially for the sushi restaurant. That's also something very also different, because, for the most of the others. East Asian migration go to the the western side. They're trying to open their as an estate's restaurant and to show that there is low

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whole food, but because of the Finland of our Finnish people are obsessed with the sushi, and also they have a lot of the salements like over sauce. So the social restaurant kind of be turned to the a big idea like in the Finnish context. So they all try to open the Socio Japanese restaurant there and then now

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is somehow like 10 years later, everyone get get a bit tired of the Japanese food, and then now they try to find something else. Yes, it's like that.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: It's like a question, was as these poverty entrepreneurs are these informal informal business businesses, or are they formula. I guess there are a few limits to access to this sector

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is because it's hard to define. So whether informal and because it's

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If you already got the finished visa, and you can easily to have your open your company as the local. But you at the same time you can be the students or extra have the other job. But some, the people, some of the people. They come to the Finland to be an entrepreneur, so that we maybe can describe these peoples. Are the I have a form. have a form formal entrepreneurship, but

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it's also can't allow them like in the third year, or like instead of the year. They don't. They want to turn their business as that their part time job. They have the to join some company, or like to be a student again. So it's quite mobility.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: Yes, but my question was, in the sense, do they pay taxes these start businesses, or do they open the business without any formal constraints?

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That's That's something I'm not go through like. Go that deep, because for the tax part. It's like, your individual taxes. You're in the past. If your company has, it goes through the company system, it's quite. It's quite separate.

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It's a special emerging right? For

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yeah, it's it's like, I mean other one. Our individual to set next year's our tax rate. For example. Like for me, I am. My texture is 30%, and that because I assume next year I how much that about that amount? if I or more than that, and what? And I need to apply a new tax card if I, or less than that, they were found to me like in this way.

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So it's not like it. So be a a fixed tax. It's a like everyone, just the progress in But the the question was, those businesses are functioning in the form of sector or in 4 company

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those businesses

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for money.

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But yes, if you you not formally, you just, I can't find them, I know, so they can't really sail, and they send the 4 out.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: And do you have an idea what are the profits of these small businesses?

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I'm not sure like how much they really are like as a as a year. But to so but to what I calculated like, based on I what I'm working? It's like around the 3,000 to 4 sound the waste of one's mobility shop like like euro

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Ulrike Schuerkens: as a year. A month.

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Ulrike Schuerkens: This would be the very much so.

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yeah, they they are more than me. So yeah.

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yeah.

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okay, thank you.

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Yes. But perhaps there are other questions from from the audience.

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Yes, Mr.

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You can. You can come this way. Yeah, thank you.

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First of all, thank you for your fascinating presentation. It works

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first of all. I think I'm very lucky family. I found my own research community because I'm also doing immigrants entrepreneurship research. But in Tasmania, Australia and my focus is on their visa application migration processes as well as their migration experiences. So I got a question for John. because you mentioned

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about their business status like refugee students, and they all have very different experience and expectations from their businesses.

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But my question is.

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do you have any data or interview East mentioned about. They open or purchase or create a venture just for the visa purpose.

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because they want want to migrate to a Europe European country, and that's why they become an entrepreneur entrepreneur.

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Thank you.

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permanent resident. And if you passed by the local language you can apply for citizenship, that's why they are keep the studentship, but at the same time to have the have a company or like a create a company, and then they can. based on that. They they can. apply the entrepreneur visa or working visa. Thank you. my understanding is In Finland the migration policy is like

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they recognize self-employment status to get the current residency that right?

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It's like they consider self-employment. Also as the working Isa. Okay, thank you.

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Thank you.

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Jesus.

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And

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yeah, I have just a couple of questions, maybe first to the first presenter.

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and thanks for your presentations. It was really interesting.

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you mentioned that when

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the entrepreneurs who they've been at abroad and come back to start their business.

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that they have to relearn things. They

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there's some disadvantages because they've been abroad, and they have to now

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acquire new skills in their homeland. Can you come with some examples of what that might be? What is it that they have to learn how it

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and so So one example that was from Australia with which connected to be the technological.

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So they got the additional knowledge after migration. They also had some amount of money that helped them to.

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Okay, yeah.

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Another thing I was wondering was you mentioned that a lot of these successful entrepreneurs were in the service sector.

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Yeah, what is, I wonder? What? What does that say that they succeed with it? Yeah, what does that signify that they succeeded the service sector as opposed to a product

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business interpreters. So one thing another is that the service they are providing is related will be the hospitality, you know in what else.

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and also the service to the access to intervent, and also supplying other kind of services to to this, and so on. So there is no production of goods through the interface. if they are running, that's why, mostly the production there interface

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And to the second presenter, you mentioned that you are working in a in a bubble tea chef. I was just wondering what what that type of participation added to your your research and your findings. Yes, because yeah. before I be there to work, and most of the people I know is the owner of the booty shop, and I had only contacted for me and the the staff there, and the customer there is like.

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hey! How are you in the house? hazard! Today like this basic small talk. But after I get inside the group, and I know more about their life, and in the What's life state of their lives and those so like what they really think about, why, they find this job. And and what what's the meaning of the disrupts in their lives? And also I sacked some question there, and these more

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like Like notes, and in In the cashier. And so it's people are willing to like fill into that and that to leave some comments. With that! And they got the why you row to mind us from instead. There's a drink. And that's also how I do the question there. But that's more about the the customer part, and it's where relevant to the consumptions. It's not about today's, but it's give me a sess to get inside and to be one of the done to see the the Booki world.

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Thank you very much.

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No.

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I have one, please. Yes.

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so I I just wanted to know whether the the methodology that web adopted the the ethnography one, isn't it the second one. So why doing it? Did you do the participant of the base, and by running that interface yourself? Or did you observe what other independence they were doing.

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yes, I think that's based on 2 reasons. One is like, I choose, 2 different type of the of the one is the self-branded which have them. No, and they like is entrepreneur like educated, and they just self

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organizing their entrepreneurs or theirs business. And I go there to the experience that there's how they make the ability. Then the second one is a global brand. They have this franchise in the one of the locations. So I also go through these bubble teas like Macdona style stuff, and to see how the in the industrial industrial process in the booty. industry!

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but unfortunately they don't really have like what? Developing that! But Macdonald, and for the second, like reason is, I think, because faculty also want to my culture, and I also take that as self as demography as well to

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is to see like a, because I love about the a lot, and I want to know? Like, when I change my role, as from the customer researcher, to be the one who make the booty, what I can feel about that? Do I still like it? Do I still enjoy it? Do I love that all the

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like? Every part of this? Yeah.

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okay. Other questions.

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Ok, I have also due to a number of. So I have one question for Tika.

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actually. you speak about a particular kind of migration here we speak about people who are going outside the country, and their proposed is to acquire some particular skills

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to come back and to to

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develop a business right that that was not the proposed. But after migration they got education in a training on the basis of which they thought that it would be good to enter into the interface. Okay? So that that was not the the proposed of of going outside.

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Ok, what about the Avers? Because he you presented the most successful.

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examples. but what about the other? the adverse migrants which are returning to to Nepal and are trying to to develop a business. Yeah, yeah, that is very good question, because I have listed on the top 10

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melan top, 10 interference and some female interpreters. And there are also other. Some youth entertainers

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who are engaging themselves in other kind of business, like agriculture, poultry, and so on. So all the enterprise who are engaged. Those the calls are only embedded kind of entrepreneurship as as not so successful. so however, they are generating their livelihood based on the independence. But

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the number of entrepreneurs who are engaged in a new kind of entrepreneurship after the now return of the migration is very low.

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Okay, okay? So the the explanation is that they don't have this

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distance between their own culture, right

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and what is needed. Those who are embedded with the culturally based. what entrepreneurship as very pure, and they are not able to come to the top level intervene as they explained the the earlier ones.

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Okay, thank you. Thank you. And I have another question for I don't know if it is your first niche in way. Yeah. Okay. So for Shinway.

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do the migrants you you analyzed? Have

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language difficulties.

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and how this kind of business help them! help them them to mitigate. this kind of

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challenges, let's say like this.

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Oh, well, I I think, like most, a lot of reason why they choose to be entrepreneurs, because they have some language difficulties, especially for the finish and the sledish mostly to finish because they always like like like they can know the local language, but somehow they only know some restaurant language, and that's how they like

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can speak us a little bit like how like how much and how you 2 can take the money like that, but for the else they can't expand the topic, and

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I can't say they they like it, solved any problems like it was go through the entrepreneurs and and that they can cross the language varies with or through the like, this

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restaurant entrepreneurship. They just somehow to avoid it like A to. They still can make find the positions in the society and to avoid to give up that. There's language skills. Because if you can get to like B, one or B two's local language, you can. You maybe can find A of

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more light. But the the same same salaries like Job in the company, but somehow, because they are not made the language requirement. They can't do that. So it's the way they choose to avoid this shortness, but still make their position there.

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Okay, thank you. Thank you. Other questions.

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No.

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Well, I guess we can close the session. If there are no more questions. It was shorter than it was plain. But this is also because we had only 2 presenters.