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There's also been dramatic technological change. So there's this idea of the technological sublime of a workless supermarket, as we can see, pictured here.

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But over the past 15 years there's been dramatic reshaping of the organization of work in stores from self-service checkouts that promise fictionless, frictionless shopping to scan and go capacities where our customers can scan and pay for their own goods that are now available in Australia, though these Amazon go workless supermarkets are not.

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There's also an increase in online shopping, particularly since the pandemic, creating new tasks, picking and packing orders for customers. and as an industry retail is a really large investor in artificial intelligence.

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and this manifests in the tracking and surveillance of workers performance, monitoring close rates of examining, scanning, and picking and packing is also automation in terms of ordering and rostering based on projected customer demand. And this is fed through stores, use of apps with their employees, that register attendance, communications, and even provide training.

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So this image of a high tech, highly tracked, smart store contrast, perhaps, with our mundane image of the supermarket. As one retail employer said to us. We're not a grocery shop. We're a technology company. So this reframing of what retail is and how sophisticated it is as well.

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I won't spend too much time on the existing research on new technology in retail suffice to acknowledge my colleagues in their research, particularly in the Us. And the Uk and to point out that this particular piece of research by Van Ort, or

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to suggest that there's potential that technology change is magnifying social inequalities. So particularly looking at the surveillance of retail workers and which retail workers are targeted, and that this might be gendered and racialized. So I'm trying to build on this body of research by examining the role of gender in workers, experience of digitalization and the feminized nature of the work, and how this might influence the processes.

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So the research questions that I'm asking are, how do frontline retail workers experience digitalization? And again, by this I mean the social processes, the social decisions that are made in relation to changing digital technologies.

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And does gender influence workers experiences? And if so, in what ways

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the way that I'm conceptualizing gender here is not just about how workers identify as a woman man non-binary in another way, but in terms of gender, as a social structure, as a system of power relations embedded in practices and institutions.

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There's been, and many pioneering scholars on this work for a long time, and particularly using the framework developed by Richmond of gender as a social structure, and how it's been adapted by Cooper and colleagues to look at gender different layers within an organization so gender on an individual level in terms of the different perceptions and experiences of individuals of different gender

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gender on an organisational level in terms of the hierarchies, work practices, work cultures within an organization and gender on a labour market level, looking at segregation in numbers, but also conditions of the regulation of work, pay and working conditions.

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So I'm partway through a three-phased mixed methods approach for my doctoral thesis. So like I said, it's associated with a broader research project. So the research questions that I've developed, have been developed to fall within the scope of that project. Partly so I can draw on the data that's already been collected. So the first 2 rounds of data have been collected, the first of which was interviews with retail employers

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and institutional actors, including unions, employer associations. public sector leaders, and then the second round was a survey of over a thousand retail workers. That was a quota sampling designed to be representative of the Australian retail industry in relation to gender age and location. So not not totally, but attempting to be representative.

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And then the third phase, I'm hoping to commence soon, which will be participant observation in supermarkets. So shadowing retail workers are interviewing them about their experiences and seeing just what it is they do with digital technologies. And what is the modern labor process of a supermarket? So I should have said, with the existing literature.

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my understanding is that while there's great research happening in the Us. And the Uk. In Australia. There hasn't been an in-depth examination of the retail supermarket labor process since 2,005 was the last data collected that I'm aware of so updating that essentially

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so initial findings about research question one, I'll speak to briefly about the impact of digitalization on the labor process, but it does have a lot of common themes to what colleagues have found overseas. So they've been mixed views amongst stakeholders. So this is coming out of the interviews in particular mixed views amongst stakeholders as to whether technological change has improved retail work.

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there's certainly been a talk about new jobs in order for film it. So there's picking and packing jobs in supermarkets that challenge narratives of technological unemployment and mass layoffs as a result of automation.

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and there are also higher value added tasks. So what employers are calling them that where supermarket workers have been redirected away from self-service checkouts that now they're on the floors helping customers more. According to this narrative.

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there's also been concerns about work intensification, particularly from unions, but also acknowledged by employers, as we can see in this quote here about the new demands and expectations placed upon retail workers, that it's no longer enough to be in customer service that you have to be doing all these simultaneous tasks and doing them in a speedy way.

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There's continuing concerns about job quality in terms of precarity, the routine nature of the work, whether it's being de-skilled and also the institutional power of employers to unilaterally make technology decisions and introduce them with little recourse, little attempt to canvas employee views on technology change.

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However, there was also this idea coming out both from employers but also from unions of technology, change as an opportunity for workers.

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for employers. They saw it as a way to attract new talent, although this was mainly focused on head office data, analytics staff. But for unions technology change could be an opportunity to raise new collective bargaining claims. I mean, their focus was mainly

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on the concrete practical things about workers having to use their own phones to check in and out of work, having to use their own data and including them in collective bargaining, but also, perhaps, as an opportunity to advocate for more training or more government funding for training as well

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in terms of this question on gender. I'm conscious of the time. So I'll just start with the overall picture, and then, if I have more time, perhaps go into it a little bit more. But essentially how I see gender playing out is that at the individual level, in the in terms of the worker responses to the survey where we asked workers questions about their experiences with technology at work and their anxieties about the future. There was little evidence of individual differences between women and men in their responses, and it was only women and men that responded. It wasn't people who identified in another way.

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So women didn't feel more hard done by in the process of technology change. Nor were they more concerned for the future.

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But managers did, and culturally and linguistically work as diverse workers did, so interesting to examine the intersectionality, perhaps a bit more here at the organizational level there was more evidence. So managers spoke about the use of data analytics to identify gender gaps in leadership and in segments, but that that this notion of technology as a means to ameliorate inequalities, that technology can't exert, that technology can't address the existing socio-cultural and structural barriers. So

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while they could see, they needed to recruit more women in a certain area, it didn't help when there were no women applying for jobs in that area.

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secondly, in relation to automated scheduling there was particular evidence that it was disadvantaging. Caregivers, as seen in this quote here, who predominantly continued to be women

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at the institutional, at the industry level. There was some evidence of this perception of frontline in-store workers as being a secondary job in terms of like a job to top up family income, that these were mainly women working family-friendly hours, and not as a main breadwinner in a household, but as a secondary owner.

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and that this played into a lack of policy attention from government, a lack of training from retailers and undervaluation of retail skills. And this might continue into the need for digital skills. And whether these are undervalued too.

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Thank you.

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Okay, so just broadly with the survey data, so you can see. And, as indicates, non-significant plus indicates where it was more of a concern for these workers. So actually, managers felt that they were more surveilled by their employers, and that they needed to use their personal technology more

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and minus indicates where it was less of a concern. So English-speaking background workers had less concerns with all these areas, which means by converse that workers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds were more concerned about all these areas.

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particularly about losing jobs in the future because of being unable to keep up with technical skills being replaced by machines. The growth of online shopping and the only area where gender was significant were that men were more concerned about losing their job because of information posted on social media. So I mean, that's interesting. But it it didn't suggest great gender differences in experiences.

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so essentially, what we can see happening in terms of the gendered impacts is perhaps it's not so apparent on an individual level. But perhaps it's more seeped into organizational processes and practices and at an industry level more broadly.

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So, these are some of the things that I'm thinking about as I approach the next round of my data collection. Like I said, I'm still really in initial stages of my thesis. So really appreciate any comments and suggestions. But these are some of the questions that I'm asking.

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So how do workers perceive this technological change? There wasn't particularly great concern about automation and job loss. So understanding what those perceptions are, and why, again, the promise of technology to ameliorate inequalities?

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Is technology facilitating flexible work, mutually beneficial, flexible work? Or is it undermining it? And the role of the gig economy in this, as coming into stores increasingly, the intersectional elements of it skills in retail work. And this notion of technological change as an opportunity for workers. So thanks very much. Look forward to your questions and comments. Thank you.

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Okay, so

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the V

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so return

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to

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a

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what I did. This is yours. Great

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thanks, very happy to receive you. So you all, all, all, all the team is not in there. Okay, no. On the other or something. Yeah.

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Yeah. Okay, thanks a lot.

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Good morning to all the the other. members of the that wrote this paper that is, a draft paper is in Italy. So now in Italy is about

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by the No. 3 h

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Am. So This paper is based on a preliminary results of ongoing that research that we are doing in the Italian ship building. In particular, we are interesting.

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The transformation of a label process inside within these workplaces inside the they are. So we took 2

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case studies. One is Margara, that is close to Venice, and you can see when I you arrival with the plane in in Venice, and the other is Montana. That is not far away is in the north

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is the of the of the country, and and we we took a think. And the theory is a state-owned company. So this is a very important point, because, as you know, the privatization process was very strong, and not only in Italy, but in all Western countries in particular, in manufacturing and

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We have to say that over the years. Fig and theory consolidate an organizational model based on outsourcing on site and in the last 10 years, also outsourcing also part of the ship in other European yards, like in Romania, Tulchia, and Bryla, and also in Norway.

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where they build a part of the of the ship.

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And the other question that is very important, and that I will analyze is the change.

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Saw a characteristic of workforce that went

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together with the change in outsourcing. So what we are suggesting is that differently from Bulavoi concept of politics in production and the factory regime, we have a very different factory regime inside the same workplace.

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So we collected the this data during 2,020, and that we are doing the also now part of the research that is based on international research project funded by Norway,

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reserved to council, and this based on these 5 countries, the countries that you can see Italy, Germany, Poland, and Romania, and Norway, and we collect at the moment about 30 interviews. But then we have also true Phd. Student, that to work

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work in in this research, so they collect a lot of more interviews. In particular, I have to say that we have one Italian Phd. Students and the other that is Bangladesh.

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And this is important because a lot of workers in sub contracting in shipyards are from Bangladesh. So

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it means that he was able to do interviews with a lot of these Bangladesh workers and also live with them in the, in the house, in Margara and in Moscow.

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Then we organize also focus group, and so on. So very quickly. You know that the boulevard

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differentiate the politics in production, that it means in the label process and politics of production that regulate and shape a relationship between capital and labor, this kind of, and they it distinguish between despotic and the demonic regime. This schema has been

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criticized differently.

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because no empirical sustainability over generalization, complexity of factory regime, and

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the pointer that I would like to to stress here is that We think that there is no historical development if we look to the global value chain

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and that the national contest matter a lot because we think that different factory regime, A. Co. Exist even within the same workplace.

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thanks to outsourcing and the segmentation workforce before to come here. If we look from a global value chain point of view.

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Before to come here in Australia, I was in Bangladesh to to look the ship breaking of the of the ship, where they dismiss all the ships, and you can understand immediately that there there is another kind of factorization. And this is one of the point that well, I did just a few interviews. So it was just a a first field work, but I think in the future could be interesting to look so.

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As you know, outsourcing has been described as a form of paradigmatic

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form of organization, labour, relation, contemporary capitalism. A lot of question arising in the last 30 years about the different, a labor contract devoid the responsibilities of our firms, the change in the task The special of not spatial outsourcing, and also the Union difficulties to

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in this kind of outsourcing model.

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So what is finger theory? I said before, that finger theory is 70% owner by by, the Italian State has a larger position ship building in particular in cruise ship.

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and you can see after that, I think the theory started in the Ninetys to to build

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cruise ship, but also military and civil and other civil segments.  finite area has about 10,000 direct employees in Italy.

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Including all. And, as you can see in Margara and the Immo Farconi. A large part of employees are subcontracting workers with different contract, with with different companies. But we can say, I anticipate here a little bit.

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3 or 4 different kind of subcontracting workers. We have people from the the south of Italy that are internal migrants. Then we am but

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Croatian that are the well-skilled workers inside the the the yards! Then we have a Romanian that are semi-skilled, and then you have a Bangladesh work that are as killed better, they are doing unskilled the job.

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So so

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inside this thinking theory model, there are more or less about 400 companies.

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that operate inside, and there is a fragmented, a lot working and control condition. To move through this to high fermentation contest. We have classified some dimension, 4 dimension that can provide an analytical description of the differentiate, the subcontractive system adopted by fincan theory.

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Well, the first one is market position.

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It means that you have hyper specialized firms, some companies, some kind of this first

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first first part are companies that are owned by finc, and the and the other kind are very low specialized firms operating in the lower value added segment, and in the lower

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segment you can find also

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a particular kind of firms that in Italy is cooperatives. If you want, we can speak up more about this kind of cooperatives that are. We call them cooperative accomplishments because they are not to through cooperatives.

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The second point, and then the second dimension is about the segmentation from race and the hierarchy of segmentation based on country over region, migration project and citizenship status. What I say before locals, Southern migrant or Romania Croatian son.

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The third point is the position, value chain. You have a more structured companies operating as first supplier and then the other in

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in the lower segment of the the fourth, is about the the chance. The possibility for firms to apply different and national collective agreement.

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Oh.

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director employees are.

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They have a collective agreement that is, metal workers.

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But inside the thinking theory you can find a lot of different and national collective agreement. So from cleaning to painting, and so on.

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So and this different cognitive agreement can permit also to to the firms to lower working conditions. In particular, we have a

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a specific city that is called global wage. So the so-called pagoglobal in Italian. What is pavilion. That is very interesting. We have a union pay that for direct employees and some more structure contracting firms. And then this global pay well, our firm's company put all together.

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In the

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in the wage everything is a kind of monetization, of holidays, of insolence, of everything. So when you finish to work they! You have only one wage. You have no more, for example, the 13 wage as an Italian you have, or other kind of money that

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the firms give you.

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And this kind of global wage is important and is a kind of trap also for migrant workers in particular, that they want to monetize immediately, so they can also send Send money at home, or pay, for example, for debt to to migrate.

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 The the Cincinnati model changed during the years I started to do research in fincan theory in the nineties, when I was a little bit younger and has a

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we discussed it before in the session before. What can we do about this system? I was also in the ninetys at the end of the nineties

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to go in front of the of the gaze of the factory of the shipyards. With some lethalites! Against this kind of model, because it was very clear that there was coming out these. this differentiation! of working condition. So, as you can see during the seventies. I think it's inside the shipyards. Union, where was was was very strong.

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and they have a lot of power. But after that there was a market crisis, and in the ninetys they started with the cruise ship cruise ship.

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is interesting because You need a very different kind of specialization. You are building the theatre, for example, inside the C in all like this that we have here, but you have also. I don't know the toilet to build, and so on. That is very different from, for example, container or gases, ship oil ship, and so on. And during the year of this change 250,

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also the task of direct workers.

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and this has produced a more participative industrial relation inside the shipyard.

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So the other point that I stressed before yes. is about the changing labor Force composition that to move

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the point here that is very important is that a lot of blue-colored workers.

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direct employees, became a supervisor of

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subcontracted workers. So you add a change in the composition, and it means

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a mobility of blue color to white color, that it means to control the other, the other work very quickly, because I am 2 min, so we can we propose a

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a paradigmatic station between 2 factory regime are the extreme points of this regime. If even if we could consider 3 or more factory regime aside, one for direct employees and the other for subcontractor workers employed in low value at the

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segments. So

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for the first one. We can speak about a hegemonic factory regime also with some trace of despotism. In the other case, in the low value

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regime. We can speak about the despotism regime, because there are black males, and so on.

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for example. Bangladesh waters

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often are recruited through going to the master system they need. They have to live in the house of other Bangladesh owner of the firms, and so on.

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So going to the conclusion, What we would like to stress. Here is the how the direct employees change the rolling side, and how these

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change of the role

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maybe produce also

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going back to the session before

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a new kind of a rationalization side of the workforce. So subcontracted workers are more migrants are more mobile labor, and so on, and they have the worst working condition at the same time. So this it means that the unions in particular are defending core workers, and less and less subcontracted workers. Thanks a lot.

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The

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you I I I did. I did not. Oh, I didn't did my job. Well, it was. I did not present him, and I I I think it's I'm very happy. I'm very happy for all of us to have the vis of executive with us, because I think that the work

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they did in Italian since many years, with very important influence to to for us to understand the transformation of transnational and industrial world. So it's very thank you to be with us. We are very happy. Okay? So now I'm going to play well, my job.

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And we aong zhang, okay, platform riders under COVID-19, and in my mainland, China.

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So I think it's

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next, you know what?

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This is. Yours. Yeah.

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Great. You.

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So Hi, my name is home, Jen Pan and I come from, and this is my very first presentation. So please bear with me.

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My research subject is about platform writers on the Kovat, 19 in England, China.

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in the last few decades. Oh, sorry

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 In the last few decades a major transformation has swept through China under the influence of Deng Xiao Qing's idea of moderate, prosperous society. Sioux, Kung Shui, China has stepped into a post Socialist Neoliberal Society. According to the paper

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the market size of China's online takeaway industry reached 664 billion in 2,020. The takeaway industry expanded with the development of icts and the situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The botanic has reshaped the takeaway industry. Firstly, take away restaurants, are seeing more users from the lower market segment, and to post 60 s. And post 70. So Generations

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for many takeaway food, and increasingly other products, such as groceries, enable those who stay at home to shield themselves from the risk of the virus. The concept of takeaway has been expanded since the onset of the pandemic from delivery meals and drinks take away, workers have expanded the delivery groceries.

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fresh seafood, medicine, and a whole wide range of other daily necessary. These. as as user. gradually develop a new retail consumption habits during the pandemic, the proportion of a nonfood takeaway business is expanding.

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Moreover, the writers themselves can become the subject of delivery. COVID-19 promo, the delivery.

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the diversity of takeaway services while further enhancing regulation and resistance to the system.

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So I collect my data in Shanghai over the 9 months

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by using qualitative methods, including in-depth interview and participant observation. I used random and snowball sampling to conduct 20 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with writer from matron and urban.

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Under the neoliberalism platform capitalist platform capitalism finds its new modality with gamification. So I use the theory of communication to unwield the exploitation happening in delivery work.

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Wucock and Johnson demonstrate 2 set of gamification, one from the above, the other from the below.

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So communication from above is the dominant way form of communication as it refers to the application of the mechanics of play to everyday life. This allows work to be redefined and elevated as the most important human activities and the 1 one and one most worthy. optimization. It does so by taking game mechanics out of the context of play and transposing those

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into a different, fundamentally instrumental, non-playful context. The final goal of gamification from above is to maximize, play.

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plagiarists, productivity and maximize Company's profit.

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So all of my has tube rating. Aka gaming system. Both are considered here as gamification from above. The hummingbird system gives indirect non-monetary benefits, and the Blue Knight system gives a direct monetary monetary bonuses.

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He shares the same, levering up and reward logic as China. Most popular mobile Game King. Probably they have the highly similar titles.

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How do you see a title names at each level? So this is the table.

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and part-time writers are only evaluated by the volume of all the completed and their performance, like punctuality, comments and reviews. The more the more orders they deliver on time, the higher the level they can achieve, the higher the the higher

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there are this patch index, the more orders the system will advocate to them. So, according to the hummingbird outsourcing app policy, you should completely order generate 1 point, and each complete

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order during the morning or late night period will generate additional point 5 points. The platform will calculate writers order points according to the number of completed orders in a natural week.

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Different order points who respond to different levels have different rewards and privileges.

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So you as you.

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Ok, here are the interview experts from my field.

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So Who taught me life is getting harder and harder. Don't even mention how hard it is to get a goat level right now, basically, you have to deliver at least 40 orders per day, and you cannot have a fat reveal.

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So it's basically impossible.

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And even if you do get to the go level, the bonus has changed from the previous 200 Rmb. To the current. 66 rmb. We now have to put in double the time and effort, but to get sort of what we had last year in return

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because of the covid. All industry are not doing well, there's no way around it.

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And these these 2 are from the

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also gamification from above the passings.

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the work becomes reward and fun.

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So since that. Honestly, I think the job of delivery worker is quite good. It's much better than working in a factory before, with no supervisor bossing around in the company and trying to deduct your accelerating. Anyway.

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it's like working for ourselves. It's very fulfilling to see the points and the levels in made one, and the hummingbird apps, getting higher and higher every day. Sometimes they just feel like a game.

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so Caddy point out.

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the gamification can be boiled down to one of 3 things, validation, completion, and reward. It is this factor that gamification

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ties the gamification to the concern of the management.

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Han also claims in a digital society. Exploitation no longer takes the form of elimination and self-realistic deprivation, but is clocked in freedom, self-fulfillment, and self-optimization. There are no exporters who force individuals to work and alienate themselves instead, individuals are willing to exploit themselves and sit at form of self-fulfillment.

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Gamification is not a

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neutral tool, and its current adoption has been supporting and further developing neoliberal capitalist economic relations.

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Sharp also proposed that techniques of gamification can be read as a symptom for emerging new mode of common governmentality

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to maximize the

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sorry.

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however, the real purpose of game is to be playful, to add it by bottom, and to be source of fun. Hence Uk and Johnson follow up with gamification from below, which is the ideal form of resistance against gamification found above.

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and it captures

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the planners in pursuit of work. They also specify this form of blow. Model is better understood alongside with a form of autonomous, autonomous, and situation as resistance.

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The idea of playfulness is essential to this from below model.

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So

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King shared with me a chat. He had a customer during his delivery. The following screenshot shows the process of a customer, rushing his order in the chat box

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that embedded within the mid one apps, as well as the process of flirting.

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However, instead of using simply cold tone words. Both of them used a more playful and intimate way of speaking, and even some cute emojis as pink to me in his boring work pattern. He finds some of the conversation very pleasing and pleasant.

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and that is a typically he. He's the first to initiate such conversation.

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So in my field work I also discovered that many writers are obsessed with the online video sharing platform called T. Talk.

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Within the influence of the Chinese Kols, the key opinion leaders. It has become a dream for many delivery workers to become Internet celebrities

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like Like little Uncle Rider, who is

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the Kl. Has half a million followers

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from the platform.

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and we still the with the advertisement from the platform. His total income can add up to 21,000 R. A. M. B. Per mouse.

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So the existence of the gamification from below does not reduce the explorative intention of gamification from above, instead to involve very different dynamics. What is important to emphasize here is the elements of game cannot be separated from the context of social revolution and a power in society.

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In this way Wucox and Johnson further point out that 2 completely opposed set of ideological entanglements become a parents.

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The game mechanics are just not neutral, and find the emerging property of a systematic game element that depends on the context rather than informality.

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So the previous section focused on the labour of the delivery job itself, the following section further examined the additional labor imposed by the platform merchants and customers, which includes additional emotion, physical and sexual labor

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in a new liberal region.

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The physical work of intimacy is no longer simply commentified and understood as a form of physical labor. Increasingly culture recognized the communication of intimacy referring to face-to-face physical tasks which may involve in degree of uncertain degree of sexual labor.

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Cohen, note that close contact, body work is commonly found in social care, work, beauty, services, sex work and security services. The interaction involves. Such in such body work can take various forms, like eye contacts, moaning tone, and touching

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outside of the sex industry waters, and Nixon. Note that the ecstatic and physical performance of workers is systematically integrated to the landscape of customers, and the sexualization of these workers has become increasingly widespread in the service industry.

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So, in addition to traditional figure of send sexual fantasy, such as flight, attendance physicians, nannies, and bodyguards, platform writers are increasingly becoming a popular object of sexual fantasy in China as well. The phenomenon of delivery workers becoming the object of sexual fantasy, is not surprising.

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A for pizza boy

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 for example, has been portrayed as a subject of sexual fantasy in North America and Europe. For a long time

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the adult video industry perpetuates the sexualization, constantly producing erotic videos that correlates sexual either with certain occupations which further enhance the sexualization of these workers and reveal fascination with uniforms and working-class masculinity.

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One of the surprising finding from my research was that sexual fantasy of platform writers are actually played out. In reality.

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I would also argue that both my 20, and on my platform has become the place for exchanging sex. Hidden within the delivery platform. The platform has become the places where writers and consumers can access sexual services, and even the space where rider can sell their body and sexual

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for sexual and monetary purposes. So here are the screenshots that are shared by my interviewees

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on the left. You can you can see a special request from a woman that, like I'm looking for a young lad to come over and lick my to see

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and bring your own condom and 500 tips. Take the order. If your deck is big enough.

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and the other is the special request from a guy one, a handsome, and who, young lab, 175 cm above

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25 years old, only after 1,995,

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15 centimeter.

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then 300 bonuses and a map play with each other, and, if you understand, take the order.

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So when I asked my interview if he ever taking any order like this. He smelled and didn't answer my question directly.

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but he said how nice it would be if it was, it was a young girl. You don't get to pay, and you'll get your payment, and also you get a good time.

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The delivery platform have accidentally become a place for sex work.

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in fact. As also he shares. In fact, there were quite a few orders like that, as you can see for quite a lot of money. It was a couple of days which is for us. It seems like some of the stuff is written on the request in a pretty scary way, and they are even gay people.

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I have never seen that back home.

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but this order is usually run out quickly, so you have to grab them as Ap. If you really want them.

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So, in conclusion, this paper unfolds different aspects of the life delivery workers on the platform economy in urban China.

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I show how they are surveillance surveillance by the platform and turn into the auto exploiter into pre-carist working condition, wishing to achieve up and more social mobility

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besides the labor of the actual delivery. I also show how they need to engage in in emotional labor and possibly sexual labor on the platform.

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You thank you.

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So we'll have a good debate after that. The last presentation of the discussion.

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No.

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what I have to do again.

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No, it's not

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this one? Is not

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this one? Okay.

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that's it

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to

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next presentation. This is you. Okay? So

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Tomoko, Tomoko, Tomoko, fukula, agglomeration dispassion of used car and use how to pouts trade industries by South Asian migrant and entrepreneurs in Japan.

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That's okay.

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Okay.

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Thank you for your introduction. Hello.

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it's great pleasure to be here today. My name is Tomokov Kuda. From Tuba University in Japan. Today I will.

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I would like to talk about my research on agglomeration dispersion of used core and used outputs trade industries by South Asian migrant entrepreneurs in Japan

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is that

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yes, this is the outline of today's presentation.

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Firstly, I'll reintroduce about my research. This presentation is based on sociological fieldwork research of Pakistani, Afghan and stronghold migrant entrepreneurs

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in Japan. Since 1,998 Today's presentation is a part of these studies.

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Some contact contents which are researched with other colleagues are also included.

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In addition.

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a research organization was set up at the presenters. University in 2,020. As a core member of this organization, a research project based in Chiba has started its main research topic is phase one, a topic of phase, one is the challenges faced by the Afghan and Sri Lankan communities in Chiba.

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Let's move on the research question

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merely in 19 nineties there was a debate about whether newcomers, foreigners, you can see migrants, etc., in Japan or not.

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This debate was based on

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can I have. I don't know if I have a good help sometimes. Yes, sometime it's worst. Can I use it?

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I want to read. Yeah.

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And by the mouth. No, no mouth. Yeah, it's a look. Look. Oh.

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you're right.

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Thank you.

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Yeah. I don't remember.

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Oh, we I started okay. And this, this page was based on a simple comparison of newcomers and all-timers at all time a means ex-coroniers and their descendants. Mary Koreans.

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moreover, measuring the permanent residence intention of newcomers was difficult. Some researchers felt uncomfortable with these arguments.

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Memory in the the debate was reserved to some extent by the introduction of a transnationalism perspective.

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but another research question remain.

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why do migrants congregate or disperse in legions by ethnic community? I will change the question slightly. How do migrants form the halves of local communities.

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Next, we will see literature survey in economic geography, in economics, research, accumulation is extensive, but they tend to explain with economic rationality. This is not a satisfactory analysis for sociology in human geography and sociology, not as much as in economics, but 0 enough research. Particular attention is paid to international migration.

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These studies focus on a commercial catchment area represented by Chinatown in Koreatans.

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There were also research on migrant settlement replacements represented by studies of subarbon public housing.

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If dates.

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Let's see the background of these topics.

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The reuse and recycling business is an industry in which ethnic minorities have actively participated. The reduced car in the youth's old bird's trade is another area where many migrants have entered.

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The number of deals in this field is unknown, but multiple data shows that migrants are the majority. South Asian migrant entrepreneurs, such as Paxani, Bangladesh's Sri Lankans, and Afghans are famous in this field.

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For example.

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the Chipa prefecture pori's headquarters refers to auto dismanterers and used Pers traders as yards. The Paris have conducted a detailed study

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to establish cheaper prefecture on your audience. Cheaper uniqueness. She was uniqueness lies in its large number of years for dismantling second hand curs and trading those carpets.

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80% of which are operated by a foreigners

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among the operators of these years. The largest 2 nationalities are African, followed by Sri Lankan. Chiva Prefecture is home of 43% of our Afghans and 80%

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At 18% of 3 Rankans nationwide

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the highest figure in the country for both nationalities.

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The last decade in particular, has

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seen increasing of around 3.7 4 for Athens, and 3.8 4 four-year-.

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These are areas they rated the nationality Afghans concentrate to the I'm sorry I didn't change, whereas the English are in by area late circle area

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and the Sri Lankans

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concentrate Samu area upru circle area

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and the Paxani concentrate the tok at the area. The

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I have, we conducted sociological research focusing on Pakistanis marine based in Chiba, Japan. After that I have researched multi ethnic networks in the field and has collected data on Sri Lankans and Afkans, it became clear that differences in agglomeration

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dispersion were observed even among South Asian migrant entrepreneurs? Their research question emerged what are the reason for these differences in the characteristics of admiration dispersion?

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Now, presently, we've discussed the mechanism differences based on the fierce survey research without

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being with the case of Pakistanis.

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We begin with the case of A.

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In the 1980 S. Paxtoni migrants came to Japan to become workers, but soon they turned to become entrepreneurs used care. Trading is the business need of Paxony migrants in Japan. They sturgied various types of businesses like Marvel Gems's happiest trading, but gradually concentrated on the huge used core export businesses.

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In the case of Pakistanis there was a tendency to cluster in Canto region. A special kanto means a suburb of Tokyo, and especially Saitama, next to Tokyo, and to locate their business bases around several trading ports.

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At the same time there was a tendency to disperse the reasons for choosing this region. Our forests but a year or highlighted Sentence is a characteristic of each community. Each migrant

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the family location of the Pakistani man who used to worked in the factory in a familiar occasion to the Japanese women he is marrying.

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We move on the case of Sri Lankans.

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In the 19 eighties Sri Lanka migrants came to Japan to become workers. Salmon's Paxonies, and they also turned to become entrepreneurs. Use core trading is a business. Each of Sri Lankans, too.

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However, they were not as numerous as Pakistanis, and therefore did not attract as much attention.

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They are characterized by strong links with Japanese supporters.

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those that they succeeded in the use curve businesses. Our business also have a strong

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links with their home countries.

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for example. By entering the rear estate and tourism industries in Sri Lanka.

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On the other hand, there is another segment of the preparation that has newly arrived in Japan in recent years, especially after COVID-19 pandemics. They are characterized by the same origin, a high up, a proportion of Muslim.

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In the case of Sri Lankans there was a tendency to crust to. In the counter region, especially Chiba and the concentrate in the density a vicinity of trading ports.

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In addition, there is a tendency for ethnic groups to cluster in specific area away from trading boards.

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Some reasons for choosing these regions are as far as

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as the yellow. Had. I did praise

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and local location close to the airport. They have such a serious channel to the all over the world, and of course, to Sri Lanka

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and location where ceremony interpreters are available is. and that the Chiba in Chiba there is a town who who was as a host of the Sri Lankan national team

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Tokyo or Olympic Tokyo to 2,020 Olympic game, and and there is a location

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near the mosque. So these 2 points is very important, especially for their families and the location where people from the same ethnic group live.

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Then we will move on the case of Afghans after migrants also came to Japan in the 1980 s. But increased in the 1910 s. The reason is, the accelerated

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accelerated a elimination of she death in the United Arab Emirates, many of them immigrated to Japan from the U. A. E.

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They also started their own businesses in used corporate trading, because Afghans already have their harpers markets in the Uae. Since 1970 S.

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African trading companies were working in scrub businesses, business selling an exporting automotive pirate for reuse or recycle

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the scrub business, have strong relation with car export trading by Paxony. but often concentrated, not oncarrating, but birds trading.

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In the case of Afghan, they tend to cross the encountered region, especially Chiva. However, there is no significant concentration of business centers in the vicinity of trading ports.

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Furthermore, there is a tendency for ethnic groups to craft a specific area away from trading. The reason for choosing this region are as far as

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the aero highlight. I'll see the Iro-haride familiar location of the Afghan man who used to work in Anos of this mantra, especially Japanese there.

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and location close to airport location, where Iranian interpreted a bearable. These are Afghans speak Persian language for the Iranian

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migrants. can be an interpreter for them. and location where people from the same ethnic group live?

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A. 4. P. 3.

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The other is 2. Aspect, I think one is condition of marriage. for Paxton's marriage to Japanese was pre-liquely liquidated for doing business in Japan.

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They therefore formed a base in a familiar location, and subsequently established a living empowerment like Hilary Shop, or some mosques like that.

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Serenekans are Africans. On the other hand, they tend to marry Compatriots.

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As a result they tend to reef closer to their compatriots, and Pakistan. second point is refugee-like elements. Often entrepreneurs are not refugees.

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but many, many have refugee right elements, so they tend to live in close proximity to other people of the same ethnic group. Some pert of 3 Ronquins also have refugee ailments.

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It is assumed that these people also tend to live in crusters. Pakistanis, on the other hand, have a narratively weak tendency to crust it together by ethnic groups.

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That's all. Thank you for your kind andation.

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Thank you. So I bye

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me and the outcome come here to the stage because

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we we don't have no one on line, so

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we are happy. So

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I propose that we'll make a few questions. I imagine that you can ask questions also to your colleague. It will be nice

327
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and

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01:02:32.410 --> 01:02:46.959
I think it. It was very interesting to see and to link this for a proposition. It was not so easy at the beginning, but I think that there is something like about transnationalization labour package.

329
01:02:47.030 --> 01:03:09.039
It is something against that. We see from the first day very curious about the concession of the and the monetization of work, and I think it's a good subject, because a a colleague from Africa spoke about the taxation of informality. So I think that there is something very interesting about this form of process

330
01:03:09.070 --> 01:03:15.830
transnationalization of labour market on seat. And also

331
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I was wondering because you make a reference of Bonashi's work.

332
01:03:22.860 --> 01:03:38.130
and which is very good work about with logistic revolution. I mean, like you are in for. You are. We are in a new decade. And now I want you to, perhaps to to to think about that

333
01:03:38.260 --> 01:03:41.309
the logistic is the same

334
01:03:41.340 --> 01:03:51.599
as well as the industrial revolution for the system. So the capitalism, because we can understand that the logistic integrate totally

335
01:03:51.600 --> 01:04:11.999
all the the way of producing all the way of organizing the the labour market all the way of using of tool management, even in the way they they they are doing, and the impulse and improve people to the market labor.

336
01:04:12.230 --> 01:04:34.680
In Amazon, for example, people have on the on their finger a a robot on their finger. So they are not doing only the job they are like. the prolongation of the technical work. So I think things like that? No, but First I want to to ask the public. If you have questions.

337
01:04:34.730 --> 01:04:38.950
then we make a few questions great. Come, you present yourself.

338
01:04:38.990 --> 01:04:51.779
and then we will give you the possibility to respond. Hello! My name is Nunavut. I'm a researcher from the new University of Lisbon in Portugal. I have 2 short questions.

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The first one concerns to the Italian shipyard study.

340
01:04:56.220 --> 01:05:01.179
Do you see any? comparative

341
01:05:01.600 --> 01:05:07.909
elements with the automotive industry in Italy, where the outsourcing was very.

342
01:05:08.090 --> 01:05:11.070
was very strong on one hand.

343
01:05:11.300 --> 01:05:19.449
but this transformation from blue color into white color who control the out sources actually

344
01:05:19.610 --> 01:05:23.179
is not so prevalent as it seemed to be in your study.

345
01:05:24.050 --> 01:05:37.180
The second question relates to your very interesting study about gamification. It just actually To understand a little bit better, I mean, are they?

346
01:05:37.450 --> 01:05:41.959
Are they gaming? I didn't really get what they are doing.

347
01:05:42.000 --> 01:05:54.940
or are they delivering? Or they are doing both things. This. This wasn't clear in my mind, maybe because I couldn't understand you, but Well, nonetheless, the study is very, very interesting.

348
01:05:55.070 --> 01:06:09.430
how gigwax studies! But I'd like to understand. Why do you use the word gaming? And what is the relationship between what they are doing and what they are doing when delivering. Thank you.

349
01:06:10.150 --> 01:06:11.160
It's on. No, sir.

350
01:06:17.170 --> 01:06:19.229
Yes, you want paper.

351
01:06:25.490 --> 01:06:48.230
Hello, everybody. Yes, my name is Andreas Cherling. I'm a fellow candidates Phd. Candidate from University of Yvl in Central Sweden. Laura, I have a question for you. Thank you first of all for your interesting presentation. Would you consider researching the fashion retail industry. And do you think that you maybe find different

352
01:06:49.160 --> 01:07:18.860
different results from from sort of supermarkets? I'm thinking, where fashion retail is, where you kind of sell the brand through yourself, and you're also Have the personal login for the checkouts, and they can review your sales, and so on and so forth. So that was a question for you and for David, or is it David or David? thank you also for your very interesting presentation, and as a matter of fact, thank everybody for your in the presentation

353
01:07:18.860 --> 01:07:29.079
Do you consider any particular theoretical framework for analyzing stratified hegemony?

354
01:07:31.110 --> 01:07:55.540
And also, if you. I'm I'm not very stratified hegemony. I'm not very As a matter of fact, I'm not at all familiar with.

355
01:07:56.710 --> 01:07:59.189
And we take the same question. And then.

356
01:08:04.100 --> 01:08:22.269
okay, okay, thank you. my name is Crispin Tingunu from so Plugin invest in Cuba. Very, very interesting purpose for the 4 papers I enjoyed listening. my first question. It's sort of like cas across for the 4 papers

357
01:08:22.570 --> 01:08:28.700
I'm interested in sort of when it comes to this.

358
01:08:29.150 --> 01:08:34.569
to these workers? How do they, these precarious workers in these precarious conditions?

359
01:08:34.700 --> 01:08:39.640
How do they see themselves in terms of their future career? Development?

360
01:08:39.740 --> 01:08:57.189
What sort of like, in a way. How do they see it? That's a matter of like the retail, just the is. After I I I I saw you the average ages 21, maybe just to get into the labour market and then do something else? Or do they see their future in this sort of like, in a way, a particular sector.

361
01:08:57.510 --> 01:09:04.990
and then on the to what they call it. How did they call it? The regimes of a lab labour process?

362
01:09:05.030 --> 01:09:17.860
I just wanted to find out in terms of how do these workers in the in these different regimes? How do they relate to each other? And then the the other question is around

363
01:09:17.910 --> 01:09:19.750
the workers themselves.

364
01:09:19.940 --> 01:09:23.980
how do they relate to each other in terms of

365
01:09:24.110 --> 01:09:25.590
trying to

366
01:09:25.950 --> 01:09:40.930
organize and and transform the the? They are very pre their precarious condition in terms of maybe some form of how, in what ways do we see resistance from the, from the workers in all these sort of precarious conditions. Thank you.

367
01:09:42.310 --> 01:09:46.369
We we start with first. who's that?

368
01:09:48.190 --> 01:09:54.390
Yeah, thanks a lot.

369
01:09:54.600 --> 01:10:00.090
the first question is about automotive in Italy, automotive in Italy is

370
01:10:00.220 --> 01:10:05.280
very different from shipyards. First of all, because outsourcing is

371
01:10:05.300 --> 01:10:26.399
how can I say is outsource in other place? So it's not the in the same workplace. So you have a sub contract team, maybe, but outside that this is the first difference. The second difference that is very important is automotive. In Italy you have a few migrants, a few international migrants

372
01:10:26.440 --> 01:10:41.679
that are working because in the last 20 years Italian automotive became a Southern factory. I mean that most of the true.

373
01:10:42.030 --> 01:10:53.509
most important factories are in the south of Italy, where you have a very high unemployment, so to work in a in a automotive factory in the south of Italy

374
01:10:53.690 --> 01:11:05.929
could be a good job, not like in Turina, that is, in the North, but it can find a lot of other jobs, and so on. In Turin they dismiss a lot of

375
01:11:05.940 --> 01:11:19.089
of the employees. And now you have the mainly white colors that are working there. So it's a very different, I think the particularity of

376
01:11:19.130 --> 01:11:46.870
think and theory is that they is within the same place, and you have not a lot of example like these in Italy. We have also electrolook. So that is producing washing machine and so on. But that is more automotive than thinking theory model, because they have a, for example, temporary agency worker. But they have no so big

377
01:11:46.940 --> 01:12:06.500
stratified and subcontracted his side. Yeah, it is difficult to to answer, to stratify Germany, that you are speaking in just an answer. I you to say first of all, that the gram she is studied more abroad than in Italy. I agree with you.

378
01:12:06.530 --> 01:12:11.640
I stand in also, Gram, she, but it's

379
01:12:11.770 --> 01:12:24.790
I think, that this change, and also is linked to this. This change is also linked to the, to the fact that

380
01:12:24.810 --> 01:12:36.390
in the 90 s. In Italy as another place, a lot of all the workers, very unionized, very conflictual workers retired.

381
01:12:36.520 --> 01:12:50.810
and there was no any kind of passage between all the new workers. So the new workers were. How can I say, had had the

382
01:12:50.900 --> 01:13:00.419
have a behavior very different from the one that was before. So they were more, the behavior was more about.

383
01:13:00.430 --> 01:13:01.780
So I've

384
01:13:01.950 --> 01:13:07.509
cooperative relationship inside with managers, and so on, and

385
01:13:07.540 --> 01:13:11.550
when they asked them to become white.

386
01:13:12.180 --> 01:13:15.630
call us. but staying

387
01:13:15.670 --> 01:13:29.370
at the same time, and not in the office, but in the shipyards Controlling the job of the other. This was a a crucial point that you control the job of migrants

388
01:13:29.450 --> 01:13:46.219
of migrants that you consider less than you that you rationalize because often Bangladesh worker, they say about Bangladesh worker. One of the question is that they work a lot of hours 12 h a day. But why? Because, you know, they don't work.

389
01:13:46.340 --> 01:13:55.069
They take time. This is just one of the questions about the precarious job, how they say

390
01:13:55.090 --> 01:13:56.810
the future

391
01:13:57.200 --> 01:14:06.350
for migrant workers. The first things. The first thing is that to have a permit to stay so, and to

392
01:14:06.910 --> 01:14:17.949
to be able to take the family, and so on for Bangladesh, for creation, and the for creation is a little bit different, and they often commute, because

393
01:14:18.170 --> 01:14:38.250
that part of it is close to Croatia, so they commute often in 3, 4 h they can go back every week or 2 weeks, and they hope to to have a job in Croatia in the future, because they have some shipyards also in Croatia. The relationship

394
01:14:38.680 --> 01:14:52.380
sometimes are good, but I think are more and more rationalized. The relationship in particular, with migrants that are not European, with like Bangladesh, like we have Senegalese, and so on.

395
01:14:53.500 --> 01:14:55.259
I don't know how. You also

396
01:14:58.270 --> 01:15:17.140
thank you for the questions to the first one on the difference between fashion, labor, and supermarkets. And if we'd see the same yes, to your point about the nature of the work as being more about representing the brand. So issues of aesthetic labor. Perhaps the

397
01:15:17.360 --> 01:15:37.780
the ways in which workers are expected to present themselves are different. But a lot of the issues around surveillance and tracking are quite similar. So I direct you to one of the works that I cited was Madison Van Aught's ethnography of fast fashion retail in New York City, where she

398
01:15:37.780 --> 01:15:53.720
worked as a retail worker for a number of years, and described the experience of being so, they had all the time with CCTV. Watching with biometric tracking. So using a fingerprint to scan in and out of work.

399
01:15:53.720 --> 01:16:03.599
with loss prevention, like individual workers. scanning at checkouts, would be flagged if there are irregularities in return rates.

400
01:16:03.600 --> 01:16:28.689
and then they'd be questioned about. You know, why are you returning so many things, or it's too slow in processing. All of these sorts of questions that, she said, developed this sense among workers that dealing with surveillance was part of the job. So not only is the emotional labor in servicing customers, but it's an emotional labor in being watched all the time and internalising that watching as being one.

401
01:16:28.930 --> 01:16:54.839
Yeah, part of the job. but interesting interesting to think about. If perhaps in the future I could pick up, and to you more work in the fashion industry I'd be really interested to. Also, another point to note is the structural conditions like in Australia. Anyway, fashion is much less unionized and supermarket work and changing

402
01:16:54.840 --> 01:17:17.100
collective agreements in supermarket work, or is in fashion. There's less instances of collective agreements because the employers are such large scale employers. It tends to be more individual outlets or not, having collective agreements with the the large brands that do operate or or they they're in department stores which is shrinking in employment. So that's another difference to pick up

403
01:17:17.260 --> 01:17:21.650
As to the question about how workers see their future career

404
01:17:21.660 --> 01:17:30.100
career and development. Yeah, really good question in retail. We know there's high turnover and attrition as

405
01:17:30.100 --> 01:17:53.770
was profiled on the demographics of Kishu workers. They are really young, and often it's seen as a job to combine with studying. So either high school students doing the job or university or vocational education students who are doing a job for now rather than seeing it as a career. And I think that has implications on the way in which that work is organized. And

406
01:17:53.780 --> 01:18:17.939
The way in which workers advocate for that job. If it's seen as a job for students, then perhaps if you're a student, it's okay to be making minimum wage. It's like, Hey, to be working on sociable hours. All these sorts of questions of it's rationalized as a job for students. And so it's a bad job. But it's a job for now. But actually, there's a lot of workers who retail is a career. And

407
01:18:17.940 --> 01:18:27.610
it's a career that, particularly for women, particularly for older women with care and responsibilities. It's a career they've chosen because of flexibility. And

408
01:18:27.650 --> 01:18:57.369
to say that, you know, it's not worth trying to improve working conditions, because it's just a secondary, earnest job, I think, is a real disservice to the work that's done. And that career and training is very important and increasingly unions are trying to advocate. For perhaps with these concerns about automation and loss of jobs that workers can access, retraining either within the businesses. So one of the supermarkets has introduced this.

409
01:18:57.470 --> 01:19:16.439
I think it's a hundred 1 million dollars or 50 million dollars retraining fund for their workforce. What? What that actually means is unclear. But they they put this out as a Pr thing that we are retraining people. We're not getting rid of our workers. so yeah, career development, I think, is a really important issue in retail. Thank you.

410
01:19:23.010 --> 01:19:23.870
Oh.

411
01:19:24.430 --> 01:19:52.609
okay, thank you for the question, and sorry I didn't make it make it clear the difference between gamification and the delivery job. And of course, like they're working. And gamification is more like the ideology that you post by the company, and as a managerial control to to in certain ways encourage them to take more orders, because each order they take

412
01:19:52.780 --> 01:20:04.950
and if they finish at definition on time, they will accumulate certain points and you will add up to silver level, go level, platinum level and the higher levels they got.

413
01:20:04.960 --> 01:20:16.889
the higher dispatch index they have. So the dispatch index means depends on the different level. You can carry different orders at the same time.

414
01:20:16.970 --> 01:20:27.769
So for delivery workers. Of course they want to. They want to have a higher level than they can have more orders at the same time to make more money at the same time.

415
01:20:28.070 --> 01:20:34.419
and also a very interesting question about how these workers see them in the future.

416
01:20:34.730 --> 01:20:40.159
But to answer that, I think it is important to understand.

417
01:20:40.190 --> 01:20:51.450
Who are these delivery workers? Despite from the layoff due to the pandemic, most delivery workers, they actually used to work for a factory.

418
01:20:51.930 --> 01:20:58.419
And and also that's the same reason why they're working for the factory. Because

419
01:20:58.540 --> 01:21:02.899
and like, they need the place to accumulate their money.

420
01:21:03.640 --> 01:21:16.390
for Rachel Murphy. He did research about migrant workers in China, and the migrant workers. Original join is to accumulate their money and go back home to start their own business.

421
01:21:16.480 --> 01:21:27.920
But in digital economies things are slightly different. Because I met several interviews in my fields. They really want to be international. But

422
01:21:28.140 --> 01:21:53.020
and one of them even like shake my hands like saying you should be internal celebrities, too. And you should write the Internet famous paper. And please do not do not forget me. So like they have the obsession of becoming Internet celebrity, because for them the intellect that Internet celebrity is actually associate with the fame.

423
01:21:53.120 --> 01:21:55.950
with some money and with the popularity.

424
01:22:04.760 --> 01:22:08.240
thank you for the question.

425
01:22:09.570 --> 01:22:11.049
yeah.

426
01:22:12.120 --> 01:22:29.069
the question about the future vision. The dealers of us car and used all the pressures, the way of thinking of them is a businessman or traders.

427
01:22:29.080 --> 01:22:35.620
So they have a global perspective. And the owners of these companies

428
01:22:35.920 --> 01:22:41.809
led to the rich person. So their goal is to go to Europe.

429
01:22:42.170 --> 01:23:06.460
In England, us Uk, Australia here, or New Zealand English speaking place. So if they can pump me, they can get permit to read in this kind of praise they quickly go out from Japan. Japan is only the place for business themselves, and if they have a Japanese family.

430
01:23:06.470 --> 01:23:31.419
They don't share to. they they don't want to keep company in Japan. They they want to go out because the husbands The migrant! The Us. Owners present! So they decide, and the Japanese family also. They bring Japanese families together to go Europe or somewhere else.

431
01:23:31.490 --> 01:23:53.630
and in case of pandemic, that during the pandemic the swearing can come to cheap our app. But maybe a part of them will go back to Sri Lanka, because now the condition of Sri Lanka is very unstable. So they

432
01:23:53.690 --> 01:24:05.120
done away from their country, and now they stay in Chiba. Maybe some of them, a part of them will go back after stability of their country, I guess.

433
01:24:05.510 --> 01:24:06.270
and much

434
01:24:08.380 --> 01:24:12.409
what wishes the they get. No cook is.

435
01:24:14.470 --> 01:24:17.390
Thank you. Happy to see you.

436
01:24:20.010 --> 01:24:37.519
Yeah, Chris Tilly, from the University of California in Los Angeles. I have a few different questions for for Laura. I'm wondering you. You said that there's a difference between managers and other workers in the survey. There are also differences among the different non managerial workers, for example, cashiers versus stalkers

437
01:24:37.850 --> 01:24:54.910
a second question for you is is about this sort of attribution of the secondary earner status. Do you see that attached to the sector as a whole to specific jobs or to gendered persons, you know, who who is that stereotype about?

438
01:24:54.970 --> 01:25:14.220
And the third question is you you also on the survey you serve throughout the intriguing observation that the differences by a cultural and linguistic group were bigger than by by gender, which seems to connect to some of this discussion of migrants in some of the other papers. I'd love to hear a a little more about that for for Davey.

439
01:25:14.220 --> 01:25:39.099
I I I may have missed this in in the presentation. But can you say something about to what extent you've got these 4 different estimate groups? To what extent are they segregated within the enterprises in the supply chain, or are they segregated between? In other words, are there some enterprises that are mainly Bangladeshi, some that are mainly pro at, or do you have sort of crops in certain jobs

440
01:25:39.100 --> 01:25:52.520
within each enterprise? You know Romanians and other jobs, and and Bangladeshi St. Other? And then can you just say some more about within this complicated, fragmented supply chain. what's

441
01:25:53.070 --> 01:25:58.700
what are the different regimes that are in play in different parts of that?

442
01:25:58.860 --> 01:26:00.720
and

443
01:26:00.860 --> 01:26:02.409
okay? And then for

444
01:26:02.560 --> 01:26:17.979
for Hong zhong I don't know if you're familiar with the the work of of Wang Jing that that she presented earlier in the conference. Anyway, she's at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, also looking at delivery platform workers in China, and her finding was

445
01:26:17.980 --> 01:26:45.249
She was looking at a collective resistance, which, as you know, in in her field work, has been quite strong. You're talking about the individual resistance of gamification from below. I'm wondering if you see any connections between that individual resistance and the potential for a collective resistance, or even the the formation of collective identity. You know what she was finding was that sort of Wechat groups, then became a a platform for resistance

446
01:26:52.350 --> 01:26:54.630
to shoot. Good.

447
01:26:54.800 --> 01:27:00.670
Yeah. Great presentations. Thank you. Everyone. I'm Tallara, also a Phd. Candidate from the University of Sydney.

448
01:27:00.700 --> 01:27:09.630
I had a couple of questions. The first one was from for Hong Kong particularly around the sexual labor stuff which I thought was really interesting.

449
01:27:09.770 --> 01:27:21.250
and my understanding, at least of sort of the work in emotional labor. Aesthetic flavor is a lot in feminized service industries. and at least here in Australia, delivery

450
01:27:21.320 --> 01:27:29.949
writers tend to be a more sort of male-dominated workforce. So I was wondering if you could sort of comment on the the gender implications of that sort of sexualization there.

451
01:27:30.100 --> 01:27:38.750
and secondary to that, was just interested whether platforms had any sort of oversight or view of that sexual labor on their platforms. You picked up anything.

452
01:27:39.550 --> 01:27:47.399
And then for Tomoko really interesting about the different formations of different ethnic groups, and I was just curious

453
01:27:47.720 --> 01:27:54.179
how you can, and I'm sorry if you miss. If I miss this as well, how we can explain that like, is it about?

454
01:27:54.630 --> 01:28:07.160
kind of individual educational levels, perceptions within Japan, of those different groups, and how they sort of are able to integrate into Japanese culture or not.

455
01:28:07.830 --> 01:28:09.519
Yeah, sort of interested in sort of

456
01:28:09.530 --> 01:28:12.330
why, there's different formations happening.

457
01:28:13.270 --> 01:28:14.100
Thank you.

458
01:28:16.670 --> 01:28:20.280
He. Okay.

459
01:28:22.820 --> 01:28:26.809
I think my second question is around

460
01:28:27.110 --> 01:28:33.320
the outside with the what they call the Japanese case.

461
01:28:33.720 --> 01:28:43.059
 I sort of like, in a way, they I'm I'm from South Africa, so there's quite a lot of second hand.

462
01:28:43.160 --> 01:28:47.740
a cadillas from Japan in South Africa.

463
01:28:47.760 --> 01:29:13.040
And what is what sort of like, any way? What came to my mind is the fact that a lot of that industry in South African. A context is actually also dominated by the very same migrants from Pakistan. Who's why, I just wonder, in terms of the value chain and the networks, those home networks, Pakistani who are based in Japan connecting with other migrants in South Africa. I don't know if you can

464
01:29:13.250 --> 01:29:21.780
comment on that. And then the Chinese case, study on. on, on, on gig workers.

465
01:29:22.350 --> 01:29:37.120
I'm not sure. Maybe I'm missing something here. If you could try to elaborate on the stakeholders in terms of the platform. How these platforms work in the Chinese content in this particular context.

466
01:29:37.430 --> 01:29:42.420
because I've been also doing work on the platform in South Africa.

467
01:29:42.720 --> 01:29:49.139
the in terms of how the the the platform is there to connect the client.

468
01:29:49.610 --> 01:29:54.090
and they like the the restaurant and the the customer

469
01:29:54.150 --> 01:30:09.829
so, and then there's no direct sort of like communication in terms of maybe other than that. There's no direct communication between the platform. between the customer and the client and the client in many of the in South African context, in South African.

470
01:30:10.070 --> 01:30:12.000
in the South African context.

471
01:30:12.090 --> 01:30:14.680
Yeah, so I will. And it? Those are the 2 questions.

472
01:30:17.340 --> 01:30:19.649
Okay? So that

473
01:30:26.370 --> 01:30:30.299
thank you for thank you for your question.

474
01:30:30.910 --> 01:30:36.049
excuse me. You asked about the educational label of the Saudi and migrants.

475
01:30:36.540 --> 01:30:39.340
Yeah, and just whether there were other

476
01:30:39.830 --> 01:30:41.730
just shaking my

477
01:30:47.920 --> 01:30:49.510
post-country or

478
01:30:49.590 --> 01:30:55.490
so, a difference between 3 groups each groups.

479
01:30:55.650 --> 01:31:00.680
I find how we can explain what's going to be, how to explain why.

480
01:31:01.450 --> 01:31:03.580
Okay.

481
01:31:03.760 --> 01:31:31.469
the educational level analysis, analyzing education, however, is very difficult in this case. So maybe it's very good question, the impact sunny case, the educational level of each individual alliety. The university finishing university level also ends after primary school libraries also enter this market, and

482
01:31:31.540 --> 01:31:39.100
that if they don't have a high education level, but they will succeeded

483
01:31:39.160 --> 01:31:40.850
in this market.

484
01:31:40.860 --> 01:31:53.540
So it's not directly related to the educational level. So I'm not sure there is any relation to the

485
01:31:53.760 --> 01:32:04.429
congregate together or not. I'm not sure now, but maybe that will be a good point of this topic, I think.

486
01:32:04.490 --> 01:32:13.269
and compared to Paxton, the 3 Rankans as a co- planners of Sri Lankans.

487
01:32:13.690 --> 01:32:35.340
Have the very high. I I can say higher education on rebel. So they got succeeded in this market because of their education. I can say that, but these days the children can come a lot. They don't have this kind of

488
01:32:35.790 --> 01:32:43.230
tendency. So maybe it will be like Pakistani community, maybe, and in case of Africans.

489
01:32:43.260 --> 01:32:51.600
they can't have education in their own country because of the war. So it's very another topic.

490
01:32:51.870 --> 01:33:09.880
And maybe next question is, that used Cardirus, maybe Paxanidiras in South African juice, the the Pakistani dealers in Japan and in South Africa have the networks, of course, and the

491
01:33:10.040 --> 01:33:14.010
he said, the writing and the

492
01:33:14.090 --> 01:33:31.150
this is a family business. So they have the main branch in Japan, and the another branch is all over the world. In Pakistan, also in United Ua also, and in South Africa. So

493
01:33:31.580 --> 01:33:34.770
so they are connecting with a family to.

494
01:33:34.840 --> 01:33:39.220
It's a very important point of this, our business. Thank you very much.

495
01:33:45.690 --> 01:33:59.310
Hi. It seems like I have a lot of question to answer, so to clarify about the individualism and collectivism

496
01:33:59.570 --> 01:34:27.919
in delivery workers. The first you have to understand is, there are 2 type of delivery workers in China. Why is full time delivery workers? The other is part time delivery workers. So for the full time, delivery walkers, they actually working a station, and they only deliver maybe A as the standard of the station, they only TV. But around maybe 5 kilometers like around the area.

497
01:34:27.990 --> 01:34:47.100
So in that sense. like delivery will work from their stations. They have more ways to encounter with each other. I think that is easier for them to have the collective actions. but my research is mainly looking into the part time delivery workers.

498
01:34:47.240 --> 01:35:10.859
but you mentioned the We chat group and and also my interview. We share the we chat group with me, and there is a lot of conversation going on, and and also about the unfair treatment they have encountered. We still platform. But one thing I'm question about that is, I don't know. Is that effective enough?

499
01:35:11.550 --> 01:35:13.599
Yeah. So it's

500
01:35:13.710 --> 01:35:28.550
kind of like hard to say like, the collective work is actually like emerging in delivery workers. I don't know that yet. I will look up that I will look that into in my future studies.

501
01:35:29.620 --> 01:35:32.540
And and

502
01:35:32.710 --> 01:35:36.760
oh, so about the gender perspective. And yeah, of course,

503
01:35:37.570 --> 01:35:52.679
cause did you work? Work is like highly labor, intensive work. So mostly in China is also mal dominated. it's actually not so easy to find female delivery workers.

504
01:35:52.930 --> 01:36:00.489
And also the very interesting question you mentioned about how the platform oversees the sexual request. Right?

505
01:36:00.560 --> 01:36:10.770
is also go with the how the platform works. So in maintenance they actually have 3 functions of delivery.

506
01:36:10.920 --> 01:36:13.250
So one is meal delivery.

507
01:36:13.380 --> 01:36:19.550
It's more like so. Customers that made the order to the platform

508
01:36:20.170 --> 01:36:24.350
platform, received the order, then sent to the merchandise.

509
01:36:24.940 --> 01:36:31.330
and then the merchant, then the merchandise. Send the order to delivery workers

510
01:36:31.680 --> 01:36:43.229
and the delivery after the TV board. After the delivery workers. Accept the order, you share the status with the customer. So this is how to like

511
01:36:43.250 --> 01:36:48.850
platform works from customer merchants platform and give you by workers.

512
01:36:49.010 --> 01:36:56.240
But like for the sexual request, there's another function, another 2 function called helping purchase.

513
01:36:56.420 --> 01:37:01.099
and also like fetching stuff.

514
01:37:01.520 --> 01:37:06.610
So these 2 functions, they don't really go with merchants.

515
01:37:06.840 --> 01:37:15.420
After the customers submit their order, they will be showed up in the backstage of the black form and the.

516
01:37:15.570 --> 01:37:22.580
and also for the special request. You can write down like a lot of things like you don't have to be seen by

517
01:37:22.910 --> 01:37:28.060
merchandise. And also they don't really say

518
01:37:28.260 --> 01:37:30.340
face things very

519
01:37:30.380 --> 01:37:36.990
straightforward. They will use some like different words for that.

520
01:37:38.030 --> 01:37:44.520
Yeah. So like, they change the pronunciation, they change the format. So try to escape from

521
01:37:45.750 --> 01:37:47.700
the civilians from the platform.

522
01:37:49.490 --> 01:37:51.450
This. okay.

523
01:37:55.470 --> 01:38:11.180
thanks very much for the questions, Chris, to the first one about occupational differences in this first analysis. Essentially, we just grouped in store frontline workers together. So check out operators, store people online fulfillment.

524
01:38:11.310 --> 01:38:28.279
not feel stock is as the one but definitely would be interesting to look at those particular categories and see whether there are differences in those particularly given the gender nature of them. and female dominated cashew work, check out work compared to the others. Perhaps.

525
01:38:28.420 --> 01:38:53.330
The second question about the attribution of secondary worker status. I think that's really interesting question about where it's directed to. the interviewers who particularly use that term were Union representatives challenging the feminized perceptions of it, but not exclusively. There was also someone from an employer association who spoke about this perception as well.

526
01:38:53.330 --> 01:39:22.659
and it was attributed more to the occupation and employment arrangements, I would say so, particularly in store frontline workers working part time or casually was seen as the secondary workers, and it was very gendered. It was attached to women, particularly with caring responsibilities, but interesting to think about whether that extends to seeing the retail industry as a whole, as a industry for those sort of workers or not, 150,

527
01:39:22.660 --> 01:39:44.700
because it goes back to this question before about career development and futures about who are retail workers? Is it like both this population of highly transient or high turnover workers who are doing it for now and long-term workers that that is where the perception of secondary jobs comes into that long-term workforce. I think

528
01:39:44.980 --> 01:40:08.909
a. And then the difference by cultural and linguistic status. yeah, really interesting, that coming out essentially in our sample, 80% of the workers were from English speaking backgrounds, 20% spoken language other than English at home in Australia. It's actually quite difficult to get statistics on ethnicity and migration in industries. So

529
01:40:08.910 --> 01:40:28.239
When the Bureau of Statistics will do a survey. They'll ask people, What's your ethnicity? And lots of people just say Australian. So it it masks what people's ethnicity is in a way that makes it a bit difficult, so definitely more work to think about the, I think composition of the retail workforce.

530
01:40:28.240 --> 01:40:54.869
But those those findings about culturally and linguistically diverse workers, being more concerned about issues of job loss due to automation or having inadequate skills have been mirrored in work that our colleagues at Sydney University have been doing on migrant women workers in a multicultural area of Sydney that they've found that migrant women particularly tend to be more concerned about job loss in the future.

531
01:40:54.870 --> 01:41:00.280
and whether that's partly due to visa status.

532
01:41:00.330 --> 01:41:19.470
perhaps concerns about accessing government benefits. If they're unemployed or needing to work continuously to have a source of income, whether it's about being low, skilled and being worried about finding employment that doesn't require great English skills like in customer-facing work that perhaps some

533
01:41:19.833 --> 01:41:31.469
of the retail work that's being done in picking and packing perhaps requires less English. So all those sorts of considerations, I think, will be important to dig into more. Thank you.

534
01:41:35.910 --> 01:41:38.230
Okay, thanks for the question.

535
01:41:38.370 --> 01:41:45.830
I to say, first of all, that are all males. I forgot to say that it's very important.

536
01:41:45.850 --> 01:41:52.750
the workers inside the shipyards. I think in 19 9 percent amazed.

537
01:41:52.760 --> 01:41:55.670
And I think that we have to

538
01:41:56.590 --> 01:42:12.170
we can but describe a stratification of a sub-contracting firms. So think the theory is like a general contractor, and then you have a First level, where you have mainly good and large company often

539
01:42:12.230 --> 01:42:26.320
link the Tofican theory, not only in Italy, but also in other shipyards, that the thinking theory own, for example, in Norway, United States, Vietnam, Romania.

540
01:42:26.530 --> 01:42:38.589
and that the strategy is to to buy some very good companies that can do a part of subcontracted workers work.

541
01:42:38.790 --> 01:42:41.890
Then you have a second level of companies

542
01:42:42.219 --> 01:43:04.029
that, because the first 11 is sometimes subcontracted to second 11 again. And here you can find the different kind of companies, firms, some medium, some large, and so on. And sometimes you have a third level, because sometimes they sub-contracted

543
01:43:04.309 --> 01:43:05.430
to other

544
01:43:05.440 --> 01:43:10.039
companies. And here you can find also cooperative, for example. So

545
01:43:10.190 --> 01:43:13.180
who are the owner of these firms?

546
01:43:13.219 --> 01:43:18.309
You can find Italian- Romanian, Croatian Bangladesh

547
01:43:18.830 --> 01:43:25.879
men that are owner of this company? So it seems to me that you have nationalities

548
01:43:26.000 --> 01:43:34.029
means often task and wage. If you are Bangladesh of your Romanian more, I say you have

549
01:43:34.110 --> 01:43:43.820
a task that you go inside the finger theory because you are able to do a specific task. You have to consider that to

550
01:43:44.020 --> 01:43:51.039
to build a cruise ship, you have a lot of different tasks.

551
01:43:51.160 --> 01:44:03.009
and often Bangladesh are considered as skilled. So they start with the cleaning industrial cleaning obviously inside. And

552
01:44:03.730 --> 01:44:17.269
so when you moved, with which kind of regime you have to consider that in particular, with Bangladesh there is a control of a community of Bangladesh community

553
01:44:17.350 --> 01:44:27.060
on workers inside the shipyards. So Alami Rabi, that is the Phd student that is working on. This

554
01:44:27.450 --> 01:44:32.970
is explaining and writing how the social production

555
01:44:33.060 --> 01:44:58.850
is important in the control and in the produce a specific regime inside the the shipyard because you live inside the community. they know that they they see. If you go to the mosquit you. They see if you drink the alcohol. If you have a relationship with the with the weed men and the so

556
01:44:59.480 --> 01:45:02.049
I think that this is

557
01:45:02.100 --> 01:45:18.519
important that we should put together the structure of production and the composition workforce, that it doesn't mean that produce all the time the same things. But could tell you something about that. So

558
01:45:18.600 --> 01:45:31.389
the question of a regime, I think that one of the points that we want to stress is that there is no tendency. There is no idea that once it was

559
01:45:31.510 --> 01:45:57.099
despotic, then change the demonic, and so on. Well, maybe. But if you look to different contests, and sometimes also the same workplace. You can see a stratified, as I said before, a layer, different layer of regime that are working at the same time. So think about the importance for

560
01:45:57.350 --> 01:46:11.500
migrant workers in particular, not European of the institution, like migration, policy, labour, policy, and so on. These are crucial for them, and and often they are linked

561
01:46:11.600 --> 01:46:21.279
to this question. And so they they stay in some situation global wage, and so on. Also for this, not because they like it. Obviously.

562
01:46:24.110 --> 01:46:30.599
Okay, thank you very much. I think we can upload, and we had a very good session.

563
01:46:32.330 --> 01:46:52.819
Thank you very much for your presentations. I invite you to. Really it was very nice presentation, and thank you for your English, because we have to know that the healthy 30, many, many people are not from English countries, and we're making for all of us to speak and to make.

564
01:46:52.820 --> 01:47:16.280
So thank you very much, even in the morning. And then we invite you to to session this afternoon. One was about traditional and new mechanism, of social protection of workers, and the other one is about understanding care work in the context of quizzes, health and labor conflicts, and have a good lunch.

565
01:47:16.800 --> 01:47:19.090
And thank you very much, all of you.